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THIS BOOK IS FOE. EEFEEEHCB
USE ONLY AiiB IjIAY HOT Bfi
CYCLOPEDIA OF
Music and Musicians
Volume II
EASTER -MYSTERES
CYCLOPEDIA OF
MUSIC AND MUSICIANS
y
EDITED BY
JOHN DENISON CHAMPLIN, JR.
CRITICAL EDITOR
WILLIAM FOSTER APTHORP
IV/TH MORE THAN ONE THOUSAND ILLUSTRATIONS
VOLUME II
5 ',',»'■>'
NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
M DCCC LXXX IX
TOE NEW YORK
PUBLIC LIBRARY
*»TOR, LENOX ANO
TILDEN FOUNDATIONS
" 19)6
Copyright, i88q, by
Charles Scribner's Sons.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FULL-PAGE PORTRAITS
To Face
Page
1. CHARLES GOUNOD
From a photograph by Nadar, Paris, . . 48
2. GEORGE FRIDERIC HANDEL
From the engraving by VV . Bromley, after the painting br Hudson, . , q6
3. JOSEF HAYDN
From the engraving by Sichli)ig, after the painting by Riisler, . , 144
4. ORLANDO LASSO v,\\V \M '- '"'.!
From the engraving by lohann Sadeler (i6'^2), . . . . , ",'.''• ',5^4' '•>»'''' ',
S- FRANZ LISZT
From a contemporary stretch by Kenonard, 240
6- JEAN BAPTISTE LULLY to Fac.
Page
From the engraving by Jean Louis Roullet , after the painting by Paul Mignard, 288
7- FELIX .MENDELSSOHN-BARTHOLDY
From the engraving by G. Seidel, 18^2, ,,^
8. GIACOMO MEYERBEEK
From the lithograph by Ch. Fogt , 184^, ^g,
9- WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART
From the engraving by Sichling, after the painting by Tiscl}bein, . . 4^2
10. JOHN KNOWLES PAINE
From a photograph by Balt{ty, Cambridge. Mass.. 480
11. GIOVANNI PIERLUIGI DA PALESTRINA
From the engraving by Boettcher, after the portrait in tl}e Vatican, . ^28
fi; ,■.••;■" ' HENRY PURCELL
[f^r^oiti: ihn engraving by Zobel, after the painting by Closterman, . . ^j6
PORTRAITS OF MUSICIANS.
DRAWN BY VAL^RIEN GRIBAY^DOFF.
PAGE
1. Eberlin, Daniel 2
2. Eckert, Karl 4
3. Eddy, Clarence 5
4. Eicliberg, -Julius 8
5. Elvey, Sir George Jol) 15
6. Ernst, Heinricb Wilhelui 25
7. Fascli, Karl Friedricli C'liristiaii. . . 43
8. Faure, Jean Baptiste 45
9. Fesca, Friedricli Ernst 57
10. Fetis, Frauyois Joseph 59
11. Field, John 03
12. Fiorillo, Federigo 70
13. Floersheini, Otto 70
14. Flotow, Friedrich von 78
1 5. Foggia, Francesco 80
l(i. Poster, Stephen Collins 85
17. Frederick the Great 90
18. Frost, Charles Joseph 103
19. Gade, Niels 109
20. Gadsby, Henry Robert Ill
21. Garrett, George Mursell 121
22. Gaul, Alfred 125
23. Gemiuiani, Francesco 132
24 Gerber, Ernst Ludwig 134
25. Gericke, Wilhelm 135
26. Gernsheim, Friedricli 137
27. Gibbons, Christojpher 143
28. Gibbons, Orlando 144
29. Gilbert, Thomas Bennett 14G
30. Gilbert, Walter Bond 146
31. Gilchrist, William Wallace 146
32. Giovauelli, Ruggiero 150
33. Gladstone, Francis Edward 154
PAGB
34. Gleason, Frederic Grant 155
35. Glinka, Michail Ivauovitch , . 156
36. Glover, John William 157
37. Gluck, Christoph Willibald von. . . 158
38. Goes, Damiao de 1G4
39. Goetz, Hermann 164
40. Goldbeck, Robert 105
41. Goldmark, Karl 167
42. Goldschmidt, Otto 167
43. Gomez, Antonio Carlos. .. ...^^^^ 169
44. Gossec, Franyois Joseph 172
45. Gottschalk, Louis Moreau 176
46. Gounod, Charles, in 1840 178
47. Gounod, Charles, in 188(5 178
48. Graben-Hofl'mann, Gustav 180
49. Griidener, Karl 181
50. Grammann, Carl 183
51. Grami, Karl Heiurioh 180
52. Gretry, Andre 192
53. Grieg, Eilvard 194
54. Grisar, Albert 196
55. Griinfeld, Alfred 201
50. Grutzmacher, Friedricli 201
57. Guignon, Jean Pierre 205
58. Gumbert, Ferdinand 208
59. Gumpeltzhaimer, Adam 208
GO. Gung'l, Joseph 209
01. Habeneck, Pranjois Autoino 211
62. Halevy, Promental 215
03. Halle, Charles 217
64. Hamerik, Asger 218
05. Hammerschmidt, Andreas 220
66. Handel, George Frideric 221
07. Hartmaun, Emil 232
vil
PORTRAITS OF MUSICIANS
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74
75.
7G.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
9G.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
101
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
Hartmann, Emil, elder 232
Hartmaun, Ludwig 233
Hasse, Jobaim Adolpb 234:
Hassler, Hans Leo 236
Hassler, Joliann 'Wilhelm 237
Hatton, John Lipliot 237
Hauptmann, Moiitz 238
Hauser, Miska. 240
Hawes, William 241
Haydn, Josef 241
Haydn, j\Iicbael 247
Heap, Charles Swinuerton 248
Heller, Stephen 252
Hellniesberger, Josei)h 253
Henschel, Georg 256
Heuselt, Adolf von 257
Herbeck, Johann Franz von 259
Herman, Eeinhold Ludwig 200
Herold, Louis 262
Herve 265
Herz, Henri 266
Heymann, Karl 269
Hiles, Henry 270
Hiller, Ferdinand 270
Hiller, Johann Adam 273
Hilton, John 274
Himmel, Friedricb Heinrich 274
Hoffmann, Ernst 277
Hoffman, Richard 279
Hofmann, Heinrich 280
Holder, Joseph ^Yilliam 282
Holmes, Henry 283
Holstein, Franz von 284
Homilius, Gottfried August 286
Hook, James 287
Hojikins, Jerome 288
Hopkins, Edward John 288
Horneman, Emil Christian 290
Horsley, William 291
Hummel, Johann Nepomuk 298
Hyllested, August 303
Iliflfe, Frederick. .
Isouard, Nicolo . .
306
316
Jadassohn, Salomon 321
Jaell, Alfred 322
PAGE
113. Jakabowski, Eduard 324
114. Jeep, Johann 329
115. Jekj'U, Charles Sherwood 330
116. Jensen, Adolf 330
117. Joachim, Joseph 334
118. Jommelli, Niccolo 336
119. Joncieres, Victoriu de 339
120. Joseify, Rafael 339
121. Joze, Thomas Eicbard Gonzalvez. 342
122. Julien, Louis Autoiue 345
123. Kalkbrenner, Friedricb 349
124. Kalliwoda, Johann Wenzel 350
125. Kerl, Johann Kaspar von 361
12G. Kes, "Willem 362
127. Kiel, Friedricb 364
128. King, Oliver 367
129. Kirclmer, Theodor 369
130. Ivirnberger, Johann Philipp 370
131. Kjerulf, Halfdan 371
132. Klein, Bruno Oscar 374
133. Klugbardt, August 378
134. Kr.bler, Louis 381
135. Kontski, Autoinc de 385
136. Korbaj', Francis Alexander. 386
137. Krause, Anton 391
138. lu'ebs, Karl August 392
139. Kretscbmer, Edmund 393
140. Kreutzer, Konradin 395
141. Kreutzer, IJodolphe 396
142. Krieger, Adam 397
143. Krommer, Franz 399
144. Kiickeu, Friedricb Wilhelm 401
145. Kube, Wilhelm 402
14(5. Kublau, Friedricb 402
147. Kullak, Theodor 405
148. Kummer, Friedricb August 405
149. Labitzky, Joseph 411
150. Lachner, Franz 411
151. Lahee, Henry 416
152. Lalaude, Michel Richard de 417
153. Lalo, :6douard 417
154. Lalouette, Jean Francois 417
155. Lampe, Johann Friedricb 419
156. Lang, Benjamin Johnson 420
157. Laniere, Nicholas 422
POllTRAITS OF MUSICIANS
158.
150.
IGO.
161.
1G2.
1G3.
16J:.
165.
1G6.
1G7.
168.
160.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
17G.
177.
178.
170.
ISO.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
Lanrier, Josejili
Lassen, Eduanl
Lasso, Oilaiulo
Lavallee, Calixa
Lawes, Henry
Leclair, Jean Marie
Lecocq, Charles
Lefebure-Wuly, Louis James Al-
fred "
Lejeuno, Claude
Leo, Leonardo - .
Leschetitzky, Theodor
Leslie, Henry
Lesueur, Jean Franyois
Leveridge, llicbard
Liebling, Eniil
Liudpaintner, Peter von
Lipinslii, Karl Joseph
Liszt, Franz, in 1844
Liszt, Franz, in 1886
Litolff, Henry
Lobe, Johann Christian
Look, Matthew
Loder, Edward James
Loewe, Karl
Logier, Johann Bernhard
Longhurst, William Henry
Lortzing, Albert
Lully, Jean Baptiste
Lumbyo, Hans Christian
Luther, Martin
Lvoflf, Alexis ,
PAGE
423
425
426
434
434
437
438
440
444
198.
190.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
447 208.
450 j 200.
450 210.
451
454
458
21L
212.
463 213.
466
467
468
214.
21.5.
216.
470 217.
472 218.
474 210.
474 ! 220.
221.
9 '70
476
477
481
484 223.
402 • 224.
Alexan-
180. Maas, Louis
190. Maccunn, Hamish
191. Macfarreu, Sir George
der
192. Macirone, Clara Angela
103. Mackenzie, Alexander Campbell.
194. Maclean, Charles Donald
195. Marcello, Benedetto
196. Marchand, Louis
197. Marchetti, Filippo
405
406
408
498
500
.501
502
502
502
514
515
517
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
PAGE
Maretzek, Mas 518
Marschner, Heinrich 524
Martini, Giovanni Battista 528
Marx, Adolpb Bernhard 530
Marzi.als, Theophilus 531
Mason, Lowell 532
Masse, Tictor 534
Massenet, Jules 534
Mattheson, Johann 530
IVIayer, Charles 540
Mchul, Etienne Nicolas 547
]\Ieinardus, Ludwig 540
Meudelssohn-Bartholdv, Felix, in
1821 ' 5.52
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Felix . . . 553
Mercadaute, Saverio 560
Merkel, Gustav 562
Mermet, Auguste 563
Methfessel, Albert Gottlieb 568
M6tra, Olivier 568
Meyerbeer, Giacomo 560
Mifler, Edward 573
aiillr.cker, Karl 574
Mills, Sebastian Bach 575
MoUenhauer, Edward 580
Mondonville, Jean Joseijh Cas-
sanea de 580
Monk, Edwin George 581
Mousigny, Pierre Alexandre 583
Monte, Philipi^e de 584
Morales, Cristofano 586
Morgan, George Washbourn .... 587
Moseheles, Ignaz 500
]\Iosel, Ignaz Franz von 503
Moszkowski, Moritz 504
Mottl, Felix 504
Mozart, Leopold 596
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, in
boyhood 596
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, in
1780 508
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, in
1790 508
PORTRAITS OF SINGERS, AUTOGRAPHS, FACSIMILES.
ETC.
PACK
1. Autograph of Ludwig Ehlert, 1864 8 I 20.
2. Persiani, as Adina 13
3. Portrait of Minna Pescbka-Leut- I 27.
ner 19
4. Autograph of Heinrich Wilhelm 28.
Ernst, 1843 25 |
5. Caroline Duprez, as Catherine .... 29 j 29.
G. Battaille, as Pierre 30 j 30.
7. Portrait of Henrietta Sontag 32 31.
8. Portrait of CaffarelU 41
9. Autograph of Johaun Friedrich 32.
Fasch, 1713 43
10. Autograph of Jean Baptiste 33.
Faure 45 34.
11. Miolan-Carvalho, as Marguerite .. . 40 35.
12. Eosiue Stolz, as Loonore 48
13. Portrait of Jenny Lind 51 30.
14. Portrait of Alexandrine Branchu . . 53
15. Autograph of Francois Joseph Fc- 37.
tis, 1853 00
16. Portrait of Schnkler-Devriont .... 02 38.
17. Autograph of John Field, 1815. . . 04
18. Max Sti'igemann, as Dcr Fliegende 39.
HolUinder 75
19. Autograph of Friedrich von Flotow 79 40.
20. Autogi-aph of Johann Nicolaus For- 41.
kel, 1804 83
21. Charles Santley, as Pra Diavolo. . . 87 42.
22. Autogi-aph of" Melchior Franck, 43.
1638 89 44.
23. Facsimile of the MS. of Eobert 45.
Franz 93 40.
24. Autograph of Eobert Franz 93 47.
25. Portrait of Therese Malten 97 48.
Autograph of Girolamo Fresco-
baldi, 1008 99
Autograph of Johann Jacob Fro-
berger, 1650 102
Autograph of Johann Joseph Fux,
1728 107
Autograph of Niels Gade 110
Portrait of Violaute Camporese . . . 128
Autograjjli of Ernst Ludwig Ger-
ber, 1808 135
Autograjsh of Fran(;ois Auguste
Gevaert, 1877 139
Portrait of Senesino 153
Portrait of INIarietta Branibilla .... 153
Autograph of Michail Ivauovitch
Glinka, 1845 150
Facsimile of Gluck's MS. : begin-
ning of the Overture to Aleeste . 159
Autograph of Christoph Willibald
von Gluck, 1769 160
Autograph of Hermann Goetz,
1868 165
Autograph of Francois Joseph Gos-
sec, 1793 173
Materna, as Briinnhilde 174
Autograph of Charles Gounod,
1860 179
Autogi-aph of Eduard Grell, 1884. 191
Autogi-aph of Andre Grotry 194
Autograph of Edvard Grieg, 1886 . 195
Portrait of Anastasia Robinson 197
Duprez, as Arnold 206
Autograph of Fromental Halevy. . 210
Faure, as Hamlet 219
PORTRAITS OF SINGERS, AUTOGRAPHS, ETC.
49. Nilsson, as Opliulie 219
50. Autograph of Andreas Hammer-
schmidt, 1G75 221
51. Facsimile of Handel's MS. : first
page of The Messiah 222
52. Birthplace of Handel 223
53. Handel's Harpsichord, South Ken-
sington ^Museum 22-1
54. Death-:\lask of Handel 221
55. Handel Statue at Halle 225
56,
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
Handbook-Plate, Commemoration,
1784 226
Autograph of Handel, 1730 227
Autograph of Handel, 1759, after
his blindness 227
Portrait of Eugeu Gura 228
Autograph of Johaim Adolph
Hasse, 1757 236
Autograph of Hans Leo Hassler,
79. Autograph of Gottfried August
Homilius, 175.5
SO. Portrait of Giuseppe Mario
81. Autograph of Johann Nepomok
Hummel, 1826
82. Portrait of Sophie Arnould
83. Portrait of Rosalie Levasseur ....
84. Autograph of Heinrich Isaak,
1497
85. Autograph of Nicolo Isouard,
1807
86. Elleviou, as Jean de Paris
87. Autograph of Adolf Jensen
88. Portrait of Mathilde Mallinger. . .
89. Autograph of Niccold Jommelli,
1752
90. Falcon, as Rachel
91. Autogi'ai^h of Friedi'ich Kalkbren-
ner, 1828
1605.
230 92. Autograph of Friedrieh Kiel,
Autograph of J.acob Hassler, 1609. 237
Autograph of ISIoritz Hauptmaun,
1842 239
Facsimile of Haydn's JIS. : from
Divertimeuti for String Instru-
ments 242
Silhouette of Haydn 243
1880.
93. Autograph of Theodor Kirclnier,
1878
94. Autograph of Johann Pliilipp
Kirnberger, 1780
95. Autograph of Kouradin Kreutzer,
1819
Birthplace of Haydn 243 96. Autograph of Johann Phllipp
Haydn's Tomb 244 • Krieger, 1677
Autograph of Josef Haydn 246 97. Autograph of Franz Lachner,
Autograph of Da\id Hoinichen,
1710 250
Autograph of Stephen Heller,
1880 253
Autograph of Adolf von Heuselt,
1804
98. L'Allemand, as Lakme
99. Autograph of Eduard Lassen,
1871
100. Autograph of Orlando Lasso,
1882
258
1573.
Portrait of Adelaide Borghi-Mamo . 259
Autograph of Louis Herold, 1814. 264
Autograph of Hervr 266
Autogi-aph of Ferdinand Hiller,
101. Autograph of Giovanni Legrenzi,
1605
102. Autograph of Leonardo Leo,
1741
1863 273 103. Autogi-aph of Jean Francois Le-
Autograph of Johann Adam Hiller, I sueur, 1828
1775 274 ' 104. Portrait of Annie Louise Gary . . .
Autograph of Ernst Hoffmann, 105. Autograph of Peter von Lind-
1816 278 paintuer, 1836
Autograph of Franz vou Holsteiu,
1872 284
106. Facsimile of Liszt's MS. : from
Christus
286
295
299
311
312
314
317
329
331
332
338
344
349
364
3(;9
370
395
398
412
416
425
430
443
448
453
461
464
469
PORTUAITS OF SINGERS,
107. Autograph of Franz Liszt, 1830. .
108. Portrait of Anna iMaria Crouch . .
101). Autograpli of Karl Loewe, 1820. .
110. Autograph of Johauu Bernhard
Logier, 182G
111. Emil Goetz, as Lohengrin
112. Albaui, as Elsa
11;?. Autogra2)h of Albert Lortziug,
1850
114. Autograph of Aiitonio Lotti,
1739
115. Portrait of Dolores Nau
IIG. Portrait of Theresa Tietjens
117. Portrait of Anna de Lagrange. . .
lis. Autograph of Jeau Baptiste
LuHy, 1G72
110. Autograph of Alexis Lvoff, 1857 .
120. Portrait of Marianne Brandt
121. Autograjjh of Benedetto Marcello,
1711
122. Autograph of Friedrich Wilhelm
Mari)urg, 1757
123. Autograph of Heiurich Jlarsch-
uer
121. Portrait of Marzella Sembrich. . .
125. Autograph of Giovanni Battista
Martini, 17G5
12G. Autograph of Jules Massenet. . . .
127. Portrait of Jean Blaise IMartin . . .
128. Portrait of Maria Felicita Mali-
bran
129. Autograph of Stanislao Mattei,
1817
130. Pasta, as Medea
131. Portrait of Alwina Valleria
132. Autograph of Etienne Nicolas
Mi:4iul, 1800
PAGE 1
170
475
477
477
478
479
484
487
490
491
492
494
498
507
515
523
525
52G
528
535
535
133.
134.
135.
13G.
537
538
544
5-4G
548
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
113.
144.
145.
14G.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
15G.
AUTOGRAPIIS, ETC.
PAGR
Autograph of Jakob Meilaiid,
1570 548
Emil Fischer, as Hans Sachs .... 550
Mendelssohn's Birthplace 553
Facsimile of Mendelssohn's MS. :
Wer hat dich, du schOuer
■\Vald 55G
Autograph of Mendelssohn 558
Autograph of Saverio Merca-
dante, 1838 5G1
Portrait of Clara Novello 5GG
Portrait of Sims Reeves 5GG
Autograph of Giacouio Meyer-
beer, 1820 571
Sigrid Arnoldson, as IMignon. . . . 572
Autograjjli of Wilhelm Bernhard
Molique, 1831 579
Autograph of Pierre Alexandre
Mousigny, 1795 583
Autograph of Claudio Moute-
verde, 1G17 585
Autograph of Francesco Morlac-
chi 588
Tomb of Moscheles, Leipsic 590
Autograph of Moscheles, 184G. . . 591
Autograph of Moritz Moszkow-
sld 594
Autograph of Leopold Mozart,
1770 596
Facsimile of Mozart's ^MS. : Goe-
the's " Das Veileheu." 597
:Mozarfs Birthplace 599
Mozart's IMonumeut, Vienna GOl
Mozart's Ear and Ordinary Ear . GOl
Autograph of Mozart, 1770 GOl
Autograph of August Gottlieb
Muflat, 1717...^ GOG
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS.
A., A]in.
M., INIonsiour.
B., Bass, Basso, etc.
MUo, Mademoiselle.
Bar., Baritone.
Mine, Madame.
B. M. v., Beata Maria
Virgo.
MS., MSS., Manuscript, Manuscripts
Biog., Biography, Bio
Cath., Catlieilral.
gratia
etc.
M. S., Mezzo-soprano.
Mus. Bac, Bachelor of Music.
Ch., Church.
Mus. Doc, Doctor of Music.
Col., Collection.
n. d., no date.
do., ditto.
etc., et cetera.
et seq., et seqnentia.
Fr., French.
op., opus, opera.
Iv. A. M, Royal Academy of Music.
S., Soprano.
S., Sta., San, Santa.
Ger., German.
S. M., Santa Maria.
ib., ibidem,
id., idem.
Sp., Spanish.
St., Saint.
It., Italian.
T., Tenor.
L. of Honour, Legion
Lib., Liber.
of Honour.
Voc, Voces.
Vol., Volume.
*^* Worth in italics iiuHcate the alj
habeti
-al place of articles on the subjects specifiei
CYCLOPEDIA
OF
Music AND Musicians.
EASTER ORATORIO. See Oder-Ova-
toriiim.
EBDON, THOMAS, born in Dur-
ham, Englaml, in 1738, died there, Sept. 23,
ISll. Organist of Durham Cathedral from
1763 until his death. Works : 2 volumes of
eathedr.al music (1790-1810) ; Collection of
six glees (1780) ; 2 sonatas for the harpsi-
chord (about 1780) ; Anthems and other
chui-ch music in MS.- — Grove ; Mendel.
EBELING, JOHANN GEORG, born in
Liineburg about 1020, died in Stettin in
1676. He became in 1662 musical director
of the Hauptkirche in Berlin and Schulcol-
lege of the St. Nicolaikirche there, and in
1668 professor of music at the Gymnasium
Carolinum of Stettin. Some of his church
melodies are still sung. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
V. 52~) ; Mendel ; Riemaun ; Schilling ; Fc-
tis.
EBELL, HEINRICH KARL, born at
Neu-Ruppin, Mecklenburg, Dec. 30, 1775,
died at Oppeln, Silesia, March 12, 182-4.
Amateur dramatic composer, chiefly self-
taught while a student at the University of
Halle ; then in Berlin jjupil of Reichardt,
who procured for him in 1801 the appoint-
ment as musical director of the theatre at
Breslau, which he kept until 1803. He
entered the government service in 1804, at
Breslau, and in 1816 as councillor at Op- ,
l^eln. Works — Operas : Der Schutzgeist,
given in Berlin, 1798 ; Selico und Borissa,
ib., 1798 ; Der Deserteur, Melida, ib., 1799 ;
Der Brautigamsspiegel, Breslau, 1800 ; Das
Fest der Liebe, ib., 1801 ; Die Gaben des
Genius, ib., 1802 ; Das Fest im Eichthale,
ib., 1807 ; Anacreon in Jonien, ib., 1810 ;
Der Naehtwilchter, ib., 1812 ; Music to the
tragedy Larnassa ; Die Unsterblichkeit, or-
atorio ; Wiedersehen, cantata ; Lob der
geselligen Freude, do. ; 2 funeral cantatas,
and a birthday cantata (1801-3) ; Preis der
Tonkunst, cantata ; 5 symphonies ; 2 con-
certos for horn ; 2 polonaises concertantes
for violin and orchestra ; 4 quartets for
violin, viola, and violoncello ; Mass for two
choruses ; Instrumental music, and songs
for one and several voices. He was also a
distinguished writer on music, and critic.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., v. 52.5 ; Allgem. Mus.-
Zeitg. ; Fetis ; Hoffmann, Die Tonkiinstler
Schlesiens (Breslau, 1830) ; Mendel ; Schil-
ling.
EBERL, ANTON, born in Vienna, June
13, 1766, died there, March 11, 1807. His
father destined him for the law, but he
chose music and became a good pianist in
his boyhood. When sixteen years old he
brought out in Vienna two operas, which
gained him the friendship of Gluck and
Mozart. With the latter's widow he made
EBERLIX
n, concert tour in Germany, and in 1796-
1800 be was Kajiellmeister in St. Peters-
burg. He visited Eussia again in 1803,
and played in the chief cities of Germany in
1806. As a pianist his playing was marked
by fire and facility, and his compositions
displaj'ed many beauties, with some con-
fused modulation and striving for effect.
Several of his works were published and
became popular under the name of ]\lozart.
Works — Operas ; Die Zigeuner, Vienna,
1782 ; La marchande de modes, ib., 1783 ;
Die Hexe Megara, ib., about 1800 ; Graf
Balduiu von Flandern, ib., about 1802 ; Py-
ramus uud Thisbe, melodrama, ib., about
1796 ; Die KOnigin der schwarzen Liselu,
ib., 1801 ; La gloria d' Imenco, cantata ;
Symphonies ; Trios, quartets, a quintet, and
a sextet ; Songs ; Concertos ; Variations ;
Sonatas, and other pianoforte music. The
operas and some other comjjositions have
never been published. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
V. 572 ; Mendel ; Grove ; Fetis.
KBERLIN, DANIEL, born in Nurem-
berg about 1630,
died in Cassel in
IGOl. Violinist
and composer. He
had an adventu-
rous life ; wasamu-
sicid student in
liome, cajitain of
Papal troops, later
librarian in Nu-
remberg, Kapellmeister in Cassel and Eise-
nach, banker in Hamburg and Altona, and
finally captain of militia in Cassel. Tele-
mann was his son-in-law. Though noted
in his time, his violin trios, published in
1675, are his only known works. — Mendel ;
Allgem. d. Biogr., v. 574 ; Gei'ber ; Schil-
ling ; Riemauu ; Fetis.
EBERLIN, JOHANN ERNST, born at
Jetteubach, Bavaria, March 27, 1702, died
in Salzburg, June 21, 1762. He was court
organist to the Archbishop of Salzburg !
about 1727, and later his KajseUmeister and
Truchsess or carver. Mozart studied his
compositions for their mastery of counter-
point, and copied thirteen of them, but later
wrote : " They really do not deserve a place
between Handel and Bach. All honour to his
four-jsart pieces, but his pianoforte fugues
are nothing but long-drawn-out versetti "
(Jahn's Mozart, i. 433. ; iii. 373). Works :
IX Toccate e fughe jier 1' organo (Augsburg,
1747), several times republished ; Latin
dramas composed for the pujjils of the
Benedictines in Salzburg, the words only
having survived ; 2 sonatas published by
Haftuer ; 2 motets jsublished by Schott ; 5
jjieces contributed to Leopold Mozart's Der
Morgeu uud der Abend (Augsburg, 1759) ;
Masses, offertories, and other church mu-
sic in MS., in the libraries of Vienna and
Berlin ; 13 oratorios in the Proske library,
the best known being the Componimento
sacro, performed in Salzburg in 1747.
— Grove ; Fetis ; Mendel ; Allgem. d. Biogr.,
V. 576 ; Schilling.
EBERS, ILrVRL FRIEDEICH, born in
Cassel, March 25, 1770, died in Berlin,
Sept. 9, 1836. He entered the artillery
school in Berlin while young, but soon
turned his attention to music, which he
taught ; was vice-Kapellmeister at Schwerin
in 1799 ; and later nmsical director at the
theatre in Pesth. Li 1814 he became di-
i-ector in a military company, and in 1822
conducted a musical society in Magdeburg.
Works — Operas : Bella und Fernando,
Pesth, 1796 ; Die Blumeniusel, Pesth, 1796 ;
Der Eremit von Formentera, 1796 ; Der
Liebes-Comj)ass, Pesth, 1797. Overtures ;
Sonatas ; Syn^phonies ; Wir sind die KiJnige
der Welt, and other songs.— Mendel ; All-
gem. d. Biogr., V. 578 ; Grove ; Fetis.
EBERWEIN, KARL, born in Weimar,
Nov. 10, 1786, died there, March 2, 1868.
Violinist, pupil of his father and of his
brother, Traugott Maximilian ; became court
musician in 1803, and later director of the
court orchestra ; was a pupil of Zelter in
Berlin in 1808-10 ; and spent the rest of his
life in Weimar, teaching, singing, and du'ect-
ing the church music and the opera. In
EBERWEIX
18-49 he was pensioned. He was a contem-
porary and friend of Goethe, for whom he
comjjosed some songs. Works — Operas :
Die Heerschau, Weimar, about 1842 ; Der
Graf zu Gleicheu, ib., about 1843 ; Music
for Leonore, and for Preciosa. Overture to
Goethe's Proserpina ; Entr'actes ; Cantatas ;
String qviartet ; Songs ; Music for violin,
and for the flute. — Mendel ; Allgem. d.
Biogr., V. 588 ; Schilling ; Fetis, Supjjle-
ment, i. 300.
EBERWEIN, TRAUGOTT MAXBH-
LIAN, boru in Weimar, Oct. 27, 1775, died
in Rudolstadt, Dec. 2, 1831. Violinist, pu-
pil of his father, and when only seven years
old played the violin in his father's or-
chestra. He studied under Schick in Mainz,
and Ivunze in Frankfort-on-the-Main ; be-
came court musician to the Prince of Rudol-
stadt in 1797 ; made a concert tour in Ba-
varia and the Tyrol in 1803, and studied
counterpoint under Fenaroli in Naples. In
1804 he returned to Rudolstadt ; in 1817
became court Kaj)ellmeister, made several
concert tours through Germany, and in
1818 travelled to Vienna and in Hungary.
Works — Operas : Claudiue von Villabella,
Rudolstadt, 1815 ; Pedro und Elvira, ib.,
1805 ; Der Jahrmarkt von Plundersweiler,
ib., 1818 ; Das befreite Jerusalem, Rudol-
stadt, 1819 ; Firdusi, ib., 1821 ; Das gol-
dene Netz, ib., 1827. The Singsi^iele : Das
Schlachtturnier ; Die Fischerin ; Das Storch-
nest ; Die hohle Eiche. Music for Macbeth ;
Church music, cantatas, hymns, psalms, a
Te Deum, and a mass ; Symphonies ; Con-
cert overtures ; Songs. He left an uniin-
ished cantata, Der Tod des Alciden. — Men-
del ; Allgem. d. Biogr., v. 589 ; Schilling ;
Gerber ; Grove.
EBHARDT, GOTTHDLF FRffiDRICH,
born at Hohensteiu in 1771, died (?). Or-
ganist, pupil of Tag on the organ and piano-
forte and in composition ; became organist
and teacher at Greiz, and later court or-
ganist and director of a singing society at
Schleiz. Works : Preludes for organ ; Can-
tatas ; Chorals, and other church music. He
was the author of Schule der Tonsetzkunst
(Leij)sic, 1824) ; Die hoheren Lehrzweige
der Tonkunst (Leipsic, 1830).— Mendel ;
Schilling ; Gerber ; Fetis.
ECCARD, JOHANN, born at Miihlhau-
sen, Thuringia, 1553, died in Berlin, 1611.
Organist, pupil of Joachim von Burgk ;
studied under Orlando Lasso in Paris and
Munich in 1571-74 ; returned to Midilhausen,
where he lived until 1578, when he became
director of tlie jjrivate orchestra of Jacob
Fugger, of Augsburg. Having entered the
service of Georg Friedrich, Margrave of
Brandenburg-Anspach, he followed him to
Konigsberg in 1583 as assistant Kapellmei-
ster, becoming full KapeUmeister in 1599.
In 1608 he went to Berlin as Kapelhneister
of Joachim Friedrich, and held that position
until his death. Works : 20 Cantiones
sacrfe Helmboldi (JMiihlhausen, 1574) ; Cre-
pundia sacra Helmboldi (ib., 1577, 1596 ;
2d ed., Erfurt, 1608) ; 24 deutsche Lieder
(ib., 1578) ; Newe deutsche Lieder (Konigs-
berg, 1589) ; Der erste Theil 5-stimmiger
geistlicher Lieder (ib., 1597) ; Preussische
Festlieder (ib., 1598) ; O Lamm Gottes, mo-
tet ; O Freude, chorus ; Hymns ; Chorals.
— Mendel ; Grove ; Riemann ; Allgem. d. Bi-
ogr., V. 595; Fetis; Naumann (Oaselej'),
i. 479.
ECCLES, JOHN, born in London about
the middle of the 17th century, died at
Kingston-on-Thames, January, 1735. Dra-
matic composer, son and pui^il of Solomon
Eccles, violin teacher. He was engaged as
a composer for the theatre from 1685 for
nearlj' a quarter of a century ; was appointed
master of the king's band in 1698, and in
1700 gained the second of the four prizes
given for the best settings of Congreve's
masque, The Judgment of Paris. In 1701
he set the ode written by Congreve for the
celebration of St. Cecilia's Day ; and in 1710
published a collection of nearly one hundred
of his songs, comprising many of those
which he had written for forty-six dramatic
pieces. In the latter jDart of his life he
gave up all professional pursuits excej)t the
ECCLESTO]^
annual production of the royal birthday and
New Year's odes. Works — Operas : The
Spanish Friar, 1G81 ; The Lancashire
Witches, 1682 ; The Chances, 1G82 ; Justice
Busy, 1690 ; The Kichmond Heiress, 1693 ;
Don Quixotte (with Purcell), 1694 ; Love
for Love, 1695 ; Europe's Revels for the
Peace, 1697 ; The Sham Doctor, 1697 ; The
Provoked Wife, 1697 ; Rinaldo and Armida,
1699 ; Acis and Galatea, masque, 1701 ; The
Mad Lover, 1701 ; The City Lady ; The
Fair Penitent, 1703 ; Semele, 1707. He
published a collection of songs for one, two,
and three voices (London, 1701) ; Songs in
Pills to Purge Melancholy, etc. Henrj' Ec-
cles, his brother, a violinist, was a member
of the king's band in Paris. He published :
Twelve solos for the violin (Paris, 1720).
— Grove; Fetis; ^lendel ; Schilling.
ECCLESTON, EDWARD, Enghsh com-
poser of the 17th century. Nothing is
known of his history. In 1G79 he pub-
lished a curious opera entitled, Noah's
Flood.— Mendel.
ECCO XL :\IONDO. See Mefistofele.
ECCO LA MARCIA. See Nozze di Fi-
garo.
ECCO RIDENTE IN CIELO. See A ure-
liano in Palmira ; Barbiere di Siviglia.
fiCHO ET NARCISSE, opera in three
acts, text by Baron Tschudi, music by
Gluck, represented at the Academic Royale
de Musique, Paris, Sept. 2-4, 1779. This
was the last work written by Gluck ; he
was seized with apoplexy when about to
take up Les Danaidcs, with which he in-
tended to close his career, and transferred
the libretto to his pupil Salieri. l5cho et
Narcisse, though not very successful, was
reproduced in 1780.
ECK, JOHANN FRIEDRICH, born iu
Mannheim in 1766, died at Nancy, France,
date unknown. Violinist, pupil of Danner,
and studied composition under Winter. In
1778 he went to Munich, where he became
court musician in 1780, Conzertmeister in
1788, and soon after dramatic director of
the Court and National Theater. He mar-
ried for the second time in 1801, and re-
moved to Nancy. Works : 6 violin concer-
tos (Offenbach and Paris) ; Coueerto-sj'm-
phony for two violins (Leipsic). — Mendel ;
Riemann ; Allgem. d. Biogr., v 602 ; Fetis ;
Grove ; Wasielewski, Die Violine, 191.
ECKAHT, JOHANN GOTTFRIED, born
in Augsburg in 1731, died iu Paris, August,
1809. Pianist, the son of poor parents, and
self-taught. He accompanied the organ-
builder, Georg Andreas Stein, iu 1758, to
Paris, where he painted miniatures days
and studied music nights, until he became
one of the best pianists and teachers of his
time. Works : 6 pianoforte sonatas ; 2 clav-
ecin sonatas ; INIinuet with variations. — Men-
del ; Fi'tis ; SchiUing.
ECKER, KARL, born at Freiburg, Breis-
gau, March 13, 1813, died there, Aug. 31,
1879. Vocal composer, pupil of Sechter in
Vienna (1811), returned to Freiburg in 1816,
and soon became popular through his male
choruses and sougs. Several orchestral
works of some merit were produced in his
native countrj-. — Mendel ; Riemann.
ECKERSBERG, JOHANN WIL-
HELM, born in Dresden, Aug. 20, 1762,
died there, Aug. 20, 1821. Organist, pu-
pil of Homilius, Weinlig, and of his father,
and became organist of the Neustadt Church
of Dresden iu 1789. The music to Schil-
ler's Glocke was his most important pro-
duction.— Allgem. d. Biogr., v. 614 ; Men-
del ; Fetis ; Schilling.
ECKERT, KARL (ANTON FLORIAN),
born in Potsdam,
Dec. 7, 1820, died in
Berlin, Oct. 14, 1879.
Pianist and violinist,
pupil on the piano-
forte of Rechenberg
and Greulich, on the
violin of Biitticher
and Hubert Ries,
i n composition of
Rungenhagen. He
was considered a prodigy when six years
old, and composed an opera at the age
Eclair
of ten. In 1839 lie became in Leipsic
a pupil of Meudelssolm ; tlien travelled in
Italy, Holland, Belgium, and France, and in
1851 accejited the place of accompanist at
the Theatre Italien in Paris. He accom-
panied Sontag on her tour in the United
States, and in 1852 became conductor at
the Paris Opera. In 1853 he went to Vi-
enna, where he became conductor, and later
technical director, of the Court Opera. He
gave np these places in 1860 to succeed
Kiicken as Kapellmeister in Stuttgart ; re-
tired to private life in Baden-Baden in
18G7, but in 18G9 was called to Berlin as
first court Kapelhueister in place of Tau-
bert and Dorn, suddenly pensioned to make
way for him. He was an excellent con-
ductor, but only his minor compositions
have succeeded, and they do not justify
the expectations Mendelssohn and others
had of him. Works : Das Fischermildchen,
opera, composed in 1830 ; Wilhelm von
Oranien, given in Berlin, 1816 ; Kathchen
von Niiruberg, 1837 ; Der Laborant ; Euth,
oratorio, 1833 ; Judith, oratorio, Berlin,
1811 ; Domine salvum fac regem, and other
psalms ; Concerto for violoncello ; Songs.
— Mendel ; Grove ; Fetis ; Riemaun.
ECLAIR, L', lyi-ical drama in three acts,
text l)y Saint-Georges and Planard, music
by Hak'vy, first represented at the Opera
Comique, Paris, Dec. 30, 1835. A young
naval officer, struck blind by lightning in
a tempest, is taken care of by a maiden
who lives, with her sister, in a chateau
beside the sea. On recovering his sight
he confounds the object of his love with
her sister, but his heart soon corrects the
■ error of his eyes. This charming work,
written for two tenors and two sopranos,
without chorus, appeared in the same year
with La Juive, and established Halevy's
reputation. It was given with great suc-
cess, in 1884, at the Teatro Manzoni, Mi-
lan.
£COSSAISDECHATOU, L' (The Scotch-
man of Chatou), operette in one act, text
by Adrien Jaime and Philippe Gille, music
by Delibes, represented at the Bouffes Pa-
risiens, Paris, Jan. 16, 1869. The Scotch-
man is a silly bourgeois named Ducornet,
who, having heard La Dame blanche, tries
to imitate farmer Dickson, and builds at
Chatou a chalet where he offers open hos-
pitality to all comers.
EDDA, grand opera, text by Emil Hopf-
fer, music by Karl Reinthaler, first rep-
resented at the theatre of Hamburg, Feb.
22, 1876. The libretto, an adaptation of
the drama of the same name by Josef
Weilen, is founded on an episode in the
Thirty Years' War.
EDDY, CLARENCE, born, of American
parentage, in Green-
field, Massachusetts,
June 23, 1851, still
living, 1888. Or-
ganist, pupil of J.
G. Wilson in Green-
field, and of Dudley
Buck in Hartford,
Conn. In 1871 he
went to Europe and
studied the organ,
harmony, and counterpoint under August
Haupt, and the pianoforte under A. Loesch-
horu. Returning in 1874, he settled in
Chicago as organist of the First Congrega-
tional Church, and in 187G became director
of the Hershey School of Musical Art in
Chicago, founded by Mrs. Sara B. Hershey,
whom he afterwards married. Mr. Eddy
has made concert tours in Germany, Aus-
tria, Switzerland, and America, and in 1879
he gave in Chicago a series of one hundred
organ recitals, in which no programme
number was repeated. Works : Organ mu-
sic ; Church and Concert Organist (2 vols.,
1882, 1885) ; The Organ in Church (1887).
He has translated August Haupt's Counter-
point, Fugue and Double Counterpoint
(1876).
EDELMANN, JEAN FREDERIC, born
in Strasburg, May 6, 1749, died there,
July 17, 1794. Pianist and dramatic com-
poser, gained distinction in Paris in 1782 ;
EDEN
became a violent adherent of tbe Eevolution,
sent bis benefactor, tbe maire Baron Die-
trieb, and otber friends to tbe scaffold in
Strasburg, and finally was guillotined bim-
self. Works : Estber, oratorio, performed
at tbe Concert Spirituel, 1780 ; La bergere
des Alpes, lyric scene for soprano and bass,
TnOeries, 1781 ; Le feu (act from tbe ballet
Les c'K-ments), Aeadc-mie Royale de Mu-
sique, 1782 ; Ariane dans I'lle de Nasos,
opera, ib., 1782 ; Diane at I'Amour, opera-
ballet, Theatre des Jeunes Eleves, 1802 ; 3
concertos for pianoforte ; 9 works of so-
natas for do., witb violin obligate ; Quartets
for pianoforte, op. 15 (Amsterdam) ; Ca-
prices for do. — Gerber, N. Les. ; Hamburger
Correspondent (1794), No. 121 ; Nodier,
Souvenirs de la Revolution, etc. ; Scbilling.
EDEN, a mystei'y in two parts, poem by
Mery, music by Felicien David, represented
at tbe Op6ra, Paris, Aug. 25, 1848. A de-
scriptive work, in tbe overture to wbicb tbe
composer has attempted to depict musically
tbe revolutions on tbe globe before tbe
advent of man ; then succeeds tbe story of
tbe Garden of Eden and tbe fall of man.
It was well sungb^' Poultier, Alizard, Porte-
bault, and Mile Grimm, but failed to at-
tract attention in tbe political storm of
1818.
EDER, KARL KA.SPAR, born in Bavaria
in 1751, died (?). Virtuoso on tbe violon-
cello, pupil of Ki'ibler and Lang, and after-
wards first violoncellist to tbe Elector of
Treves. Upon several concert tours through
Germany be won much applause. Works :
2 sj'mpbonies for grand orchestra ; 2 quin-
tets. For violoncello: 14 concertos, 20 solos,
3 duos, and 2 trios. — Fetis ; Mendel.
EDLING, JOHANN, born at Falken, near
Eisenach, about 1754, died in 1786. He
was chamber musician at tbe court of Wei-
mar, and composed music to Bertucb's
tragedy of Elfriede, besides symphonies,
and pieces for the clarinet. — Gerber ; Schil-
ling ; !Mendel ; Ft'tis.
EDSON, LEWIS, born in Bridgewater,
Mass., Jan. 22, 1748, died in Woodstock,
New York, in tbe spring of 1820. He wrote
the poj)ular hymn tunes, Lenox, Bridge-
water, Greenfield, and others, first published
by Simeon Jocelin and A. Doolittle in "The
Chorister's Connwniou" (New Haven, 1782).
In 1801-17 he was in New York and as-
sisted in tbe compilation of "The New York
Selection of Sacred Music" (1804-10), by
Lewis and Thaddeus Seymoui*. About 1817
he removed to Woodstock, Conn.
EDUARDO E CRISTINA, Italian opera,
text by Schmidt, music bj- Rossini, rep-
resented at the Teatro San Benedetto, Ven-
ice, 1819. Princess Christine of Sweden,
betrothed to Prince James of Scotland,
secretly marries an officer named Edward.
Both are thrown into jjrison, but Edward,
freed, delivers the king from great danger
during the Russian bombardment of Stock-
holm, and the monarch pardons him and
recognizes the marriage. This, Rossini's
twenty-sixth work, is largely a reproduction
of two earlier ojjeras, Ricciardo e Zoraide
and Ermione. An opera of tbe same title,
music by Pavesi, was given in 1811, in Na-
ples.—Edwards, Life of R., 202.
EDVARDO STUART, Italian opera, mu-
sic by Cipriano Pantoglio, represented at
the Teatro Manzoni, Milan, May, 1887.
EDWARDS, RICHARD, born in Somer-
setshire, England, 1523, died in London, Oct.
31, 1566. ComiDoser and poet, scholar of
Coi'pus Christi College, Oxford, in 1540 ;
M.A., Oxford, 1547. He studied music un-
der George Etberidge, and became, in 15G3,
Master of the Children of the Chapel Royal.
The music of tbe beautiful madrigal, " In
going to my naked bedde," is conjecturally
assigned to him, as it is certain that he wrote
the verses. The poem, " The Soul's Knell,"
said to have been written on his death-bed,
is well known. He wrote also many other
poems and two comedies. — Grove.
EEDEN, JOHAN VAN DER, born at
Ghent, Dec. 21, 1844, still living, 1888.
PujDil at tbe Conservatoire, Ghent, where
be won several first prizes, and of Fetis in
Brussels (1863). At the Concours National,
EGERIA
in 1865, he won the first prize with his
cantata, Le vent, and in 1869 with the can-
tata. La derniere niiit de Faust. After hav-
ing travelled in France, Italy, and Germany,
he settled at Assisi. — Mendel, Ergiinz., di.
EGEKIA, Italian operetta in one act, text
by Metastasio, music by Hasse, represented
in Vienna, 1761:, in honour of the coronation
of Joseph XL, King of the Romans. Scene
at the fountain of Egeria. Characters rej^
resented : Egeria, Venere, Mercuric, Marte,
Apollo.
EGGHAED, JULIUS (Count von Harde-
gen), born in Vienna, April 21, 1831, died
there, March 23, 1867. Pianist, pupil of
Karl Czerny, and in comjoositiou of Sechter ;
from his fifteenth year he appeared often
successfully before the Viennese public, and
was much esteemed as a teacher. In 1853-
55 he was in Paris, and gave several con-
certs at the Salle Erard. His tasteful
compositions for the pianoforte in charac-
teristic style were widely popular. Works :
La campanella, impromptu, op. 2 ; Variations
de bravour, op. 4 ; Nocturne en trilles, op.
6 ; Idylle, op. 7 and 8 ; Souvenir de Pesth,
op. 9 ; Rcve d' amour, op. 10 ; Mazurka de
salon, op. 11 ; Polka de salon, op. 12 ; Ro-
mance, op. 13 ; Les adieux du berger, idylle,
ojj. 11 ; La danse des syljjhes, impromptu,
op. 15 ; Je pense a toi, chanson sans paroles,
op. 17 ; Chanson erotique, op. 19 ; Serenade
italiennc, op. 22 ; Nocturne poetique, op.
23 ; Fleurettes, etude de salon, op. 26 ; Sa-
rolta, impromptu de salon, op. 27 ; etc.
— Wurzbach ; Le Pays (Paris, 1855, No.
32) ; Wiener Conversationsblatt (1855), 212.
EGLI, JOHANN HEINRICH, Iwrn at
Seegrebeu, Canton of Zurich, March 4,
1712, died at Ziirich, Dec. 19, 1810. Vocal
composer, pupil of Pastor Schmiedli at We-
zikon ; settled at Ziirich, where he became
a favourite teacher, and greatly influenced
religious music. His songs are still popular
in Switzerland. Works : 6 Schweizer-Can-
taten von Lavater, with orchestra (1786) ;
Schweizerlieder von Lavater (1787) ; Blu-
menlese geistlicher Gedichte, etc. (1788) ;|
I Oden von Cramer (1786) ; 12 Neujahrs
Cautaten ; 60 geistliche Lieder (1791) ;
Schweizer Volkslieder (1788) ; Schweizer
Preiheitsgesang (1789) ; Kinderlieder, for
two voices ; Gellert's geistliche Oden und
Lieder (1789); do. zweiter Theil (1791);
Lieder der Weisheit und Tugend (1790) ;
Christliches Gesangbuch (Ziirich, 1798) ; and
many others for one and more voices. — All-
gem, d. Biogr., V. 678; Futis ; Gerber ;
Schilling.
EGMONT, overture and incidental music
to Goethe's tragedy of the same title, by
Beethoven, op. 81, composed in 1809 ; first
performed, May 21, 1810. The composer's
third work for the stage, written between
the second writing of Leonore, and Fidelio.
The overture de^jicts in broad, vigorous
traits what may serve for an introduction
to the drama, to wit, the immutability of
fate, the pathos in the suppression of lib-
erty, and the fall of its hero, the pleasant
existence of the people who are to be sup-
pressed, and, finally, the joy of triumph, pro-
claiming that the reaction must, at last,
succumb. Besides the overture, the music
consists of two sojprano songs, four entr'-
actes, Clilrchen's death, a melodrama, and a
finale ; in all, ten numbers. The finale is
identical with the conclusion of the over-
ture, which was apijarently written last.
To tit the music for performance exclusive
of the drama, verses connecting the move-
ments were written in Germany by Jlosen-
geil and Bernays, and in England by Will-
iam Bartholomew. Published by Breitkopf
& Hiirtel (Leipsic, 1811-12).— Marx (Berlin,
1875), ii. 162 ; Thayer, Verzeichuiss, 82 ;
Von Lenz, ii. 207.
EGMONT, opera-comique, text by Wolff
and Millaud, music by Salvayre, represented
at the Opera Comique, Paris, Dec. 6, 1886.
A failure.
EGRESSY, BENJAMIN, born about
1811, still Hviug (?). He settled in Pesth
as an actor, and later comjiosed many Hun-
garian melodies, songs, and other vocal
and instrumental music. He also translated
EIIERXE
plays and operas, antl wrote the librettos of
sevei-al Hungarian operas. — Wurzbacb, iv.
5 ; Mendel ; Fetis.
EHERNE SCHLANGE, DIE (The Bra-
zen Serpent), oratorio for male voices, text
by Giesebrecht, music by Karl Loewe, op.
40, written in 1831
EHLERT, LUDWIG, born in Konigs-
berg, Jan. 13, 1825, died in Wiesbaden,
Jan. 4, 1884. Pianist, pupil at the Leipsic
Conservatorium under Mendelssohn and
Sclmnianu ; settled in Berlin as a teacher
in 1850 ; visited Italy several times, direct-
ing the Socicta Cherubiui in Florence ;
taught in Tausig's Berlin school in 1869-
71 ; was teacher to the princes in Meining-
en ; and settled in Wiesbaden. Professor
in 1875. Works : Overtures to Hafiz and
Winter's Tale ; Spring Symphony ; Sonate
romautique ; Kequiem for a child ; Songs
and pianoforte pieces. He was the author
of " Briefe iiber Musik an eine Freundin "
(Berlin, 1859, 18G7, 1879 ; translated as
"Letters on Music to a Lady," London and
Boston, 1877) ;
derTon-
. (Berlin,
/^ 1877 ; trans-
lated as " From the Tone- World," New
York, 1885). — Riemann ; Mendel ; Grove ;
Fetis, iii. 119 ; do., Supplement, i. 301.
EHRENBERG, died young at Dessau,
1790. He was chamber musician in Dessau,
.and wrote an oi)era, Azakia, text by Schwan,
Dessau, 1790, besides considerable vocal
music. — Gerber ; Fctis ; Schilling ; Men-
del.
EHRHART, LEON, born at Miilhauseu,
Alsace, May 11, 1854, died near Florence,
Oct. 4, 1875. Dramatic composer, puj^il in
his native place of Heyberger, in Paris of
Chauvet and at the Conservatoire of Benoist
and Eeber. The cantata of Acis et Gala-
tee secured him the prix de Rome in 1874,
and while visiting Rome and Venice he
worked on a comic ojjera and an oratorio
until his premature death. — Fetis, Supple-
ment, i. 301.
/) ijoston,
EHRLICH, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH,
born at Magdeburg, May 7, 1810, still liv-
ing, 1888. Pianist, pujjil of Hummel in
Weimar, returned to his native city about
1834, where he is conductor of the Sing-
akademie, and one of the founders, and pres-
ident of the Tonkiinstler-Verein. He has
composed several operas, of which Die Ro-
senmiidchen, and Kiinig Georg were suc-
cessfully given at various provincial the-
atres ; also organ and pianoforte music, and
sacred and secular songs.- — ^lendel.
EHRNSTEIN, JOHANN JACOB STU-
PAN VON, German comjioser, lived in the
beginning of the 18th century. He pub-
lished Rosetum musicum and 12 sympho-
nies.— Gerber ; Mendel ; Fotis.
EH! VIA,BITFONE. See /)on Giovanni.
EICHBERG, JULIUS, born, of German
parentage, in Diissel-
dorf, Germauj-, June
13, 1824, still living,
1888. Violinist and
dramatic composer ;
p u p i 1 on the violin
and in composition,
at Wiirzburg, Bavaria,
of Joseph FrJilich, and
in counterpoint and
orchestration of Julius
Rietz. He went to
Brussels in 1842, studied composition un-
der Ft'tis, and the violin under Meerts and
De Beriot, and obtained the 1st prizes in
violin plaj'ing and composition in 1843 at
the Conservatoire. After this he resided
several years in Frankfort-on-the-Main and
in 1846 went to Basel and Geneva, Switzer-
land, as director of music, and received the
appointment of professor of the violin and
of composition in the Geneva Conservatoire.
In 1856 he removed to America and has
spent the past thirty years in Boston, where
he is director of the Boston Conservatory of
Music, general supervisor of musical instruc-
tion in the Boston public schools, and head
of Eichberg's School for Violin Plaj-ing. He
has a national reputation as a teacher of
EICHBERG
the violin, some of the best public jjerform-
ers having been liis pupils. Works : The
Doctor of Alcantara, comic o^Jeretta in two
acts, text by Woolf, represented in Boston,
April 7, 1862 ; The Rose of Tyrol, ib., I860 ;
The Two Cadis, ib., 1870 ; A Night in
Home, ib., about 1870. Studies for the vio-
lin ; Trios and quartets for string instru-
ments ; Songs ; Works for the use of mu-
sical instruction in schools. The Doctor of
Alcantara has been performed many times
in America, and is one of the few works of
the kind, Avritten in America, which has
made a permanent re2)utation.
EICHBERG, OSCAE, born in Berlin,
Jan. 21, 1845, still living, 1S88. Pianist,
pupil of his father ; played in public at the
age of ten ; then studied the pianoforte un-
der Loschhorn and composition under Kiel.
He settled in Berlin as a teacher, founded
a singing society in 1871, wrote musical ar-
ticles, and began the publication of a mu-
sical calendar in 1879. Has published pi-
anoforte music, songs, etc. — Mendel ; Fetis,
Supplement, i. 302 ; Eiemann.
EICHHORN, HERMANN, born iu Bres-
lau, Oct. 30, 1847, still living, 1888. Virtu-
oso on the horn and dramatic composer,
pupil of Emil Bohn ; at first studied law
and acquired the degree of doctor, but soon
devoted himself entirely to music. He has
composed the comic operas and operettas,
Drei auf eineu Schlag, Zojjf und Krumm-
stab, Blaue Kinder, and others, besides f)i-
anoforte pieces and songs, and has also
published several valuable monographs on
the history of instruments and of instru-
mental music. — Riemann.
EICHHORN, JO H ANN, bom about
1766, died after 1815. Violinist. Lived in
Berlin and at Bruchsal, Baden, and joined
the court orchesti-a at Mannheim in 1807.
Works: Concerto for violin (Berlin, 1791);
Solos for do. (ib.) ; 3 quartets for two vio-
lins, viola, and bass (Darmstadt, 1794) ; 3
duos for violins, op. 9 (Leipsic, Kiihnel) ;
Quintet for two violins, two violas, and
bass, op. 11 (ib.).' — Fetis ; Gerber.
EICHLER, FRIEDEICH WILHELM,
born in Leipsic iu 1809. Violinist, pui^il
of Spohr in Cassel ; became Conzertmeister
at the theatre in Kimigsberg in 1832 ; from
1817 lived several years iu Loudon, and
then settled at Baden-Baden. Among his
compositions for violin are : Variations on
a Swiss theme, with orchestra or pianoforte,
op. 2 (Leipsic, Breitkopf & Hilrtel) ; Songs
without words, op. 4 (ib.). — Schilling; Men-
del ; Fetis.
EICHNER, ERNST, born in Mannheim,
Feb. 9, 1740, died iu Potsdam in 1777. He
entered the ducal chapel at Zweibriicken
about 1770, and left it elandestinelj', be-
cause his resignation was not accepted ;
then lived iu London until 1773, when he
joined the band of the Crown Prince of
Prussia in Potsdam. He formed some ex-
cellent pujjils, and composed symphonies,
concertos, and chamber music. — Fetis ;
Schilling ; Mendel.
EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND
TWELVE, ouverture solennelle for orches-
tra, by Tschaikowsky, op. 49.
E IL MAESTRO 10 FACCIO. See
Barbiere di Siviglia.
EILT, IHR STUNDEN, soprano aria in
E minor, with accompaniment of violin and
continuo, in Johann Sebastian Bach's can-
tata, " Freue dich, erli'iste Schaar.''
EINERT, IvARL FRIEDRICH, born at
Lommatsch, Saxony, in 1798, died in War-
saw, Dec. 25, 1836. Organist, studied
under Schicht in the Thomasschule of Leip-
sic ; was a pupil of Friedrich Schneider for
organ and of Wach for double-bass. Became
music teacher in a noble Polish family and
went in 1821 to Warsaw, where he was or-
ganist of the Lutheran Church and double-
bass player of the Court Theatre. His or-
gan preludes were well written. — Sowiuski,
165 ; Fetis ; Mendel.
EIN' FESTE BURG 1ST UNSER GOTT
(A strong fortress is our God ; generally ren-
dered iu English : God is our refuge in dis-
tress). ]\Iartiu Luther's version of Psalm
xlvi. (Deus uoster refugium). It was pub-
EIN
lished first in " Geistliebe Lierler nuffs newe
gebessert zu Wittenberg. Dr. INIart. Luther,
1529." Several arrangements of it appeared
during Lu tiler's lifetime : 1. For three voices,
with melody in the tenor, in " News Gesang,"
etc., by Johann Kugelmann (Augsburg,
1540) ; 2. For four voices, with melod}- in
the bass, in " Newe deutsche geistliche '
Gesenge cxxiii, by Georg Khau (Witten-
berg, 154;J:) ; 3. For five voices, with mel-
ody in the tenor, by Stephan Mahn, in G.
Rhau's Hymn Book ; 4. For four voices,
with melody in the bass, by Martin Agri-
cola, in G. Rhau's Hymn Book ; 5. For four
voices, with melody in the bass, by L. Hel-
linck, in G. Rhau's Hymn Book. The tune
as now sung is derived from the form given
it by Johann Sebastian ]5ach in several of
his cantatas, especially in Ein' feste Burg,
which differs somewhat from Luther's ver-
sion. It has been used as a theme by
various other musicians : Mendelssohn, in
the finale of his Reformation Symphony ;
Otto Nicolai, in his i^e.^^Ouverture ; Joachim
Raff, in his /f'A/-Oiiverture ; Wagner, in his
Kaisermarsch ; Meyerbeer, in the Hugue-
nots; Karl Reinecke, in Variations on Ein'
feste Burg (given in New York, Nov. 12,
1887). — Rambach, Ueber Luther's Ver-
dienst um den Kirchengesang (Hamburg,
1813); Winterfeld, Luther's deutsche geist-
liche Lieder (Leipsic, 1840) ; Wackernagel,
do. (Stuttgart, 1848) ; Koch, Geschichte des
Kircheulieds (Stuttgart, 186G-1877) ; Lu-
ther musicien, Revue et Gazette musieale,
July 13, 1879 ; Naumann (Ouseley), i. 458 ;
Grove, ii. 179.
EIN' FESTE BFRG, cantata, text by
Salomo Franck, music by Johann Sebastian
Bach, written probably for the Reformation
Festival of 1730. Bitter thinks it was com-
posed for the bicentenary Reformation Fes-
tival of 1717, but Spitta argues that it was
for either the festival of 1730 or for the two
hundreth anniversar}' of Protestantism in
Saxony, May 17, 1739. The cantata has
eight numbers, five solos and three choruses.
The opening is a fugue based upon a varia-
tion on Luthei-'s melody and set to the first
verse of his hymn. The solos are from the
cantata, Alles was von Gott geboren, writ-
ten in 1716.— Spitta, ii. 470 ; iii. 283 ; Up-
ton, Standard Cantatas, 38.
EINICIvE, GEORG FRIEDRICH, born
at Hohlstedt, Thuringia, Ajjril 10, 1710, died
in Nordhausen, Feb. 20, 1770. Organist,
pupil of his father. He went to the Uni-
versitj' of Leipsic in 1732, and finished
his musical education under Sebastian Bach
and Scheibe. He succeeded his father as
Cantor and music director ; went to Frank-
enhausen in a like capacity in 1746 and
to Nordhausen in 1757. — Works : Concer-
tos ; Symphonies ; Church music. — Allgem.
d. Biogr., v. 7G0 ; Mendel; SchilHng ; Fetis.
EIN MADCHEN ODER WEIBCHEN.
See Die ZauberflOte.
EINSAM IN TRUBEN TAGEN. See
Lohengrin.
EINST TRAUMTE MEINER SELIGEN
BASE. See Der Frcischiilz.
EIN UNGEFARBT GEMUTHE, alto
aria in F major, with accompaniment of
violins and violas in unison, and continuo,
in Johann Sebastian Bach's cantata for
Dom. 4 fest. Trinil., of the same title ;
published sej)arately, with additional ac-
companiments by Robert Franz, by F.
Whistling, Leipsic, 18G0.
EISENHOFER, FRANZ XAYER, born
at Ilmmiinster, Upper Bavaria, Nov. 29,
1783, died in Wiirzburg, Aug. 15, 1855.
While attending the University of Munich,
he finished his musical education under
Griitz ; gave up the study of theologj', and
was school teacher and professor in sev-
eral places. He composed cantatas for
male voices, and many solo and part songs,
of which he wrote also the text. — Mendel ;
Schilling, Supplement, 110 ; Fotis, iii. 123 ;
do., Supplement, i. 302.
EISENHUT (Eisenuth, Eisenhuet),
THOMAS, German composer, whose works
appeared in 1675-1702. He was Kapell-
meister of the Prince Abbot of Kempten
and a regular canon of the Monasterv of
10
EISERT
St. Georg in Augsburg. Among Lis publi-
cations were Harmonia sacra, church music,
and a theoretical book, "Musikahsches Fun-
dament."— Allgem. d. Biogr., v. 7G7 ; Men-
del ; Fetis ; Schilling.
EISERT, JOHANNES, born at Dresden
in 1810, died there in 18G4 Organist,
studied music in Vienna, where he ajs-
peared successfully in public, until recalled
to Dresden as court organist. Among his
compositions for the organ, his fugues de-
serve especial mention for purity of style
and melodic beauty. — Mendel ; Schilling.
EISFELD, THEODOR, born, of German
parentage, in Wolfenbiittel, Brunswick, in
1816, died in Wiesbaden, Sept. IG, 1882.
Conductor, pupil in composition of C. G.
Reissiger, Dresden ; also studied the violin
in Bremen under Karl Miiller. In 1848
he went to New York, and the following
year was made conductor of the New
York Philharmonic Society, which he con-
ducted alternately with Carl Bei-gmann,
from 1855 to 18GG, when he returned to
Europe. He was leader also of the Eisfeld
Quartet, which gave its first concert, Feb.
18, 1851. Eisfeld held a high position in
New York musical circles.
EITNER, ROBERT, born at Breslau,
Oct. 22, 1832, still living, 1888. Pianist,
pupil of Moritz Brosig, went in 1853 to
Berlin, where he won success as a virtuoso
and composer in concerts, given in 1857-
5d. A school for the pianoforte which he
founded in Berlin, 18G3, is still flourishing.
Since 18G0 he has devoted himself more
especially to musical literature, and chiefly
to his agency was due the organization of
the Gesellschaf t fur Musikforschung in 18G8,
of whose organ, the " Monatshefte fiir Mu-
sikgeschichte," he is the editor. Works :
Judith, biblical opera ; Pfingstcantate ; Sta-
bat Mater for 4 voices a cappella ; Over-
ture to the Cid ; Pianoforte music, and
songs. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 302 ; Men-
del.
EKHART, FRANZ JOSEF, born at Tep-
litz, Bohemia, about 1735, died (?). Pianist,
organist, and hai-pist, pupil of his father,
and afterwards completed his studies in
Italy. For several years he was organist
of the Basilica of St. Peter, and in great
favour with Pope Clement XIV., especially
as a harp-i^layer ; in 1780 he enjoj-ed con-
siderable reputation in Italy as an organist
and composer, but his works remain in
manuscript. — Fetis ; Mendel.
ELBEL, VICTOR, born in Alsace early
in the 19th centuiy. He lived in Paris as
a teacher ; brought out in Strasburg an
oratorio, Der Miinsterbau ; and composed
also two descriptive symphonies. — Fetis,
Supplement, i. 302.
ELEGUC ODE, text from President
Lincoln's Burial Hymn by Walt Whitman,
for solos, chorus, and orchestra, bj' Charles
Villiers Stanford, composed for and first
given at the Norwich (England) Festival,
Oct. 15, 1884.— Athenseum (1884), ii. 505.
ELEGIAC SYMPHONY, in D minor, by
Charles Villiers Stanford, first produced at
Cambridge, England, March 7, 1882, and
at the Gloucester Festival, 1883.
ELlilGIE, salon-jiiece for violin solo, with
pianoforte accomjjaniment, by Heinrich Wil-
helm Ernst, op. 10. It is extremely effec-
tive and well written, and was long popular.
Played at Chickering Hall, New York, Nov.
22,'l88G, by Michael Banner.
ELEGIE HARMONIQUE (Harmonic
Elegy), for pianoforte solo, in F-sharp
minor, by Johann Ludwig Dussek, op. Gl.
Written in memory of Prince Louis Ferdi-
nand of Prussia, whose premature death on
the battle-field of Saalfeld, Oct. 13, 1806, de-
prived Dussek of a friend and patron. One
of the composer's best works.
ELEGISCHER GESANG (Elegiac Song),
for four voices, pianoforte, and string quar-
tet, music by Beethoven, op. 118, comjwsed
1814 ; dedicated to Johann, Freiherr von
Pasqualati. Text, " Sanft wie du lebtest,
hast du Tollendet," etc., by an unknown
author. Published by Haslinger after the
composer's death. — Thayer, Verzeichniss,
120 ; Lenz, ii. 131.
11
ELER
ELEE, .\NDRfi, bom in Alsace about
1764, died Ajjiil 21, 1821. He went, when
young, to Paris, where he became professor
of counterpoint at the Conservatoire on
its reorganization in 1816. His collection,
copied in scoi'e, of the compositions of 16th
century masters, is now in the librai-y of
the Paris Conservatoire. Works — Operas :
Apelle et Campaspe, 1798 ; L'habit du
chevalier de Grammont, 1800 ; La forut
de Brama ; Interlude, Le chant des ven-
geances, words by Rouget de Li.sle, jyer-
formed in 1798 ; Overture ; Symphony ;
Sonatas ; Trios, and quartets for wind and
string instruments. — Fetis ; do.. Supple-
ment, i. 303 ; Larousse ; Mendel ; Schil-
ling.
ELI, oratorio, text by William Bartholo-
mew, on the story of Eli and Samuel (Sam.,
i.-iv.), music by Michael Costa, first given
at the Birmingham (England) Festival, Aug.
29, 1855 ; first time in America, Handel and
Haydn Society, Boston, Feb. 15, 1857. At
Birmingham the part of Eli was sung by
Sims Beeves, and that of Sanuiel by Mme
Viardot. The other parts were by Mme
Castellan, Carl Formes, and W. H. Weiss.
— Athenieum (1855), 1008 ; Upton, Standard
Oratorios, 84.
ELI.VS (Elijah), oratorio, in two parts,
text from the Old Testament, music by Men-
delssolui, op. 70, first given in an Englisli
translation at the Birmingham (England)
Festival, Aug. 26, 1846. The idea was sug-
gested, says Hillcr, by reading in 1 Kings,
xix. 11, "Behold, the Lord passed by," and
the text was compiled mostly from the same
book. The libretto was sent to London as
soon as the work was completed, and trans-
lated into English bv' William Bartholomew.
The scenes treated are Elijah's prophecj' of
the drought, the raising of the widow's son
at Zarephath, the rival sacrifices on Mt.
Carmel, the fall of rain, the persecution of
Elijah by Jezebel, his sojourn in the desert,
his return, and his translation in the fiery
chariot. The score is without date, but
Mendelssohn probably began the work in
the summer of 1837, though most of it was
written in 1846. The orchestral parts were
rehearsed bj' Mendelssohn at Leipsic, Aug.
5, 184(i, and the vocal parts at Moscheles's
house, London, Aug. 18th, the evening of the
day of his arrival there ; then followed two
full rehearsals in Hanover Square, and on
Aug. 24th a full rehearsal at Birmingham ;
and on Wednesday, Aug. 26th, the first pub-
lic performance was given in the Town Hall,
Birmingham. After many alterations and
additions, it was given in London, April 10,
1847, by the Sacred Harmonic Society. Its
first performance in Germany was at Ham-
burg, October, 1847. Pubfished first by
Simroek (Berlin, 1847). — Grove, ii. 275,
288 ; J. Bennet, in Concordia, 497, 523 ;
Upton, Standard Oratorios, 218.
ELIJAH. See Elias.
ELIS.\, ou le voyage au ]\Iont Bernard,
comedy in two acts, text by Saint-Cyr, mu-
sic by Cherubini, represented at the Thea-
tre Feydeau, Paris, December, 1794. The
scene is laid among mountains and glaciers,
and the douofuuent is hastened by an ava-
lanche.
ELISA E CLAUDIO, opera buffii, text
b_v Romanelli, music by Mercadante, repre-
sented in Milan in 1822. This opei'a, one
of Mercadante's best works, was given in
Paris, Nov. 22, 1823. The beautiful duet,
"Se un" istante, all' offerta d' un soglio," is
still a favourite with singers.
ELISABETH, opera in three acts, text
by Brunswick and De Leuven, music by
Donizetti, represented at the Theatre Ly-
rique, Paris, Dec. 31, 1853. This is the
French version of Donizetti's Gli esiliati di
Siberia, text by Gilardoni, first given in
Naples, 1827. The Italian libretto is from
the jilay by Guilbert de Pixen'court, enti-
tled : " La fille de I'exile, ou huit mois en
deux heures," which is an adaptation of
Madame Cottin's romance, " Elisabeth, ou
les exiles de Sibt'rie " (180G). It is the
story of a young girl who comes from the
depths of Siberia to ask from the Czar her
father's pardon. Donizetti's music was
K
ELISABETTA
adapted to the French version by Foutana,
his pupil.
ELIS.iBETTA A KENILWOETH. See
CasleUo di Kenilworth.
ELISABETTA, EEGINA D' INGHIL-
TERRA, ojjera, text by Sohuiidt, music by
Rossini, first rejDresented at the Teatro San
Carlo, Najjles, in 1815. The libretto is not
from Scott's "Kenilworth," which was not
published until 1821, but is an adaptation
from a French melodrama. The opera was
Rossini's fifteenth work, and was written
when he was twenty-four years old. Mile
Colbran, whom he afterwards married, was
the original Qaeen Elizabeth. The opera
was given at the Italiens, Paris, March
10, 1822. It was not successful, excepting
at Naples. The overture, which had pre-
viously belonged to Aureliano in Palmyra,
is now the introduction to II Barbiere di
Sivigha.— Stendhal, Vie de E. ; Edwards,
Life of R., 109.
ELISIRE D' AMORE, L' (The Elixir of
Love), Italian opera buft'a in two acts, text
by Romani, music by Donizetti, repiresented
in Milan, May 12, 1832, in Loudon, at the
Lyceum, Dec. 10, 183(), in Now York, 1838,
and in Paris, at the Theatre Italien, Jan.
17, 1839. The subject of this graceful and
melodious opera, in some resjiects one of
Donizetti's best, is identical with that of
Auber's Le philtre, text by Scribe. Adina,
a country girl, is loved by Neniorino, a
young farmer, and by Belcore, a sergeant.
Nemorino applies to Dr. Dulcamara, a
mountebank, for a bottle of the elixir of
love. Dulcamara gives him a bottle of
wine, and tells him that if he drinks of
it he can win the love of anyone. The
farmer drinks the whole of it, and, becoming
intoxicated, behaves in such a manner that
Adina promises to marry the sergeant.
The second act opens with the assemblage
of the villagers to witness the marriage
contract. Nemorino, in despair, begs Dul-
camara to give him some charm which will
make Adina love him. Dulcamara refuses,
as the farmer has no money, and the ser-
geant urges the latter to enlist. To obtain
the bonus, Nemorino enlists and thus gets
another bottle from the quack. Meanwhile
Nemorino's uncle has died and left him all
his property, though he does not know it.
The girls crowd around and try to attract
his attention, which he attributes to the
elixir. Adina's jealousy is aroused, and
hearing, through Dulcamara, of Nemorino's
devotion, she repays the sergeant the enlist-
ment fee, changes her mind, and gives her
hand to the former. The principal num-
Persiani, as Adina.
bers in the first act are the buffo song by
Dulcamara, beginning with the recitative,
■'Udite, udite, o rustici," and the duet be-
tween Dulcamara and Nemorino, "Obbli-
gato, ah ! si obbligato." In the second act
are the chorus : " Cantiamo, facciam brin-
disi ; " the quartet, " Dell' elisir mirabile ; "
the duet between Adina and Dulcamara,
" Quanto amore ! ed io spietata ; " and the
romanza of Nemorino, " Una furtiva lagri-
ma." Among the best impersonators of
Adina were Fanny Persiaui (1812-1867) and
13
ELKAMP
Piccolomiui. Lablaclie was a noted Dr.
Dulcamara, and Nemorino was a favourite
cbai'acter with Mario.
ELKAMP, HEIXRICH, born at Itzehoe,
Holstein, in 1812, died in Hamburg in
1868. Pupil in Hamburg of Clasiug and in
Berlin of Zelter ; then settled in Hamburg
as a teacher ; in 1842-51 he lived in St.
Petersburg, then returned to Hamburg.
Works : 2 oratorios. Die heilige Zeit, and
Paulus ; Pianoforte pieces ; Songs. — ]Men-
del ; Fetis ; Schumann, Gesammelte Schrif-
ten, i. 223.
ELLE NE CROYAIT PAS. See Miguon.
ELLER, LOUIS, bom at Gratz in 1819,
died at Pau in August, 1862. Violinist, pupil
of Hysel ; apj^eared in Vienna in 1836. After
concert tours in Hungary, Croatia, Switzer-
land, and France, playing in Paris in 1814,
he returned home, then visited Italy and
Southern France, and settled in Pau after
travelling over Spain and Portugal with
Gottschalk. Works : Valse diabolique ;
Menuet sentimental ; Rhapsodic hongroise ;
Fantasias, and other violin music. — Fctis ;
Wurzbach, iv. 23 ; Mendel.
ELLERTOX, JOHN LODGE, born in
Cheshire, England, Jan. 11, 1807, died in
London, Jan. 3, 1873. Amateur composer,
graduate of Oxford (1828) where he stud-
ied music, chiefly composition, and wrote
an English operetta and an Italian opera.
He studied counterpoint for two j-ears in
Rome under Terriani. In 1835 and 1838
he took prizes at the Catch Club for his
glees : Fayre is my love, and. How beau-
tiful is night. Works— Operas : Issipile,
given in Prussia, about 1825 ; Annibale in
Capua, Andromacca, H Marito a vista ; Carlo
Rosa, German opera ; Dominica, The Bridal
of Triermain, English operas, ib., about
1830 ; II Carnovale di Venezia, ib., about
1832 ; Berenice in Armenia, II Sacrifizio
d'Epito, ib., about 1835 ; Lucinda, English
opera, Baden-Baden, about 1838. Pai'a-
dise Lost, oratorio ; G masses ; 6 anthems ;
17 motets ; 61 glees ; 83 duets for different
voices ; 5 symphonies for gi-and orchestra ;
4 concert-overtures ; 3 quintets for two
violins, viola, and two violoncellos ; 44 quar-
tets for two violins, viola, and violoncello ;
3 trios for violin, viola, and violoncello ; 8
do. for pianoforte, violin, and violoncello ;
2 sonatas for pianoforte and violin ; Sonata
for pianoforte and viola ; do. for pianoforte
and violoncello ; 9 do. for pianoforte and
flute. He was author also of a poetical
romance, the Bridal of Salemo (London,
1845), and of a poetical legend. The Elixir
of Youth (ib., 1864).— FcHis ; Grove.
ELOY, , born about 1400, died
about middle of 15th century (?). Nothing
of his history is known, but he must have
preceded Dufay, Dunstable, and Binchois.
Tinctoris and Gaforius both quote his mass
Dixerunt discipuli, which is preserved
among the MSS. of the Vatican. Kiese-
wetter published the Kyrie and the Agnus
in Geschichte der Europ. abendliind. IMu-
sik. — Futis ; Mendel ; Ambros, Geschichte
der Musik, ii. 462.
ELSBERGER (Elsperger), JOHANN
CHRISTOPH ZACHARIAS, born in Ratis-
bon in 1736, died in Sulzbach, Feb. 1, 1790.
He was at first cantor of the Latin school in
Sulzbach, and later j^rivate secretary there.
Works : Der Barbier von Sevilla, opera,
Sulzbach, 1783 ; Church and instrumental
music. — Mendel ; Fetis ; Schilling.
ELSBETH, THOilAS, born at Neustadt,
Franconia, and lived in Frankfort-on-the-
Oder about 1600. He was probably also a
chorister in Liegnitz. Works : 3 collec-
tions of Cantiones sacrre (Frankfort, 1600,
Liegnitz, 1590, 1606) ; Weltliche und geist-
liche Lieder (Frankfort, 1599, Liegnitz,
1607) ; Zwei Theile Sonntiiglicher Evange-
licn (Liegnitz, 1616, 1621); Geistliche Fest-
gesiiuge auf das ganze Jahr (Breslau, 1624).
— Allgem. d. Biogr., vi. 62 ; Fetis ; Men-
del.
ELSNER, JOSEPH XAVER, born at
Grottkau, Silesia, June 1, 1769, died in
Warsaw, April 18, 1854. The son of a
maker of musical instruments, he was des-
tined for medicine, but became choir-boy
u
ELSTEIi
and later violinist and singer at the Breslau
theatre. He received Larmouy lessons
from Forster in Breslau ; then read scores
and was intimate with musicians in Vienna ;
and became first violin of the Briinu theatre
in 1791, and musical director of the theatre
in Lemberg in 1792. In 1799 he settled in
Warsaw, where he was director of German
and Polish theatres ; and in 1815, with
Princess Zamoiska, founded a music so-
ciety, which was transformed into the War-
saw Conservatory in 1821, when he left the
theatre and became first director and pro-
fessor of comijosition in the new institution.
He retired in 1830, when jjolitical troubles
closed the Conservatory, but continued com-
position. During a visit to Paris some of
his works were performed at the Tuileries
and Saint-Cloud. He may be regarded
as the creator of Polish opera. His oj^eras
are light and in the old style of Paer and
Slayr ; his church music is rather dra-
matic ; and his compositions generally
show ease and purity, though lack of
originality and thorough study. Works :
Osoblievi Bracia, ojiera, and about 30 other
small dramatic works in Polish ; Masses,
motets, requiems, offertories, and other
church music ; Cantatas and many songs ;
Symphonies, quartets, concertos, and much
other j)iauoforte and instrumental music.
The Polish titles of his ofieras are given in
Fetis and Sowinski. — Sowinski, Musiciens
polonais, IGG ; Fetis ; Allgem. d. Biogr., vi.
70 ; Mendel ; Grove.
ELSTER, JOHANN DANIEL, born at
Benshausen, Henneberg, Sept. 16, 1796,
.died at Wettiugen, Canton of Aargau, Dec.
19, 18.57. He entered Leijisic University
in 1816 ; gave uji theology for medicine ;
and after several years of adventurous wan-
dering, and military service in the French
army and in Greece, he made his way to
Switzerland, taught music in Lenzburg and
Baden, was music director of a travelling
theatrical company, and became music
teacher in Bremgarten and from 1846 in i
Wettingen. Works : Richard uud Blondel,
opera in three acts, text by Adami, given
in Meiningen, 1835 ; Songs and other vocal
music. — Allgem. d. Biogr., v. 72 ; Mendel ;
Fetis ; Bechstein, Fahrten eines Musikan-
ten (1837 ; 2d ed., 1854; 3d ed., 1858).
ELVEY, Sir GEORGE JOB, born at
Canterbury, England,
March 27, 1816, still
Hving, 1888. Church
comjjoser and organ-
ist, brother and pupil
of Stephen Elvey, hav-
ing first been instruct-
ed by High more
Skeats, organist of
Canterbury C a t li e -
dral, whose son. High-
more the younger, he succeeded as organ-
ist of St. George's Chapel, Windsor, in 1835.
Mus. Bac, Oxford, 1838 ; Mus. Doc, ik,
1840 ; knighted, 1871. Works : The Resur-
rection and Ascension, oratorio, 1838 ; Ser-
vices in F and B-flat ; Anthems, chorals,
chants, hymns, psalms, etc. ; Songs ; Or-
gan music. — Grove.
ELVEY, STEPHEN, born in Canterbury,
June 27, 1805, died in Oxford, Oct. 6, 1860.
Organist, brother of Sir George Job Elvey ;
pujiil at Canterbury of Skeats. He became
organist of New College, Oxford, in 1830 ;
was made Mus. Bac, Oxford, in 1831, Mus.
Doc. in 1838 ; and was choragus of the uni-
versity from 1840 until his death. Works :
Services ; Anthems ; Psalter and Canticles,
pointed for chanting (London, 8vo, 6
editions to 1866) ; Hymns, etc. — Grove ;
Brown.
ELWART, ANTOINE ^LIE, born in
Paris, Nov. 18, 1808, died there, Oct. 14,
1877. Dramatic composer, pujjil on the
violin of Ponchard the elder, and at the
Conservatoire of Madame de Sainte-Ursule
in harmonj', of Fetis in composition, and of
Lesueur. In 1828 he started, with several
fellow pupils, the Concerts d'emulation,
given at the Conservatoire for six years,
to give young composers a school of prac-
tice. In 1831 he won the second jirize for
ELZE
composition of the Institut and in 183i
the grand piix de Kome. Having tilled
the jjosition of adjunct professor of com-
position for two j'ears, he resumed it on
his return from Italy in 183G, became pro-
fessor of harmony in 1840, retiring in 1871.
Officer of the Academy, 1871 ; L. of Honour,
1872 ; Order of Charles HI. of Spain ;
Prussian Order of the Red Eagle. "Works :
Les Catalans, opera, given at Kouen, The-
ati-e des Arts, 1840 ; La reine de Saba, Les
chercheurs d'or, operas, not performed ;
Choruses and instrumental music to Alces-
tis ; Noe, ou Le deluge imiversel, oratorio-
symphony in four parts, Paris, 1845 ; La
naissance d'five, oratorio, ib., 1846 ; Les
noces de Cana, mystery for soli, chorus,
and orchestra ; Ruth et Booz, vocal sym-
phony ; Le salut imperial, cantata ; Le pou-
voir de I'harmonie, do. ; Hymne a la beaute,
do. ; Pas d'orchestre, choral oj)eretta ; Pe-
nelope, lyrical scene ; Bichat, choral scene ;
Masses for two, three, four, and five voices,
with and without organ or orchestra ; Mo-
tets ; Symphonies ; Overtures ; Quintets,
quartets, and trios for string instruments ;
Cboruses for male voices, etc. He was the
author of many theoretical and didactic
works, including : " Petit mauuel d'harmo-
nie, etc." (1839) ; " Traite du contrepoint et
de la fugue " (1840) ; " Essai de transposi-
tion musicals " (1840) ; " Le Chanteur ac-
compagnateur"(1844) ; "L'Harmonie musi-
cale " (1853), etc. He wrote also " Histoire
des Concerts populaires," and " Histoire de
la Societe des Concerts du Conservatoire "
(18()0). — Fetis, iii. 135 ; Supplement, i.
304 ; Mendel, iii. 355 ; Ergimz., 07 ; Rie-
mann ; Grove.
ELZE, CLEilENS THEODOR, born at
Oranienbaum, Anhalt-Dessau, in 1830, still
living, 1888. Organist, pupil of his father,
of F. Schneider, and at the Leipsic Con-
servatorium of Moscheles, Dreyschock, and
Plaidy for pianoforte ; of David for violin,
and of Hanptmann for composition. He
became an organist and a teacher in Lay-
bach in 1852. Works : Symphonies ; Cham-
ber music ; Songs. — Mendel ; Fetis, Sup-
plement, i. 304 ; Schuberth, 125.
EMERSON, LUTHER ORL.\NDO, born,
of American parentage, in Parsonsfield,
Mass., Aug. 3, 1820, still livhig, 1888.
Conductor of many musical conventions
held throughout the United States, and
church composer. His first work. The
Romberg Collection (1853), was followed
by a book of Sundaj'-school music, The
Golden Wreath (1857), of which more than
300,000 were sold. Among his other col-
lections are : The Golden Harp (1860) ; The
Sabbath Harmony (18G0) ; The Harp of
Judah (1863) ; Merry Chimes (1865) ; Ju-
bilate (1866) ; Chorus Wreath.
E:\IERY, STEPHEN ALBERT, born, of
American parentage, in Paris, Oxford Co.,
Maine, Oct. 4, 1841, still living, 1888. Pi-
anist, pupil on the pianoforte and in har-
mony of Henry S. Edwards, Portland,
Maine ; went to Europe in 1862 and stud-
ied the pianoforte rmder Louis Plaidy and
Robert Papperitz ; harmony and counter-
point luider Papperitz, E. F. Richter, and
Moritz Hanptmann in Leipsic, and the
IDianoforte under Fritz Spindler in Dres-
den. He returned to Portland, Maine, in
1864, removed to Boston in 1866, and was
engaged in 1867 by the New England Con-
servatory of Music when that institution
was opened ; and on the founding of the
College of Music of Boston University, he
was appointed professor of harmony and
counterpoint, which j)ositions he still holds.
He is assistant editor of the Musical Her-
ald. Works : Songs ; Part-songs ; String
quartets ; Sonatinas, and other music for
the jnanoforte. He is the author also of
Foundation Studies in Pianoforte Playing,
and. Elements of Harmony.
EMMA DI RESBURGO, Italian opera
seria, music by Meyerbeer, represented in
Venice, 1819. Produced at a time when
Rossini was becoming famous, this work
met with good success in Italy, but it was
coolly received in Berlin and led to Meyer-
beer's going to Paris. It was, however, after-
16
EMMERICH
wards translated into German and success-
fully jjlayed under the title of Emma von
Leicester.
EMMEEICH, EGBERT, born at Hanau,
Hesse-Nassau, July 23, 183G, still living,
1888. Dramatic composer, pupil of Tlic-
odor Stauffer and of Albert Dietrich. He
is most favourably known by his songs.
Works : Der Schwedonsee, oi)era, given at
Weimar, 1874; Van Dyck, do., Stettin,
1875 ; Symphonies ; Pianoforte pieces ;
Songs and part-songs. — Kiemann.
EMMERT, ADAM JGSEPH, born at
Wiirzburg, Dec. 24, 17G.5, died in Vienna,
Ajjril 11, 1812. Dramatic composer, sou
of Joseph Emmert. He held an oiBcial posi-
tion in the archives of Salzburg and Vienna,
and, though not a professional musician,
wrote operas and other music. Works :
Don Silvio de Rosalba, opera, given at Ans-
pach, 1801 ; Der Sturm, do., Salzburg,
180G ; Cantata for four voices and orchestra,
ib., 1799 ; Te Deum (ib., 1797) ; IG Ger-
man dances for pianoforte (ib., 1798) ;
Pieces for two horns and bassoon ; do. for
two clarinets, two horns, and two bassoons
(il)., 1799).— Fctis ; Mendel ; Schilling ;
Wurzbach.
EMaiERT, JOSEPH, born at Kitzingen,
Franconia, Nov. 27, 1732, died at Wiirz-
burg, Feb. 20, 1809. Dramatic composer,
appointed school rector at Schilliugsfiirst
in 17G0, and rector of the Latin school of
St. Burkhardt and choral director of the
uuiversitj' in Wiirzburg in 1773. Retired,
with the title of Kapellmeister, in 1790.
Works : Semiramis, Tomyris, Eberhardt,
operas (in manuscript) ; Esther, Judith,
oratorios (do.) ; Several cantatas (do.) ;
Latin and German masses ; Vespers ; Mis-
erere ; Te Deum ; do. (Salzburg, 1797) ;
Psalmodia vespertina, etc. (Augsburg, 17G6);
Choralbuch (Wiirzburg). — Fetis ; Mendel ;
Schilling.
EMPEROR CONCERTO, THE, a title
commonly but improj^erly given to Beet-
hoven's fifth pianoforte concerto in E-flat,
op. 75.
EMPEROR'S HYMN, THE. See Gotl
erhalte Franz den Kaiser.
ENCHANTRESS, THE, English comic
oi^era in four acts, text by Alfred Bunn,
music by Balfe, represented at Drury Lane
Theatre, London, Sept. 27, 1845. The
character of the pirate queen was sustained
by Madam Anna Thillon, who sang it also
in New York, at the Astor Place Opera
House, Aug. 30, 1852.
EN CHASSE ! LE JOUR EST LEVE.
See Le Pardon de Ploermel.
ENCKE, HEINRICH, born at Neustadt,
Bavaria, in 1811, died at Leipsic, Dec. 31,
1859. Pianist, pupil of Hummel at Wei-
mar, then lived at Jena and Leipsic, much
esteemed as a teacher. Among his com-
positions the instructive works for the pi-
anoforte may claim the greatest merit, and
his arrangements for pianoforte (4 hands)
of classical orchestral and chamber music
are of acknowledged excellence. — Fetis ;
Mendel.
ENCKHAUSEN, HEINRICH FRIED-
EICH, born in Celle, Aug. 28, 1799, died
in Hanover, Jan. 15, 1885. Organist,
learned several instruments from his father ;
entered a military band in 181G, and in
1826 studied under Aloys Schmitt in Ber-
lin and Hanover, succeeding his teacher in
1829 as court organist and director of the
Singakademie of Hanover ; also court pi-
anist. Works : Der Savoyard, opera, Han-
over, 1832 ; Church music ; Pianoforte mu-
sic.— Mendel ; Fetis ; Schilling ; Schumann,
Gesammelte Sehriften, i. 29G.
ENDTER, CHRISTIAN FRIEDEICH,
born in Hamburg in 1728, died in Buxte-
Imde, May 26, 1793. Organist, pupil of
Pfeiffer in Hamburg ; became organist in
Buxtehude in 1746 and of the Lutheran
Church of Altona in 175G. Works: Canta-
tas ; Songs. — Schilling ; Mendel ; Fetis.
ENFANCE DU CHRIST, L' (The In-
fancy of Christ), a sacred trilogy, for solo
voices, chorus, and orchestra, by Berlioz,
op. 25, first i^erformed in Paris, at the Salle
Herz, Dec. 10, 1854, under the composer's
17
ENFANT
direction. It consists of tbree parts : I. Le
songe d'Herode (Herod's Dream) ; 11. La
fuite eu £gvpte (The Flight into Egypt) ;
III. L'arrivue a Sais (Tlie Arrival at Sais).
— Jiillien, Hector Berlioz (1881), 113 ; do.
(1888), 221, 378 ; M. J. d'Ortigue, La mu-
sique a I't-glise, 196.
ENFANT PRODIGUE, L' (The Prodigal
Son), opera in five acts, text by Scribe,
music by Auber, represented at the Aca-
demic Nationale de Musique, Paris, Dec.
6, 1850 ; in Italian, as II Prodigo, at Her
Majesty's Theatre, London, June 12, 1851.
The author of the libretto has taken so
many liberties with the Bible story that
it is scai'ceh' recognizable. Azarl, the only
son of a poor old man, leaves the paternal
roof and his betrothed Jephtele for a life of
pleasure in the city of Memjihis. He is
ruined by gaming, by the courtesan Nephte,
and by the dancer Lia. He penetrates into
the temjile of Isis where the mysteries are
celebrating, and the Egyptians make him
expiate the sacrilege by throwing him into
the Nile. Saved by the leader of a caravan,
he is reduced to watching the flocks, but
eventually finds his way home and is for-
given. There are some picturesque scenes
in the opera, such as the passage of the car-
avan and the procession of the bull Apis.
ENFANT TROITV^fi, L'. See Fmx.
ENGEDI. See Chrislus am Oelberg.
ENGEL, DAVID HERMANN, born at
Neu-Ruppiu, Brandenburg, Jan. 22, 1816,
died at Merseburg, May 3, 1877. Dramatic
composer and organist, pupil of Wilke on
the organ, then at Des.sau (1835-37) of
Friedrich Schneider, and at Breslau of
Adolf Hesse. After his return to Neu-Rup-
pin in 1839 he devoted himself to compo-
sition, but went in 1811 to Berlin, where
he taught music, and studied singing under
Teschner. In 1848 he was appointed or-
ganist of the cathedral at ^Merseburg, and
instructor of singing at the Domgymna-
sium. For his Choralbuch he received the
great gold medal for art and science, and
for his meiits in general the title of royal
director of music. He was also an able
writer on his art. Works : Prinz Carneval,
comic opera, given in Berlin, 1862 ; Boui-
facius, oratorio ; many compositions for
oi-gan and pianoforte, psalms, songs, etc.
—Mendel.
ENGELSBERG, E. S., born at Engels-
berg, Austrian Silesia, in 1825, died at
Deutsch-JasnLk, ib., Aj)ril 28, 1879. Real
name Eduard Schon. He was chief of a
department in the ministry of finances in
Vienna, and under the above pseudonym
wrote many popular choruses for male
voices, which made his name a household
word with German singing societies all
over the world.
ENGLERT, ANTON, born at Schwein-
furt, Bavaria, Nov. 4, 1674, died there after
1729. Church composer, pupil of Kiihnau,
Schade, and Strunck at Leipsic, where he
studied theology. In 1697 he became can-
tor in his native city, about 1717 co-rector
of the Gymnasium, in 1729 rector, and at
the same time organist of the cathedral.
About 1697 he published several volumes
of his compositions, mostly religious, which
bear witness to his thorough musical knowl-
edge.— Fetis ; Mendel.
ENGLISH SUITES (Ger., Englische Sui-
ten), 6 large suites for clavier, by Johann
Sebastian Bach. Suite I. A major ; H. A
minor ; HI. G minor ; TV. F major ; V. E
minor ; VI. D minor. Published by the
Bach-Gesellschaft, Clavier werke, vol. ii. 1.
ENICELIUS, TOBIAS, born at Leskow,
Bohemia, about 1655, died ('?). He was can-
tor in Flensburg about 1655, then went to
Timningen in the same capacity, and in
1660 to Hamburg. He composed a can-
tata and music to Opitz's Epistles. — Men-
del ; Fi'tis ; Mattheson, Ehren-Pforte, 59.
ENNELIN, SfiBASTIEN, born at or
near Saint-Queutin about 1650 or 1655,
died after 1719. Church composer, at first
chorister in the maitrise of Saint-Quentin,
and in 1680 succeeded Antoiue Gras as
choir director of Saint-Louis' chapel. Works
— in manuscript in the library of the coi-
ls
ENNO
legiale of Saiiit-Quentin, vol. i. (1709) : 8
Siilve Eegiua for four and six voices ; i
Alma Redemptoris ; 4 Ave Regina ; 2 In-
violata ; 3 Regiua cceli ; Pie Jesu ; Maria
mater gratije, mass for four voices ; Do-
mine, quinque talenta, motet for do. Vol.
ii. (1714) : Requiem mass for five voices ;
Audi, benigue Christe, qui lux es et dies,
Vexilla regis, Da pacem, Lenten hymns.
Vol. iii. (1718) : 15 O salutaris, for five
voices ; Four masses for four, and one mass
for three voices. — Fetis.
ENNO, SEBASTL4.no, Italian composer,
living in the middle of the 17th century.
He published Ariose cautate, libro primo
e secondo (Venice, 1G55). — Fe-tis ; Mendel ;
Schilling.
ENRICO, CONTE DI BORGOGNA, Ital-
ian opera, music by Donizetti, represented
at the Teatro San Luca, Venice, 1818.
This, Donizetti's first opera, met with such
success that he was commissioned to write
another one for the same city.
ENRICO, DETTO IL LEONE (Henry
the Lion), Italian opera, text by Hortensio
Mauro, music by Agostino Stett'ani, repre-
sented in Brunswick, 1689. A German ver-
sion, Heiurich der Lijwe, by Fiedler, was
given in Hamburg, 1696. The subject of
the libretto is Henry the Lion, Duke of
Saxony and Bavaria and head of the House
of Guelph, Frederick Barbarossa's warlike
antagonist in the twelfth century
ENTFESSELTE PROJIETHEUS, DER
(Prometheus Unbound), Choruses to Her-
der's poem, by Franz Liszt. Instrumental
introduction : The symphonic poem Prome-
theus. No. 1. Chor der Oceaniden, for fe-
male voices ; No. 2. Chor der Tritonen, for
mixed voices ; No. 3. Chor der Dryaden, for
female voices ; No. 4. Chor der Schnitter,
for mixed voices ; No. 5. Chor der Winzer,
for male voices and solo ; No. 6. Chor der
Unterirdischen, for male voices ; No. 7.
Chor der Unsichtharen, do. ; No. 8. Schluss-
Chor (Chor der ISIusen), for mixed voices.
ENTFUHRUNG AUS DEJkl SERAIL,
DIE (The Elopement from the Harem),
comic Singspiel in three acts, test by Gottlob
Stephanie, adapted from Bretzner's Bel-
monte und Constanze, music by Mozart, first
represented at the Nationaltheater, Vienna,
July 12, 1782. This work, written when
Mozart was twenty-six years old, was the
beginning of a form of romantic opera in
which the style and aria of the Italian opera
buft'a was united with the style, Lied, and
dialogue of the German Singspiel, a form
afterwards repeated on a grander scale in
Die ZauberflOte. Its production led to a
paper war between the librettists Stephanie
and Bretzner, during which Andre, the
composer of Belmonte und Constanze,
Minna Peschka-Leutner.
took the side of Stephanie, notwith-
standing that he had aided Mozart in pro-
ducing an opera which virtually supplanted
his own. Mozart's work was produced in
Paris first, at the Lycee des Arts, Sept. 26,
1798 ; again in 1801 and 1830 ; and in
French, as L'enltvement au serail, text by
Prosper Pascal, at the Theatre Lyrique,
May 11, 1859. It was given in English as
The Seraglio, " with additional airs by Mr.
Kramer," at Covent Garden, London, Nov.
24, 1827. The action passes in the harem
of Selim Pacha, where are a Spanish girl
Constanze, her maid Blondchen, and a valet
Pedrillo, all under the charge of Osmin,
guardian of the harem. Belmonte, the lover
of Constanze, penetrates into the harem in
19
EN
liope of effecting bis mistress's release. Pe-
drillo tries to aid bim by drugging Osmiii's
wine, but tbe wily guardian sees tbrougb
bis design and exposes tbe plot. Tbe con-
spirators are about to suffer tbe penalty of
tbeir acts wben tbe Pacba discovers in Bel-
monte a citizen of Burgos wbo once saved
bis life, and gives tbem all tbeir freedom.
Tbe original cast in Vienna was as follows :
Constanze (S.) Mle Cavalieri.
Blondcben (S.) Mile Tayber.
Osmin (B ) M. Fiscber.
Belmonte (T.) M. Adamberger.
Pedrillo (T.) M. Dauer.
A favourite Constanze of later times is Mme
Pescbka-Lcutner (born in Vienna, 18.39),
wbose portrait is given. — Hauslick, Moilerne
Oper, 51 ; Jabn ; Naumann (Ousoley), ii.
894.
EN VAIN J'ESPJ^EE. See lloberl le
Diable.
ENVY, ELDEST BORN OF HELL,
cborus in E-flat in Handel's Saul, Part H. ;
one of tbe composer's most famous cbor-
uses.
i^:pisode de la \t:e d'un artiste
(Episode in tbe Life of an Artist), tbe title
of Hector Berlioz's opus 14, tbe first part of
wbicb is tbe sympbonie fantastique, and
tbe second, tbe lyric monodrama, Lelio, ou
le Retour a la Vie (tbe Return to Life).
Tbe sympbonie fantastique, in C major, tbe
composer's first great sympbony, is a piece
of so-called programme-music descriptive of
tbe dream of a young composer wbo bas
tried to poison bimself witb opium in a tit
of disappointed love. Tbe beloved object
ajjpears to bim in tbe guise of a melody,
wbicb Berlioz calls I'ldee fixe (tbe fixed
idea), and wbicb is treated tbematically or
episodicall}-, in eacb one of tbe five move-
ments of tbe sympbony. Tbis idee fixe is
interesting bistoricallj-, as tbe first instance
in music of wbat Wagner afterwards termed
tbe Leitmotiv. Tbe beadings of tbe five
movements are : 1. Reveries, Passions ; 2.
Uu Bal ; 3. Scene aux Cbamps ; 4. Marcbe
au Supplice ; 5. Songe d'une Nuit de Sab-
bat. Tbe monodrama of Lelio, a spoken
monologue witb incidental music for solo
voices, cborus, and orcbestra, sbows us tbe
young composer after awaking from bis
dream ; be meditates upon love and art, at
lengtb arousing bimself to seek consola-
tion in tbe exercise of bis art. Tbe scene
cbanges, and be ajjpears at tbe bead of a
cborus and orcbestra, conducting tbe last
rebearsal of bis own Fautaisie dramatique
sur la Tempete de Sbakspeare, a cantata
for cborus and orcbestra witb wbicb, and a
last return of tbe Idee fixe, tbe work closes.
Tbe entii'e Episode is but the exjjression of
Berlioz's love for Henrietta Sniitbson, wbom
be afterwards married, and Camilla Moke,
afterwards Slme Pleyel. Tlie Fantasie sur
la Tempete was first given separately at tbe
Paris Opera in 1829 ; tbe Sympbonie Fau-
fastique at tbe Conseiwatoire in 1830 ; and
tbe entire work, witb Bocage in tbe part of
Lelio, at tbe Conservatoire on Dec. 11, 1832.
Tbe score of tbe Sympbonie Fantastique,
and a masterly ti-auscrijition by Liszt for
pianoforte solo arc pviblisbed by Brandus
(Paris) ; tbe full and pianoforte scores of
liClio, by Ricbault (Paris). — Scbumann (Rit-
ter), Music and Musicians, 1st series, 228 ;
E. Hippeau, Berlioz Intime, 244 ; Georges
Noufflard, Hector Berlioz, 44 ; Jullieu, Ber-
Uoz (1888), 50 ; Atlantic Montbly, xli. 32.
fiPREUVE VILLAGEOISE, L' (Tbe Vil-
lage Test), vaudeville in two acts, text by
Desforges, music by Gretry, represented at
tbe Tbeatre Italien, Paris, June 24, 1784.
Tbe subject is an episode of Theodore et
Paulin, an unsuccessful lyric comedy in
three acts, by tbe same authors, given at
tbe ItaHens, Marcb 18, 1784. In its new
form tbe work proved a dramatic success.
It was revived at tbe Opera Comique, Paris,
in 1888.
ERBA, Don DIONIGI, Italian composer,
end of tbe 17tb century. Lived in Milan ;
was of noble family and took boly orders.
Works : Arion, opera (witb Valtelliua), 1G94 ;
Ai-temio, oj)era (witb Besozzi and Battes-
so
EKBA
tiiii), 1695 ; and probably a Magnificat for
two choirs, from which Handel is tliought
to have borrowed several pieces in the
second part of Israel in Egypt. — Grove ;
Gerber ; Chrysander, G. F. Handel, i. 168.
ERBA, GIORGIO, violinist and com-
poser. Originally from Milan, he was li^•iug■
in Rome about 1730. Some of his violin
sonatas have survived. — Mendel ; Futis ;
Gerber.
ERBACH (Erbacher), CHRISTIAN, born
at Algesheim in the Palatinate about 1560,
died (?). He was organist, about 1600, to
Marcus Fugger in Augsburg, later to the
cathedral there, and in 1628 a member of the
cily counciL His manuscrijjt compositions
are in the Augsburg Cathedral Library and
Berlin Royal Library. Works : Cantiones
sacrffi (Augsburg, 1600, 1603, 1604, 1611) ;
Acht geistliche deutsche Lieder (ib.) ; Songs
in contemporary collections. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., vi. 181 ; Mendel ; Grove ; Fetis.
ERBARME DICH, MEIN GOTT, aria in
B minor for the alto of Core I., with ac-
companiment of violin solo, strings com-
plete, and contiuuo, in Johann Sebastian
Bach's Passion nach IMatthiius, Part H.
ERDMANNSDORFER, MAX, born at
Nuremberg, June 14, 181-8, still living, 1888.
Pianist and violinist, first instructed by his
father and by August Raab, then at the
Conservatorium, Leipsic (1863-67), pupil of
Moscheles and Reinecke on the pianoforte,
of David and Dreyschock on the violin, and
of Hauptmann, Ricbter, and Reinecke in
theory ; finally in Dresden (1868-69) pupil
of Rietz. In 1871 he became Hof-Kapell-
lueister to the Prince of Schwarzburg, at
Sondershausen, where he actively promoted
the production of the best modern compo-
sitions, and raised the already high stand-
ard of this renowned orchestra. He re-
signed his i^osition in 1880, then lived in
Vienna, Leipsic, and Nuremberg, and in
1882 was appointed artistic director of the
Imperial Music Society, and professor at
the Conservatorium in Moscow. Works :
Prinzessin Use, Waldsage (forest legend) for
soli, chorus, and orchestra, 1870 ; Schnee-
wittcheu, for do., 1873 ; TraumkOnig und
sein Lieb, for soprano, female chorus, and
small orchestra ; Des Kaiserheeres Rom-
fahrt, for male chorus and orchestra ; Over-
ture to Prinzessin Use, for orchestra ; do. to
Brachvogel's drama Narciss ; Trio fur piano-
forte and strings ; Sonata for pianoforte and
violin ; Albumbliitter, for do. ; 5 choruses
for male voices, a cappella, op. 26 ; Reise-
bilder, for pianoforte ; Nordseebilder, for
do. (four hands); Songs. — Mus. Wochenblatt
(1879), 453, 407, 478.
ERE LONG DEATH. See Puritans
Daughter.
EREjVHTA, GIULIO, born in Ferrara
about 1550, died about 1600. Organist ;
real name Giulio Giusberti, but called Ere-
mita, because he belonged to the order of
Camaldolite Eremites. Works : Primo libro
de'madrigali a 6 voci (Ferrara, 1584; Antwerp
1600) ; Madrigali a cinque, lib. i. (Venice,
1597) ; 11 secondo libro de' madrigali a cin-
que (ib., 1599). His madrigals are also in
Italian and Flemish collections, such as :
Melodia olympica (Pierre Philipps, Ant-
werp, 1594) ; Trionfo di Dori (Venice, 1596 ;
Antwerp, 1596, 1601, 1014) ; II Paradiso
musicale (Venice, 1595 ; Antwerp, 1596) ;
Madrigali di diversi eccellenti e famosi
autori (Antwerp, 1595) ; and in the collec-
tions of Schad, Bodenschatz, and Domfri-
dus. — Fetis ; Mendel.
ERFURT, KARL, born at Magdeburg in
1807, still living, 1888. Pianist, pupil of
Miihling at Magdeburg, where for many
years he taught music, until called to Hil-
desheim as musical director. He has com-
posed more than fifty works for pianoforte,
and songs. — Fetis ; Mendel.
ER GEHT UND LASST DICH MEINEM
SCHUTZ. See Hicvzi.
ERHEBE DICH, GENOSSIN MEINER
SCHMACH. See Lohengrin.
ERINNYES, LES (The Furies), antique
drama in two parts, text by Leconte de
Lisle, after the "Orestes" of iEschylus,
music by Jules Massenet, represented at the
Si.
ERK
Odc'on, Paris, Jan. 6, 1873. The incidental
music of this tragedy, as first performed,
was composed of au introduction, two inter-
ludes, and a melodrama. On its reproduc-
tion at the Oj^era National, May 15, 1876,
the music was more developed, with some
additions and new instrumentation, but
the effect was not increased. — Clement et
Larousse, 845.
EllK, LUDA\1G CHRISTIAN, born in
"Wetzlar, Jan. G, 1807, died in Berlin, Nov.
25, 1883. Sou and pupil of Adam Wil-
helm Erk (1779-1820), and pupil of J. B.
Spiess, L. Eeinwald, and A. Andre. He
became a teacher in the seminary of Meurs
in 1829 ; started musical festivals at Eem-
scheid and other towns ; was called in 1835
to the Royal Seminai'y for City Schools in
Berlin, where he led the liturgic choir of
the cathedral in 183G, but gave it up in
1838 for want of support. In 1836-38 he
was a teacher in the family of Prince Karl
of Prussia ; in 1843 he founded a Miiuuer-
gesangverein ; in 1852 a Gesangverein for
mixed chorus ; in 1857 became musical di-
rector ; and in 1877 retired from the Ber-
lin Seminary. Besides his own compo-
sitions, he published many collections.
Works : Liederkranz, Singvogelein, Deut-
scher Liedergarten, Musikalischer Jugend-
freund, Siingerhain, Siona, Sangesbliithen,
Volksklunge, Deutscher Liederhort, Deut-
scher Liederschatz, Turuliederbuch, and
many other collections of jjopular songs,
amounting to about forty, and mentioned
more fully hj Mendel, some of them in
conjunction with his brothel', Friedrich
Albrecht Erk, and his brother-in-law, W.
Greet. — Mendel ; Grove ; Riemauu ; Schil-
ling, Supplement, 118.
ERKEL, FERENCZ, born at Gyula,
Hungary, Nov. 7, 1810, still living, 1888.
Pianist and dramatic composer, first in-
structed by his father, who was an able
amateur musician. ^Yhen twenty-four he be-
came musical director of the opera company
at Kaschau, and with it went to Buda ; at
the opening of the National Theatre at
Pesth, in 1837, he was appointed its Kapell-
meister, and afterwards received the title
of director general of music, having won
great distinction as the creator of an ex-
cellent orchestra, and as conductor and com-
poser. His numerous songs, in which the
character of national melodies is hapjiily
blended with the requirements of the more
elevated modem style, but especially his
operas, have made him extremely popular
in Huugarj-. Among the latter, Hunyady
Laszlo obtained the greatest success, and
may preeminently be considered the na-
tional opera of Hungary, although Bank
Ban is probably his master work. In 18GS,
when he conducted the great Hungarian
music festival at Debreczin, he was made
honorary director for lifetime of all the
singing societies of Hungary. Works —
Operas : Bathory M;uia, given at Pesth,
1840 ; Hunyady Laszlo, National Theatre,
1844 ; Erzst'bet, ib., 1857 ; Kunok, ib., 1858 ;
Bank Bi'in, ib., 1861 ; Sarolta, ib., 18G2 ;
Dozsa GyOrgy, ib., 1867 ; Brankovics Gy-
Orgy, ib., 1874 ; King Stephen, ib., 1874.
— Wurzbach.
ERiaiNNE MICH, IMEIN HUTER,
choral to the melody " 0 Haupt voll Blut
und Wunden," in E major, in Johann
Sebastian Bach's Passion nach Matthiius,
Part I.
EEL.ANGER, JULES, born at Weissen-
burg, Alsace, June 25, 1830, still living, 1887.
Pupil at the Paris Conservatoire of Hale-
vy. After publishing pianoforte music and
bringing out several operettas in Paris, he
devoted himself to business. Works :
L'Ai'bre de Robinson, operette in one act,
Boufies Parisiens, Oct. 19, 1857 ; Mes-
dames de cceur volant, ib., April 16, 1859 ;
Les musiciens de I'orchestre, opera-bouSe
in two acts (with Delibes), ib., Jan. 25,
1861 ; La servante a Nicolas, operette in
one act, ib., March 11, 1861 ; Pianoforte
music ; Songs. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 305.
ERLEBACH, PHILIPP HEINRICH,
born in Essen, July, 25, 1657, died in Ru-
I dolstadt, AiJril 17, 1714. He received his
EKLKUJS'IG
nmsical education in Paris, and was Kapell-
meister in Kudolstadt from 1G83 until his
death. Works ; Chamber, organ, and vocal
music. — Allgem. d. Biogr., vi. 223 ; Men-
del ; Fetis ; Schilling.
ERLKONIG, DER (The Erl King), bal-
lad by Goethe, music by Schubert, written
in 1815 or 181G, published as op. 1 by
Cappi and Diabelli, Vienna, 1821, with a
dedication to Count Moriz von Dietrich-
stein. The original sketch, now in the
Royal Library, Berlin, differs from the
published copy in having the accompani-
ment in groups of four instead of in
triplets for the right hand. The song was
sung only at private gatherings for several
years, Schubert being unable to find a pub-
lisher, and it was not given in pxiblic until
Jan. 2.5, 1821, when it was sung at the Mu-
sikverein by August von Gymnich, with a
success which added materially to the com-
poser's fame. It was published the follow-
ing month bj' private subscription, and after
its performance by Vogl at the Kilrnthner-
thor Theater, March 7, 1821, it had a rapid
sale. Arranged by Liszt for voice and
small orchestra ; published, score and parts,
by Forberg (Leipsie). Arranged also by
Berlioz for voice and orchestra. — Hellborn
(Coleridge), i. 59, 307.
ERLKONIGS TOCHTER (The Erl-
king's Daughter), cantata for solo voices,
chorus, and orchestra, by Neils W. Gade,
op. 30, written in 1852. Tiie story varies
somewhat from Goethe's poem. Sir Oluf,
on the eve of his wedding-day, is enticed
away by the Erl King's daughter, and rides
home iu the morning to die at the castle
gate.
ERMEL, LOUIS CONSTANT, born in
Ghent, Dec. 27, 1798, died in Paris during
the siege of 1870. Pianist, pupil at the
Paris Conservatoire under Zimmerman,
Eler, and Lesueur. He won the grand 23rix
de Rome, 1823, for his cantata Thisbe ; the
gold medal of the Sociote des Beaux-Arts,
Ghent ; and the bronze medal in 1818 for
a national chorus for which eight hundred
musicians competed. His opera-comique,
Le testament, was given iu Liege in 1836,
and in Brussels in 1838. Author of " Sol-
fyge chorale transpositeur." — Fetis, ii. 152 ;
do.. Supplement, i. 306 ; Mendel.
ERMIONE, Italian opera, music by Ros-
sini, represented at the Teatro San Carlo,
Naples, in Lent, 1819. Though well sung,
it was not a success. — Edwards, Life of R.,
201.
ERNANI, tragic opera in four acts, text
by F. M. Piave, music by Verdi, first repre-
sented at the Teatro Fenice, Venice, March
9, 1814:. The libretto is an adaptation of
Victor Hugo's drama, " Hernani." Before
its production in Venice the i^olice, refus-
ing to permit the representation on the
stage of a conspiracy, caused the libretto
and parts of the music to be changed. It
was played at Her Majesty's Theatre, Lon-
don, March 8, 1815. When about to be
given in Paris, Victor Hugo objected to the
use of his drama, and to please him the
libretto was rewritten. The title was
changed to II proscritto, the scene removed
to Venice, and the bandit Ernani made into
Oldrado, an Italian corsair. In this guise
the opera was produced at the Theatre
Italien, Jan. 6, 181G ; but the poet was
finally appeased, and it was given later in
its proper form. The scene is laid in Ai'a-
gon, time 1519. Characters represented :
Ernani (T.) ; Don Carlos, King of Spain
(Bar.) ; Don Ruy Gomez de Silva (B.) ; El-
vira (S.) ; Johanna (M.S.) ; Don Riccardo
(T.) ; lago (B.). Ernani, son of the Duke
of Segovia, but under a ban and chief
of a band of brigands, is in love with
Elvira, a noble lady betrothed to the
Duke de Silva, and plans to carry her
off. Don Carlos, the King, also loves her
and tries to abduct her. Her cries bring
to her rescue Ernani, who defies the King,
and Silva, who challenges him, but begs
for pardon when he discovers his iden-
titj'. The King finally carries off Elvira
and Silva challenges Ernani. The latter
refuses to fight, and induces Silva to aid
EENANI
him in taking vengeance on the King, at
the same time giving him a horn and prom-
ising to take his own life whenever Silva
shall wind it. In the third act the conspii--
ators are plotting in the catacombs when
the King appears suddenly among them
and orders the nobles to execution. Er-
nani, as a noble, demands the right to share
their fate, when the King pardons all and
bestows Elvira upon Ernani. In the fourth
act, in the midst of the festivities attending
their wedding, the fatal horn is heard and
Ernani parts from Elvira, and keepis his
word by killing himself. Among the prin-
cijial numbers are, in the first act, Elvira's
aria, " Ernani, iuvolami ; " Don Carlos's
aria, " Bella come un primo amore ; " the
duet between them, '' Fiero saugue d' Ara-
gona ; " and Silva's bass solo, " Infelice ! e
tu credevi." In the second act, the duets
between Ernani and Elvira, " Ah ! morir
potessi adesso," and " La vendetta piu tre-
menda." In the third act the grand septet
and chorus " O sommo Carlo," well known
in its English form as " Crowned with the
Tempest," is one of the composer's best ef-
forts. In the last act the duet between Er-
nani and Elvira, '• Cessaro i suoni," is full of
dramatic feeling. — Hanslick, Moderne oper,
220.
EKNANI, INVOL.A.M. See Ernani.
ERNELINDE, PRINCESSE DE XOR-
VEGE, tragic opera in three acts, text by
Poinsinet, music by Philidor, represented
at the Academic Royale de Musique, Paris,
Nov. 24, 17G7. The text is an adajstation
of an Italian libretto entitled Ricimero,
which was set to music by Pergolesi (Na-
ples, 1731) and by Jommelli (Rome, 1740).
Eruelinde, which is Philidor 's best work,
was reproduced in Paris, Jan. 21, 1769,
under the title of Sandoniir, prince de Dane-
mark ; and again, Dec. 11, 1773, with the
text remodeled bv Sedaine.
ERNEMANfN, 'mORITZ, born in Eisle-
ben in 1800, died in Breslau, Aug. 8, 18GG.
Pianist, pupil in Berlin of Ludwig Berger.
He went, in 1820, with Prince Radziwill to
Poland, and lived several years in the house
of Prince Zamoiski, in Warsaw. Then he
became a teacher in the Warsaw Conserva-
tory ; resided in Breslau in 1833-36 ; and
later returned to Warsaw. Works : Piano-
forte music; Songs. — -Mendel; Fetis, iii.
152 ; do., Supplement, i. 306 ; Sowiuski,
Musiciens polonais, 183.
ERNST II., Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,
born at Coburg, June 21, 1818, still living,
1888. Dramatic composer, pupil of Breid-
enstein at Bonn, and of Reissiger at Dres-
den, where his musical education was much
furthered by intercourse with ^lendelssohn,
Moscheles, Wagner, Liszt, and others. The
fact that his operas continue in the reper-
tories not only of Germany, but of other
countries, seems to prove that their success
is due to something more than the com-
poser's exalted station. Works— Operas :
Zaire, given at Gotha, 1846 ; Toni, about
18.50 ; Santa Chiara, Coburg, 1854, Paris,
1855 ; Casilda, Brussels, 1855 ; Diana von
Solanges, Coburg, 1858, Dresden and Go-
tha, 1859 ; Imraer Liebe, cantata, with or-
chestra ; AUer Seelen, do. ; Fackeltauz, for
full orchestra and brass instruments ; Die
deutsche Tricolore, hymn for male chorus
and brass instruments (prize at Music Fes-
tival, Dreux) ; Fantasia for pianoforte, vio-
loncello, and iioolodion ; many other instru-
mental works, and several books of songs.
— Mendek
ERNST, CHRISTIAN GOTTLOB, born
at Silberberg, Silesia, Feb. 2, 1778, died (?).
Organist, pupil in Breslau of Neugebauer
and Berner, became organist in 1798 at
Ohlau, where he did much towards the de-
velopment of musical life. He set to music
several psalms, and published sonatas for
the pianoforte and violin, organ music, etc.
— Fotis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
ERNST, FRANZ ANTON, born at Geor-
geuthal, Bohemia, Dec. 3, 1745, died in Go-
tha, Jan. 13, 1805. Violinist, was choir-boy
in Neuzell and later violinist to the Jesuits
in Sagan ; after studying law at Prague
Uniyersity, he held an office in his native
24
ERNST
place, but soon became secretary to Count
von Salm, and finally, on tlie advice of Lolli,
made concert tours. He was influenced by
Stad in Strasburg ; returned to Prague in
1773 ; and in 1778 was appointed ducal
Conzertmeister in Gotba. He devoted some
attention to improving the construction of
violins, and was an industrious composer of
violin music. — Wurzbacli, iv. 72 ; ]\Iendel ;
Fetis ; Schilling ; Biemanu ; Wasielewski,
Die Violine, 214.
ERXST, HEINRICH WU^HELM, born
at BriUni, Moravia,
in 181-1, died in
Nice, Oct. 11:, 1865.
Violinist, pupil at
the Vienna Conser-
vatorium u n d e r
Biibm for violin,
and Sej'fried for
composition ; i n -
structed later by
M a y s e d e r. His
playing was greatly
influenced by Paganini,
teen he made his tirst concert tour ; studied
several years in Paris under Charles de Be-
riot ; and in 1834-50 travelled over almost
all Europe with wonderful success. In Hol-
land alone he gave two hundred concerts. In
1850 he settled in London, but latterly had
to give up playing in public, and his last
years were embittered by an incurable spinal
disease. As a violin virtuoso his playing was
marked by brilliancy, passion, mastery over
all technical difficulties, and great beauty
of tone. His compositions are effective
At the a"e of six-
and extremely difficult. Works : 2 noc-
turnes ; El'egie for violin and jjianoforte ;
Fantasia on Rossini's Otello ; Concertino in
D ; Polonaise de Concert ; Variations on
Dutch national air ; Pirata, Caijpriccio ;
Rondo Papageno ; Concerto (Allegro pathe-
tique) in F-sharp minor ; Carnaval de Ve-
nise, in imitation of Paganini ; Erl King ;
Bolero ; Variations on Hungarian airs ; 2
quartets ; Etudes. — Allgem. d. Biogr. vi.
325 ; Wurzbacli, iv. 73 ; Grove ; Mendel ;
Wasielewski, Die Violine, 315 ; Futis, Sup-
plement, i. 306 ; Hart, The Violin, 435.
ERO E LEANDRO (Hero and Leander),
opera seria, text by Arrigo Boito, music by
Giovanni Bottesiui, represented at the Royal
Theatre of Turin, Jan. 11, 1879. This work,
sung by Barbacini, Roveri, and Mine Brus-
chi-Chiatti, had a considerable success.
EROE CINESE, L' (The Chinese Hero),
Italian o^jera, text by Metastasio, first set
to music by Bonno and represented at
the Imperial Theatre at SchOnbrunn, 1752.
Scene near the city of Singana (See-Ngan),
capital of the jjrovince of Chen si (Shen-See),
China. Characters represented : Leango,
ruler of China ; Prince Siveuo, bis supi)osed
son, in love with Lisinga ; Miuteo, a man-
darin in command of the army ; and Lisinga
and Ulauia, Tartar princesses, the one in
love with Minteo, the other with Siveno.
The libretto has been set to music also by
Perez, Lisbon, 1753 ; Hasse, Dresden, 1753 ;
Gluck, Schunbrunn, 1754 ; Rauzzini, Mu-
nich, 1770 ; Sacchini, Munich, 1771 ; Majo,
Naples, 1771 ; Cimarosa, Naples, 1783 ; Por-
togallo, Turin, 1788; Checchi, Leghorn,
1810.
EROICA. See Sinfonia Eroica.
EROSTRATE (Erostratus), opera in two
acts, text by Mery and Pacini, music by
Ernest Reyer, first represented at the
theatre of Baden, Aug. 21, 1862. In the
libretto, the story of Erostratus, who is
known to history only as the incendiary of
the temple of Diana, at Epbesus, is mingled
with much fable, in which Athenais the
courtesan, Scopas the sculptor, and the
Venus of Milo are made to j)lay parts.
The opera was given in Paris, at the Opera,
EROTIKON
Oct. 16, 1871, but was withdrawn after two
representations.
EROTIKON, Lieclercyelus by Adolf Jen-
sen, op. 44.
EESCHALLET, FEIERKLANGE. See
Jiienzi.
ERSTEHE, HOHE ROMA, NEU. See
Rienzi.
ERTEL (Ertelius), SEBASTIAN, German
composer of the early part of the ITtli cen-
tury. He was a Benedictine monk at "\Vei-
henstephan, near Freisiug, and later in the
Convent of Gersten, Upper Austi'ia. He
published church music. — Mendel ; Futis ;
Gerber.
ERSTE WALPURGISNACHT, DIE (The
Fii'st Walpurgis Night), ballad for solo
voices, chorus, and orchestra, poem by
Goethe, music by Mendelssohn, op. GO.
The composition was begun in April, 1831,
and was nearly finished before May. The
first version was completed in Milan, July
15th, except the overture, called by the
composer Saxon Overture, which bears the
date, Feb. 13, 1832. This fii'st version was
brought out in Berlin in January, 1833.
Ten years later, Mendelssohn returned to
the work, making several changes, and re-
scoring the whole. This second and final
version was given with an English transla-
tion by Bartholomew, by the Philharmonic,
in London, July 8, 1844, and at the Ge-
wandhaus in Leipsic, March 1, 1845. Ber-
lioz's account of being at the last rehear-
sal for this performance (Mi'moires, 2G3) is
in'obably wrong, as Berlioz was in Leipsic
in Februarj', 1843, and in Paris and Vienna
in the early part of 1845 ; but his account
of the work is worth reading. The full and
pianoforte scores are published by Kistner
(Leii^sic). — Lampadius, 2d ed., 134 ; Allgem.
mus. Zeitung, xlviii. 1G5.
ERYTHRAUS, GOTTHARD, born in
Strasburg about 15G0, died about 1G17. In
1587 he became Magister in Altdorf, in 1595
Cantor and music teacher of the Gymnasium
there, and in 1G09 rector of the Stadtschule.
His principal compositions are sacred songs.
— Fetis ; Mendel ; Gerber ; Schilling ; Win-
terfeld, Der evaug. Kirchengesang, i. 376.
ESCHBORN, KARL, born early in the
19th century. Dramatic composer, Con-
zertmeister in the court theatre orchestra
of Mannheim in 1830, music director in
Cologne in 1842, and dramatic director in
Aix-la-Chapelle in 1845. Works : Bastaids
oder das Stiergefecht, opera in three acts,
text by Wiedeufeld, given at Amsterdam,
February, 1847 ; Songs. — Mendel ; Fetis.
ESCHJIANN, JULIUS K.VRL, born at
Winterthur, Switzerland, April, 1826, died
in Ziirich, Oct. 27, 1882. Pianist, pupil of
Mendelssohn ; lived in Cassel until 1852,
when he settled in Zurich as a teacher.
He composed chiefly didactic music for
pianoforte and violin. — Mendel ; Fetis, Sup-
plement, i. 306 ; Eiemanu.
ESCI OM.AI. See Nozze di Figaro.
ESCOBEDO (Escovedo), B.^ETOLO-
Mfi, born in Spain about 1510, date of
death unknown. Church composer and
learned contrapuntist ; first studied in Sala-
manca, then went to Rome, where he became
a member of the Pontifical Choir in 1536.
He was afterwards (1554) a priest in Segovia,
and was one of the judges in the musical
dispute between Vicentini and Vincenzo Lu-
sitano. His motets are found in Eslava's
Lira sacro-hispana, and some of his church
music was preserved in the royal chapel at
Madrid, notably 2 Miserere and a IMagui-
ficat, which were considered very fine. — Fe-
tis, iii. 156 ; Hawkins, Hist., iii. 91 ; Schil-
ling ; Ambros, iii. 569.
ESCOVAR, JOAO DE, Portuguese com-
poser of the beginning of the 17th century.
His motets were published in Lisbon in
1620. He was the author of "Arte de mu-
sica theorica y practica." — Fetis ; Mendel ;
Gerber.
ESCRIBANO, JUAN, Spanish musician
of the IGth century. His compositions are
found in the Papal Chapel, Rome, where he
officiated as singer after having received a
musical education at Salamanca. — Futis,
Supplement, i. 307.
36
ESILIATI
ESILIATI DI SIBERIA, GLI. See Elisa-
beth.
ES 1ST DIR GESAGT, Ccantata for Dom.
viii. ijost Trinit., by Joliann Sebastian
Bach. PublisbeJ by the Bach-Gesellschaft,
Church Cantatas (1860), vol. v., No. 45 ; and
with additional accompaniments by Robert
Franz, full and pianoforte scores (F. E. C.
Leuckbart, Breslau).
ES 1ST GENUG ! bass air of Elias in
jMeiulelssohu's Elicit, Part 11.
ESLAVA, Don iHGUEL HELARIO, bom
at Banlada, near Pampeluua, Spain, Oct. 21,
1807, died in Madrid, July 23, 1878. Dra-
matic composer, first instructed in solfeggio
and singing when a choir-boy in the Ca-
thedral of Pampeluna, then pupil of Julian
Prieto on the pianoforte and the organ, and
of Francisco Seccanilla in composition. In
1828 he became maestro de capilla of the
cathedral at Ossuna, where he took orders ;
by Louise Angelique Bertin, Paris, 1836 ;
Mazzucato, Mantua, 1838 ; Dargomysky,
Moscow, 1847 ; Prince Poniatowski, Leg-
horn, 1847 ; William Henry Fry, Philadel-
phia, 1864 ; Wilhelm Wetterhahn, Chem-
nitz, 1866 ; Friedrich Miiller, Laibach,
1867 ; Campana, St. Petersburg, 1869.
— Athenffium (1883), i. 417.
ES MUSS DOCK FRUHLING WER-
DEN, symphony in E minor, op. 67, com-
monly called the Spring symphony, by Fer-
dinand Hiller, 1840.
ESPADERO, N. RUIZ, born in Ha-
vana, Cuba, in 1835. Pianist, pupil of
Aiizti ; published brilliant pianoforte mu-
sic in the style of Gottschalk. He was
Gottschalk's musical executor, and edited
the jjosthumous works of that composer,
published by Ohver Ditson & Co. (Boston
and New York). Works : Souvenir d'autre-
fois, op. 11 ; Chant de I'ame, op. 13 ; Plainte
in 1832 of the Cathedral of Seville, where J du ijoiite, op. 14 ; Partez, ingrate, melodie,
he was consecrated a priest, and in 1844 ; op. 15 ; Barcarolle, op. 18 ; Cantilene, op.
of the royal chapel at Madrid. Order of 19 ; Ballade, op. 20 ; Innocence, caprice,
Charles HI, 1848. Works— Operas : II so-
litario, given at Cadiz, 1841 ; La tregua
di Ptolemaide, ib., 1842 ; Pietro il crudele,
ib., 1843 ; Spanish operas. More than 150
church compositions, comprising masses.
o]}. 23 ; Tristesse, nocturne, op. 53 ; Ossian,
polka de salon ; Deusieme ballade, o\). 57 ;
Scherzo, op. 58 ; Valse ideale, op. 60 ; Chant
du Gnargiro, sc5ne caracteristique cubaine,
op. 61. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 307 ; Mendel,
psalms, hymns, motets, etc. He published Ergilnz., 98,
also Lira sacro-hispana, and Museo organico
espanol, collections of church music by old
and new Spanish masters, and in 1862
wrote, for the Revue de musique sacree
(Paris), an interesting survey of the history
of church music in Spain. — Fetis ; Grove ;
Mendel.
ESMERALDA, opera in four acts, text
by Marzials and Randegger, after Victor
Hugo's romance " Notre-Dame de Paris,"
music by Arthur Goring Thomas, first rep-
resented at Drury Lane Theatre, London,
March 26, 1883. The work was well re-
ceived and has since been given in Ger-
many. In 1887 Mr. Thomas rewrote the
fourth act, and restored the tragic close in
accordance with the original idea of Victor
Hugo. The same subject has been treated
ESPENT, PIERRE, born in Marseilles,
Aug. 28, 1832, still living, 1888. Blind or-
ganist and composer, pupil at the institu-
tion for the blind in Paris, and received a
composition prize from Adolph Adam. Be-
came a teacher of solfege and of the pi-
anoforte, director of a music class in a
school for the blind, in 1858, at Nancy, and
in 1865 at Marseilles, and organist at No-
tre Dame de la Garde. He has composed
overtures, masses, cantatas, orchestral mu-
sic, etc.— Fetis, Supplement, i. 307; Men-
del, Ergilnz., 98.
ESPIN Y GUILLEN, JOAQUIN, pianist
and organist, born at Velilla, Spain, May
4, 1812, died in Madrid, June 24, 1882.
He wrote popular zarzuelas, and in 1842
published " La Iberia musical," the first
27
ESSER
musical paper published in Sjiaiu. He be-
came second organist in the royal cliapel
in 1855 ; professor of solfeggio at the Con-
servatorio ; director of the chorus at the
Koyal Theatre, 1872.— Fetis, Supplement, i.
308 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 98.
ESSER, HEINRICH, born in Mannheim,
July 16, 1818, died in Salzburg, June 3,
1872. Violinist, pupil of Franz Lachner
and of Sechter in Vienna ; became Conzert-
meister and theatre conductor in Mannheim,
director of the Liedertafel in Mainz in 1812,
and Kapellmeister of the theatre there in
184G In 1817 he was called to Vienna as
Ka2)ellmeister of the Imperial Opera, was
director of the Philharmonic concerts for
some time, and in 18G7 was appointed art-
member of the board of directors of the
Opera, but retired in 18G9 on a pension.
He was loved as a man, respected as an
artist, and some of his songs became very
popular. His widow and children were
pensioned by the Emperor. Works — Op-
eras : Silas, given at Mannheim, 1839 ;
Riquiqui, Aix-la-Chapelle, 1843 ; Die beiden
Priuzen, Munich, ISll. String quartet ; 2
suites ; 3 symphonies ; about 40 books of
songs ; 2 sonatas ; Trio with pianoforte,
and other music, in all 81 opus numbers.
His orchestral transcrijitions of Bach's C
minor Passaeaglia, and Toccata in F, have
been much played in German}' and America.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., vi. 382 ; Mendel ; Grove;
Fotis. iii. 159 ; Supplement, i. 308 ; Rie-
niaim.
ESSER, KARL MICHAEL, Bitter VON,
born in Aix-la-Chapelle about 1736, died
after 1791. He became first violin of the
court orchestra of Cassel about 1756, and in
1759 began a concert tour which lasted
many years and covered nearly all Eu-
rope. The Pope made him a knight of the
Order of the Golden Spur in 1772. He
travelled in Spain in 1786. Works : Die
drei Piichter, opera, given in Gotha, 1791 ;
Violin unisic, much unpublished. — Mendel ;
Fotis ; Schilling ; Wasielewski, Die Violine,
218. . .
ESSEX, TI]\IOTHY, born at Coventry,
Warwickshire, 1780, died ('?). Organist ;
Mus. Bac, Oxford, 1806 ; Mus. Doc, 1812.
Works : Rondos ; 6 duets for two flutes ;
Pianoforte and organ music. — Fetis ; Men-
del.
ESTE (Est, East, Easte), HHCHAEL, born
in England, latter part of 16th century, died
after 1638. Organist, conjectured to have
been the son of Thomas Este (died after
1624), the most important of the enrlj Lon-
don music publishers. He first appears in
print as the author of the five-part madrigal.
Hence, stars, too dim of light, published in
'"The Triuniphes of Oriana " in 1601. Be-
tween 1610 and 1618 he obtained his degree
of Mus. Bac, Cambridge ; and he became
master of clioristers of Lichfield Cathedral.
Works : First set of Madrigals (London,
1604) ; Second set (ib., 1606) ; Third set of
Bookes, wherein are Pastorals, Anthems,
Neapolitaues, Fancies, and Madrigals, to
5 and 6 parts (ib., 1610) ; Madrigals, An-
thems, etc (ib., 1618) ; Anthems (ib., 1624) ;
Duos and Fancies for Viols (ib., 1638).
— Gi-ove ; Hawkins, History, iv. 25 ; Bur-
uey. History, iii. 133 ; Mendel.
ESTELLA. See Les Bhicts.
ESTHER, oratorio in three acts, text by
Alexander Pope (?), music by Handel, first
performed at Cannons, the residence of
the Duke of Chandos, Aug. 20, 1720. The
original work, Handel's first English ora-
torio, for which he received .£1,000, is in
one part of six scenes, and was probably
first called Haman and Mordecai. It was
sung first in London, Feb. 23, 1732, by the
Children of the Chapel Royal, on Handel's
forty-seventh birthday. The success of tliis
private performance led to the announce-
ment of a rival representation by a specu-
lator, April 20, 1732, and this induced Han-
del to give a public performance at the
King's Theatre, May 2, 1732, when the
work was given enlarged to three acts. For
this new version the text was rearranged
by Samuel Humphreys, and Handel rewrote
much of the original music, composed much
ESTOCART
new music, and borrowed freely from tbe
Coronation Anthems. Tbe MS., iu Buck-
iugbam Palace, wants tbe overture and tbe
last page ; but two complete conducting
scores are in tbe same collection, and au-
otber one is at Hamburg. Characters rep-
resented ; Abasuerus, Haman, Habdonab,
Esther, Mordecai, Chorus of Persian Sol-
diers, Ciiorus of Israelites. The overture,
one of the best Handel ever wrote, is also
one of tbe most popular, and tbe cho-
ruses are superb. Tbe airs were published
by Walsh (1733), and by Arnold (1794) ;
text with pianoforte score, edited by J. J.
Maier (Leipsic, ■ 1858) ; full score, Handel
Society (London, 1844-45) ; original score
(Haman and Mordecai), and revised score
(Esther), Hilndelgesellschaft (1 vol., Leipsic,
1882).— Eockstro, Handel, 106, 169 ; Eeiss-
mauu, 69 ; Scboelcber, 59, 104 ; Chrysan-
der, ii. 209.
ESTOCART. See L'Estocarl.
ESTR1':E, jean T>\ French composer of
the 16tb century. Duverdier styles him
joueur de bautbois du Ptoi. His composi-
tions are published in four books entitled :
Livres de danseries, contenant le chant des
bransles communs, etc., de Champagne, de
Bourgogne, de Poictou," etc. (Nicholas du
Chemin, Paris, 1564).— Fetis ; Mendel
ES WIRD EIN stern AUS JACOB
AUFGEHN, chorus in Mendelssohn's Chris-
tus.
£TIENNE MARCEL, gi-and-opera iu four
acts and six tableaux, text by Louis Gallet,
music by Camille Saint-Saons, first rep-
resented at the Lyons Theatre Feb. 8,
1879. The characters represented are :
Etienne Marcel, provost of the merchants ;
his daughter Buatrix, and bis wife Mar-
guerite ; Robert de Loris, equerry to the
Dauphin, iu love with Bc-atrix ; Eustaobe, an
adventurer ; Jean Maillard, district police
officer ; The Dauphin ; Robert de Clermont,
marshal of Normandy ; Robert Lecocq, Bish-
op of Laou ; Pierre, friend of Robert de
Loris. The action turns on tbe events of
an insurrection of tbe populace led by
Marcel, in which be eventually loses his
life.
ETHEEIDGE, GEORGE, English com-
poser of the 16th century, born at Thame,
Oxfordshire. He wrote anthems, madri-
gals, and songs.
ETOILE DU NORD, L' (Tbe Star of the
North), opera in three acts, text by Scribe,
music by Meyerbeer, first represented at
the Opera Comiciue, Paris, Feb. 16, 1854 ;
Kiven iu Italian as La Stella del Nord at
Caroline Duprez, as Catherine.
Covent Garden Theatre, London, July 19,
1855. It includes several numbers from an
earlier work by Meyerbeer, Das Fddlager
in Schlesien (Tbe Camp of Silesia), given
iu Berlin, 1843. The libretto is weak, but
the music is brilliant and stirring, and full
of singular orchestral effects. It opens at
Viborg, Finland, where Pierre (Peter the
Great), working iu the disguise of a ship-
carpenter, makes tbe acquaintance of Da-
nilowitz, a pastry-cook, and of Catherine, a
cantiniere, to whom be becomes betrothed,
though she does not know bis rank. A
S9
£toile
conscription takes place and Catherine, to
save her brother George, who has just mar-
ried Prascovia, disguises herself as a soldier
and volunteers in his j)lace. In the second
act, which opens iu a Russian camp, Cath-
erine, while doing duty as a sentinel, peeps
into a tent where she sees Pierre and Da-
nilowitz drinking and making love to two
girls. Shocked at this, she neglects her
duty, insults au officer, and is condemned
to punishment. A mutiny among the
Battaille, as Pierre.
soldiers and news of the coming of the
enemy ai'ouses Pierre, who makes himself
known to his men and quells the revolt.
In the third act, Pierre and Danilowitz ap-
pear in the Czar's palace, but Catherine
has disappeared and cannot be found. She
is at last discovered by Danilowitz, wander-
ing around bereft of her reason. After
many etforts, Pierre succeeds in arousing
her by playing on his flute familiar airs,
her senses are restored, and the two are
united. The original cast at the Opera
Comique in 1854 was as follows :
Pierre Battaille.
Catherine Caroline Duprez.
Danilowitz Henuaim-Leon.
Gritzenko Lemercier.
Nathalie Mile Loocadie.
— Edwards, Lyrical Drama, i. 274 ; Hans-
lick, Moderne Oper, 151.
ETOILE DE SEVILLE, L' (The Star of
Seville), opera in four acts, text by llippo-
lyte Lucas, music bj- Balfe, represented at
the Academie Eoyale de Musique, Paris,
Dec. 17, 1845. The subject is from "La
Estella de Sevilla" of Lope de Vega, which
had previously been adapted for the French
stage by Lebrun, under the title of " Le Cid
d'Audalousie." Balfe was commissioned to
write this work, which ran twenty succes-
sive nights, by the director of the Opera,
he being the first English composer who
had been thus honoured. He received for
it 15,000 francs and 250 francs for each
performance. It was sung by j\luie Stoltz,
Mile Nau, Baroilhet, Gardoni, Paullin,
Menghis, and Bn'moud. — Barrett, Balfe,
172.
ETT, KASPAPi, born at Erling, Bavaria,
Jan. 5, 1788, died iu Munich, Nov. 17, 1847.
At the age of nine he sang iu the choir of a
Benedictine monastery, and in Munich was
the pu2)il of Joseph Schlett and Joseph Griitz.
He was the organist of St. Michael's in Mu-
nich from 1816 until his death, and did ex-
cellent service by reviving the sacred music
of the IGth, 17th, and 18th centuries, which
he took as models for his deeply religious
masses, requiems, and other church music.
His woi'ks number about 200, only a small
portion of wliicli have been published. — All-
gem, d. Biogr., vi. 392 ; Mendel ; Fc'tis ; Rie-
mann.
ETTLING, l5:\nLE, born in Germany
about 1820, resident of France, 1888. His
operettas, Un jour de uoce, 1864 ; Le nain,
1873 ; Le tigre, 1873 ; L'oeil de monsieur
I'expert, 1874 : En maraude, 1877, have
been given at the minor theatres of Paris.
— Fetis, Supplement, i. 301).
30
Etudes
£TUDES SYJIPHONIQUES en forme
(le Variations for j^i^^uoforte, by Robert
Hchumaim, op. 13, dedicated to William
Sterndale Bennett, composed in 1834, pub-
lished in August, 1837. Twelve variations
on a theme the melody of which was de-
rived from the father of Ernestine von
Fricken, the friend of his youth. All the
etudes are instinct with originality and
strength, and are full of fancy. The whole
concludes with a brilhant movement, in
which the theme of the variations appears
only in a subordinate position, the opening
motive being taken from a song in Marsch-
ner's opera Temjjler imd -Jiidin, which con-
tains the words, Du stolzes England, freue
dich. The adoption of this theme for the
finale was intended by Schumann as a com-
jsliment to Sterndale Bennett, who had just
come to Leipsic, when the variations were
composed. In the second edition, pub-
lished 1852, he changed the title to the
far more appropriate one of Etudes en
forme de Variations. — Maitland, 53 ; Kie-
mann, 61.
EUCH LtJETEN, DIE MEIN KLA-
GEN. See Lohengrin.
EUGEN (FRIEDRICH KARL PAUL
LUDWIG), Duke of Wiirtemberg, born at
Oels, Silesia, Jan. 8, 1788, died at Karlsruhe
Manor, ib., Sept. IG, 1857. Amateur dra-
matic composer of considerable ability, en-
tered at an early age the service of his uncle,
the Czar Paul of Russia, took part in the
campaigns of 180G-7 in East Prussia, and
1810 in Turkey, and distinguished himself
as a general in the wars of independence,
and in 1828 against the Turks. After re-
tiring from military service he lived mostly
on his estate Karlsruhe, in Silesia. His
compositions, comprising songs, instru-
mental works, and operas, among which
especially Die Geisterbraut, were widely
known and popular.
EUGENIUS, TRAUGOTT, German com-
poser of the 15th centurj'. He was cantor
at Thorn about 1100, and was one of the
oldest German contrapuntists whose name
has survived. He published songs. — Ger-
ber ; Mendel ; Fetis.
EULE, C. D., born in Hamburg in 1776,
died there in 1827. The son of an actor, he
brought out an opera at the age of twenty,
and became later the musical director of
the theatre of his native citj'. Works : Die
verliebten Werber, opera, Hamburg, 1796 ;
Das Amt- und Wirtshaus, opera, ib., about
1800 ; Giafiar und Zaide, opera, ib., 1800 ;
Der Unsichtbare, opera, text by Costenobel,
ib., about 1800 ; Music for pianoforte. — Men-
del ; Schilling ; Fetis.
EULENSTEIN, ANTON HEINRICH SI-
GORA, Edler VON, born in Vienna in
1772, died there, Nov. 14, 1821. He was a
government official ; for a short time took
lessons of Mozart, and became the leader
of an amateur orchestra. Works : Der Per-
riickeumacher, opera, given in Vienna, about
1800 ; Vetter Damian, opera, ib., about 1800 ;
Die Wauderschaft, ib., about 1800 ; Der
gebesserte Lorenz, opera, ib., about 1810;
Sonatas; Quartets; Songs, etc. — Mendel;
Fetis ; Schilling.
EUMENE (Eumenes), Italian opera, mu-
sic by Ziaui, represented at Venice in 1696.
The subject is the same as that of Antigono
(Antigonus). It has been musically treated
also by Albinoni, Rome, 1717 ; Porpora,
Rome, 1721 ; Jommelli, Naples, 1746 ; Man-
na, Turin, 1750 ; Sacchini, Rome, 1763 ;
Borghi, Turin, 1778 ; Buroni, Stuttgart,
1778 ; Bertoni, Venice, 1784.
EUilENIDES, choruses and incidental
music to the tragedy by iEschylus, by
Charles Villiers Stanford, op. 24, first
given at Cambridge, England, Dec. 1, 1885.
— Athenaum (1885), ii. 740, 741.
EUPHROSINE ET CORADIN, ou le
tyran corrige, opcra-comique in three acts,
in verse, text by Hoffmann, music by Mehul,
first represented at the Theatre Italien,
Paris, Sept. 4, 1790. Mehul, then twenty-
seven years old, had struggled with fortune
until the production of this work, which
' met with gratifying success and insured
; his future. The duet in the second act,
31
EUPJDIGE
" Gardez-vous de la jalousie,"' is a master-
piece of dramatic expression.
EURIDICE, musical drama, text by Otta-
vio Einucciui, music by Jacopo Peri and
Giulio Caccini, represented at the Palazzo
Pitti, Florence, on tbe occasion of the mar-
riage of Henri IV. of France with ilaria de'
Medici, December, 1600. This work, found-
ed on the story of Ori^heus and Eurydice,
was the first opera ever performed in jjub-
lic. Peri's earlier drama, Dafne, having been
performed only privately. Both composers
wrote music to the whole test, indepen-
dently of eacih other, but at the performance
2)art of Peris score and part of Caccini's
were used. Peri's Euridice was published
in Florence in 1600 and reprinted at Venice
in 1008 ; and a new edition was ijublished
in Florence in 18G3. Caccini's Euridice
was also published separately in Florence
in 1660. Peri's Euridice was given in Paris,
at the Petit Bourbon, 1017, by a company
of Italian singers invited to France by Car-
dinal Mazarin. — Ambros, iv. 253; Naumann
(Ouseley), i. 524.
EURYANTHE, gi-and romantic opera in
three acts, test by Helmina von Chezy (born
von Klencke, 1783-1856), music by Carl
Maria von Weber, first represented at the
Court Opera House, Vienna, Oct. 25, 1823.
The cast was as follows :
Euryanthe (S ) Frl. Henrietta Sontag.
Eglantine (M.-S.) Frau Griinbaum.
Lysiart (B.) Herr Forti.
Adolar (T.) Herr Heitzinger.
Ludwig M. (B.) Herr Seipelt.
The libretto is from a French romance en-
titled : " Histoire de Gerard de Nevers et
de la belle et vertueuse Euryant de Savoj-e,
sa mie," which both Boccaccio and Shake-
speare (" Cymbeline ") had previously used.
Adolar, Count de Nevers, is betrothed to
the beautiful Euryanthe de Savoy. Eglan-
tine, her rival, in league with Lysiart,
Count de Forest, succeeds in arousing
Adolar's suspicious in regard to Eglantine's
faith, and Adolar himself conducts his
betrothed into the wilderness and leaves
her to perish. Lysiart gets possession of
Adolar's estates and marries Eglantine, but
the latter, tortured by remorse, confesses
the deceit practised upon Adolar, and is
stabbed by Lysiart. Adolar challenges the
robber of his inheritance, but the combat is
pi'evented by King Ludwig, who declares the
oft'ender forfeited to the law, and reinstates
Adolai-. Euryanthe, who has been found
in the wilderness by huntsmen, I'eturns and
brings joy to all. The performance was
conducted by the composer in person, who
Henrietta Sontag.
was received with a storm of apj^lause ; but
enthusiasm soon grew cold, and the ojjera
was given only seven times. It was given
later in Vienna with Schrikler-Devrieut in
the chief part, and again, under the admin-
istration of Count Gallenberg. It was pro-
duced with success in Berlin, Dec. 23,
1825 ; then in Weimar and Dresden ; in
Paris, at the Opera, April 6, 1831, with in-
terpolations from Oberon and generall}' dis-
aiTansred bv Castil-Blaze ; in London, at
Covent Garden, June 29, 1833 ; and again
in Paris, at the Theatre Lyrique, Sept. 1,
1857, with a new libretto. The opera was
32
EUTITIITS
played in New York about 18G3, but the
first proper representation was at the j\Iet-
rojiolitan Opera House, Dec. 28, 1887, when
it was sung in German, witli Lilli Lehmann
in the title-role. — Max M. von Weber, Carl
M. von W. (Leipsic, 1864), ii. 352, 451 ;
HcUborn (Coleridge), Life of Schubert, i.
21G ; Hauslick, INIodcrue Oper, G'J ; Kreh-
biel. Review (1887-1888), 62.
EUTITIUS, AUGUSTIN, Polish com-
poser of the 17th century. A Minorite, at-
tached in 1613 to the chaisel of Ladislaus
IV., of Poland. He comj)osed church music.
— Mendel ; Fetis ; Sowiuski, 184
EVANS, CHARLES SMART, born in
Loudon in 1778, died there, Jan. 4, 1849.
A chorister in the Chajjel Royal under Dr.
Ayrton, he was admitted as gentleman of
tlie Chapel Royal in 1808. The Glee Club
awarded him a prize, in 1811, for "Beauties,
have you seen a toy?," and in 1812 for " Fill
all the glasses." He took the Catch Club
prize, in 1817, for the best setting of
William Liuley's " Ode to the Memory of
Samuel Webb," the eminent glee composer ;
and obtained another prize in 1821 for his
glee, " Great Bacchus." He was the com-
poser of anthems, two of which were
printed ; and of several motets written for
the choir of the Portuguese Ambassador's
Chapel, some of which are printed in No-
vello's Collection of IMotets. — Grove.
iiVE, a mystery iu three parts, text by
Louis Gallet, music by Jules Massenet, first
given in Paris, March IS, 1875.
i5VE (D^ve), ALPHONSE D', born near
Courtrai, France, about the middle of the
17th centurj'. Church composer, priest, and
niaitre de chapelle of Notre Dame, AutwerjJ,
from 1718 to 1725 ; and for many years
leader of the choir of the Church of Saint-
Martin, Courtrai. His motets and other
church music in MS. are preserved in the
Church of Sainte-Walburge, at Audenarde.
— Fetis ; Vander Straeten, ii. 128 ; iii. 6 ; v.
145 ; Biog. nat. de Belg., vi. 740 ; Mendel.
E^T^RAERTS, PIERRE FRANCOIS,
born in Louvaiu iu 1816, still living, 1888.
Dramatic comjjoser, pupil of Brigode, maitre
de cliapelle of St. Peter's, Louvaiu. He has
served as bandmaster in several Belgian reg-
iments, and became in 1844 professor of the
bugle, trumpet, and coruet-a-pistous at the
Conservatoire, Liege. Works : L' Avalanche,
opera ; Hommage a Gretrj-, dramatic over-
ture ; much military and church music pub-
lished iu Liege. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 309.
EVERS, KARL, born iu Hamburg, April
8, 1819, died in Vienna, Dec. 31, 1875.
Pianist, pupil of Jacques Schmitt ; played
in public at the age of twelve ; then made a
concert tour of Denmark and Sweden. He
studied theorj' under Zieger in Hanover,
and Karl Krebs iu Hamburg, and received
in 1839 some instruction from Mendelssohn
in Leipsic ; visited Paris, where he was well
received by Chopin and Auber ; then went
to Vienna, and settled in Gratz as music-
dealer iu 1858, but returned to Vienna in
1872. Works : 4 pianoforte sonatas ; Chan-
sons d'amour, or 12 songs without words
characterizing different nations ; Fantasias ;
Fugues ; Songs ; in all, more than one hun-
dred works. — Mendel, iii. 442 ; Ergiinz., 98 ;
Fetis, iii. 165 ; do., Supplement, i. 309 ;
Wurzbach, iv. 114 ; Grove ; Riemann.
EV'RY VALLEY, tenor air in E, in Han-
del's 3Iessiah, Part I.
EXNER, GUSTAV HERMANN, born at
Berbisdorf, near Hirschberg, Silesia, Oct.
28, 1815. Organist, jjupil of his father,
who was a Cantor ; finished his education
in Hirschberg, Jena, and Bunzlau. He
was organist and director of musical soci-
eties iu Goldberg in 1841-45, and then in
Sagau. His compositions are mostly vocal
church music. — Mendel ; Fetis.
EYBLER, JOSEPH, Edler VON, boru
at Schwechat, near Vienna, Feb. 8, 1765,
died in Schonbrunn, July 24, 1846. Pupil
of his father and of Albrechtsberger iu Vi-
enna. He adopted law as a profession,
but changed to music when his parents be-
came poor, and was assisted by the friend-
ship of Haydn and Mozart. He attended
Mozart in his last illness, and was commis-
33
EYKEN
sioned by his widow to finisli tlie Requiem,
but gave up the tcask. lu 1792 he became
choir-master of the Carmelite Church in
the Vienna subm-b of Leoj)oldstadt, in 1793
of the Schotteu monastery in Vienna, in
1801 music-teacher to the irajierial princes,
in 1804 vice-Kapelhueister ; 1824, on Sa-
lieri's retirement, Kapellmeister to the Em-
peror of Austria. He was ennobled in 1834.
While conducting Mozart's Requiem in
1833, he was struck by aploplexy, which
compelled him to renounce the active prac-
tice of his profession. He took Mozart's
advice in composing mostly church music.
His works show a devotional spirit, in sjjite
of great mobility and occasionally too heavy
instrumentation, and bear some likeness
to the compositions of ISIichael Haydn.
Works : Das Zauberschwert, opera, 1803
(not represented) ; Die Mutter der Gracchen,
pantomime ; Die Hirten bei der Krippe zu
Bethlehem, cantata, sung in 1794 ; Die vier
letzteu Dinge, oratorio, performed in 1810 ;
32 masses (7 printed) ; Requiem ; 7 Te De-
um ; 30 offertories ; 35 graduals ; 7 piano-
forte sonatas ; Symphonies ; Concertos ;
Overtures ; Chamber music ; Songs. — All-
gem, d. Biogr., vi. 453 ; Wurzbach, iv. 120 ;
Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling ; Riemann ; Grove.
EYKEN (Eijken), GERRIT JAN VAN,
born at Amersfoort, Netherlands, May 5,
1832, still living, 1889. Organist, pupil of
his father, Gerard van Eyken, organist, of
his brother, Jan Albert, and (1851-53) at
the Leipsic Conservatorium and at Dres-
den of Johann Schneider and Magnus
Bohme. After his return to Holland he
settled first at Amsterdam, and in 1855 at
Utrecht, where he became organist of the
Waalsche kerk, and Kapelraeester of the
schutterij. Works : Het Krooningsfeest
van keizer Karel V. te Bologna, opera,
given at Amsterdam, May 14, 1858, Utrecht,
Nov. 20, 1859 ; Sonata for j^ianoforte and
violin ; 3 sonatinas for pianoforte ; Songs.
— Viotta.
EYKEN (Eijken), JAN ALBERT VAN,
born at Amersfoort, Netherlands, April 29,
1823, died at Elberfeld, Sept. 24, 18C8.
Organist, pupil of his father, Gerard van
Eyken, organist ; subsequently at the Leip-
sic Conservatorium in 1845-46. On Men-
delssohn's recommendation he finished his
organ studies under Johaun Schneider, in
Dresden. Ho gave organ concerts in Hol-
land in 1847, became organist in the Church
of the Remonstrants, Amsterdam, in 1848,
and professor of the organ in the music
school of Rotterdam in 1853. In 1854 he
went to Elberfeld as organist of the Re-
formed Church. He received prizes for
the following compositions written for the
Netherlands Society for the Encouragement
of Music : Quartet for jiianoforte, violin, vi-
ola, and violoncello ; 2 organ sonatas ; music
for a Dutch drama, Lucifer ; and songs for
four male voices. He arranged Goudiniel's
150 psalms for the Reformed Church for
choir and organ, besides composing church
music and Lieder with pianoforte accompa-
niment, hymns for men's voices, etc. — Fi'tis ;
Riemann ; Mendel.
EYKENS, JEAN SIMON, born at Ant-
werp, Oct. 13, 1812, still living, 1889. Dra-
matic com]50ser, pupil of Ravets, organist
of the church of the Augustiues, Antwerji,
and at the Conservatoire, Liege, of Jalheau
on the pianoforte, and of Danssoigne-Mchul
in harmony. Returned to Antwerp in 1831,
devoted himself to teaching the jjianoforte,
became conductor of the Reunion lyrique
anversoise in 1843, and president of the
Reunion des socictes lyriques in 1848.
Member of the Societe royale des sciences,
Antwerp, and of the Societo d'emulation,
Lic'ge. Works : Le depart de Grctry, op-
eretta, given at Liege, 1829 ; Le bandit,
opera, Antwerp, 1836 ; La cle du jai-din,
ib., 1837 ; Cantata for the unveiling of the
statue of Rubens, ib., 1840 ; Masses and
other church music ; Pianoforte pieces ;
Choruses for male voices, with or without
orchestra ; Songs, etc. — Fetis ; Viotta.
EYRE, ALFRED JAMES, born at Lam-
beth, London, Oct. 24, 1853, still living,
1889. Organist, impil at the Royal Acad-
34
EYSEL
emy of IMusic under Maefarren, Westlake,
ami Smith, and on the organ under Hoyte
and Cooper. He has served as organist of
several metropolitan churches, lastly of St.
John Evangelist, 1881 ; was organist of the
Crystal Palace, 1880. Works : Commun-
ion Service in E-flat ; Evening Service for
the Salisbury Diocesan Choral Associa-
tion ; The 12Cth Psalm for four voices ;
String quartet ; Pianoforte music ; Songs,
etc.
EYSEL, JOHANN PHILIPP, born at
Erfurt, 1G98, died there, 17G3. Amateur
violoncellist, and composer of more than
ordinary ability ; published several cantatas,
a great number of motets (Nuremberg,
1738-16), solos for violin, and flute, with
thorough bass.— Mendel ; Schilling.
EZIO (^tius), Italian opera in three
acts, text by Metastasio, first set to music
by Auletta and represented in the Teatro
delle Damme, Rome, Dec. 2G, 1728. The
libretto, founded on incidents in the career
of ^tius, the famous general of the Western
Empire and conqueror of Attila, is one of
Metastasio's best works. Scene in Rome.
Characters represented : Valentiniano III.,
emperor, in love with Fulvia ; Fulvia, daugh-
ter of Massimo, betrothed to Ezio ; Ezio, lover
of Fulvia ; Onoria, sister of Valentiniano,
secretly in love with Ezio ; Massimo, father
of Fulvia, confidant and secret enemy of
Valentiniano ; Varo, jDrefect of prretorians
and friend of Ezio. The libretto has been
set to music also by Porpora, Venice, 1728 ;
Handel, London, Jan. 15, 1732 ; Lampu-
gnani, Venice, 1737 ; Jommelli, Bologna,
174:1, and Naples, 1748 ; Pescetti, Venice,
1747 ; Bonno, Vienna, 1749 ; Traetta, Rome,
1754 ; Perez, London, 1755 ; Graun, Ber-
lin, 1755 ; Gassraann, Italy, about 1760 ;
Schwanberg, Brunswick, 17G3 ; Gluck, Vi-
enna, 1763 ; Felice Alessandri, Verona,
1767 ; Johann Christian Bach, about 1770 ;
Pietro Guglielmi, London, 1770 ; Sacchiui,
Naples, about 1770 ; Gazzaniga, Venice,
1772 ; Bertoui, Venice, 1777 ; Mortellari,
Milan, 1777 ; Calvi, Pavia, 1784 ; Tarchi,
Vicenza, 1790 ; Mercadante, Turin, 1826 ;
Celli, Florence, 1830.
EZIO, Italian opera in three acts, text by
Metastasio, music by Handel, first rep-
resented at the King's Theatre, London,
Jan. 15, 1732. The MS., preserved in
Buckingham Palace, is undated, the last
sheet being missing. The text of Metas-
tasio is much abridged and altered. The
principal charactei-s were sung by Senesino,
Montagnana, and Signora Strada. It was
given five times. Published first by Walsh ;
full score by Hilndelgesellschaft (Leipsie,
1880).— Rockstro, Handel, 167 ; Schoilcher,
103 ; Chrysander, ii. 248.
FABER, BENEDICT, born at Hildburg-
hausen about the end of the 16th
century, died (?). Church comp)Oser
of distinction, in the service of the Duke of
Saxe-Coburg about the first quarter of the
17th century. Works: The 148th Psalm
(in Latin), for 8 voices (Coburg, 1602) ; Sa-
crpe cautiones, 4, 5, G, 7 et 8 vocibus conci-
nendiB (ib., 1G05) ; Gratulatio musica ex
primo capite, etc. (ib., 1607) ; Canticum
sex vocibus in festivitatem nuptiarum (ib.,
1607) ; The 51st Psalm, Miserere mei Deus,
for 8 voices (ib., 1G08) ; Adhortatio prima
Christi, etc. (ib., 1609) ; Cautio nuptialis ex
psalmo Davidis, etc. (ib., 1609) ; Cantiones
sacra;, 4-8 voc. (ib., 1610) ; Triumphus mu-
sicalis in victoriam resurrectiouis Christi, 7
vocibus compositus (ib., 1611) ; Zwei neue
Hochzeits Gesilnge mit 5 Stimmen ; Gratu-
latorium musicale 6 vocum (ib., 1631). — Fe-
tis ; Mendel.
FABRE D'OLIVET, ANTOINE, born at
Ganges (Herault), Dec. 8, 1768, died in
Paris, April, 1825. Dramatic composer ; he
endeavoured to reproduce the old Hellenic
system of music in an oratorio written for
the coronation of Napoleon Bonaparte, 1804.
His system was analogous to Blainville's
mode mixte, or the mode plagal. Works :
Le sage de llndostan, philosophical drama
with choruses, given in Paris, 1796 ; Ro-
FABIII
mances ; Quartets for two flutes, viola, and
bass (1800). — Fetis ; Larousse.
FABRI, STEFANO, tbe elder, bom latter
half of tbe IGth century. He was maestro
di cappella of tbe Vatican in 1599-1601,
visited Germany in 1601-2, and was maes-
tro di cajjpella of S. Giovanni in Laterano,
Rome, in 1G03-7. He 'wrote two books,
Duodecim modi musicales, etc. (Nurem-
berg, 1602) and Trieinia sacra, etc. (ib.,
1607), and other church music. — Fetis ;
Mendel.
FABRI, STEFANO, the younger, born in
Rome in 160G, died there, Aug. 27, 1658.
Composer of the Roman school, pujjil of
Naniui. He was maestro di cappella of S.
Luigi de' Frances!, Rome, in 1648, and in
1657 of Santa Maria Maggiore. "Works :
Motets for two to five voices (Rome, 1G50) ;
Salmi concertati, five parts (ib., 1G60). — Fc-
tis ; Mendel.
FABRICIUS, WERNER, born at Itzehoe,
Holstein, April 10, 1633, died at Leii)sic,
Jan. 9, 1679. Organist, first instructed by
his father, who was organist at Flensburg,
and by the cantor Karl Moth ; then pujail of
Heinrich Scheidmann and in composition
of Sellius at Hamburg. In 1G50 be went to
Leipsic to study, and afterwards to pi-actise
law ; in 1656 he was made director of mu-
sic at the Paulinerkircbe, and two years
later organist at St. Nicolai. Works : De-
licite harmouite, musikalische Gemiithser-
gotzung in Paduanen, Allemanden, Couran-
ten, Balletten, Sarabanden, etc. (Go), zu 5
Stimmen fiir Violen und andere lustru-
mente (Leipsic, 1656) ; Geistlicbe Lieder
(Jena, 1659) ; Geistlicbe Alien, Dialogen,
Concerten, etc., fiir 4-8 Vocalstimmen (Leip-
sic, 1662) ; Motets, etc. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
vi. 525 ; Fetis ; Monatshefte fiir Musikge-
schichte (1875), 180 ; Winterfeld, ii. 477.
FABRIZI (Fabrizio), PAOLO, born at
Spoleto in 1809, died in Naples, Maix-h 3,
1869. Dramatic composer, pupil at tbe
Naples Conservatorio, and especially of Zin-
gareUi in composition. Works — Operas :
La vedova d'un vivo, given at Naples, Te-
atro Partenoi^e, 1833 ; La festa di Carditi-
eUo, ib., Teatro Nuovo, 1833 ; R Blondello,
ib., 1834 ; La caravana del Cairo, il conte
di Saverna, ib., 1835 ; L' inganuo uon dura,
ib., 1836 ; R giorno degli equivoci, ib., 1837 ;
II portator d'acqua, ib., 1840 ; Lara, o il ca-
valiere verde, Cristina di Svezia, Sjjoleto,
1844. — Ft'tis ; do., Supislement, i. 310.
FABRIZI, VINCENZO, born in Naples
about 1765, time of death not known.
Dramatic comjioser, probably pupil at the
Conservatorio, Naples, where he had his
permanent residence, although be spent a
goodly portion of his life travelling, to
bring out his ojDeras, which were very suc-
cessful. Works — Comic operas : I due
castellani burlati, given at Bologna, 1785 ;
La sposa in^dsibile, Rome, 1786 ; La neces-
sitii nou ha legge, Dresden, 1786 ; La con-
tessa di nova luna, Bologna, 1767 ; I pun-
tigli di gelosia, Florence, 1786 ; Chi la fa
I'aspetta, Bologna, 1787 ; La nobiltii viUana,
1787 ; Gli amanti trajspolieri, Naples, 1787 ;
II cafe di Barcelona, 1788 ; II Don Gio-
vanni, ossia il convitato di pieti-a, Fano,
1788 ; L' incontro per accidente, Naj)les,
1788 ; La tempesta, ossia da uu disordine
ne nasce un ordiue, Rome, 1788 ; R Colom-
bo, 1789 ; La moglie capricciosa, Milan,
1799.— FiHis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
F.ICCIO, FRANCO, born in Verona,
Jlarch 8, 1841, still living, 1889. Dramatic
composer, pupil at the Conservatorio, ililan,
1855-1861, under Roncbetti and Mazzucato.
He obtained a subsidy from tbe govern-
ment which enabled him to travel and
study. With his friend and co-labourer,
Arrigo Boito, he pursues a progressive
course, deviating from the trodden path of
the Italian oi^eratic style. He was professor
of harmony at tbe Milan Conservatorio,
1868, and subsequently of counterpoint and
fugue, and maestro concertatore and maes-
tro di cajipella at La Seala, being consid-
ered tbe best conductor in Italy since
Marlani. Works : Concert overture, 1860 ;
Le sorelle d' Italia, cantata (with Boito),
18G2 ; I profughi Fiamminghi, opera, text
FACKELTANZ
by Praga, given in Milan, La Scala, Nov.
10, 1863 ; Amleto, do., text by Boito, Flor-
ence, 1865, Milan, 1871 ; Cantata for the
inauguration of tlie Turin Exhibition, 1884 ;
Album nielodico (Milan, Eicordi) ; Cinque
cauzonette veueziane (ib.). — Fetis, Supple-
ment, i. 311 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 99 ; Eie-
mann.
FACKELTAXZ (Torch Dance ; Fr.,
^larche aux lianibeaus), a procession with
torches and military music, customary at
some of the German courts on the occasion
of the marriage of a member of the royal
famih'. Meyerbeer wrote the music — a Po-
lonaise in march tempo — for four : 1. For
the wedding of the King of Bavaria, 1846 ;
2. For the wedding of the Princess Char-
lotte of Prussia, 1850 ; 3. For the wedding
of the Princess Anne of Prussia, 1853 ; 4.
For the wedding of the Princess Eoj-al of
England and the Crown Prince Friedrich of
Prussia, Jan. 25, 1858. Spontini, Flotow,
and others, have also written them. — Men-
del ; Grove.
FAGO, NICOL(X called II Tarentino,
born at Taranto in 1674, died in Naples
after 1729. Dramatic composer, j)upil of
Scarlatti at the Conservatorio de' Poveri,
Naples, and of Proveuzale at the Conserva-
torio de' Turchini. He succeeded Proven-
zale as maestro, and had as pujsils Nicola
Sala, Leonardo Leo, and other celebrated
musicians. Of his several operas the name
of one only, Eustachio, is preserved. As-
tarte, a lyrical drama, was produced at Na-
ples, Teatro Sau Bartolomeo, in 1709. His
church music includes masses, motets, lita-
nies, Te Deum, two Magnificat, a Benedic-
tus, psalms, etc. Some are in the MSS. of
the National Library, Paris, others in the
archives of the Naples Conservatorio and
other musical libraries in Italy. Bassevi's
collection contains an oratorio, Faraone
sommerso, for four voices and instruments.
— Fetis ; do., Supph'ment, i. 311 ; Mendel ;
do., Ergiinz., 99 ; lliemann.
FAHEBACH, JOSEF, born in Vienna,
Aug. 25, 1804, died there, June 7, 1883.
Virtuoso on the flute and guitar, self-taught ;
was for years first flute in the orchestra of
the Opera in Vienna, then conductor of an
orchestra for dance music. He has written
a large number of fantasias, variations, pre-
ludes, transcriptions, etc., for flute solo, and
with other instruments, and dance music for
orchestra ; also Methods for oboe (op. 27)
and flute. — Fetis ; do., Suiiplcmeut, i. 312 ;
Mendel ; Wurzbach.
FAHEBACH, PHILIPP, the elder, born
in Vienna, Oct. 25, 1815, died there, March
31, 1885. Dramatic, church, and dance
composer, pujnl of Lanner ; conducted for
years a well-trained orchestra in Vienna,
and was afterwards Kapellmeister of a regi-
mental band. AVorks : Der Liebe Opfer,
opera, given in Vienna, 1844 ; Das Scliwert
des Konigs, do., ib., 1845 ; Church music,
and more than 150 works of dance music.
— AUgem. wiener Musik-Zeitung (1845),
394, 504 ; Wurzbach.
FAHEBACH, PHILIPP, the younger,
born in Vienna in 1843, still hving, 1889.
Dance music composer, son and pupil of
Philipp Fahrbach, the elder, in whose or-
chestra he played first violin, then first
flute, and in 1865 shared the conductor-
shii5 with his father, before organizing an
orchestra of his own, when he rapidly won
the reputation of an able conductor. In
1870 he became Kapellmeister of a regi-
ment, and in 1872 instituted at Pesth well-
attended concerts, at which he plays his
own compositions, now numbering more
than 300, which are almost as much in de-
mand as those of Strauss. — Mendel, Er-
giinz., 99 ; Fetis, SuiJjilement, i. 312.
FAIDIT (Faydit), GAUCELM, born at
Uzerche (Correze), France, about 1150, died
about 1220. Eichard Cceur de Lion called
him to his court, and he accompanied that
monarch to the Holy Land, and wrote a dirge
at the time of his death (1199). He lived
subsequently at the court of the Marquis de
Montferrat, and at that of Eaymond dA-
goult. About fifty of his songs are pre-
served.— Fetis ; Larousse ; Gerber ; Men-
faig:xient
del ; Brockbaus ; Allgera. d. Biogr., vi.
575 ; Ambros, ii. 226 ; Viotta, i. 49G.
FAIGNIENT, NOE, Dutcb contrapuntist
of tbe 16tb centuiy. He lived in Antweip
about 1570 ; his airs, motets, and madrigals
were printed in Paris and Antwerp (1567-
1595). His works, written in the style of
Orlando Lasso, are in the collections of that
time, some of tliem in the Antwerp col-
lection of the Brussels library, in the Livre
septieme des chansons vulgaires. — Fetis ;
Van der Straeten, i. 95 ; v. 283 ; Burney,
Hist., iii. 262 ; Mendel ; AValther, 328 ;
Viotta, i. 497.
FAffiFAX. See Fayrfax.
FAmLAMB, JAMES EEinXGTON,
born, of American parentage, in Philadel-
phia, Pennsylvania, Jan. 23, 1837, still liv-
ing, 1889. Organist, pupil of his mother,
and of Charles Boycr, then organist of St.
Steijheu's Church, Philadelphia. Before he
was sixteen years old he became organist
of the Western Methodist Episcopal Church,
Philadelphia ; a year later of the Tabernacle
Baptist Church, and four years afterwards
of the Clinton Street Presbyterian Church,
where he remained two years. In 1858
he went to Europe, and studied, at the
Paris Conservatoire, singing under Michel
Masset and Madame Bockholtz-Falconi, and
harmonj" under Adolphe Dauhauser, and
at Florence, singing under Mabellini. In
1860 he settled in Washington, D. C, as
organist and choir-director of the Church
of the Epiphany, but returned in 1861 to
Europe as United States Consul at Ztlrich,
Switzerland, where he remained four years,
durinjr which he received from the King of
Wiirtemberg the grand gold Medal of Art
and Science. In 1865 he returned to the
Church of the Epiijhany, Washington, but
a year later removed to Philadelphia, and
in 1870, became organist of St. John's
Episcopal Church, Washington, and later
of the Assembly Presbyterian Church in
the same city. During his residence in
Washington he organized an amateur ojjera
company, which produced Balfe's Bohemian
Girl, Gounod's Faust, and his own opera,
Valerie. The organization was subse-
quently changed into a choral society. In
1878-81 he was organist of St. John's
Church, Elizabeth, N. J., then of Grace
Church, Jersey City, in 1883 of Ascension
Church, New York, and in 1884 of St.
Ignatius Church in the same city, which
position he still retains. He has published
about 150 comjjositions, of which nearly
100 are songs and about 40 are sacred
choral works ; the remainder, pianoforte
pieces. He has written also a grand opera,
Valerie, in four acts.
FAHl ROSAMOND, English opera in
four acts, text by C. Z. Barnett, music by
John Barnett, first represented at Drury
Lane Theatre, London, Feb. 28, 1837. It
is full of charming music, but owing to a
poor libretto had indifferent success.
FAISST, IM MANUEL (GOTTLOB
FRIEDRICH), born at Esslingeu, AViirtem-
berg, Oct. 13, 1823, still living, 1889. Or-
ganist, self-taught ; served as organist when
nine years old, went to Berlin in 1844, and
was advised by Mendelssohn, to whom he
showed some of his compositions, to jjursue
his studies independently. Having given or-
gan recitals in several cities, he settled in
184G, at Stuttgart, where he founded in 1847
the Union for classical church music, in 1849
the Suabian Silngerbund, and in 1857 with
\ Lebert the Conservatorium, at which he
taught the organ and composition, and of
which he assumed the directorship in 1859.
He is also organist of the Stiftskirche. Tlie
university of Tubingen conferred on hira
the degree of doctor, and the King of Wiir-
temberg the title of professor. His com-
positions consist of cantatas, motets, cho-
ruses, songs, organ and pianoforte music.
— Mendel ; Riemann.
FAITHFUL SHEPHERD. See Pastor
fido.
FALANDRY, ALEXIS GERjMAm, born
at Lavalette (Aude), France, April 28, 1798,
died in 1853. Composer of church and
chamber music, pupil of Fetis at the Paris
38
FALCONE
Conservatoire, 1824-1827 ; became maitre
de cbapelle in Southern France. Of his
church music and romances were published
in Paris (Canaux) : Mass for three voices,
with two violins, viola, and bass ; Memorare,
motet for four voices, and organ ; Domine
nou secundum, for three voices and organ ;
O sacrum couvivium, do. ; Ecce panis, do. ;
Attende Domine, do. ; Ave vcrum, for two
voices ; Hymn to St. Vincent de Paule,
for do. ; Organ pieces, and many romances.
— Fetis ; Mendel.
FALCONE, ACHILLE, Italian contra-
puntist of the end of the 16th century, died
at Cosenza, Italy, Nov. 9, 1600. He was
maestro di cappella at Caltagirone. His
name is well known in musical history from
the long musical discussion as to the supe-
riority of his merits over those of his rival,
Sebastiano Eaval ; several of the best musi-
cians of the time, including Nanini and So-
riano, were made umpires. Baiui accords
him much praise. His madrigals were pub-
lished after his early death. — Fctis ; Men-
del ; Schilling ; Ambros, iii. 591.
FALCONIO (Falconius), PLACIDUS,
Benedictine monk, born at Asola, died in
the beginning of the 17th century. Church
composer, entered the convent of his order
at Brescia in 15-19. Works : Missai iutroi-
tus per totum annum (Venice, 1575) ; Pas-
sio, S. Voces hebdomadse sanctpe (ib.,
1580) ; Eesponsoria hebdomadaj sanctte, etc.
(Brescia, 1580) ; Turbarum vocis, etc. (ib.,
1580) ; Magnificat octo touorum (ib., 1588).
— Ft'tis ; Gerber (1812), ii. 73 ; Mendel ;
Ambros, iv. 79.
FALEGNAiNIE DI LIVONIA, IL (The
Carpenter of Livonia), Italian comic opera,
text by Eomani, music by Donizetti, repre-
sented at the Teatro di San Luca, Venice,
1819. The same libretto, set to music by
Giovanni Pacini, was given at Milan in
1819, and at Bergamo in 1832.
FALKNERS BRAUT, DES (The Fal-
coner's Bride), German opera, music by
Heinrich Marschner, given at Leipsie,
1832.
FALLANI, DO MEN I CO, Neapolitan
church composer, maestro di capisella at
Pozzuoli in the second half of the 18th
centurj'. He wrote masses, vespers, and
psalms for three and four voices, with two
violins, viola, and bass. His Orazione di
Geremia, for a solo voice, with violins, viola,
and organ, suggesting the style of Pergolesi
and Leo, is commended as a masterpiece.
—Fctis.
FALL BABYLONS, DER (The Fall of
Babylon), oratorio in two parts, text by
Oetker after the English of Edward Taylor,
music by Spohr, composed 1840, iirst per-
formed at Cassel, Good Friday, 1811 ; Mu-
sic Festival, Norwich, 1812 ; Exeter Hall,
London, 1843, conducted by Spolir in per-
son.— Spohr's Autobiography (English ed.),
ii. 247.
FALL'N IS THE FOE, chorus in D mi-
uoi", in Handel's Judas Maccabwus, Part II.
FALLOUARD, PIERRE JEAN IMICHEL,
born at Honfleur (Calvados), France, July
11, 1805, died there, April 16, 1865. Organ-
ist, pupil of Delaporte, whose successor he
became at St. Catharine's, Honfleur, in 1825,
and of Godefroi at Rouen. He then studied
the works of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven,
and formed many able jjupils. Works :
6 series of marches, pas-redoubles, etc., for
military band ; 6 valses brillantes for piano-
forte ; 2 quadrilles for 4 hands ; Variations
for clarinet ; 3 duos concertants for 2 clar-
inets ; Romances, with pianoforte ; Organ
and pianoforte music, and songs. — Fetis.
FAXiSTAFF, Italian comic opera in two
acts, text by Manfredo Maggioni, music by
Balfe, represented at Her Majesty's Thea-
tre, London, July 19, 1838. The libretto
is an adaptation from Shakespeare's " Merry
Wives of Windsor." The music was en-
tirely written within two mouths. Sung by
Grisi, Albertazzi, Caremoli, Lablache, Ru-
bini, and Tamburini, it won an unqualified
success. The trio, " Vorrei parlar," and the
melody, " O mia gioia," were very popular
and are still found in programmes. — Bar-
rett, Balfe, 122 ; Kenney, Memoir, 126.
FAMILLE
FAMELLE SUISSE, LA, opera-comique
iu one act, text bj Godart d'Ancourt (Saint-
Just), music by Boieldieu, reinesented at
the Theatre Feydeau, Paris, Feb. 12, 1797.
This, the composer's first work of impor-
tance, had a successful run of thirty nights,
alternately with Cherubini's Medee. — Pou-
gin, Boieldieu, 48.
FAMINZIN, ALEXANDER SERGIE-
VITCH, born at Kaluga, Russia, in 1841,
still living, 1888. Dramatic composer, pu-
2)il of Jeau Vogt in St. Petersburg, of Haupt-
mann, Richter, and Riedel in Leipsic (18G2-
Go), and of Seifriz at LOwenberg. In 1860
he was made jjrofessor of musical history
and aesthetics at the Conservatory of St.
Petersburg, and in 1870 secretary of the
Russian Music Society. Since 1869 he has
edited the Russian perioilical Musical Sea-
son, and he contributes also to other papers.
Works : Sardanapal, opera, given iu St.
Petersburg, 1875 ; Uriel Acosta, do., ib.,
1883 ; Triumph of Dionysos, symphonic
poem ; Russian rhapsody for violin and or-
chestra ; Quintet with pianoforte ; String
quartets ; Pianoforte pieces and songs.
— Mendel, Ergiinz. ; Riemann.
FAN.\TICO BURL.\TO, IL (The Fanatic
Ridiculed), opera buffa, music by Cimarosa,
performed at the Teatro del Foudo, Naples,
1787. It is probably identical with II fa-
natico in berliiia (The Fanatic iu the Pillory),
given iu Milan, 1792.
FANCHETTE, ou I'heureuse eprcuve,
opera-comique in three acts, text bj- Des-
fontaines, music by Dalayrac, rejiresented
at the Opera Comique, Paris, Sept. 13,
1788. An opera-comique of the same title,
in one act, text and music by Eugene De-
jazet, was produced at the Theatre Dejazet,
Paris, Feb. 4, 1860.
FANISKA, German opera in three acts,
text by Sonnleithner from the French, mu-
sic by Cherubini, represented at the Kiirnth-
nerthor Theater, Vienna, Feb. 25, 1806. It
had an immense reputation, being consid-
ered at one time superior to Beethoven's
Fidelio.
FANNA, ANTONIO, born in Venice in
1795, died there, March 15, 1845. Pianist,
wrote fantasias for pianoforte, caprices, etc.,
besides romances and canzonets for the
voice. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Viotta, i. 499.
FANTASIE mT CHOR, for pianoforte,
with orchestra and chorus, text by Christian
Kuffuer, music by Beethoven, op. 80, in C
minor, composed 1808, first performed iu
Vienna, Dec. 22, 1808 ; dedicated to King
Maximilian Josejih I. of Bavaria. Pub-
lished by Breitkopf & Hiirtel (Leipsic, 1811).
— Thayer, Verzeichniss, 77 ; Lenz, Bee-
thoven, ii. 188.
FANTASIO, opera-comique in three acts,
text after the comedy of Alfred de Musset,
music by Otfeubach, represented at the
Opera Comique, Paris, Jan. 18, 1872. The
role of the buffoon was played by Slme
Galli-:Marie ; Elsbeth by Mile Priola.
FANTASTIC SYMPHONY. See Epi-
sode de la vie d'un artiste.
FANTE, ANTONIO DEL, died in Rome,
Jlarch, 1822. He was maestro di cappella
of S. M. Maggiore, Rome, from 1817. He
left church and chamber music in MS.
— Fetis ; Mendel.
FANTON, NICOLAS, maitre de musique
of the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, 1757. He bad
previously held a similar position at the
Cathedral of Blois. He comiioscd motets,
and phyed at the Concerts Spirituels from
1754. His best compositions are in La-
lande's style. They were never published.
—Fetis ; Mendel.
FANUCCHI, DO:\IENICO, born in Lucca,
Italy, about 1795, died there, June 24, 1862.
Organist, pupil of Domenico Quilici, and of
Domenico Puccini. He became one of the
best performers of his tiine ; was maestro
of the Seminario of S. Martino. Works :
Masses ; Psalms ; Motets ; Hymns, etc.
(1820-1840).— Fetis, Supplement, i. 313 ;
Mendel, Ergilnz., xii. 100.
FARAMONDO (Pharamond), Italian op-
era in three acts, text by Apostolo Zeno,
but considerably altered, music by Handel,
fii'st performed at the King's Theatre,
40
FxiKEWELL
London, Jan. 7, 1738. The MS., in Buck-
ingliam PaLice, is dated, at the beginning,
Nov. 15, 1737, and at the end, Dec. 24,
1737. Within this time Handel wrote also
the Funeral Anthem for the obsequies of
Queen Caroline. The opera, the principal
parts in which were sung by the famous
artificial soprano Gaetano Majorauo (1703-
1783), called Caffarelli and by Madame
Elizabeth Duparc, called La Francesina, was
given but five times. Characters repre-
sented : Faramondo, Clotilde, Rosimonda,
Gustavo, Adolfo, Gernaudo, Teobaldo,
Childerico. It was first published by
"Walsh, 1738 ; full score, Htindelgesellschaft
(Leipsic, 1884). Ojseras of the same title
had been given previously by Pollarolo,
Venice, 1699 ; and Pori^ora, Naples, 1719.
■ — Schoelcher, Handel, 192 ; Eockstro, Han-
del, 208 ; Chrysander, ii. 447.
FAEEWELL OF HIAWATHA, THE,
ballad for baritone solo, male chorus, and
orchestra, by Arthur Foote, op. 11, first
given in the Boston (Mass.) Music Hall by
the Apollo Club, May 12, 188G. The text
is from Longfellow's poem.
FAEEWELL SYMPHONY. See Ab-
schieda sinfonie.
FAELi, LLTZ DA COSTA E, born at
Guarda, Portugal, Oct. 14, 1679, died (?).
He studied at the Theological Seminary,
took orders in 1724, and held important
offices in the province of Jlinho. Works :
Zarzuelas and vilhancicos, of which he wrote
words and music. — Fetis, Supplement, i.,
313 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 100 ; Vasconcellos.
FAEINA, CAELO, born in Mantua, Italy,
about 1.580, died (?). He was solo violinist
at the court of Savoy, and one of the earli-
est to write solo music for his instrument.
He published at Dresden, in 1G27, a collec-
tion of galliards, courants, etc., the best
part of which is appropriately called " Ca-
priccio Stravagante," wherein the violin is
made to imitate animal sounds, tlie fife, and
the guitar. A copy of this book is in the
Dresden Library. — Hart, Violin and its
Music, 172.
FAEINELLI, GIUSEPPE, born at Este,
Venetia, May 7, 1769, died at Trieste, Dec.
12, 1836. Eeal name Finco. Dramatic
composer, pupil in his native city of Do-
menico Liouelli, then in Venice of Marti-
nelli, and in Naples at the Conservatorio
della Pieta de' Turchini (where he changed
his name to Farinelli), of Barbiella in sing-
ing, of Fugo in thorough bass, and of Sala
and Tritto in composition. He pursued
also special studies under Picciuni, Fena-
roli, and Guglielmi. In 1808 he brought
out iu Venice the cantata II nuovo destino,
lived in Turin from 1810 to 1817, then for
a time in Venice, and in 1819 was appointed
maestro di cappella of San Giusto cathedral
and of the Teatro Grande in Trieste. His
operas, mostly comic, are in the style of
Cimarosa, and obtained great success ; he
was repeatedly invited to Vienna and Lis-
bon. As one of the last disciples of the
masters mentioned, he adhered strictly to
the old Neapolitan school, and was averse to
modern Italian music. Works — Operas :
La locandiera scaltra, Italy, about 1790,
Paris, 1805 ; L' amor sincero, about 1790 ;
Bandiera d' ogui vento, 1791 ; II finto sordo,
1791 ; La Pamela maritata, Venice, 1791 ;
Oro seuza oro, ib., 1792 ; LaGiulietta, 1792 ;
La finta sposa, about 1793 ; Teresa e Clau-
dio, Venice, 1793 ; L' amico dell' uomo,
about 1793 ; Uu effetto naturale, 1793 ;
41
FARINELLI
Odoardo e Cailottti, do. ; II colpevole salvato
dellacolpa, 1793; Aiiiietta.ossiavirtu trionta,
1794 ; L' iudoleute, about 1795 ; L' iucognita,
1795 ; La terza lettera ed il terzo martinel-
lo, Veuice, 1795 ; II duello jjer comi^limeuto,
1795 ; Idomeueo, 1796 ; Attila, 1797 ; L'
uomo iudolente, Najsles about 1797 ; 11
Cid delle Sjjagne, do. ; La Ginevra degli
Almieri, Turin, 1798 ; Lauso e Lidia, about
1798 ; II matrimonio per concorso, about
1799 ; Climeue, 1800 ; II trionfo d' Emilio,
about 1800 ; La caritea, 1801 ; II dotto-
rato di Pulcinella, 1802 ; La contadina di
spirito, 1803 ; H nuovo savio della Giecia,
1804 ; Raggiri a sorpresa, 1804 ; I riti d'
Efeso, 1804 ; L' inganno non dura, Naples,
1806 ; Adriano in Siria, Milau, 1815 ; Scij)i-
one in Cartagine, Turin, 1815 ; Zoraide,
Venice, 1816 ; La Cbiarina, Milan, 1816 ; II
testameuto a sei cento mille fraucbi, Turin,
1816 ; La donna di Bessarabia, Venice, 1819 ;
II nuovo destino, cantata, Veuice, 1808. — Nu-
volato, Storia di Este e del suo tenitorio
(Este, 1851), 563; Fotis, iv. 230; Grove;
Meudel ; Schilling ; do., Supjslement, 123 ;
Wurzbacli.
FARINELLI, serio-comic opera in two
acts, text by C. Z. Barnett, music by John
Barnett, represented at Druiy Lane Thea-
tre, London, Feb. 8, 1839. The part of
Farinelli (Carlo Broschi) was sung by
Balfe.
FARMER, JOHN, EngUsh composer of
the 16th century. Nothing is known of his
life. In 1591 he published a tract entitled
'"Divers and Sundrie waies of two Parts iu
one, to the number of fortie upon one
playn Song," etc., and he was one of the ten
composers employed by Este to harmonize
the tunes for his " Whole Book of Psalms "
(1592). In 1599 he published his "First
Set of English Madrigals to Foure Voyces,"
and in 1601 contributed to the " Tri-
umphes of Oriaua " the six-part madrigal,
"Faire uimphes I heard one telling."
— Grove ; Fetis ; Burney, Hist., iii. 134 ;
Hawkins, Hi.st., iii. 400 ; Meudel ; Ritter,
Music iu England, 40.
FARMER, THOiLVS, Euglish composer
of the 17tli centurj-. He was originally
one of the Waits of London, aud received
the degree of Mus. Bac, Cambridge, in
1684. He conti'ibuted songs to the "The-
atre of Music" (1685-1687) and to D'Urfey's
" Third Collection of songs " (1685) ; pub-
lished a " Consort of Musick in four parts,
containing 33 Lessons beginning with an
Overture " (1868) and a " Second Consort of
Musick, iu four jjarts, containing eleven
Lessons beginning with a Ground " (1G90).
PurceU composed an Elegy, text by Nahum
Tate, on his death, from which it is inferred
that he died young. — Grove ; Fetis ; Haw-
kins, Hist,, V. 18 ; Meudel.
FARNABY, GILES, born in Truro,
Cornwall, England, second half of 16th cen-
tury, died ('?). Comjjoser, graduated at
Oxford as Mus. Bac, July 9, 1592. He was
one of the composers employed by Thomas
Este to harmonize the tunes for the " Whole
Book of Psalms " (1592). Works : Canzonets
to foure voyces with a song of eight parts
(Loudon, 1598); Madrigal, "Come, Cha-
ron, Come," in MS. ; Music iu Queen Eliza-
beth's Virginal Book, preserved in the Fitz-
william Museum, Cambridge. — Grove; Fetis;
Larousse ; Bumey, Hist., iii. 112 ; Hawkins,
Hist., iii. 367 ; Ritter, Music iu England, 129.
FARNACE (Pharnaces), Italian opera,
music by Caldara, represented in Venice,
1703. The hero is Pharnaces, son of Mith-
ridates. King of Pontus, whose revolt led to
his father's death. The same subject has
been treated also by Pollarolo, Venice, 1718 ;
Bononcini, London, 1723 ; Vinci, Venice,
1724 ; Vivaldi, Venice, 1726 ; Riualdo da
Capua, Italy, about 1740 ; Arena, Rome,
1742 ; Traetta, Naples, 1750 ; Perez, Rome,
1750 ; Guglielmi, Italy, about 1765 ; Sarti,
Veuice, 1776 ; Sterkel, Naples, 1780 ; Ur-
bani, Dublin, 1784.
FARRANT, RICHARD, born in first half
of 16th century, died at Windsor, Nov. 30,
1580. He was one of the Gentlemen of the
Chapel Royal up to 1564 ; Master of the
Children of St. George's Chapel, Windsor,
42
FARREXC
q^.
aucl probably organist, in 1564-69 ; and
again Gentleman of the Chapel Eoj-al, from
1569 until his death. Works : High Ser-
vice, in G minor and A minor, in Tudway's
Collection, British Museum ; The anthems,
"Call to remembrance," and, "Hide not
Thou thy Face, O Lord," i^reserved in the
collections of Barnard and Boyce. The
anthem, "Lord, for Thy tender mercies'
sake," assigned to him, is attributed by ear-
lier writers to John Hilton ; and the anthem,
" OLord Almighty," is questionably assign-
ed to him by Tudway. — Grove ; Fe-
tis ; Burney, Hist., iii. 11; Hawkins,
Hist., iii. 249 ; Bitter, Music in Eng-
land, 39 ; Naumanu (Ouseley), i. 679.
F.ARRENC, JEANNE LOUISE,
(Dumont) in Paris, May 31, 1804,
there, Sept. 15, 1875. Pianist, pupil of
Moscheles, Hummel, and Reicha. In 1821
she married Aristide Farrenc (born at Mar-
seilles, April 9, 1794, died in Paris, Feb. 12,
1869), flutist and writer on music, with whom
she made several professional journeys. She
was professor of the pianoforte at the
Conservatoire, Paris, from 1842 to 1873.
Works : Etudes, sonatas, etc., for the piano-
forte ; Sonatas for pianoforte, violin, and
violoncello ; Duos ; 2 quintets ; a sestet ; a
nonet ; 2 symphonies ; and 3 overtures for
full orchestra. lu 1869 she was awarded by
the Academie des Beaux-Arts the prize for
chamber music. Her Tresor des Pianistes
(20 parts, Paris, 1861-72) contains master-
pieces of all the classical writers from the
16th century downwards. Her daughter.
Naumburg, for which he composed three
operas, then visited Italy, and after his re-
turn to Leipsic went to Darmstadt to study
harmony and counterpoint under Graupner
and Griiuewald. Having occupied different
positions at Gera (1715), Zeitz (1720), and
in the service of Count Morzin in Bohemia
(1721), he was appointed Hof kapellmeister
at Zerbst in 1722. Works : Berenice, op-
era, given at Zerbst, 1725 ; 2 sacred canta-
tas, for four voices and orchestra ; Orato-
rios ; Masses ; Motets ; Passions. In the
•'ivw
.^a
born 1 Royal Library at Dresden are in MS. : 45
died concertos for violin, flute, oboe, bassoon,
etc., with accompaniment ; 61 overtures for
orchestra ; 12 trios, and 13 symphonies for
string- and wind-instruments. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., vi. 576 ; Fetis ; Marpurg, Histo-
rischkritische Beitriige (Berlin, 1757), iii.
124 ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FASCH, KARL FRIEDRICH CHRIS-
TIAN, born in
Zerbst, Nov. 18,
1736, died in Ber-
lin, Aug. 3, 1800.
Son and pupil of
Jobann Friedrich
Fasch in organ
and theory, of
HOckli for violin,
and in Strelitz of — ' "
Hertel in all branches. He became in 1756
Victorine Louise Farrenc (1826-1859), was , accompanist to Frederick the Great, his
also a pianist and wrote music for her in- duty being, alternately with C. P. E. Bach,
to play the harpsichord to the king's flute.
In 1774-76 he directed the Court Opera. In
strument. — Fctis, iii. 186; do., Supplement,
i. 314 ; Grove ; Larousse.
FASCH, JOHANN FRIEDRICH, born at 1792 a small choral society for which he had
Buttelstiidt, Saxe-Weimar, April 15, 1688, ^ written pieces obtained a haU in the Acad-
died at Zerbst, Anhalt, in 1758 (1759?).
Dramatic comj)oser, pupil of Kuhnau at the
amy building, and became the Berlin Sing-
akademie, the prototj'pe of many such insti-
Thomasschule in Leipsic (1702-7), where he tutions all over Germany. He was its first
became a good pianist, and studied compo- artistic director, and was succeeded by his
sition from the works of Telemann. In , pupil Zelter. Shortly before his death he
1710 he accepted a call to the court of , caused to be burned all his compositions
43
FASCIIINGSSCHWANK
written previous to the mass for 16 voices.
Works : Vasco da Gama, opera, given in
Vienna, 1792; Mass for 16 voices; Chorals ;
Psahns ; Requiem ; Funeral cantata ; Can-
ons ; Cantatas ; Harpsichord pieces. Some
of his manuscript music is in the Berlin
Rojal Library-. His principal works were
2)ublished by the Singakademie in 1839.
— Zelter, K." F. C. Fasch (Berlin, 1801) ;
AUgem. d. Biogr., vi. 576 ; Fetis ; Mendel.
FASCHINGSSCHW.YNK AUS WIEN
(Carnival Jest from Vienna), for jjianoforte,
by Robert Schumann, op. 26, composed 1839.
It consists of five movements, three of which
are among the brightest and most attrac-
tive creations of the composer. The jjoiut
of the jest lies iu the first movement, in
which the Marseillaise, at that time inter-
dicted in Vienna, is surrej^titiously intro-
duced. External influences are easily recog-
nizable iu the other three movements, where
certain moods are represented iu the firmly
fixed forms of the Romance, the Scherzino,
and the Finale iu rondo form. — Maitland,
60 ; Riemann, 72.
FASTRli, JOSEPH, born at Flushing,
June 22, 1783, died at The Hague, April 13,
1812. Instrumental and vocal composer;
entered the service of a French regiment
in 1803, was stationed at Flushing and at
Dunkirk iu 1804, went with the regiment
to Germany in 180.5, and took part iu the
battle of Austcrlitz ; returned home in 1806,
and, having afterwards lived at Alkmaar and
Middelburg (1807), settled a"t The Hague,
where he became a member of the I'oyal
orchestra, and i^rofessor at the Conserva-
toire in 1830. AYorks : 12 songs for 2
voices ; 12 do. for 3 voices ; 6 do. for 2 so-
pranos and contralto ; Compositions for flute,
clarinet, and jjianoforte. — Fetis, Supple-
ment, i. 316 ; Mendel, Ergilnz., 101 ; Viotta.
FAT.\L OATH. See Oberon.
FATINITZA, operetta in three acts, text
by Zell and Genue, music by Franz von
Suppe, first represented in Vienna, Jan. 5,
1876. The libretto is an adaptation of La
Circassienne, opera-comique by Scribe and
Auber. On its production iu Paris, the
same year, a French text was supplied by
A. Delacour and Victor Wilder, in which a
woman inlays the riile of the young Russian
officer of Scribe's libretto. Fatinitza was
given in London in 1878.
FATTORIXI, GABRIELE, born at Fa-
enza, Roman States, lived in the begiuuing
of the 17th centiuy. A work by him, in the
Lyceo, Bologna, entitled: "I Sacri Con-
eerti a 2 voci col basso generale " (1608),
is supposed to be a reprint of his Sacri Con-
cert! a 2 voci commodi da cantare col or-
gano (Venice, 1600). This is interesting
as being one of the first works of the kind
ever produced, it marking the origin of the
new forms of religious music. His masses
are iu the Royal Librai'y, Munich. — Fe-
tis ; Gerber ; Mendel.
FAUBEL, JOSEF, born at Aschaffen-
burg, June 12, 1801, still living, 1889 (?).
Virtuoso on the clarinet, attached, when only
ten years old, to the orchestra of the Grand
Duke of Frankfort. In 1813, when that
State ceased to exist, he w-as enrolled in a
regiment of the city of Frankfort, and took
part in the campaign against France in
1811. After his return he devoted himself
to a thorough study of his instrument, and
in 1816 appeared wdth great success in
Frankfort, and in 1818 in Munich, where he
was at once engaged as court musician for
the royal orchestra. There Biirmann became
his great model, and his perseverance in
emulating him won him much well-deserved
applause ou concert tours in North Ger-
many (1825), Vienna (1831), Switzerland
(1833), Paris (1837), and Holland (1811).
He has composed solos, variations, duos,
etc., for his instrument.— Fetis ; Mendel.
FAUCON, LE, opera-comique in one
act, text by Sedaine, music by Monsigny,
represented at the Italiens, Paris, March
19, 1772. The subject is from Boccaccio.
FAUCONIER, BENOIST CONSTANT,
born at Fontainc-rEveque, April 28, 1816,
died at Thuiu, Feb. 16, 1877. Pianist, pu-
pil at the Brussels Conservatou-e, under
44
FAUGUES
Miclielot and Fotis, and became accom-
panist at the Conservatoire in 1839. After
making a professional tour with his wife
and Fi'Hx Godefroid, he settled in Paris
in 1840, but was in Rome in 18iG-1848.
AYorks : Uu an d'avenir, opera-comique, one
act, given in Brussels about 1850 ; La pa-
gode, opera-comique, two acts, text bj*
Saint-Georges, Paris, Sept. 26, 1859;
Masses, op. 88, 89, 90, 91, 117 ; Quartets
for violin, pianoforte, etc., with orchestral
accompaniment ; Pianoforte music ; Violin
music ; Hymns, songs, etc. — Fetis ; do.. Sup-
plement, i. 317 ; Mendel ; do., Ergiinz., 101.
FAUGUES (Fauques, Fagus, La Fage),
VINCENT, Flemish composer, born about
1415. He was a disciple of Guillaume Du-
fay and a writer of considerable merit.
His masses were much used during the
pontificate of Nicholas VL (1417-55).
Ambros gives part of his "Omme Anne,"
a mass preserved in MS. in the Pontifical
Chapel. — Fetis ; Kiesewetter, Gesch. ; Men-
del ; Nauraann (Ouseley), i. 317.
FAURE, GABRIEL^ French composer,
contemporary. Pianist, pujjil at the Ecole
de Masique Religieuse, Paris, where he won
the first prize for jiianoforte, and a prize for
harmony, 18G0, and one for composition in
1861. Works : Symphony for orchestra ;
Cantique de Racine, chorus ; Sonata for
violin and pianoforte ; Duos for 2 female
voices ; Vocal melodies. — Fetis, Supjjle-
ment, i. 320 : Mendel, Ergiinz., 102.
FAURE, JEANBAPTISTE, born at Mou-
liiis (Allier), France,
Jan. 15, 1830, living in
Paris, 1889. Baritone
singer and composer,
pupil at the Paris Con-
servatoire in 1843 in
solfege, then at the
Maitrise of the Ma-
deleine under Trevaux,
and subsequently of
Ponchard and Moreau-
Sainti at the Conservatoire. In 1852 he
won the 1st prize for singing and the 1st
prize for opera-comique. He made his de-
but, Oct. 20, 1852, at the Opera Comique
as Pygmalion in Masse's Galatee, sang in
London in 1860, in Berlin in 1861, and in
the same year made his first appearance at
the Opera, where he soon acquired great
reputation in leading roles, especially in
Don Giovanni, L'Africaine, Thomas's Ham-
let, and Gounod's Faust. He alternated
many years between Loudon and Paris, and
has sung also in Italy and Russia. He was
for a time in 1857 professor of singing at
the Paris Conservatoire and in 1874 at that
of Brussels. He is a man of wide general
culture and his eomj)ositions are highly
creditable. Works : 25 melodies for voice
and pianoforte ;
20 melodies for CA
do. ; Church
music ; Piano-
forte music. — Fetis ; do., Supplement, i.
318 ; Larousse ; Grove, i. 571 ; Mendel,
Ergiinz., xii. 101.
FAUSSE MAGIE, LA, opera-comique in
two acts, in verse, text by Marmontel, mu-
sic by Gretry, rej)resented at the Comedie
Italienne, Paris, Feb. 1, 1775. It contains
a famous duet between two old men,
" Quoi ! c'est vous qu'elle prefere ! " which
was long popular. La fausse magie was re-
produced in 1828 and again in 1863. It
has been reinstrumented by Eugene Pre-
vost.
FAUST, German opera in two acts, text
by J. C. Bernhard, music by Spohr, first
represented at Frankfort-on-the-Main, in
1818. The oi^era was written at Vienna, in
1813, for the Theater an der Wien, but for
some reason was not produced. The li-
bretto has little resemblance to Goethe's
poem, the first part of which had been pub-
lished in 1805, but follows more closely the
popular legend. It was successful, and was
soon produced at Cassel, Berlin, and else-
where. It was given in London by a German
company, at the Prince's Theatre, May 21,
1840. in 1852, Spohr went to London to
adapt the work for the Italian stage. He
45
FAUST
composed for it recitatives in place of tbe
spoken dialogue, and made other additions
and alterations. In this new form it was
produced with great success, under his own
direction, at Covent Garden, July 15, 1852,
with Castellan, Eonconi, Formes, and Tam-
berlik in the principal parts. The first mu-
sical-dramatic representation of the Faust
legend seems to have been the English -pcin-
tomime, The Necromancer ; or, Harlequin
Dr. Faustus, bj' John Ernest GalUard, j)ro-
duced in London, 1723. Other early ones
are : Doktor Fausts Zaubergiirtel (JNIagic
Girdle), by Phanty, Vienna, 1790 ; Harle-
quin and Faustus, Samuel Arnold, London,
1793 ; Doktor Faust, by Ignaz Walter, Han-
over, 1797 ; Fausts Leben und Thaten (Life
and Acts), Josef Strauss, 1815 ; Fausts
Leben, Thaten, und Hollenfalu-t (Descent to
Hell), by Lickl, Vienna, 1815 ; Faust, by
Wenzel MiiUer, Vienna, 1818 ; do., by J.
von Seyfried, Vienna, 1820 ; do., by Beau-
coui't, Paris, 1827 ; do., by Angelique Ber-
tin, ib., 1831 ; do., by Liudpaintner, Stutt-
gart, 1832 ; do., ballet, by Adolph Adam,
Paris, 1832 ; do., by de Pellaert, Brussels,
183i ; do., by Eietz, Diisseldorf, 1836 ;
Fausto, by Gordigiani, Florence, 1837 ;
Faust and Marguerite, by "Wilhelm Meyer-
Lutz, London, 1855 ; Faust, musical drama
iu four acts and prelude, by Hcini-ich Zoll-
ner, given with success in Munich, Oct. 19,
1887. There have been many burlesques of
the legend, and it has also been a prolific
theme for a great deal of incidental music,
iu the form of overtures, symjjhonies, etc.
— K. Engel, Bibhotheca Faustiana (Olden-
burg, 1874) ; Edwards, Lyrical Drama, i.
149.
FAUST, grand opera in five acts, test by
jMichel Carre' and Jules Barbier, music by
Charles Gounod, first represented at the
Theatre LjTique, Paris, March 19, 1859 ;
and at the Academie Impuriale de Musique,
March 3, 1869. The libretto, an adapta-
tion of Goethe's jjoem, follows the first part
jjretty closely. The original cast in Paris
■was as follows :
Faust M. Barbot.
Mcphistoplielus M. Balanque.
Marguerite Mme Miolan-Carvalho.
Valentin M. Ismael.
Siebel JMlle Faivre.
Marthe Mme Duclos.
The same parts were sung at the Academie,
iu 1869, by Colin, Faure, Nilsson, Devoyod,
and Mauduit. This work at once placed
Gounod iu the front rank of living compos-
ers. It had even a greater success on the
Continent than in Paris, and it has been per-
formed on all the principal stages of the
world. It was first given in London, at
Her Majesty's Theatre, June 11, 1863, and,
Miolan-Carvalho. as Marguerite.
in an Italian version, as Faust e Margherita,
at Covent Garden, July 2, 1863. An Eng-
lish version, text by Chorley, was played at
Her Majesty's Theatre, Jan. 23, 1864. It
was first performed in Germany at Darm-
stadt, 1861, as Faust, and in Berlin, 1863, as
Margarethe. Its fii'st representation in New
York took place at the Academy of IMusic,
Nov. 25, 1863. The first act, which is in the
nature of a prelude, introduces Faust iu his
study with Mt'phistopheles. In act second is
the Kermesse, in which Marguerite is intro-
duced. In the third is the garden scene,
which leads to Marguerite's fall. In the
fourth, or cathedral act, occurs the death
of Valentin and his malediction upon his
46
FAUST
sister. Tlie fiftb, or prison act, includes
Marguerite's deatli in j^rison and her apo-
theosis. Tlie most popular of the numbers
are the weird drinking song of Mophisto-
plielos, " Veau d'or ; " the phrase of the old
man at the Ivermesse, "Aux jours de di-
manche;"the cavatiua bj' Faust, "Salut, de-
nieure chaste et pure ; " the ballad sung by
Marguerite at the S2)inning-wheel, "II etait
un roi de Thule ;" the love scene, "Lais-
sez-moi coutempler ton visage ; " the pas-
sionate duet between Faust and Marguerite,
"O unit d'amour, ciel radieux ; " and the sol-
diers' chorus, " Gloire immortelle de iios
a'ieux." The role of Marguerite, created by
Mme Carvalho, has been since worthily
filled by Patti, Lucca, Nilsson, and Valleria.
• — Edwards, Lyrical Drama, i. iG, 1G.5.
FAUST, musical portrait, for full orches-
tra, by Anton Eubinsteiu, op. GS. Pub-
lished by Siegel.
FAUST, CARL, born at Neisse, Silesia,
Feb. 18, 1825, still living, 1880. Dance
music composer, jjupil of Herrling at Anua-
berg, was bandmaster in two regiments
from 18.53 to 18G5, when he left the mili-
tary service to conduct a concert-orchestra
at Breslau ; in 18G9 he was appointed city
music director at Waldenburg. His com-
positions, consisting exclusively of dances
and marches, number more than 200, and
are popular in North Germany, but will
not bear comparison with those of the Vien-
nese comjiosers. — Fetis, Suiipk'ment, i. 321 ;
Mendel.
FAUST-OUVERTURE, EINE (A Faust
Overture), for orchestra, by Richard Wag-
ner, written in Paris, 1839-40 ; first per-
formed in Dresden, July 22, 1814. This
work, the first in Wagner's true style, was
conceived after a rehearsal of Beethoven's
Ninth Symphony at the Conservatoire. It
was intended as the first movement of a
Faust symphony, but was finally laid aside
until 1855, when it was revised, given at a
concert in Zurich, and published. It is a
masterpiece of instrumentation. It was
given in New York, by the Philharmonic
Society, in 1S5C-7, and in Boston, by the
Philharmonic Societ}', Jan. 3, 1857. — Grove,
iv. 35 L
FAUST, SCENEN AUS GOETHE'S
(Scenes from Goethe's Faust), for soli,
chorus, and orchestra, by Robert Schu-
mann, comjiosed in 1844, 1847, 1849, 1850,
1853, published in 1858 (Breitkopf & Hiir-
tel). In musical importance, as in extent,
this is to be regarded as the greatest work
of the composer's later years. It is divided
as follows : Part I. No. 1. Scene im Garten
(Garden Scene), 1849 ; No. 2. Gretchen vor
dem Bild der Mater dolorosa (Margaret
before the picture of the Mater dolorosa),
1849; No. 3. Scene in Dom (Cathedral
Scene), 1849. Part 11. No. 4. Ariel, Sou-
nenaufgang (Sunrise), 1849 ; No. 5. Mitter-
nacht (Midnight), 1850; No. G. Faust's
Tod (Faust's Death), 1853. Part IH. No.
7. Faust's Verkliirung (Faust's Transfigura-
tion), subdivided into seven scenes (April,
1847). The third part contains the most
valuable numbers, and in it aU Schumann's
noblest qualities as a composer are seen to
the best advantage. His purity of emotion,
his keenness of spiritual insight, here find
their j^roper sphere. The airy, incorjDoreal
world of spirits in which this portion takes
place is most faithfully reproduced in the
music. This third part includes the whole
last scene of the second part of Goethe's
poem ; Schumann wrote two versions of the
concluding Chorus Mysticus, one to be used
when the whole work was given, the other
when the third part was performed sepa-
rately. Begun at the height of his maturity
(1844), various portions were finished at dif-
ferent times, and the overture was written
in 1853. The first part was performed in
Leipsic, Dresden, and Weimar, Aug. 29,
1849, on the 100th anniversary of Goethe's
birth. The first performance of the com-
plete composition took place in Leipsic, at
the Gewandhaus, under the direction of
Carl Reinecke, Dec. 4, 18G2.— Maitland, 92,
Reissmann, 198 ; Ambros, Bunte Blatter,
ii. 169 ; Samml. mus. Vort., i. 121.
FAUST
FAUST-SYMPHONIE, EINE (A Faust
Hyrupboiiy), iu three cbaracter-pictures, af-
ter Goethe, and a chorus, for orchestra and
men's voices, by Franz Liszt, dedicated to
Hector Beriioz. Part I. Faust; II. llar-
garete ; III. Mephistopheles. Published in
score and parts ; also for pianoforte, two
hands (Schuberth). — Tretbar, Analytical
Eeview of A Faust Symphon}'.
FAUST, ZWEI EPISODEN AUS LE-
NAU'S (Two Episodes from Lenau's Faust,
i.e., Nikolaus Lenau's drama of that title),
for orchestra, by Fi-anz Liszt. I. Der
nachtliche Zug ; II. Der Tanz in der Dorf-
schenke (Mephisto-Walzer). Published in
score and parts ; also for pianoforte, two
and four hands (Schuberth).
FAUVEL, ANDEfi JOSEPH, surnamed
the elder, born in Bordeaux iu 1756. Vio-
linist, studied under several masters, par-
ticularly Gervais. He had Rode for a i)upil
iu 1782, and went with him, in 1787, to Paris,
where he was a member of the orchestra
of the Opera in 1814-34. Published violin
music and a Symphouie Concertaute which
was played at the Lycee des Arts iu 1800.
— Fetis.'
FAVAEGER, REXfi, born iu France
about 1815, died at l5tretat, near Havre,
Aug. 3, 18G8. Pianist, lived for many years
in London, where he was in great demand
as a teacher. He composed many morceaux
de genre, some of which became popular
even outside of France. — Fetis, Suppk'meut,
i. 321.
FAVORITE, LA, grand opera in four
acts, text by Alphonse Royer and Gustave
Wai'Z (Van Niewenhuysen), music by Doni-
zetti, represented at the Academic Royale
de Musique, Paris, Dec. 2, 1840. The work
was written originally in three acts, under
the title of L'ange de Nisida, Tlu'utre de la
Renaissance, and on the closing of that the-
atre was transferred to the Academie, where
a fourth act was added with the collabora-
tion of S(!ribe. The subject is an adajstation
of Baculard-Darnaud's tragedy, Le comte
de Commiuges. Fernand, a novice in the
Convent of St. James of Compostella, is
about to take monastic vows when he sees
and loves at sight a lady worshipping in the
cloisters. He confesses his love to Baltha-
sar, his superior, renounces monastic life,
and goes out into the world. The lady who
has inspired his passion is Leonore de Gus-
man, the favourite of Alphonse XI., King
of Castile, who has resolved, though threat-
ened with excommunication, to repudiate
I #-^ ,.
M
Rosine Stolz, as L6onore.
his queen anil marry her. Fernand, who
does not know her relations with the king,
seeks her retreat, declares his love, and begs
her to fly with him. She reciprocates his
passion but refuses to follow him, and urges
him to go to the wars and win honours for
her sake. He performs signal services
against the Moors, and returns to demand
as a recompense the hand of Li'onore. The
king, who has discovered that his mistress
loves Fernand, gives her to him, and hast-
48
\r
FAWCETT
ens the marriage, meanwhile intercepting
a message sent to Fernaud by Lt'ouore to
inform him of her relations with the king,
and begging his forgiveness. Fernaud dis-
covers his dishonour when too late, breaks
his sword, and returns for consolation to
his convent. Leonora follows him thither,
and dies at his feet as he comes from the
church where he has pronounced eternal
vows. The music of La Favorite is dramatic,
passionate, and full of melody. Among the
best numbers are the cavatina, " Uu ange,
une femme iuconnue ; " the duo, " Idole si
douce et si chere ; " the aria, " O mou Fer-
naud " (Ital., O mio Fernando) ; the chorus,
" Freres, creusons I'asile ; " and the romanza,
"Ange si pur" (Spirto gentil), the last trans-
ferred from Donizetti's opera, Le Due
d'Albe. lu the original cast Mme Stolz
sustained the part of Lconore ; Duprez, Fer-
naud ; Baroilhet, Alphouse ; and Levasseur,
Balthasar. Up to 1876 it had had 481 rep-
resentations in Paris. The opera was pro-
duced in Italian, as La Favorita, in London,
at Her Majesty's Theatre, Feb. IG, 18i7.
— Larousse, viii. 1G7 ; Liszt, Ges. Schr., iii.
110.
FAWCETT, JOHN, born at Bolton-le-
Moors, Lancashire, in 1789, died there, Oct.
26, 1SG7. Originally a shoemaker, he be-
came a musician iu his native town, and
composed three sets of psalm and hymn
tunes, popular iu Lancashire, entitled, The
Voice of Harmony, The Harp of Zion, and
Miriam's Timbrel. He also arranged the
accompaniment of a collection of psalm and
hymn tunes, selected by Jose^jh Hart, called
" Melodia divina "(1810), and wrote an ora-
torio, Paradise, which was published in
1853.— Grove ; Fetis ; Mendel.
FAWCETT, JOHN, boru iu Bolton-le-
Moors iu 1824, died in Manchester, July 1,
1857. Organist, son and pupil of the pre-
ceding. He became organist of St. John's,
Farnworth, in 1835, and of the parish
church, Bolton, in 1842. In 1845 he en-
tered the Academy of Music, London,
studied under Sterudale Bennett, and was
organist of Curzou Chapel in 1845-46. Mus.
Bac, Oxford, 1852. Works : Supplication
and Thanksgiving, cantata (degree exercise) ;
Anthems ; Glees ; Songs, etc. — Grove.
FAY, ETIENNE, born at Tours (ludre-
et-Loire) iu 1770, died at Versailles, Dec.
6, 1845. Dramatic singer and composer,
made his musical studies while a chorister
in the MetroiJolitau Church of his native
city. He made his debut as a tenor at the
Theatre de la rue de Louvois, Paris, in
1790, entered up)on an engagement at the
Theatre Favart iu 1792, aud at the Feydeau
about 1795 ; upon the fusion of these two
enterprises into the Opera Comique, in 1801,
he went to Brussels, came back to Paris in
1804, to bring out an opera, and again, in
1819, to sing at the Of)era Comique, having
meanwhile travelled and sung for a long
time iu the provinces. In 1820 he went to
Holland, aud the year after was engaged
at the Theatre du Gymnase in Paris, but
soon returned to Belgium, and lived there
until 1856, when he finally settled iu Paris.
Works — Ojoeras : Flora, given at the The-
atre Louvois, 1791 ; Le projet extravagant,
Le bon pere, ib., 1793 ; L'interieur d'un me-
nage rejiublicaiu, vaudeville, Theatre Favart,
1794 ; Les rendez-vous espaguols, ib., 1795 ;
Emma, ou le soupjon, Clementine, ou la
belle-mere. Theatre Feydeau, 1795 ; La
famille savoyarde, ib., 1800 ; La bonne
aventure. Theatre des Jeunes Eleves, 1802 ;
Julie, Opera Comique, 1804. — Fetis ; do.,
Supplement, i. 321.
FAYRFAX (Fairfax), ROBERT, born at
Bayford, Herts, in the latter jxart of the
15th century, died at St. Alban's. He is
supposed to have been organist, or chanter,
at St. Alban's Abbey, early in the 16th cen-
tury. In 1504 he was given the degree of
Mus. Doc. at Cambridge, and iu 1511 at
Oxford. In the British Museum is a vol-
ume of part-songs for two, three, and four
voices, in MS., once belonging to Dr. Fayr-
fax, which contains some of his own among
other compositions, and which is probably
\ the oldest collection of English secular part-
49
FAZZKI
songs in existence. Four tbree-part songs
by him are preserved in Smitli's "Musica
Antiqua," and others in Burney and Haw-
kins. Several of his sacred compositions
are in MS. in the Music School, Oxford.
— Grove ; Naumann (Ouseley), i. 668 ; Am-
bros, iii. Hi ; Fetis.
FAZZINI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, born
in Eome. Singer in the Pontifical Chapel in
1760. A distinguished composer in the old
Roman style, he was successively maestro
di cappella of Sta. Cecilia, of Sta. Margarita,
and of Sta. ApoUonia in Trastevere. His
masses were in the Sautini collection. — Fe-
tis ; Mendel.
FEBURE. See Lefibure.
FEDE EICONOSCIUTA, LA, Italian
opera, text and music by Benedetto Mar-
cello, represented at Vicenza, 1702 and
1729.
FEDELE. See Treu.
FEDELI, RUGGIERO, born in Italy about
1670, died in Cassel in 1722. He was Ka-
pellmeister of the Landgrave of Hesse-Cas-
sel in 1700, and was afterwards in the service
of the Iving of Prussia. He ■wi-ote operas,
even the titles of which are forgotten. His
funeral mass for the death of the queen
was considei'ed his best work (Berhn, 1755).
— Fetis ; Mendel.
FEDERICI, FRANCESCO, born in
Rome, lived there in the second half of
the 17th century. Priest and composer.
Works : Santa Christina, oratorio (1676) ;
Santa Catarina di Siena, oratorio (1676).
Burney gives airs from one of these. He
published also songs. — Fetis ; Burney, Hist.,
iv. 117 ; Mendel.
FEDERICI, VINCENZO, born at Pesaro
in 1764, died in Milan, Sept. 26, 1826.
Dramatic composer, pupil of Angelo Gadani
at Bologna ; at the age of sixteen he went
to England, and thence to America ; re-
turned to London, where he taught music,
and derived inspiration from the works of
Handel and the old Italian composers. En-
gaged as pianist at the Italian opera, he be-
came familiar with the works of Cimarosa,
Paisiello, and Sarti, but was incited, partic-
ularly by Haydn's symphonies, to the serious
study of composition, and went to Italy in
1785 to become a pupil of Francesco Bian-
chi. After another sojourn in London, 1792
-1802, he returned to Italy, and in 1809 was
appointed professor of counterpoint at the
newly erected Conservatorio, and in 1826
succeeded IMinoja as its censore (director).
In 1812 he visited Paris to bring out an
opera. Works — Operas : Olimpiade, Turin,
1790 ; Demofoonte, Zenobia, London, about
1792 ; Nitteti, ib., about 1793 ; Didone ab-
bandonata, ib., about 179-4 ; Castore e Pol-
luce, II giudizio di Numa, Milan, 1803 ;
Oreste in Tauride, ib., 1804 ; La Sofonisba,
Turin, 180.5 ; Idoraeneo, Zaira, Milan, 1806 ;
La couquista dell' Indie, Turin, 1808 ; Ifi-
genia in Aulide, Milan, 1809 ; Virginia,
Eome, 1809 ; La locandiera scaltra, Paris,
1812. Teseo, cantata ; Other cantatas ;
Sonatas for pianoforte, and other instru-
mental pieces. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling ;
Wurzbach.
FEEN, DIE (The Fairies), romantic
opera in three acts, text and music by
Richard Wagner, written in 1833, first rep-
resented at Munich, June 29, 1888. The
overture alone was played at Magdeburg in
1834. The original score, dedicated to liis
patron, King Ludwig H. of Bavaria, was
found among that monarch's effects after his
death. The libretto is a German version of
an Italian tale by Gozzi, which deals with
the difficulties attending the love of Ai'indal,
a mythical jsrince, and Ada, a fairy. — Mus.
Wochenblatt (1887), 325, 337 ; Athena"um
(1888), ii. 41.
FELDLAGER IN SCHLESIEN, DAS
(The Camp of Silesia), German opera in
three acts, text by Rellstab, music by
Meyerbeer, represented in Berlin at the
opening of the new opera-house, Dec. 7,
1844 (the old one was burned, Aug. 18,
1843). In this opera, the subject of which
is an episode in the life of Frederick the
Great, Jenny Lind made a wonderful success
in the character of Vielka, which was writ-
60
FELICI
ten especially for her. Mosclieles, writing
(Jan. 10, 1845) of her performance, says :
" Jenny Lind Las fairly enchanted me ; she
is unique in her way, and her song with two
concertante flutes is perhaps the most in-
credible feat in the way of bravura singing
that can possibly be heard." She achieved
Jenny Lind.
a still more extraordinary success in Vienna,
where she appeared in the same role, Feb.
17, 1817, as much as eighty florins being
paid for seats. The oj^era has never been
given out of Germany, but the composer
transferred many of its best numbers to
h'^toile du Nord.
FELICI, BARTOLOMEO (Alessandro ?),
born in Florence about 1730, died ('?).
Dramatic composer. His operas, L' amante
contrastato, 1768 ; L' amore soldato, 1769 ;
and La cameriera astuta, 1769, were per-
formed in many of the Italian theatres. He
wrote quartets for the violin, and psalms
with orchestral accompaniment. His school
of composition, opened in Florence in 1770,
was celebrated. — Fetis ; do.. Supplement, i.
322 ; Mendel.
FELIS, STEFFANO, born at Bari, Italy,
about 1550, composer, canon, and maestro
of the cathedral in 1583. He went to
Prague with his patron Philippe Domi-
nique de Cro}', and jJublished masses there
(1588). He published also motets, mad-
rigals, etc.— Fetis ; Mendel ; Walther, 212 ;
Viotta, i. 505.
FELIX, ou I'enfant trouve (The Found-
ling), comedy in three acts, text by Sedaine,
music by Monsigny, represented at the
Italiens, Paris, Nov. 24, 1777, after a private
performance (Nov. 10th) before the court
at Fontainebleau. Although Monsigny was
but forty-eight years old, this was his last
work. He said, on the day when he finished
this score, that music was dead for him.
The subject of the opera, Felix, a found-
ling brought up by an honest villager, loves
Therese, the daughter of his foster-father,
but flies from his house on account of the
hatred of his son. He saves the life of an
unknown seigneur, who turns out to be his
father and the owner of a considerable sum
of money in the hands of the villager. The
money is restored, Felix marries Thuruse,
and all ends happily.
FELL, ANTONIO, died at Palermo in
1867. Dramatic composer, pupil of Eai-
mondi ; composed several operas, among
which are especially commended : Eufemia,
and La sposa d' Abido ; also several masses
and many other works of various kinds.
— Futis, Supplement, i. 322.
FELL RAGE AND BLACK DESPAIR,
soj^rano air in A major, of Michal, in Han-
del's Saul, Part I
FELTON, WILLIAM, born in 1713, died
Dec. 6, 1769. Organist, vicar-choral of
Hereford Cathedral in the middle of the
18th century. He was an able performer
also on the harpsichord. Works : 3 sets of
concertos for organ in imitation of those
of Handel ; also 2 or 3 sets of lessons for
organ. Felton's Gavot was long popular,
and his Funeral Chant is still much sung.
— Grove ; Fetis ; Burney, History, iv. 664.
FELTRE, ALPHONSE CLARKE, Comte
DE, born in Paris, June 27, 1806, died there,
Dec. 3, 1850. Dramatic composer, pupil of
Reicha in 1825 and advised by Boieldieu.
FEMME
He was the third son of the Mart-chal due
de Feltre, and served as an oiScer in the
army until 1829, when he devoted himself
entirely to composition. Works — Operas :
Une aventure de Saiut-Fois (1830) ; La
garde de nuit, given at the Princesse de
Vaudemont's, 1831 (rewritten in part, 1844,
and called Le capitaine Albert) ; Le fils du
prince, Opt'ra Comique, 1834 ; L' incendio
di Babilouia(1841) ; Valorie (unfinished) ; Li-
strumental and vocal music. — Fetis ; Mendel.
FEJniE SENSIBLE, ENTENDSTU
LE R.\jMAGE ? See Ariodanl.
F£]MY, FRANCOIS, known as Femy
I'ainc', bom in Ghent, Oct. 4, 1790. Vio-
linist and dramatic composer, pupil of
Kreutzer at the Paris Conservatoire, where
he took the prize for harmony in 1806 and
for violin in 1807. For several years he
was a member of the orchestra of the The-
atre des Variett's, then travelled in France
and Germany, and in 1834 settled at Rot-
terdam. Works : Les trois Hussards, comic
ofiera, given at Antwerp, 1813 ; Der Rau-
graf, German opera, Frankfort, 1827 ; 4
symphonies ; 3 concertos for violin and or-
chestra ; Quartets, duos, romances, varia-
tions, etc., for violin. — Fetis ; do., Sui:)pl(''-
ment, i. 323 ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FENAROLI, FEDELE, born at Lanci-
ano, Abruzzi, in 1752, died in Naples, Jan.
1, 1818. Contrapuntist, ^nipil of Durante
at the Conservatorio of Loreto, Naples. He
became maestro of the Conservatorio de'
Turchini, and had many celebrated pupils.
Works : 12 motets ; 4 masses with orches-
tra ; a Requiem mass ; 2 Miserere for four
voices ; Ave Maria for four voices ; Hymns
and psalms for special occasions. He pub-
lished studies in counterpoint and techni-
cal works. — Fetis ; Larousse ; IMendel.
FENZI, MOTOR, born at Naples, died
at Moscow, April, 1827. Violoncellist, and
composer for his instrument ; went in 1807
to Paris, where he played at several con-
cei'ts, and after visiting Germany settled in
Russia. Works : 4 concertos for violon-
cello ; Several pot-pourris ; 2 books of
trios ; 3 do. of airs varies (published in
Paris and Germany). His brother Giu-
seppe was considered the best violoncellist
in Naples, made concert tours in Italj', and
composed concertos and airs varies for his
instrument. — Fetis ; IMendel ; Schilling.
FEO, FRANCESCO, born in Naples
about the end of the 17th century. Dra-
matic composer, jDupil of Domeiiico Gizzi
in singing and composition, and in Rome
of Pitoni in counterpoint. He succeeded
Gizzi in 1740 as director of the singing
school of Naples, and had many famous pu-
pils. Gluck is said to have taken the motif
of a chorus in his Telemaceo from a Kyrie
by Feo, which he afterwards reproduced in
his lijhigenie en Aulide. Some of Fee's
church music in SIS. is jjreserved in the li-
brary of the Conservatoire, Paris. Works
— Operas : L' amor tirannico, ossia Zenobia,
three acts, given in Naples, Jan. 18, 1713 ;
Siface, re di Numidia, three acts, ib., 1728 ;
Ipermestra, Rome, 1725 ; Arianna, ib.,
1728 ; Andromacca, ib., 1730 ; Ai\sace, ib.,
1731. Three intermezzi : Don Chisciotte
della Maucia ; Coriando lo sjjeziale ; II ve-
dovo. An oratorio : La distruzione dell'
esercito de' Cananei con la morte de Sisera,
given in Prague, 1739. A requiem ; Masses ;
Psalms ; Litanies, etc. — Fetis, iii. 200 ;
do.. Supplement, i. 323 ; Mendel, iii. 489 ;
do., Ergiinz., 102 ; SchiUiug ; Gerbei*.
FERAMORS, lyric opera, in three acts,
text by Julius Rodeuberg, music by Anton
Rubinstein, given in Dresden, 18G3. Sub-
ject from Thomas Moore's "Lalla Rookh."
Feramors is the young poet who entertains
Lalla Rookh with poetical recitations while
on her journey from Delhi, to be married to
the sultan. She falls in love with the poet
and finds, to her joy, on her wedding-morn,
that the jjoet and the sultan are one. The
opera was given in Vienna, April 24, 1872.
— Hanslick, Moderne Oper, 325.
FERANDINI, GIOVANNI, born in Ven-
ice, beginning of the 18th century, died in
Munich in 1793. Dramatic composer, pu-
pil of Antonio Bitfi, maestro di cappella of
FERNAND
San Marco. He went to Muuicli as court
oboist, and became director of chamber mu-
sic, and subsequently councillor and Ka-
pellmeister. Works — Operas: Berenice,
given at the Court Theatre iu Munich, 1780 ;
Adriano in Siria, Demofoonte, ib., 1737 ;
Artaserse, ib., 1739 ; Catone in Utica, ib.,
1753; Diana placata, ib., 1758; Talestri,
ib. ; II festiuo, Parma, 175G ; Componi-
nieuto drammatico per 1' iucorouazione di Ca-
rolo VII, etc., Munich, 1742. Many canta-
tas, thirty of which are iu the Royal Library
at Dresden ; Sonatas for the flute (Amstei'-
dam, 1730) ; Comijositions for alto-viol and
lute. — Ft'tis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FERNAND CORTEZ, ou la conquC-te du
Mexiquo (The Conquest of Mexico), opera
in three acts, text by Etienne Jou}', after
Piron's drama, music by Spontini, repre-
sented at the Academie Imperiale de j\Iu-
sique, Paris, Nov. 28, 1809, before the Em-
peror Napoleon and the Kings of Saxony
and "Westphalia. The original text was
written by Jouy. Napoleon hoping to in-
fluence public opinion in favour of his
plans for the Sjiauish war, the Minister of
the Interior desired Jouy to introduce into
the libretto more distinct allusions to the
topics of the day. Jouy declining to alter
the text, a few additions and alterations
were made by Esmenard, the part of Monte-
zuma being suppressed altogether. Though
the opera was a success, it had but twenty-
four representations in seven years. On
May 28, 1817, it was revived, with consider-
able changes by Jouy, the third act be-
coming the first, the first act the second,
and a part of the second the third. The
part of Montezuma was reinstated and the
character of Amazily strengthened. In its
second form Cortez achieved a new success.
It kept the Paris stage up to 1839, when
248 representations had been given. It
was produced in Berlin, April 20, 1818, and
elsewhere soon after. In 1823, when Spon-
tini was Kajjellmeister at Berlin, the third
act was remodelled by the jsoet Thi'auleon,
and in this form the pianoforte score was
published by Hofmeister of Leipsic. The
full score was published in Paris in 1882.
Cortez was produced in Stockholm in 1826
and again in 1838 ; in Vienna, 1854 ; and
in New York, iu German, at the Metropol-
itan Opera House, Jan. 6, 1888. The plot,
in its present form, is as follows : Alvarez,
brother of Cortez, and other Spaniards,
prisoners to the Mexicans and about to be
sacrificed, are preserved by Montezuma as
hostages for the departure of the invaders.
Amazily, sister of Tclasco, the Mexican
commander, has become a Christian and
Alexandrine Branchu.
fled to Cortez, whom she loves, but revisits
the city to endeavour to bring about peace.
Montezuma sends her back to the Spanish
camp to arrange an armistice, and Telasco,
who has been undermining the fidelity of
Cortez's soldiers by presents, follows her
under a flag of truce to second her efibrts.
Cortez quells an insurrection which breaks
out, and holds Telasco as a hostage for the
safety of Alvarez and his companions ; but,
the release of the Spaniards being promised
by the Mexicans, he suffers Tulasco to re-
turn. Telasco opposes the keeiaing of faith
with Cortez, and the prisoners are about to
meet their doom, when Amazily swims the
lake and offers her life for them. But the
S3
FERNANDO
sacrifice is unnecessary, for Cortez storms
the city, saves all, and peace is made.
Oeigujal Cast at the Opera, Paris, 1809.
Amazily (S.) Mme Braucbu.
Fernand Cortez (T.) M. Laino.
Telasco (Bar.) M. Lais.
Alvar (T.) M. Laforet.
Le Grand Pretre (B.) M. Derivis.
c.ast at the metropolitan opera house,
New York, 1888.
Amazily (S.) Frl. Meisslinger.
Feruaud Cortez (T.) Herr Niemann.
Montezuma (Bar.) Herr Elmblad.
Tulasco (Bar.) Herr Robinson.
Alvarez (T.) Herr Alvary.
High Priest (B.) Herr Fischer.
— Le Monestrel (1874), Sept. G, 13, 20, 27,
Oct. i ; 11. Eocliette, Notice liistorique . . .
de Spontiui (Paris, 1852) ; Grove, iii. G68 ;
Krehbiel, Review (1887-88) ; N. Y. Evening
Post, Jan. 7, 1888.
FERNANDO, German operetta in one
act, text by Albert Stadler, music by Franz
Schubert, written in Vienna, 1815, but nev-
er represented. It was composed in six
days. The original score is in the posses-
sion of Dr. Eduard Schneider, Vienna.
FERR.\BOSCO (Ferabosco), ALFONSO,
Italian musician, settled in England in the
middle of the 16th century. He composed
motets, madrigals, and pieces for the virgin-
als, and ranked as one of the first musicians
of the Elizabethan era. His Madrigali a 4
voci were published iu Venice in 1542, and
his Madrigali a 5 voci in 1587. Many of
his madrigals were printed in the two
books of Musica Transaljnua (1588, 1597) ;
and several are extant in MS. — Fctis ;
Grove ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FERRABOSCO, ALFONSO, born at
Greenwich, England, about 1580, died in
1652. Sou of the preceding ; one of the
grooms of the privy chamber of James I.
and instructor in music of Prince Henry.
Works : Volume of " Ayres," which contains
many of the songs in Ben Jonson's plays
(London, 1G09) ; Lessons for 1, 2, and 3
viols (London, 1609) ; Fancies for viols,
etc. A song by him, " Shall I seek to ease
my grief ?," from the " Ayres," is published
by Dr. Rimbault (Novello). — Fc'tis ; Grove.
" FERRABOSCO (Ferrabosehi), DOMENI-
CO :M.YRIA, born in Rome, first half of the
16th century. He was maestro of the chor-
isters in the Vatican Chapel from 1547 to
1548, when he became maestro di cappella
of S. Petronio, Bologna. Called to Rome to
become a member of the Pontifical Choir, in
1550, he was obliged to resign in 155G, in
accordance with the Pope's decree that none
but priests could belong to the college, he
having meanwhile married. His motets are
published in Gardane's collection (Venice,
1554). His celebrated chanson, lo mi son
giovinetta, is in Vincenzo Galilei's Fronimo,
and in Eler's collection in the Conservatoii-e,
Paris. His MSS. are preserved in the Vati-
can Library. — Futis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FERR.\i30SC0, JOHN, English com-
poser of the 17th century, died in 1682.
Probably a son of Alfonso Ferrabosco the
younger. He was organist of Ely Cathedral
from 1G62 until his decease, and was
awarded the degree of JIus. Bac. at Cam-
bridge in 1671, per literas regias. A hymn
of his is still sung at Canterbury and in
other English cathedrals. Eight comjjlete
services and eleven anthems by him are pre-
served iu MS. in Ely Cathedral. — Grove ;
Fc'tis ; Mendel.
FERRADINI (Ferrandini), ANTONIO,
born in Naples in 1718, died in Prague in
1779. Church composer, studied in Naples,
lived in Prague about thirty years, and died
in great poverty and unknb wn. A Stabat Ma-
ter, performed there after his death, 1780,
was considered a masterjjiece. In the court
library at Vienna is a Credo in four parts,
and in the royal library at Dresden are five
arias and four duets, of his composition.
— Fetis ; Gerber ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FERRANTI, ]\IARCO AURELIO Z.\-
NI DE, born in Bologna in 1802. Virtuoso
on the guitar ; pupil on the violin of Gerli
64
FERRARI
in Lucca, and became an accomplished
player when only sixteen, but soon aban-
doned that instrument for the guitar, on
which he became equallj' skilful. In 1820
he went to St. Petersburg as secretary to
Prince Narischkin, and perfected there his
guitar playing, and in 1824 went to Ham-
burg. He gave concerts there, and in Brus-
sels, Paris, and London from 1825 to 1832,
visited America with Sivori, and finally set-
tling in Brussels as professor of Italian at
the Conservatoire from 181G to 1855 ; he
returned afterwards to Italy. He has pub-
lished fantaisies, airs varies, etc., for the gui-
tar.—Fctis, iii. 240 ; Mendel, iii. 495.
FEERAEI, BENEDETTO, born at Reg-
gio, Italy, 1597, died at Modena, Oct. 22,
1681. Dramatic composer, called Delia
Tiorba, from his skiU on the theorbo or
lute ; studied in Rome. He was a poet as
well as a musician, and his opera Andro-
meda, music by Manelli da Tivoli, repre-
sented at the Teatro S. Cassiano, Venice, in
1637, was the first performed in public in
that city. It was largely owing to him that
the dramma musicale took such deep root
in Italy and in Germany. In 1639 was pro-
duced his Armida, of which he wrote both
text and music. In 1644 he left Venice for
Vienna at the invitation of the Emperor
Ferdinand. In 1653-62 he was maestro di
cappella to Alfonso I., Duke of Modena,
and in 1674-81 to his successor, Alfonso H.
Works : Armida, given at Venice, Teatro
SS. Giovanni e Paolo, 1639 ; II pastor re-
gio, ib., S. Mose, 1640 ; La ninfa avara, ib.,
1641 ; Proserpina rapita, intermezzo, ib.,
1641 ; H principe giardiniero, ib., SS. Gio-
vanni e Paolo, 1644 ; Vittoria d' Himeneo,
ballet, Modena, 1648 ; Dafne in alloro, do.,
Vienna, 1651 ; L' ingauno d' amore, Ratis-
bon, 1653 ; Amori d' Alessandro Magno e di
Rossaue, Venice, 1656 ; Licasta, Parma, 1664 ;
Garadegli elementi, Ferrara, 1666 ; Musiche
varie a voce sola, collection of songs (Venice,
1638). — Fctis ; Mendel ; Riemann ; Schilling.
FERRARI, CARLO, born at Piaceuza in
1730, died at Parma in 1789. Virtuoso on
the violoncello, acquired great reputation
in 1758, in Paris, where he appeared with
brilliant success in the Concerts Spirituels ;
in 1765 he entered the service of the court
of Parma. He composed solos for his in-
strument.— Mendel.
FERRARI, CARLOTTA, born at Lodi,
Italy, Jan. 27, 1837, still Hviug, 1889. Dra-
matic composer, pupil of Strepponi and
Panziui ; and at the Conservatorio, Milan,
in 1844-50, of Mazzucato in comijosition.
She is a poet as well as musician, and writes
her own librettos. Works : Ugo, opera,
represented in Milan, July 24, 1857 ; Sofia,
opera in three acts, Lodi, Milan, Turin,
1866 ; Eleonora d' Ai-borea, opera, Cagliari,
Jlarch, 1871 ; Grand mass for Cathedral of
Lodi, 1868 ; Requiem for anniversary of
death of Charles Albert, Turin Cathedral,
1868 ; Songs, etc. — Fetis, Sujaj^lement, i.
325 ; Mendel, iii. 496 ; do., Ergiiuz., xii. 102 ;
Riemann.
FERRARI, DOMENICO, bornatPiacenza
in the early part of the 18th century, died
in Paris in 1780. Violinist, jiupil of Tartini ;
after living several years in Cremona, he
began to travel in 1749, and met with much
success in Vienna, where he was considered
the greatest living violinist. In 1754 he
visited Paris, and was afterwards a mem-
ber of the band of the Duke of Wiirtem-
berg in Stuttgart. He is said to have been
murdered on a second visit to Paris.
Works : 6 violin sonatas (London, Paris,
1758). His brother. Carlo Ferrari (1730-
1789), was a noted violoncellist at Parma.
— Fetis ; Grove ; Buruey, Hist., iii. 562,
573 ; Mendel.
FERRARI, GIACOMO GOTIFREDO,
born at Roveredo, Tyrol, in 1759, died in
London, December, 1842. Dramatic com-
l^oser, pupil at Verona of the Abbate Cubri,
Marcola, and Borsaro ; subsequently learned
the flute, violin, oboe, and double-bass at
Roveredo, theory under Pater Marianus
Stecher, at the Convent of Mariaberg, near
Chur, and later studied two years under La-
tilla at Naples. In 1791 he became accom-
FERRAEI
paiiist at the Theatre Feydeau, Paris. After
the breaking out of the Eevohition he \Yeut
to Brussels, and finally settled in London as
a singing teacher. Works — Operas : Les
evenements imprevus, Paris, about 1794 ;
La villanella rapita, London, 1797 ; I dui
Suizzeri, ib., 1798 ; L' eroiua di Eaab, ib.,
1799. Ballets : Borea e Zeffiro ; La daina
di sjsirito. Sonatas ; Concertos for various
instruments ; Six English canzonets ; Solos ;
Songs. He published, also : " Studio di
musica pratica e teorica " ; " .i\jieddoti,"
etc. (London, 1830) ; and other treatises.
— Grove ; Fetis ; Mendel.
FEEPtARI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, born
in Venice, died there young, Aug. li, 1845. '
Dramatic composei'. Works : Maria d' In-
ghilterra, given at La Scala, Milan, 1840 ;
Saffo, Venice, Teatro Fenice, 1841 ; Candi- j
ano IV'., Florence and Milan, 1842 ; Gli
ultimi giorne di Suli, Venice, 1843. — Fetis ;
Mendel.
FERR.ARI, SERAFINO DE', born in
Genoa in 1824, died there, March 31, 1885.
Pianist, organist, and dramatic composer ;
jjupil of Bevilacqua, Scrra, and Sciorati in
Genoa, and later of Mandanici in I\Iilan.
Engaged as maestro concertatore in Am-
sterdam, he wrote the music of au opera, I
Catilina, which has never been produced.
On his return to Italy he became director
of singing in several of the theatres, and
produced an opera, Don Carlo, at the Carlo- [
Felice Theatre, Genoa, in 1853 ; he rewrote
this opera later, and produced it as Filippo
n., but it was not so successful as at first.
Works : Pipele, opera bufifa ; H matrimonio
per concorso, do., Venice, 1858 ; II menes-
trello, do., Genoa, Teatro Paganiui, 18G1 ; H
cadetto di Guascogna, do., ib., Teatro Carlo-
Felice, 1864 ; Several masses ; Some songs,
among which are. La croce della Mamma,
and a mazurka, Fiori d' Aprile ; Delia,
ballet, abovit the same time. — Fi'tis, Supple-
ment, i. 246 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 79.
FERRARO, Padre ANTONIO, born at
Polizzi, Sicily, in the second half of the
16th century. Church composer, Carmelite
I monk, and organist of his monastery at Ca-
tania. Works : Sacnic cantiones, collection
of 32 motets for 1—4 voices (Rome, 1617) ;
Ghirlauda di sacri fiori (Palermo, 1623).
—Fetis; Mendel.
FERRER, MATEO, known as Matenet,
born at Barcelona, Feb. 25, 1788, died
there, Jan. 4, 1864. Organist of great re-
nown, pupil of Fi-ancisco Queralt ; having
studied several instruments from his earli-
est youth, he became organist of the cathe-
dral at Barcelona when quite young, and
soon after assumed also the functions of
maestro de capilla. At the same time he
played in the orchestra of the Teatro de
Santa Cruz, and in 1827 was appointed its
conductor. By one of his biographers he
is jjraised as one of the greatest contrai^unt-
ists of the century. — Fetis, Supplement, i.
326.
FERRETTI, GIOVANNI, born iu Venice
about 1540, died ('?). He was a jjrolific
composer of madrigals and of canzoni alia
napolitana, which, says Fetis, are full of
originahty and worthy of more repute.
Works : 5 books of five-part canzoni (Ven-
ice, 1567-91) ; 2 books of six-part canzoni
(ib., 1576-86) ; 1 book of five-part madri-
gals (ib., 1588). His madrigal, Siat' avvertiti,
for five voices, is in Webb's madrigals.— Fe-
tis ; Grove ; Mendel.
FERROUD, J. DENIS, born in France
about 1810, still living, 1889 (?). Pupil at
the Conservatoire, Paris, of Reieha and Fe-
tis ; in 1846 he was settled at Bordeaux, as
professor of harmony and composition, and
left that city in 1856, since when nothing
has been heard of him. Works : L'Ecos-
sais, comic opera ; Several ballets ; Clovis,
ode symphony, Bordeaux, Grand Theatre,
1853 ; Jerusalem, ode-symphony ; Cantata ;
Stabat Mater ; Le papillon, chorus ; Le
retour aux montagnes, do.; Choruses for the
synagogue of Bordeaux. — Fetis, Sujjple-
ment, i. 327.
FESCA, ALEXANDER ERNST, born at
Carisruhe, May 22, 1820, died at Bruns-
wick, Feb. 22, 1849. Dramatic comjjoser
S6
FESCA
and pianist, son of Friedricli Ernst Fesca ;
pupil of Marx on the pianoforte, then at
Brunswick of Kapellmeister Wiedebein in
theory, and from 1834 in Berlin of Rungen-
hagen, August Wilhelm Bach, and Johann
Julius Schneider in harmony and composi-
tion, and of Taubert on the pianoforte. He
returned to Carlsruhe in 1838, made con-
cert tours through Germany, Austria, and
Hungary in 1839-40, was made chamber
virtuoso to Prince Furstenberg in 1841, and
settled at Brunswick in 1842. His songs
were, and still are, popular in Germany.
Works — Operas : Marietta, given at Carls-
ruhe, 1839 ; Die Franzosen in Spanieu, ib.,
1841 ; Der Troubadour, Brunswick, 1847 ;
Ulrich von Hutteu, five acts, Brunswick,
1849 ; 2 septets for pianoforte and string
instraments, op. 2 and 28 ; Sextet for do.,
op. 8 ; 6 trios for do. ; 3 quartets for strings ;
Duos for i^ianoforte and viohn ; Grand so-
nata for do., op. 40 ; Fantasias, rondos,
etc., for pianoforte ; Songs (collection of
48, Brunswick, Litolff, 1872).— Allgem. d.
Biogr., vi. 722 ; Fetis ; Ledebur, Ton-
kunstler Lexikon Berlins, 151 ; Mendel ;
Weech, Badische Biogr., i. 243.
FESCA, FRIEDRICH ERNST, born at
Magdeburg, Feb. 15,
1789, died at Carls-
ruhe, May 24, 1826.
Violinist, pujiil in
Magdeburg of Lohse
on the violin, and of
Zachariii and Pitterlin
in theory ; went to
Leipsic in 1805 to
study under August
Eberhardt Midler and
Matthiii, and also entered the Gewandhaus
and Theater orchestras. In 1806 he became
a member of the ducal orchestra at Olden-
burg, in 1808 solo violinist at Cassel, in
1814 visited Vienna, and in 1815 was called
to Carlsruhe as first violin and later as
Conzertmeister. Though ill several j'ears
before his death, some of his last works
were among his best. Opinions differ as to
the merit of his compositions ; while they
show no peculiarly original style, they are
evidently the work of an earnest student of
classic models and of a master of technique.
Works : Cantemira, opera, 1819 ; Omar und
Leila, romantic opera in three acts, Carlsruhe,
1823 ; 20 quartets ; 5 quintets ; 3 symphonies ;
4 overtures ; 4 violin pot-pourris ; Vater Un-
ser for soli, chorus, and orchestra ; and sev-
eral psalms and songs. A complete edition
of his 25 quartets and quintets has been
published in Paris (Rimbault). — Allgem. d.
Biogr., vi. 722 ; Allgem. mus. Zeitg., xxviii.
545, 701 ; xxxii. 215 ; xxxix. Ill ; vii.-xlvii.;
Fetis ; Mendel ; Rochlitz, Fiir Freunde der
Tonkunst, iii. 73 ; Schilling ; Weech, Ba-
dische Biogr., i. 240.
FESCH. See Defesch.
FESSY, ALEXANDRE CHARLES, born
in Paris, Oct. 18, 1804, died there, Nov. 30,
1856. Pianist and organist, pupil in 1813
at the Conservatoire ; studied the organ
under Benoist, taking 1st prize in 1834.
He was organist of I'Assomption, Paris, and
chef-d'orchestre successively of the concerts
of the rue Vivienue, of the Theatre Lyrique,
and of the Theatre du Cirque. Works : Or-
gan music ; Pianoforte music ; and L'Or-
ganiste fran9ais. — Fetis ; Mendel.
FESTA, COSTANZO, born, probably in
Rome, near the close of the 15th century,
died there, April 10, 1545. He was elected
a member of the Pontifical Choir in 1517,
and afterwards appointed maestro at the
Vatican. It is more than probable that he
studied under a Netherlandish master. He
ushered in the great epoch of Italian music
which culminated in Palestriua, and may be
called the first great composer of the Ro-
man school. His compositions consisted
of church music a cappella, and madrigals.
Most of his published pieces are in the col-
lections published in Venice by Gardane
and Scotto about the middle of the 16th
century. His madrigal, " Quando ritrovo
la mia pastorella " (Down in a flowery vale),
is very popular in England. Works : 1.
Madrigali a tre voci, libro primo (Venice,
57
FESTA
Ant. Gardaue, 2d ed., 1556 ; 3d, 1559) ; 2.
Motetti a 3 voci (Venice, 1543) ; 3. Litaniae
Deiparse Virgiuis Marise (Munich, Adam
Berg, 1583). Seijarate pieces are found in
collections published in Venice and else-
where during the 16th century. — Ambros,
iii. 565 ; Sehelle, Die sixtinische Capelle
(Vienna, 1872), 259 ; Eituer, 550.
FESTA, GIUSEPPE MARIA, born at
Trani, Naples, in 1771, died at Naples, April
7, 1830. Violin virtuoso, pupil of Giardini
and LoUi on his instrument, and of Gar-
gano and Fenaroli in counterpoint ; accom-
panied Loi"d Hamilton, the English ambas-
sador, to Constantinople about 1799, and
after his return lived for a time at Milan.
In 1802 he became maestro di cappella at
Lodi, but returned to Naples in 1805 and
entered the orchestra of the Teatro Sau
Carlo as first violinist ; in 1812 he visited
Paris for about eight months, and after his
return to Naples was appointed maestro di
cappella at the Teatro San Carlo, in 1816,
and soon after also of the royal ehaijel and
of the king's private orchestra. Among his
compositions for the violin are 3 works of
duos and 2 works of quartets, published by
Girard at Naples. — Fetis ; Mendel.
FESTGESANG (Festival Song), Schil-
ler's poem, "An die Kiinstler," for male
voices and brass, by Mendelssohn, op. 68,
written for the opening of the first German-
Flemish Vocal Festival at Cologne.
FESTGESANG, for male chorus and
orchestra, by Mendelssohn (no opus No.),
written for the festival of the fourth cen-
tennial celebration of the art of printing,
Leipsic, June 24 and 25, 1840. The words
of the hymn, which was sung at the un-
veiling of the statue of Guttenberg in the
public square, on the morning of the 24th,
were written by Adolphus Prolss, a teacher
in the Freiberg Gymnasium. The work is
sometimes called the Guttenberg Fest-Can-
tate. — Upton, Standard Cantatas, 263.
FESTING, MICHAEL CHRISTIAN,
born in London (?) about 1680, died there,
July 24, 1752. Violinist, puj^il of Richard
Jones and of Geminiani. He became a
member of the King of England's private
orchestra and first violinist of the Philhar-
monic Society of London ; and was made
musical director of Ranelagh Gardens at
their opening in 1742. He was one of the
founders of the Loudon Society of Musicians
and its secretary for many years. Works :
Violin solos ; Symphonies, concertos, and
} sonatas ; Ode on the return of the Duke of
Cumberland in 1745 ; Addison's Ode for
St. Cecilia's Day ; Milton's Song on May
morning ; Cantatas and songs. — Grove ;
Fotis ; Gerber ; Schilling.
FESTIvLANGE (Festival Sounds), No. 7
of Liszt's Symjjhonischr Dichtungen, written
at Weimar, 1856. Published, score and
parts ; also, two pianofortes, and pianoforte
four hands, by Breitkopf & Hiirtel.
FEST-:HARSCH (Festival March), for or-
chestra, by Franz Liszt, written for Goethe's
birthday. Published, score and parts ; also,
pianoforte, two and four hands (Schu-
berth).
FESTilARSCH, GROSSER, zur Erofi'-
nung der hundertjiihrigen Gedenkfeier der
Unabhiingigkeits-Erklarung der vereinig-
ten Staaten von Nordamerika, for grand or-
chestra, by Richard Wagner. Written for,
and first played at the National Centennial
Exhibition, Philadeljjhia, May 10, 1876,
whence called also Centennial March. The
stipulated price for this work was $5,000,
but Wagner received, through the efforts of
American admirers, double that sum, when
he needed the money for the first Baireuth
festival.
FEST-OUVERTURE (Festival Overture),
for orchestra, by Otto Nicolai, written for
the jubilee of the University of Kouigsberg,
1844. Its theme is Luther's " Ein' feste
Burg ist unser Gott."
FEST-OITV'ERTURE, for orchestra, in A,
by Joachim Raff, op. 117. In it, also, " Ein'
feste Burg " is used as a theme. Published
by Kistner.
" FEST-VORSPIEL (Festival Prelude), for
orchestra, by Franz Liszt, written for the
es
f£te
Schiller and Goethe Festival, Weimar, 1857.
Published in score (Hallberger).
FETE DU VILLAGE, LA, opera in one
act, text by Desfontaines, music by Gossec,
represented at the Academic Koyale de
Musique, Paris, May 26, 1778. An opera-
comique in one act, of the same title, text
by Etieune, music by Nicolo Isouard, was
given at the Oj^era Comique, March 31,
1811. La fete du village voisiu, opura-
comique in three acts, text by Sewriu,
music by Boieldieu, was produced at the
Theatre Feydeau, March 5, 181G.
FilTES DE L' AMOUR ET DE BAC-
CHUS, LES, pastorale in three acts, with
prologue, text by Molicre, Beuserade,
Quinault, etc., music by Lulli, represented
by the Academie Eoyale de Musique, at the
Theatre du Bel-Air, Paris, Nov. 15, 1672.
This work, reproduced six times between
1672 and 1738, was the beginning of the
comijoser's successful career. It was first
published by J. B. Christophe Ballard
(Paris, 1727), Fetis being incorrect in speak-
ing of an edition of 1679.
FfiTIS, ADOLPHE LOUIS EUGENE,
born in Paris, Aug. 20, 1820, died there,
March 20, 1873. Dramatic composer, son
of Frau9ois Joseph Fetis, pujsil at the Con-
servatoire at Brussels, then in Paris of
Henri Herz on the pianoforte, and of Halevy
in composition. After his return to Brus-
sels he was put in charge of a course in har-
mony for young ladies at the Conserva-
toire ; for several years he taught harmony
and the pianoforte at Brussels and Ant-
werp, and in 1856 settled in Paris. Works :
Le major Schlagmann, operetta given at
the Bouffes Parisiens, 1859 ; several comic
operas ; Les legendes des siecles, morceaux
de salon, for pianoforte ; Romances sans
paroles, for do. ; 2 caprices d'etude, do. ;
Grand polka et redowa, do. ; Morceaux,
for harmonium and violoncello ; Album de
1861, melodies for 1 and 2 voices, with pi-
anoforte.— Fetis.
FFTIS, FRANgOIS JOSEPH, born at
Mons, Belgium, March 25, 1784, died in
Brussels, March 25, 1871. The son of an
organist at Mons, he learned to play at an
early age the violin,
pianoforte, and or-
gan. He finished
his studies at the
Paris Conservatoire,
where he was the
pupil on the piano-
forte of Pradher
and Boieldieu, tak-
ing the prize for har-
mony in 1803, and,
for the second time, the second prize in com-
position in 1807. In 1806 he married ; on the
loss of his wife's fortune, in 1811, he retired
to the Ardennes. In 1813 he was appointed
organist and professor of music at Douai.
In 1821, on Eler's vacating the post, he was
made professor of counterpoint and fugue
at the Paris Conservatoire and librarian in
1827. In 1833 he was appointed director of
the Brussels Conservatoire and maitre de
chapelle to the King of the Belgians. He
wrote several memou-es for the Belgian
Academic Royale. Fetis was a learned
harmonist and contrapuntist, and was a
noted champion of the old Italian, pure con-
trapuntal style. His operas, and chamber
and orchestral music, have now passed into
oblivion, and most of his church music is
unpublished. His most noteworthy com-
position is his Requiem (1850), written for
the funeral of the Queen of Belgium. But
he won his greatest fame as a musical the-
orist, historian, and teacher. His Treatise
on Counterpoint and Fugue is unquestion-
ably the best and most exhaustive text-
book on the subject in existence ; his Trea-
tise on Harmony, in sjjite of some incon-
sequences and now obsolete views, is still
one of the most remarkable theoretical
works in musical literature. As an histo-
rian he was voluminous, but not always
trustworthy ; his historical works are,
moreover, stained with an uncompromising
dogmatism. His Biographic universelle
des Musicieus (continued after his death by
FEUER-SYMPHONIE
Ai-thur Pougin) is still a standard book
of reference. Works — Operas : L'amant et
le ruari, given at the Opera Comique, Paris,
1820 ; Les sceurs jumelles, ib., 1823 ; Marie
Stuart en Ecosse, ib., 1823 ; Le bour-
geois de Reims, ib., 1824 ; La vieille, ib.,
182G ; Le mannequin de Bergame, ib.,
1832 ; Phidias, not represented. Instru-
mental music : Overtures for orchestra ;
Sonatas ; Sextets ; Quintets ; Duos for piano-
forte and violin. Vocal music : Canzonette ;
Masses ; Vespers, and much other church
music still in MS. Historical and didactic
works : Mi'thode elumeutaire d'harmonie
et d'accompaguement (1824, 1836, 1S41,
translated into English and Italian) ; Traite
de la fugue et du contrapoint (1825, 184G) ;
Traite de I'accompagnement de la partition
(1829) ; Solfeges progressifs precedes de
I'exposition raisonne des principes de la
musique (1827) ; La musique mise a la
portee de tout le moude (1830) ; Curiosites
historiques de la musique (1830) ; Bio-
graphie universelle des musiciens et biblio-
graphie generale de la musique, 8 vols.
(1835-44; 2d ed., 1860-G5 ; Supplement,
Pougin, 1878-80) ; Manuel des principes de
musique, etc. (1837) ; Traite du chant en
choeur, etc. (1838) ; Manuel des jeunes com-
positeurs, des chefs de musique militaire et
des directeurs d'orchestre (1837) ; Methode
des methodes de piano (1837) ; Methode
des methodes de chant ; Esquisse de I'his-
toire de I'harmonie, etc. (1840) ; Methode
elementairc du plain-chant (1843) ; Traite
complet de la theorie et de la pratique de
I'harmonie (1844, 6th ed., 1857); Notice
biographique de Nicolo Paganini, etc.
(1851) ; Traite elementaire de musique, etc.
(1851-1852) ; Antoine Stradivari, etc. (1856);
Histoii'e generale de la musique depuis les
temps les plus anciens jusqua uos jours
(1869-76 ; finished only as far as the 15th
century). He left other works and treatises
unpublished. His eldest son, Edward Louis
Fran(;ois (born at Bouvignes, May 16, 1812),
is a professor in Brussels. He succeeded
his father as editor of the Revue musicale
in 1833-35, edited the fifth volume of
"Histoire generale de la musique," and has
published " Les musiciens beiges " (Brus-
sels, 1848), and other works. — Louis Alvin,
Notice sur F. J. Fetis (Brussels, 1874) ; Am-
bros, Buute Blatter, i. 141.
FEUER-SYMPHONIE (Fire Symphony),
by Joseph Haydn, written in 1770. It is
probably the overture to the opera Die
Feuersbrunst, an unrepresented work by
the composer.
FEUILLETS D'.YLBUM (Album Leaves),
3 songs with pianoforte accompaniment, by
Hector Berlioz, op. 19. — Jullien, Hector
Berlioz (1888), 378.
FEVIN, ANTOINE, born, probably at
Orleans, France, about 1490, died cer-
tainly before 1516. Little or nothing is
known of his life, but his compositions (in
spite of his early death) point to his having
been one of the gi-eatest geniuses between
Josquin Despres and Orlando Lasso. His
reputation, during and after his life, was im-
mense. The opinion that be was a Span-
iard is rejected by the best authorities.
Works : 3 Masses, Sancta Trinitas, ]\[ente
tota, and Ave Maria, from a book of Masses
(Petrucci, Fossombrone, 1515 ; only known
copy in British Museum) ; 3 Masses ; Ave
Maria, Mente tota, and De feria (-'Liber
quindecim Missarum," Rome, 1516 ; copy
in llazarin Library, Paris) ; 6 motets from
"Motetti della coi-ona " (Petrucci, 1514);
Motet, Descende in hortum meum, and a
fugue, Qu;e es ista ("Cautiones selects ul-
tra centum," Augsburg, 1540) ; 2 Lamenta-
tions, Migravit Juda, and Recordare est,
(" Recueil de Lamentations de Jereraie,"
Paris, 1558) ; Detached movements from
masses in Eslava's Lira sacro-hispana ; Mag-
nificat in Attaignant's 5th book for four
voices, and 2 motets in his 11th book (Paris,
1534) ; Chansons franyaisea in "Bicinia gal-
Ffivm
lica, latiiia et germanica " (Wittenberg,
1545) ; 3 masses in the Ambraser Messen,
Vieuua, and 3 motets in MS. in the same
hbrary. A mass in MS., Salve sancta pa-
rens, the only copy, is in the Munich Li-
brary. A song of his, " Je le I'airray," is in
the Harleian MSS., and fragments of two
masses are in Burney's Musical Extracts ;
both in the British Museum. — Ambros, iii.
274 ; Grove ; Fetis ; Burney, Hist, of Mas.,
ii. 530 ; Mendel.
FEVIN, ROBERTUS, born at Cambrai,
latter part of the 15th century, died after
1515. A contemporary of Antoine Fevin, but
of another family. He was maitre de chapelle
to the Duke of Savoy. According to Fetis
his only known composition is a Mass for
four voices on the French chanson, Le vi-
lain jaloux, printed in " Misste Antonii de
Fevin" (Petrucci, Fossombrone, 1515) ; but
Van der Straeten mentions a Mass and an-
other church composition in the catalogue
of the Sixtine Chapel music (1868), in which
he is called Robiuet Fevin. — Fotis ; Van der
Straeten, vi. 4G3, 471, 474 ; Gerber ; Men-
del ; Schilling.
FfiVRE. See Le Fibre.
FIALA, JOSEPH, born at Lobkowitz,
Bohemia, in 1749, died at Douaueschingen
in 1816. Oboist and violoncellist. Origi-
nally a serf, he taught himself the oboe, and
became a member, in Vienna, of Prince Wal-
lenstein's band. In 1777 he went to Mu-
nich, and was engaged by the Elector Max
Joseph for the Electoral Chapel, and subse-
quently served in that of the Prince Bishop
of Salzburg, where he made the acquaint-
ance of Mozart, and through his influence
went to Vienna in 1786. After residing sev-
eral years in Russia, in the service of Count
Alexis Orloff, he returned to Germany,
and in 1792 became Kapellmeister to
Prince Fiirstenberg at Douaueschingen.
Works : 2 sets of quartets for violin (Frank-
fort and Vienna, 1780, 1786) ; 6 duos for vio-
lin and violoncello (Augsburg, 1799) ; 2 sets
of trios for flute, oboe, and bassoon (Ratisbon,
1806).— Grove ; Fetis ; Mendel ; Wurzbach.
FL\.NCISe, LA, opera-comique in three
acts, text by Scribe, music by Auber, first
represented in Paris, Jan. 10, 1829 ; in Ber-
lin, as Die Braut, Aug. 26, 1829. It treats
of bourgeois life. It was revived in Paris,
Feb. 10, 1858. Published by Breitkopf
& Hiirtel (Leipsic, 1829), with pianoforte
accompaniment ; Schott's SOhnen (Mainz,
1829).
FIANCEE DU ROI DE GARBE, LA,
opera-comique in three acts and six tab-
leaux, text by Scribe and Saint-Georges,
music by Auber, re^jreseuted at the Opera
Comique, Paris, Jan. 11, 1864. The sub-
ject is from a tale by Boccaccio, put into
verse by La Fontaine. An opera-comique
of the same title, in three acts and four ta-
bleaux, text by Dennery and Chabrillat, mu-
sic by Henri Litolff, was given at the Folies
Dramatiques, Paris, Oct. 29, 1874. Subject
also fi'om Boccaccio.
FIANCfiE DES VERTS-POTEAUX, LA,
oj^eretta, music by Edmond Audran, repre-
sented at the Menus Plaisirs, Paris, Nov.
8, 1887.
FIBICH, ZDENKO, born at Seborschitz,
Bohemia, Dec. 21, 1850, still living, 1889.
Dramatic composer, studied music first at
Prague, then at the Leipsic Conservatorium
(1865), and under Vincenz Lachner. In
1876 he became second Kapellmeister at
the National Theatre in Prague, and in 1878
choir-director of the Russian church. He
is one of the most prominent among the
young Czech composers. Works : Buko-
wiu, Czech opera, given at Prague about
1875 ; Blanik, do., ib., Nov. 26, 1881 ; The
Bride of Messina, do., 1883 ; Othello, Zaboj
and Slavoj, Toman and the Nymph, Vesna,
symphonic poems ; Two symphonies ; Sev-
eral overtures ; Two string quartets ; Melo-
dramas, choruses, songs, and pianoforte
pieces. — Riemann.
FIBY, HEINRICH, born in Vienna, May
15, 1834, still living, 1889. Vocal composer
and violinist, pupil at the Conservatoi-ium,
Vienna ; became in 1853 solo violin and
conductor of the orchestra at the theatre in
61
FIDELIO
Laybaeb, Carniola, and in 1857 city music
director at Znaim, Moravia, where be has
done miicb towards tbe regeneration of mu-
sical life and tbe reorganization of cburcb
music. He is most favourably known by
bis choruses for male voices ; and has com-
posed also three operettas. — Mendel, Er-
giinz., 104.
FIDELIO, Oder die ebeliche Liebe (Con-
jugal Love), German opera in two acts, text
by Joseph Sonuleithner, music by Beethoven,
first represented at the Theater an der Wieu,
Vienna, Nov. 20, 1805. The libretto is an
adaptation from the French of Jean Nico-
las BouUly's " Lconore, ou I'amour conju-
gal," which had twice before been set to
music : by Gaveaux, as Leonore, ou I'a-
mour conjugal, given at the Oi^era Co-
mique, Paris, Feb. 19, 1798 ; and by Paer,
as Leonora, ossia 1' amore conjugale, given
at Dresden, Oct. 3, 1804. Beethoven re-
ceived the text in the winter of 1801-5, and
composed his score at Hetzeudorf during
the following summer. The opera, originally
in three acts, was produced under discour-
aging cu-cumstances, the French having just
taken jjossession of the city, which was de-
serted by the court and nobility, and after
three representations (Nov. 20, 21, 22) it
was withdrawn. The work proving too
long, three numbers were di-opped from it
and the libretto was reduced to two acts by
Stephen Breuning. In this form it was
given at the Imperial private theatre, Mai'ch
29 and April 10,1806, and again withdrawn.
In 1811 the libretto was again revised by
Friedrich Treitschke, and Beethoven re-
wrote and rearranged a considerable part of
the music. In this last form it was pro-
duced at the Kiiruthnerthor Theater, May
23, 1811. Beethoven wished the opera
called Leonore, but he was overruled by the
management of the theatre, and it was al-
ways announced under its present name.
Four overtures were written for it : 1. Leo-
nore No. 2, in C, 1805 ; 2. Leonore No. 3,
in C, 180G ; 3. Leonore No. 1, in C (op.
138), 1807 ; 4. Fidelio, in E, 181G. The
action of the opera takes place in a prison
near Seville, Spain, of which Don Pizarro
is governor, and Kocco chief jailer. Flo-
restau is a state prisoner, whose wife, Leo-
nore, has introduced herself into the prison
in male attii'e, under the name of Fidelio,
in hope of etlecting his deliverance. Ja-
quino, the turnkey, is in love withMarzelline,
daughter of Rocco, and she is in love with
Fidelio. Don Pizarro, hearing that Don
Fernando is coming to inspect the prison,
determines to kill Florestan, but is pre-
vented by Leonore. In the last scene Don
Fernando frees Florestan, who is reunited
Schroder-Devrient.
to Leonore, Don Pizarro is led away to pun-
ishment, and Marzelline consents to make
Jaquino happy. Among the most notewor-
thy of the numbers are : In the first act,
Marzelline's aria, "O wiir' ich schon mit dir
vereint," called the Hope aria ; the quartet,
" Mir ist so wunderbar ; " Rocco's song,
" Hat man nicht audi Gold, beineben,"
called the Gold song ; Don Pizarro's aria,
" Ha ! welch ein Augenblick ! " Fidelio's
aria, " Abscheulicher !," full of dramatic in-
tensity expressive of her horror of Don Fer-
nando's proposed crime, and leading into
an adagio, "Komm, Hoffnung,"in which she
describes the power of love. In the second
act Florestan in his dungeon sings an aria,
ez
FIEDLER
" In des Lebens Friihlingstagen," which
closes rapturously with, " Und spiir' Ich
uiclit liude," as he sees Leonora in a vision.
After a furious scene between Don Pizarro
and Leonore, interrupted by the arrival of
Don Fernando, Florestan and Leonore join
in the rajiturous duet, " O Namenlose
Freude." The original cast in 1805 was as
follows :
Don Fernando Herr Weinkopf.
Don Pizarro Herr Meier.
Florestan Herr Demmer.
Leonore (Fidelio) Frilulein Milder.
Eocco Herr Rothe.
Marzelline Friiulein Midler.
Jaquino Herr Cache.
In 1822 \\'ilhelmina Schroder, afterwards
Schroder-Devrient (1805-1860), sang at Vi-
enna the part of Leonore, and achieved such
extraordinary success as to become al-
most identified with the character. Fidelio
was produced in Paris, at the Salle Favart,
1829 and 1830 ; at the Italiens, 1852 ; and
in three acts, French translation by Jules
Barbier and Michel Carre, at the Theatre
Lyrique, May 5, 18G0. It was performed in
London at the King's Theatre, May 18,
1832, and in English at Covent Garden,
June 12, 1835. Its first production in
America was at the National Theatre, New
York, Sept. 9, 1839, when it was given in
English. The German version was sung at
the Metropolitan Ojjera House, New York,
in the season of 1885-86. — Marx, L. van
B., 200 ; Nohl, B.'s Leben, ii. 205 ; Thayer,
Life of B. ; do., Verzeichniss, 61 ; Hanslick,
Moderne Oper, 61 ; Liszt, Gesamml. Schr.,
iii. 10 ; Berlioz, A travers Chants, 68 ; Schu-
mann, Music and Musicians, i. 25.
FIEDLER, AUGUST MAX, born at
Zittau, Dec. 31, 1859, still living, 1889.
Pianist and instrumental and vocal com-
poser, pupil of his father on the pianoforte
and of G. Albrecht in theory and on the
organ, then at the Conservatorium in Leip-
sic (1877-80). Since 1882 professor at
the Conservatorium in Hamburg. He ap-
peared with success as a concert player, and
has composed a sj'mphony, performed in
Hamburg, 1886, a quintet and a quartet for
strings, songs, and pianoforte i^ieces.— Eie-
mann.
FIELD, JOHN (called in England "Rus-
sian Field "), born
in Dublin, Ireland,
July 26, 1782, died
in Moscow, Russia,
Jan. 11, 1837. His
father was a violin-
ist in a theatre or-
chestra in Dublin ;
his grandfather an
organist, who taught
him the rudiments
of music and the pi-
anoforte. His father apprenticed him in
London to Clementi, with whom he studied
the pianoforte until 1801, acting also as
salesman and exhibitor of pianofortes in
the warerooms of Clementi & Co. In 1802
Clementi took him to Paris, where he won
great distinction by his playing of Bach and
Handel, and thence to St. Petersburg, where
he continued to serve in his master's ware-
rooms until 1801, when Clementi left Rus-
sia. He then settled in St. Petersburg as a
teacher, receiving extraordinary j)rices for
his lessons. In 1823 he removed to Mos-
cow, where he won even greater success as
a pianist. After a professional trip through
Russia he returned to London in 1832, and
in 1833 to Paris, passing through Belgium
and Switzerland to Italy, where he lost
money at his concerts in Milan, Venice, and
Naples. Intemperate habits had worn out
his originally feeble constitution, and he was
nine months in a wretched state in a NeajDO-
litan hospital. A Russian family by the
name of Raemanow saved him from this
plight, on condition that he should return
to Russia. Passing through Vienna he elic-
ited the most enthusiastic praise by his
playing, but died almost immediately after
reaching Moscow. As a composer, Field
is to be credited with originating that form
FIEN^'ES
of pianoforte piece known as the nocturne ;
his nocturnes were the models for Chopin
and all later composers, and, among all his
works, they alone have survived. His con-
certos, sonatas, pianoforte quintet, and
other works, much admired in his day,
have all died. His style was marked by
infinite grace, charm, and an intimate
knowledge of the most characteristic re-
sources of the pianoforte. Both as a pian-
ist and composer he was the connecting link
between Clementi and Chopin. Works : 7
concertos for pianoforte and orchestra, in
E-flat (Nos. 1, 3, and -4), A-flat, C (L' incen-
die par I'orage), C, and C minor ; 2 diver-
tissements for do., with accompaniment for
2 violins, flute, viola, and bass ; Quintet for
pianoforte and strings ; Rondo for do. ;
Variations on a Russian air for four hands ;
Grand valse for do.; 3 sonatas, in A, E-flat,
and C minor ; 3 do. in A, B, and C ; Sonata
in B ; 20 nocturnes (only 12 of these were
designated as such by the composer) ; 2 airs
. • en rondeau ; Ron-
^/e_j^j deau ccossais;
_-_,.7 - Fantasias on dif-
y ferent airs ; Polo-
V naises, romances,
rondos, and miscellaneous pieces for piano-
forte ; Two songs, with pianoforte. — Grove ;
Fetis, iii. 244 ; do., Supph'ment, i. 331 ;
Mendel ; Spohr, Selbtsbiographie, i. 43 ;
Weitzmann, Geschichte des Clanerspiels,
92. ; Liszt, Gesamml. Schr., iv. 261.
FIENXES, HENRI DU BOIS DE, born
at Auderlecht, near Brussels, Dec. 15, 1809,
died there, Feb. 15, 1863. Pianist, pupil of
Landwyck, an organist at Brussels, then went
to Paris, where for two years he profited
much by the advice of Henri Herz. After
his return to Belgium he gave concerts
with Bender, Hauman, and D('sargus, and
in 1834 studied composition under Fetis ;
then perfected himself on the pianoforte in
Paris under Kalkbrenner. Settled in Brus-
sels, where he devoted himself to teaching,
he made a concert tour through Holland
and on the Rhine in 1837, and visited Lon-
/
don to hear and be advised by Thalberg,
then at the zenith of his fame. Works :
Two concertos for pianoforte and orchestra ;
Fantaisie romantique ; Morceau de concert ;
Thume varie ; Fantaisies, mt'langes, caprices,
etc., on operatic themes. — Fetis.
FIERO SANGUE D' ARAGONA. See
Ernani.
FIERRABRAS, romantic opera in three
acts, text by Josef Kujjelwieser, music by
Franz Schubert, written in 1823, but never
performed, though Riemann says it was
produced in Vienna in 1861. The work,
in MS. (1,000 pages of written score), in
twenty-three numbers, including the over-
ture, is preserved in the library of the
Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, Vienna.
Fragments of it have been played in Vienna
(1858, 1862), and the overture, which is
owned by Herr Spina, Vienna (it has been
published, arranged for j)ianoforte, by Di-
abelli), is frequently played at concerts. It
is decidedly the greatest of Schubert's over-
tures. The subject is from the romances of
chivalry and deals with the wars between
Charlemagne and the Moors. The scene is
laid in Spain. Fierrabras, son of the Moor-
ish prince, is in love with Emma, daughter
of King Charles (Charlemagne), who is also
beloved by Eginhardt, a Christian knight ;
and Florinda, sister of Fierrabras, is loved
by Roland, another Christian knight. Af-
ter many vicissitudes, Eginhardt wins
Emma, and Roland Florinda ; and Fierra-
bras, renouncing his religion, becomes a
follower of King Charles amid a chorus of
joy and exultation. — Hellborn (Coleridge),
Life of Schubert, i. 293 ; Grove, iii. 338.
FIESCO, GIULIO, born in Ferrara in
1519, died in 1586. Lutist, musician of
the chapel of Ercole H., and Alfonso H., of
Este. His madrigals were published in
Venice (1554-1569).— Fetis ; Mendel.
FifiVRE BROLANTE, UNE. See Ei-
chard Cceur de Lion.
FIGARO. See Nozze di Figaro.
FIGHERA, SALVATORE, born at Gra-
vina, Naples, in 1771, died at Naples in
64
FIGLIUOL
1836. Church composer, pupil of Insan-
guine and Fenaroli at the Conservatorio
Santa Maria di Loreto, Naples ; then lived
for a time iu Milan, and after his return
was maestro di cappella of several convents,
for which he wrote numerous compositions.
"Works : La iinta istoria, cantata ; Lo
sdegno e la pace, do. ; 2 masses for double
chorus with orchestra ; Several masses alia
Palestrina ; Miserere for 4 voices with or-
chestra ; Credo for 8 voices in madrigal
style ; La sorpresa, opera buflta, given in
Milan. — Fotis, Sui^plemeut, i. 331 ; Mendel,
Ergiinz., 104
FIGLIUOL PKODIGO, IL (The Prodi-
gal Son), melodrama in four acts, test by
A. Zanardini, music by Amilcare Ponchielli,
represented at La Scala, Milan, Dec. 26,
1880. This work, sung by Tamagno,
de Reszke, Salvati, and Mmes Angeri and
Prasini, had a great success.
FILBY, WILLIA^M CHARLES, born at
Hammersmith, England, 1836, still living,
1889. Organist, and composer of church,
dramatic, and instrumental music, studied
in France, and was organist successively in
London, at Walworth, Bayswater, West-
bourne Park, Margate, and Stepney.
Works : Your money or your life, operetta,
op. 99 ; Alabama Claims, do., op. 100 ; Mass
in E-flat, op. 24 ; do., in E, op. 28 ; The
twenty-third psalm, op. 36 ; The thirteenth
psalm, op. 71 ; Ouverture fantastique for or-
chestra, op. 101 ; Motets ; Anthems ; So-
nata for pianoforte, op. G6 ; Fantasias and
other pieces for do. ; Organ music, songs,
duets, etc.
FILIPPINI, STEFANO (surnamed 1' Ar-
gentino), Augustine monk, maestro di cajj-
pella of St. John the Evangelist at Ravenna,
in the second part of the 17th century.
His motets, j)salms, masses, etc., were pub-
lished in Ancona and Bologna (1522-1685).
— Ft'tis ; Mendel, iii. 517 ; Mendel, Ergiinz.,
xii. 105.
FILIPUZZI, AGOSTINO, born in Bo-
logna about 1635, died (?). Organist of the
church of the Madonna di Galiera, and iu
1665 maestro di cappella of the church of
the regular canons of S. Giovanni iu Monte.
On the foundation of the Accademia Filar-
mouica, Bologna, 1666, he was made a mem-
ber, antl he was principe in 1669 and 1675.
He composed masses, psalms, etc., Bologna
(1666-1671).— Fetis ; Mendel.
FILLE DE MADAME ANGOT, LA
(Madame Angot's Daughter), opera-bouffe,
text by Clairville, Siraudin, and Koning,
music by Charles Lecocq, represented at
the Fautaisies Parisienues, Brussels, No-
vember, 1872. Madame Angot's daughter,
Clairette, a pretty flower-girl, whom her
friends wish to marry the hair-dresser Pom-
ponnet, prefers to give her love to Ange
Pitou, a singer. The latter, inconstant, sac-
rifices his love to the beautiful eyes of Mile
Lange, the famous comedienne. Clairette,
after all sorts of trouble, at last consoles
herself for his infidelity and gives her hand
to Pomponnet. The work had a great suc-
cess in Paris, where it was presented, Feb.
23, 1873, at the Folies Dramatiques.
FILLE DES EOIS, A TOI L'HOM-
MAGE. See Africaine.
FILLE DU REGLAIENT, LA (Ital., La
figiia del reggimento, The Daughter of the
Regiment), oi)era-comique iu two acts, text
by Bayard and Saint-Georges, music by
Donizetti, represented at the Opera Co-
mique, Paris, Feb. 11, 1840. Scene, iu the
Tyrol, during its occupation by the French
in Napoleon's time. Marie, picked up
when an infant on the battle-field by Ser-
geant Sulpice, has grown up to be a vivan-
diere and the adopted daughter of the 21st
Regiment. Tony, a Tyrolese peasant, who
once saved her from falling over a precijiice,
loves her, and joins the regiment to obtain
her hand. But the mystery of her birth is
cleared up by the appearance of her mother,
a marquise, who claims Marie as her niece,
and rejects Tony. In the second act the
daughter of the regiment appears in her
mother's chateau, surrounded by everything
belonging to her rank, but regretting Tony
and longing for the freedom of her old
65
FILS
life. She is suddenly cheered up by the
return of the regiment, and Tony, become
an officer, demands her hand. The mar-
quise reveals to Marie that she is her mother
and bids her give up her lover, but at
last, overcome by her daughter's grief, con-
sents to the union. The opera was given
in Italian in London, at Her Majesty's The-
atre, May 27, 18-17, with Jenny Liud in the
title-role ; and in English, at the Surrey
Theatre, Dec. 21, 1847. The French ver-
sion was produced in New York, at Niblo's
Garden, July 19, 1843, by a company from
New Orleans, with Mile Calve as Marie and
Bles as Sulpice. Among the best of the
numbers are : the tyrolienne, " Suppliant,
a genoux ; " the duet between Marie and
Sulpice, commonly called "Le Rataplan;"
the spirited, " Salut a la France ; " and the
song of the regiment, " Chacun le sait,
chacuu le dit." — Edwards, Lyrical Drama,
ii. 37 ; Larousse, viii. 376.
FILS DU BRIGADIER (The Corporal's
Son), LE, opcra-comique in three acts, text
by Eugene Labiche and Delacour, music by
Victor Masse, represented at the Opera
Comique, Paris, Feb. 25, 1867. Sung by
Crosti, Montaubry, Sainte-Foy, Prilleux,
and Allies Girard, Ruze, and Revilly.
FILTZ, ANTON, died at an early age at
Mannheim in 1768. Violoncellist in the
service of the Elector-Palatine at Mann-
heim about 1763, and enjoyed great reputa-
tion as a composer. Works : 6 symjihonies
for 8 instruments ; 6 trios for pianoforte,
violin and bass ; 6 trios for violins ; 6 quar-
tets for 2 violins, viola, and bass. Concertos
for violoncello, flute, oboe, and clarinet,
and duos and solos for violoncello, in MS.
— Fetis ; Mendel.
FINAZZI, FELIPPO, born in Bergamo
in 1710, died at Jersbeck, near Hamburg,
April 21, 1776. Singer and compose!-, sang
in Italian opera at Breslau in 1728 ; was
subsequently in the ser\'ice of the Duke of
Modena, returned to Germany in 1737, and
settled at Jersbeck in 1748. He published
six four-part symphonies (1754), and left
the opera Temistocle, the intermezzo La
jsace campestre, a cantata, and other music
in MS.— Fetis ; Mendel.
rmCH' HAN DAL VINO. See Don
Giovanni.
FINCK, HEINRICH, German composer
of the beginning of the 16th century, date
of birth and death unknown. He finished
his studies in Cracow, Poland, where he
was in the service of Kings John Albert in
1492, of Alexander in 1501, and of Sigis-
mund I. in 1506. He retired later to Wit-
tenberg. He is sometimes confounded with
his grand-nephew, Hermann Finck. Works :
SchiJne auserlesene Lieder (Nuremberg,
1536) ; music to 22 Latin hymns in Rhau's
Sacrorum hymnorum, lib. i. (Wittenberg,
1542) ; and compositions in other 16th cen-
tury collections. — AUgem. d. Biogr., vii. 12 ;
Fetis ; do.. Supplement, i. 333 ; Mendel ;
Sowinski, 191 ; Schilling ; Winterfeld, Der
evang. Kirchengesang, i. 186.
FINCK, HERMANN, born in Pirna, Sax-
ony, March 21, 1527, died in Wittenberg,
Doc. 28, 1558. A grand-nephew of Hein-
rich Finck, and a warm supporter of the
Reformed religion. He studied in Witten-
berg, where he became an organist, and
composed chorals, one of which, " O let thy
grace remain," is still sung in German
Protestant churches. He was the author
of a theoretical work, " Practica musica "
(1556). — Riemann ; Naumann (Ouseley), i.
440.
FIN DU MONDE, LA. See Hercu-
lannm.
FINETTI, GIACOMO, Italian composer
of the beginning of the 17th century, born
at Ancona. A Franciscan monk, he was
maestro di cappella of his native town in
1611, and subsequently of San Marco, Ven-
ice. He composed psalms, etc., with Petrus
Lappius, and Jul. Bellus (Frankfort, 1621 ;
Venice, 1611-1622).— Fetis; Mendel.
FINGALS HOHLE. See Die Hehriden.
FINGER, GOTTFRIED, born at Olmiitz,
Moravia, about 1660, died after 1717. He
went to England in 1685 and became musi-
FINI
cian to James II. On obtaining the fourth
prize for his music to Congi'eve's masque,
The Judgment of Paris, in 1701, he was so
displeased that he returned to Germany.
He became chamber musician to Queen
Sophie Charlotte in Berlin in 1702, and
Kapellmeister at Gotha in 1717. Works :
SonatsB xii. p>ro diversis instrumentis
(1688) ; Six sonatas or solos, three for a
vioHn and three for a flute (1690) ; Ayres,
Chacones, Divisions, and Sonatas, for Vio-
lins and Flutes, with John Banister (1691) ;
A set of sonatas in five parts for flutes
and hautboys (with Godfrey Keller) ; So-
natas for violins and flutes ; Music for Theo-
philus Parson's Ode for St. Cecilia's Day ;
Music for Motteux's masque. The Loves of
Mars and Venus (with John Eccles), Lon-
don, 1696 ; Music for Ravenscroft's comedy,
The Anatomist, ib., 1697; Music for Elkanah
Settle's opera, the Virgin Prophetess, ib.,
1701 ; Music for Congreve's masque, The
Judgment of Paris, ib., 1701 ; Sieg der
Schunheit fiber die Helden, opera, Berlin,
1706 ; Eoxane, opera, ib., 1706 (with Strieker
and Volumier). — Fetis ; Grove ; Mendel ;
Allgem. d. Biogr., vii. 16.
FINI, mCHELE, born in Naples in
the first years of the 18th century. Dra-
matic composer. Works — Operas: Pericca
et Varrone, Venice, 1731 ; Gli sponsali d'
Enea, ib., 1831 ; I dei birbi, ib., 1732.
— Fetis ; Mendel.
FINK, CHRISTIAN, born at Dettiugen,
Wiu-temberg, Aug. 9, 1831, still living, 1889.
Organist, pupil at the Conservatorium in
Leipsic (1853-55), and of Johann Schneider
in Dresden, then lived in Leipsic until
1860, when he was called to Esslingen as
principal instructor of music at the seminary,
and as music director and organist at the
Metropolitan Church. In 1862 the title of
professor was conferred on him. He has
published a considerable number of sonatas,
fugues, preludes, trios, etc., for the organ ;
Psalms, motets, and other church music ;
also pianoforte pieces, and songs. — Eie-
mann.
FINK, GOTTFRIED WILHELM, born
at Suiza, Thuringia, March 7, 1783, died at
Halle, Aug. 27, 1846. Instrumental and
vocal composer and writer on music, pupil
of the cantor Gressler on the jjianoforte and
organ. First wrote for the Allgemeine mu-
sikalische Zeitung in 1808, and was editor of
the paper in 1827—41. Became professor of
music at Leipsic University in 1842, and re-
ceived the doctor's degree. Works : Pieces
for pianoforte and violin ; Songs and bal-
lads ; Terzettos for soprano, contralto, and
bass ; Many part-songs for male voices ;
Hiiusliche Andachten, 3 books (Leipsic,
1810) ; He also published Musikalischer
Hausschatz der Deutschen, a collection of
1,000 songs (Leipsic, 1843) ; Deutsche Lie-
dertafel, a collection of four-part songs
for male voices. — Allgem. d. Biogr., vii.
17 ; Fetis ; Mendel ; Riemann, 263 ; Schil-
ling.
FINTA GIAEDINIERA, LA, Italian
opera buffa in three acts, text by Calzabigi
adapted by Coltellini, music by Mozart,
first represented at Munich, Jan. 13, 1775.
—Holmes, Life of M., 89.
FINTA SEMPLICE, LA, Italian opera
buffa in three acts, text by Coltellini, mu-
sic by Mozart, written at Vienna in 1768,
but never represented.
FIOCCHI, VINCENZO, born in Rome in
1707, died in Paris in 1845. Dramatic
composer, pupil at the Conservatorio della
Pieta de' Turchini, Naples, under Fenaroli.
Choron says he was organist of St. Peter's,
Rome, but left there at the time of politi-
cal troubles, and went to Paris in 1802 ;
he had then written about 16 operas, which
are now forgotten. He published, with
Choron, Priucipes d'accompagnement des
ecoles d'ltalie (1807). In Paris he brought
out the operas : Le valet de deux maitres.
Theatre Feydeau, 1802 ; Sophocle, Acade-
mie Imperiale de Musique, 1811. He after-
wards wrote several comic operas, which
were not performed. Other works : L'
Addio d' Ettore, cantata, 1797 ; Piramo e
Tisbe, do. ; Francesca d' Aiimiuo, do. ; Aci,
67
FIOCCO
cantatille. — Fi'tis ; do., Suppk'ment, i. 333 ;
Mendel ; do., Ergilnz., lOG.
FIOCCO, JEAN JOSEPH, born at Brus-
sels, died there about 1772. Composer of
oratorios, son and probably pupil of Pietro
Antonio Fiocco, whom he succeeded as
maitre de chaijelle to the royal chapel, and at
Notre Dame du Sablon, Brussels ; held these
offices still in 1749. His oratorios were cele-
brated, and were a new feature in the his-
tory of Netherland music. Works — Ora-
torios : La tempesta de' dolori, performed
1728 ; II Pentimento d' Accabo ; La morte
vinta sul Calvario, 1730 ; Giesh flagellato,
1734 ; II trausito di S. Giuseppe, 1737 ;
Le profezie evangeliche di Isaia, 1738. His
church compositions are numerous. — Biog.
nat. de Belgique, vii. 72 ; Van der Straeten,
ii. 132-137 ; v. 149-153 ; Mendel, Ergiinz.,
107.
FIOCCO, JOSEPH HECTOR, born in
Brussels about 1(590, died after 1752.
Harpsichord player, son antl pupil of Pietro
Antonio Fiocco. He was vice-maitre of the
royal chapel in 1729, and became maitre de
chapclle of the cathedral, Antwerp, in 1731,
but resigned in 1737, to assume the same
function at Saiute-Gudule, Brussels. Both
Joseph Fiocco and his celebrated father
mark a special epoch in the musical his-
tory of the Netherlands. Joseph Hector's
book of harpsichord pieces entitled Pieces
de claveyin dediees i son Altesse Mon-
seigneur le due d'Areuberg, etc. (Brussels,
between 1730-1737), is the oldest collection
of the kind in existence. Van der Straeten
gives an interesting account of this work
and of the progress of music at the coui't of
Brussels, then one of the most brilliant
courts of Europe. Among this composer's
church music is a Mass to St. Cecilia
(1752), and many other masses (Amsterdam,
Antwerp, 1730). His music was long in use
in the Cathedral of Antwerp, and was played
at the Concerts Spirituels in Paris ; some of
his MSS. are in the National Library, Paris.
• — Biog. nat. de Belgique, vii. 73 ; Futis ;
Van der Straeten, ii. 95 ; iv. 293.
FIOCCO, PIETRO ANTONIO, born in
Venice about the middle of the 17th century,
died at Brussels, Nov. 3, 1714. Church
composer, settled at Brussels about 1690,
and was maitre de chapelle at Notre Dame du
Sablon ; then from 1G9G vice-niaitre, and in
170G-14 maitre de la musique, to the court
of Brussels. Composed motets, masses, etc.,
for the royal chapel, and under his direc-
tion several very efl'ective performances were
given at the court, which consisted of relig-
ious dramas. His prologues set to music for
Lulli's operas, jserformed at the court, ai-e
also specially mentioned in the chronicles
of the time ; none of these pieces have sur-
vived. The most important were the pro-
logues to Amadis (1G95), Acis et Galatue
(1G95), Belk'rophou (1G9G), Tlu'sOe (1697).
He was made director of the Royal Acad-
emy of Music, Brussels, founded by the
Electoral Duke of Bavaria, in 1704. His
clun-ch music was played at Sainte-Gudule
until the last part of the 18th century. Pub-
lished flute sonatas. — Biog. nat. de Belgi-
que, vii. 71 ; Van der Straeten, ii. 127-132,
176 ; iv. 293 ; v. 148 ; Fetis ; Becker, Die
Tonwerke des xvi. und xvii. Jahrh.
FIODO, VINCENZO, born at Taranto,
Naples, Sept. 2, 1782, died at Naples in
1863. Dramatic, and church comi^oser,
pupil of Sala and I'aisiello at the Conserva-
torio de' Turchini, Naples. In 1812 he
settled at Pisa to teach vocal music, but
afterwards is said to have given uj) his pro-
fession for a mercantile career until 1820,
about which time he returned to Naples,
and to music, becoming maestro di cappella
in difl'crent convents and churches. In
1846 he was apj)ointed inspector of the ex-
tei'nal schools of the Conservatorio, and in
1858 professor at that institution. Works
— Operas : H disertore, Rome, 1808 ; II
trioufo di Quinto Fabio, Parma, 1809 ; Gi-
ro, Florence, 1810 ; Giuseppe riconosciuto,
oratorio ; Requiem mass for 2 choruses and
2 orchestras ; 2 do. for 3 choruses and 3 or-
chestras ; Many other religious composi-
tions.— Fetis ; do., Suj)2>l'^'iiient, i. 333.
FIORAVANTI
FIORAVANTI, VALENTINO, born in
Rome, November, 1770, died at Capua,
June IG, 1837. Dramatic composer, pupil at
the Couservatorio della Pieta de' Turcbini,
Naples, uuder Sala. His first ojjera was
represented at the Pergola, Florence, in
1791, and was followed by about fifty others,
all comic. In 180G he was invited to Paris,
and produced there, Sept. 2G, 1807, an
opera buffa in two acts. In 181G he suc-
ceeded Jannaconi as maestro di cappella at
St. Peter's, Rome, but his church music was
inferior to his operas. Like other Italian
composers Fioravanti, though jjojiular in
his day, was eclipsed by Rossini. Works —
Operas : Con i matti il savio la perde, rep-
resented at La Pergola, Florence, 1791 ;
Amor aguzza 1' ingegno, about 1792 ; L'
amore immaginario, 1793 ; L' astuta, 1793 ;
La cantatrice bizzarra, about 1793 ; II furbo
contra il furbo, Turin, 1795 ; Lo cantatrici
viilane, Turin, 1795— Paris, 1806, 1842;
Lisetta e Giannino, Naples, 1795 ; II fabro
parigino, Milan, 179G ; Gli amanti comici,
Milan, 1796 ; La capricciosa pentita, Turin,
1797 ; L' iunocente ambizione, Venice,
1797 ; H matrimouio i^er magia, Naples,
1797 ; La fortunata combinazione, about
1798 ; L' inganno cade sojira 1' inganuatore,
about 1799 ; II bello place a tutti, about
1800 ; I viaggiatori ridicoli, Naples, 1800 ;
La schiava fortunata, about 1800 ; H vil-
lauo in angustie, Naples, 1801 ; Amor e dis-
pgtto, Milan, 1802 ; I raggiri ciarlatanescbi,
Naples, 1802 ; L' orgoglio avvilito, Milan,
1803 ; La schiava di due padroni, Milan,
1803 ; II giudizio di Paride, about 1803 ;
Le avventure di Bertoldino, Rome, 1803 ;
I puntigli per equivoco, Naples, 1804 ; La
bella Carbonara, about 1804 ; L' Africano
generoso, 1804 ; Adelson e Salvina, 1804 ; L'
avaro, 1804 ; L' amor per interezza, about
1805 ; L' ambizione pentita, about 1805 ;
Semplicitii ed astuzia, Naples, 1806 ; Vir-
tuosi ambulanti, Paris, 1807 ; Lo sposo che '
piti accommoda, Naples, about 1808 ; Ca-
milla, 1810 ; Adelaide e Comingio, Milan,
ISIO; Raoul di Crequi, Naples, 1811 ; La
foresta d' Hermannstadt, ib., 1812 ; II cia-
battino, ib., 1813 ; Inganni ed amore, ib.,
1814 ; Enrico IV. al passo della Mania,
Rome, 1818 ; Paolina e Suzetta, Naples,
1819 ; La moglie di due mariti, ib., 1820;
Ogni eccesso e vizioso, ib., 1823. — Fetis ;
Grove ; Larousse ; Mendel ; Biog. gt'n.,
xviii. 723.
FIOR.WANTI, VINCENZO, born in
Rome, April 5, 1799, died in Naples, March
28, 1877. Dramatic composer, son of Va-
lentino Fioravanti and pupil of Jannaconi
and of Donizetti. In 1833 he was maestro
di cappella of a church in Naples, and later
music director at the Albergo de' Poveri
there. Like his father, he wrote many
buffo operas, in the first of which, given in
Naples in 1819, the great basso Lablache
made his debut. Works — Operas : La pul-
cinella molinara, Naples, 1819 ; La pasto-
rella rapita, ib., 1820 ; II sarcofago scozzese,
ib., 1820 ; Robinson Crusoe, ib., about
1825 ; Colombo alia scoperta delle Indie,
ib., about 1830 ; II folletto innamorato,
about 1830 ; and many others, a full list of
which is given in Pougin's supplement to
Fetis. He wrote also two oratorios : Seilla,
and II sacrifizio di Jefte. — Fetis, iii. 25G ;
do.. Supplement, i. 333 ; Larousse ; Mendel,
iii. 534; Erganz., xii. 831.
FIOR D' ALIZA, oj)era-comiquc in four
acts and seven tableaux, text by Hippolyte
Lucas and Michel Carre, music by Victor
Masse, represented at the Opera Comique,
Paris, Feb. 5, 1866. The subject of the
libretto is from Lamartine's romance,
" Graziella." The cast was as follows :
Fior d' Aliza . . Mme Vandenheuvel-Duprez.
Picciniua Mme Galli-Marie.
Gerouimo M. Achard.
Le moiue M. Crosti.
FIORE, STEFANO ANDREA, born in
Milan, close of the 17th century. Compos-
er, maestro di cajjjjella to the King of Sar-
dinia ; member of the Accademia Filarmo-
nica, Bologna. Quantz knew him in Tu-
rin, in 1726, where he enjoyed a brilliant
69
FIOrJLLO
reputation. His XII Sonate da cliiesa a
due violini, and bis opera II pentimeuto
generoso (1719), are bis best compositions.
— Fetis; Mendel.
FIORILLO, FEDERIGO, born in Bruns-
wick in 1753, died
after 1823. Vio-
linist, son of Igna-
zio Fiorillo. He
went to Poland in
1780, conducted a
band at Riga,
1783-85, went to
Paris and was
beard at tbe Con-
certs Spirituals in 1785, and in 1788 went to
London, wbere be played tbe viola in Salo-
mon's quartet-party. His last ajipearance
in London was in 1791 ; be went tbence to
Amsterdam and was in Paris in 1823, after
wbicb nothing is known of him. Of all his
works, that entitled Etudes de violon has
survived as a classical work, of great service
to students. It is composed of 36 caprices,
wbicb are equal to tbe classical studies of
Rode and Kreutzer. They have been pub-
lished lately bj* Ferdinand David (Leipsic),
after many previous editions. His other
music consists of duos for violins, for pi-
anoforte and violin ; Quartets, quintets,
concertos, etc., of wbicb Fetis gives a list.
— Fetis ; Mendel ; Grove ; Larousse.
FIORILLO, IGNAZIO, born in Naples,
May 11, 1715, died at Fritzlai-, Hesse, June,
1787. Dramatic composer, pupil at tbe
Couservaton'o, Naples, under Leo and Du-
rante. He brought out his first opera, at
Venice in 1736, became Hofkapellmeister in
Brunswick in 1751, and Kapellmeister in
Cassel in 1762. In 1780 he retired to Fritz-
lar. Works — Of)eras : Mundane, opera seria,
given at Venice, 1736 ; Ai-tamene, Milan,
1738 ; n vincitor di se stesso, ib., 1711 ;
Diana ed Endimione, Cassel, 1763 ; Arta-
serse, ib., 1765 ; Nitteti, ib., 1770 ; Andro-
meda, ib., 1771 ; Isacco, oratorio ; 3 Te
Deum ; Requiem. — Fetis ; Mendel ; La-
rousse ; Riemann.
I FIOEINI, IPPOLITO, born in Ferrara
about 1510, died about 1612. Madrigal
and church composer, surnamed 1' Angio-
letto ; composer and maestro di cappella to
Alfonso II., Duke of Ferrara. He pub-
lished church music and collections of son-
nets and madrigals. His madrigals are in
Lauro Verde (1586).— Fetis ; Schilhng ; Men-
del.
FIORONI, GIOVANNI ANDREA, born
in Pavia, 1701, died in Milan, 1779. Church
composer, pupil in Naples of Leo for fifteen
years ; maestro di cappella at Como, and
subsequently of the Cathedral of Milan,
wbere his compositions are preserved. He
had many celebrated pupils, Zucchinetti,
Bonesi, and others. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Wurz-
bach.
FISCHER, ADOLPH, born at Ucker-
miinde, Pomerania, Juno 23, 1827, still
living, 1889. Organist, first instructed in
Berlin by Elssler in singing, then at the
Royal Institute for Church Music pupil of
A. W. Bach on the organ, of Killitscbgy on
the pianoforte, and of GreU in counterpoint;
finally (1850-51), of Rungenhageu and GreU
in composition, for which he received tbe
grand medal. Meanwhile he had already
acted as organist for several years, and in
1853 went as chief organist and conductor
of the Siugakademie at Frank f or t-on-the
Oder. In 1865 be received the title of
royal director of music, and in 1870 was
called to Breslau as first organist of the
Elizabetbkirche. In 1880 be established
there tbe Silesian Conservatorium, which is
steadily growing. At the exposition in
Pai-is, 1867, he won the applause of Auber
and Rossini as a virtuoso on the organ.
Three symphonies of his composition have
been performed several times with success ;
he has published motets, songs, and organ
music. — Mendel, Ergiinz., 188.
FISCHER, ANTON, born at Ried, Sua-
bia, in 1777, died in Vienna, Dec. 1, 1808.
Dramatic composer, pupil of an elder brother
in Augsburg ; went to Vienna, wbere he be-
came Kapellmeister in the Jose^jhstadter
70
FISCHER
Theater, and from 1800 in the Schikaneder
Theater. His works are in the style popu-
lar in Vienna in his time, and show little
originality. Works — Operas and operettas :
Lunara, KOnigin des Pahnenhaius, Vienna,
1802 ; Die arme Familie, about 1800 ; Die
Eutlarvten, ib., 180-4 ; Die Scheidewand, ib.,
1803 ; Die Verwandlungen, 1804 ; Der tra-
vestirte Aeneas ; Das Hausgesinde, 1805 ;
Swetard's Zauberthal ; Das Singspiel auf
dem Dache ; Die Festung an der Elbe ; Das
Milchmiidchen von Bercy ; Theseus und Ari-
adne, a pantomime ; Der wohlthiitige Ge-
nius ; A children's operetta ; Two cantatas.
— Mendel ; Fetis ; Schilling.
FISCHER, FERDINAND, born at Bruns-
wick in 1723, died there in 1805 (?). Vio-
linist, travelled in Germany and Holland,
and became court and city musician at
Brunswick, whither he returned in 1761.
Works : G trios for violins (Brunswick,
1763) ; 6 symphonies for nine instruments
(ib., 1765) ; 6 quartets for two violins, viola,
and bass ; Cantata for wind instruments
(1800); Concerto for do. (1803).— Futis ;
Mendel ; Schilling.
FISCHER, GOTTFRIED EMIL, born in
Berlin, Nov. 28, 1791, died there, Feb. U,
1841. Vocal composer, pupil of Zelter in
1810-13, was jn-ofessor of mathematics at
the Royal School of War in 1817-25, and
from 1818 instructor of vocal music at
the Grey Convent. He composed motets,
chorals, songs, and melodies to von der
Hagen's Minnesiinger, was a contributor to
the AUgemeine musikalische Zeitung, and
wrote a treatise on singing. — Mendel.
FISCHER, JOHANN, born in Suabia
about 1650, died at Schwedt, Pomerania,
about 1720. Virtuoso on the violin and
instrumental composer, pupil in composi-
tion of Kapellmeister Capricornus at Stutt-
gart, then in Paris much influenced by
Lulli, for whom he copied music. He
seems afterwards to have travelled ; was
employed in the Church of the Barefooted
Friars at Augsburg in 1681, and, after long
wanderings through Germany and Courland,
became Kapellmeister at Schwerin in 1701 ;
having filled this position for a few years,
he went north and, after sojourns at Copen-
hagen and Stockholm, entered the service
of the Margrave of Schwedt in Pomerania.
He composed overtures, dances, madrigals,
solos, and variations for violin and viola,
songs, etc. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FISCHER, JOHANN CHRISTIAN, born
at Freiburg in the Breisgau in 1733, died
in London, April 29, 1800. Virtuoso on
the oboe, was a member of the Dresden
court orchestra in 1760 ; visited Italy in
1765 ; went to England in 1768, and be-
came a member of the Queen's band. In
1786 he made a concert tour in Germany,
and in 1790 settled in London. He was
one of the best performers on his instru-
ment of the last century, and a minuet by
him has been made famous by Mozart's va-
riations on it. There is a fine portrait of
him at Hampton Court, by Gainsborough,
whose daughter ]\Iary he married. Works :
10 hautboy concertos ; Quartets for flute,
violin, viola, and violoncello ; 6 duets for
two flutes ; 10 flute solos ; a concerto and
a rondo for pianoforte — Mendel ; Fetis ;
Grove.
FISCHER, JOHANN GOTTFRIED, born
at Naundorf, near Freiberg, Saxony, Sept.
13, 1751, died at Freiberg, Sept. 7, 1821.
Church composer, studied at Leipsic, be-
came organist of St. Andrew's at Eisleben
in 1777, and director of music at Freiberg
in 1799. Works : Andante with variations
for pianoforte ; Capi^ice for do.; 6 fugues for
organ and pianoforte ; Pater noster for sev-
eral voices ; Two oratorios for Good Friday ;
Psalms, and many other pieces of church
music— FL'tis; Gerber, N. Lex.; Mendel;
Schilling.
FISCHER, JOHANN KASPAR FERDI-
NAND, born about 1672, died (?). One of
the best pianists of his time, Kapellmeister
to the Margrave of Baden about 1720.
Works : Le journal du printemps, airs and
ballets for five parts, and trumpets, op. 1
(Augsburg, 1696) ; Das musikahsche Blu-
FISCHER
menbiischlein bestebend in 8 Partien unci
eiuer variiiteu Arie, op. 2 ; Psalmi vespertini
pro toto anno, etc., op. 3 (ib., 1701) ; Ariadne
rausica, etc. (ib., 1710) ; Der musikaliscbe
Parnassus (ib., 1738) ; Preludia et f ugie pro
organo per 8 tonos ecclesiasticos (ib.). — Fe-
tis ; Gerber, N. Lex. ; Mendel.
FISCHER, JOSEPH, born in Vienna in
1780, died at Mauubeim in October, 1862.
Basso and vocal composer, sou and j'upil of
tbe famous basso Ludwig Fiscber (1715-
1825) and of Barbara Fiscber, bom Strasser.
Having first appeared in concerts in Berlin,
be obtained an engagement at tbe tbeatre
in Manubeim in 1801, tben at Cassel in
1803, and two years after started on a
concert tour for Paris, tben tbrougb Ger-
many to Italy, wbere be spent tbe greater
part of bis life as singer and impresario ; in
the latter capacity be was last in Palermo,
whence be retired to Mannheim. He jmb-
lisbed ten or twelve books of songs. — Fotis ;
Mendel ; Schilling.
FISCHER, KARL AUGUST, born at
Ebersdorf, near Chemnitz, Saxony, in 1829,
still living, 1889. Dramatic and instru-
mental composer, and one of tbe most emi-
nent organists of the present time ; jjupil of
Anacker at Freiberg, made extensive con-
cert tours in 1852-55, and became organist
of the orphanage and English churches at
Dresden. Works : Loreley, opera ; Festi-
val mass ; Four symphonies for organ with
orchestra ; Three concertos for organ ; Two
suites for orchestra ; Compositions for vio-
lin and organ, and for violoncello and or-
gan.— Mendel ; Riemann.
FISCHER, KARL LUD^^^G, born at
Kaiserslauteru, Bavaria, in 181(3, died at
Hanover, Aug. 15, 1877. Violinist, pupil
of Eichborn at Mannheim in composition,
having appeared successfully in public at
the age of eight. He was musical director
at tbe theatres in Treves, Cologne, Ais-la-
Chapelle, Nuremberg, and Wiirzburg, Ka-
pellmeister at Mainz in 1847-52, then at
the royal theatre in Hanover assistant Ka-
pellmeister with Mai-schner, whom he suc-
ceeded in 1859. His songs and choral
works, but esj)ecially his male choruses,
have won him great reputation in Germany.
— Mendel ; Riemann.
FISCHER, MICHAEL GOTTHARDT,
born at Alach, near Erfurt, June 3, 1773,
died there, Jan. 12, 1829. Organist, pupil
at Erfurt of Johauu Christian Kittel, the
last discijjle of Sebastian Bach. Having
lived for a short time at Jena, be was re-
called to Erfurt by Baron Dalberg in 1790
as Conzertmeister, organist at the Church of
the Barefooted Friars, and conductor of the
winter concerts. Afterwards he became
organist at the Predigerkirche, and in 1816
professor of thorough bass and the organ
at the seminary. Works : Two quartets
for violins, viola, and rioloncello, op. 1
(Offenbach, 1799) ; Symphony in C, for
11 parts (Hamburg, Lau) ; Grand sonata
for pianoforte, op. 3 (Erfurt, Rudoljshi) ;
12 organ pieces, dedicated to Kittel, op.
4 (ib., 1802) ; 4 symphonies for 11 and
14 imrts, op. 5, 9, 13, 19 ; Quartet for pi-
anoforte, viola, and bass, ojj. 6 (Leipsic,
Breitkopf & Hiirtel) ; Quintet for two violins,
two violas, and bass, op. 7 (ib. ) ; Concerto for
bassoon and orchestra, op. 8 (ib.) ; Concerto
for clarinet, or oboe, and bassoon, op. 11 ;
Caprices, rondos, and exercises for piano-
forte ; Five motets ; Four arias for chorus in
four parts ; Evangelisches Choral-Melodien-
buch ; Eight chorals with accompanying
canons, for organ ; Twelve songs with jjiano-
forte ; About fifty works for the organ, many
of which are still in use. — Fctis ; Mendel ;
Schilling.
FISCHETTI, MATTEO LU^GI, born at
Martina-Franca, Italy, Feb. 28, 1830, died at
Naj)les, December, 1887. Pianist and dra-
matic composer, pupil of Michele Cerimele
on the pianoforte, of Raejntropb, Petrella,
Moretli, Lillo, and Pappalardo, in harmony
and composition ; taught the pianoforte and
published about 200 pieces for that instru-
ment. Other works — Operas : Aida di Sca-
fati, Naples, 1873 ; La Sorrentina, ib., 1873 ;
Uu' altra figlia di Madama Angot, ib., Teatro
la
FISCHHOF
Mercadante, 1874 ; Vocal melodies. — Fetis,
Supplement, i. 335 ; Mendel, Ergilnz., 105.
FISCHHOF, JOSEF, bom at Butscbo-
witz, Moravia, Ajiril 4, 1804, died in Vi-
enna, June 28, 1857. Pianist, pupil in Vi-
enna of Anton Halm, on tbe pianoforte, and
of Iguaz vou Seyfried in composition ; soon
became one of the favorite pianoforte
teachers in Vienna, and in 1833 was ap-
pointed professor at tbe Conservatorium.
He published also several literary works on
music. His compositions consist of rondos,
fantasias, variations, dances, and marches
for pianoforte ; Variations for flute with
pianoforte, guitar, and quartet ; String
quartet ; Songs, etc. — FOtis ; Mendel ; Mo-
iiatschrift fiir Theater und Musik (Vienna,
1857), iii. 460.
FISCHIETTI, D03IENIC0, born in Na-
jiles in 1729 (1725?), died at Salzburg after
1810. Dramatic composer, pupil at the
Conservatorio di San Onofrio. He went to
Dresden in 1766, and his first mass was
given there in that year. Subsequently
the Archbishop of Salzburg appoiuted him
his Kapellmeister. Works — Operas : L' Ab-
bate Collarone, given at Najjles, 1749 ; H
fiuto fratello ; Solimano, Naples, 1753 ; Lo
speziale (with Pallavicini), Venice, 1755 ; 11 j
ritorno di Londra, Naples, 1756 ; H Signer j
Dottore, ib., 1758; II Siface, ib., 1761 ; H
mercato di Malmantile, Dresden, about
1766 ; La molinara, Naples, 1768 ; Ariana
6 Teseo, Dresden, 1769 ; Nitteti, Naples,
1770 ; Les metamorphoses d' amour, inter-
mezzo.— Fetis ; Mendel.
FISH, WILLIAM, born in Norwich, Eng-
land, in 1775, died about 1863 or 1864.
Violinist in the theatre at Norwich, then
principal oboist in the theatre, and leader
of the band at concerts. Composed songs,
glees, and concertos for various instruments.
— Grove.
FISHER, JOHN ABRAHAil, born at
Dunstable, England, 1744, died (?). Violin-
ist and dramatic compose!', pupil on the vio-
lin of Pinto ; made his first appearance in
1765 in a concert at the King's Theatre.
Becoming interested in Covent Garden The-
atre through his marriage with a daughter
of Powell the actor, he turned his attention
to dramatic composition. He was given
the degree of Mus. Doc. at Oxford in 1777,
on the performance there of his oratorio,
Providence. On the death of his wife he
made a professional tour through Russia
and Germany, and in Vienna in 1784 mar-
ried the singer Anna Selina Storace, but he
so ill-treated her that she left him, and the
Emperor ordered Fisher to quit his domin-
ions. Works — Operas : The Monster of
the Wood, London, 1772 ; The Sylphs, ib.,
1774 ; Prometheus, 1776 ; The Norwood
Gj'psies, 1777 ; Music for the opening of
Macbeth ; Symphonies ; Concertos for pi-
anoforte and oboe ; Canzonets ; Violin and
flute music. — Grove ; Fetis ; Mendel.
FISSOT, ALEXIS HENRY, born at Ai-
raines (Somme), Oct. 24, 1843, still living,
1889. Pianist and organist, jjupil at the
Conservatoire, Paris, of Marmontel for pi-
anoforte, Benoist for organ, Bazin for har-
mony, and of Ambroise Thomas for counter-
point and fugue. He won the 1st pianoforte
prize in 1855, 1st iwize for fugue and organ
in 1859, and many other prizes. He be-
came one of the best organists and pianists
in Paris ; is organist of Saint-Vincent-de-
Paul. His pianoforte compositions are nu-
merous and popular. — Fetis, Supplement,
i. 336.
fitzwillia:\i, edward francis,
born at Deal, England, in 1824, died in
Loudon, Jan. 20, 1857. He became in 1853
director of music at the Haymarket Thea-
tre, London, where he produced an oper-
etta, Love's Alarms, and the music of sev-
eral minor pieces. He published a Te
Deum, four four-part songs (1855), hymns,
etc. — Grove.
FIX'D IN HIS EVERLASTING SEAT,
double chorus in D major in Handel's Sam-
son, Part II.
FLACCOmO, GIOVANNI PIETRO,
born at Milazzo in Sicily, died in Turin in
1617. Priest and church composer, maes-
73
FLADT
tro de cappella to Philip in., of Spain. He
IJublished a collection of sacred music. — Fc-
tis ; Gerber ; Meudel ; Walther ; Viotta.
FL.iDT (Flad), ANTON, born in Mann-
heim in 177.5, died in Munich, June 14,
1850. Oboist, pupil of Friedricb Ramm
in Munich, where he succeeded Lebrun in
the court orchestra iu 1790. After many
concert tours iu Germany, Ital^', France, and
England, he returned to his Munich posi-
tion, from which he did not retire until
1842. Works : 3 concertinos for oboe and
orchestra ; 8 allemandes and 4 waltzes for
two flageolets ; 24 minor pieces for do.
— Mendel ; Fetis ; Grove.
FLATTEING TONGUE, soprano air, in
B-flat, of Esther in Handel's Egther, Part HI.
FLAVIO (Flavius), Italian opera in three
acts, text by Nicolo Francesco Haym, music
by Handel, first represented at the King's
Theatre, London, May 14, 1723. This
work, noted for the beauty of its melodies,
was sung with great success by Senesiuo,
Cuzzoui, Durastauti, and Mrs. Anastasia
Kobinsou. It contains a quintet, said to be
the first scenic quintet ever composed.
Characters represented : Flavio, Guido,
Emilia, Teodata, Vitige, XJgone, Lotario.
The opera was i-evived in 1732, but without
success. The ]MS,, in Buckingham Palace,
is dated at the end. May 7, 1723. Published
first by Walsh ; full score by HiindelgeseU-
schaft (Leipsic, 1875). — Rockstro, Handel,
139 ; SchcBlcher, Handel, 70, 90 ; Chry-
sander, ii. 96.
FLECHA (Fleccia), MATTHAEUS, born
iu Prades, Spain, died at the Benedictine
Abbey of Solsoua, Feb. 20, 1604. A Car-
melite monk, he became maestro de capilla
to the Emperor Charles V., and, after the
abdication of that monarch, lived in monas-
teries in Hungary and Bohemia. He re-
turned to Spain in 1559, and retired to the
Convent of Solsona. Works : Motets,
psalms, and other church music. He was
the author of a treatise, " Libro de Musica
de Punto " (Prague, 1581).— Fetis, iii. 270 ;
Supplement, i. 336 ; Mendel ; Viotta.
FLtCUt, JEAN ANDRI^:, born at Mar-
seilles, April 23, 1779, died (?). Dramatic
composer ; was jjrivate secretary to Jerome
Bonaparte, and his chamberlain when King
of Westphalia. He went with him to Cas-
sel, and produced there in 1811 an opera,
Le troubadour. He wrote also music for
the pianoforte and violin, and romances for
the viola. — Fetis ; Mendel.
FLEDERMAUS, DIE (The Bat), German
operetta in three acts, text by HafTuer and
Richard Genee, music by Johann Strauss,
first represented in Vienna, and at the
Friedrich-Wilhelmstiidtisches Theater, Ber-
lin, July, 1874. The libretto is an adaptation
of Meilhac and Halevy's Le Ri'veillon. A
French version, text by Delacour and
Wilder, music partly from Die Fledermaus
and partly from Strauss's Cagliostro, with
some additions, was given in Paris, at the
Thc'atre de la Renaissance, Oct. 30, 1877,
under the title. La tzigane. — Hanslick,
Moderne Oper, 338.
FLfiGIER, ANGE, born in MarseiUes,
Feb. 22, 184G, still living, 1889. Dramatic
composer, pupil at the Marseilles, and in
1866 at the Paris Conservatoire, where he
studied under Bazin and Ambroise Thomas.
In 1870 he settled in Marseilles. Works:
Fatma, opi'racomique in one act, text by
Devoisin, given at the Grand Theatre at
Marseilles, April, 1875 ; Franjoise de Ri-
mini, cantata ; Overtures ; Choruses ; Songs,
etc. — Fetis ; Supplement, i. 336 ; Mendel,
Ergiinz., xii. 109.
FLEISCHER, FRIEDRICH GOTTLOB,
born at Cothen, Anlialt, Germany, Jan. 14,
1722, died at Brunswick, April 4, 1806.
Pianist, organist, and dramatic and instru-
mental composer, was appointed chamber
musician at Brunswick in 1747, and after-
wards became there also organist at the
Church of Sts. Martin and Egidius, and
court pianist. He had the reputation of
being one of the greatest pianists of Bach's
school. Works : Das Orakel, opera, 1771 ;
Music to the drama Comala ; Cantatas
(Brunswick, 1760) ; Minuets and polonaises
FLEISCHMANN
for pianoforte (ib.) ; Sonatas for do. ; Odes
for solo voice with jiianoforte (ib., 1756).
^Fotis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FLEISCHMANN, FRIEDRICH, born at
Heidenfeld, near Wurzburg, Bavaria, July
18, 17G6, died at Meiuiugen, Nov. 30, 1798.
Instrumental and vocal composer, self-
taught ; became secretary to the Duke of
Meiningen in 1789, and director of the
court orchestra in 1790. Works : Die Geis-
terinsel, opera, 179G ; Several symphonies ;
Pieces for military band ; Concertos for pi-
anoforte ; Symphonie concertante for do.
and violin ; Variations, songs, etc. — Fotis ;
Mendel ; Schilling.
FLEUR DE THE, opt'ra-bouffe in three
acts, text by Chivot and Duru, music by
Charles Lecocq, represented at the Athenue,
Paris, April 11, 1868. Sung by Desire,
Lconce, Sylter, and Miles Irma Marie and
Lucie Cabel.
FLEURS DES LANDES (Moorland
Flowers), 5 melodies for one or two voices
and chorus with pianoforte accompaniment, i
on words by A. de Bouclon, Emile Des-
champs, and Briseux, by Hector Berlioz, op.
13. I. Le matin (Morning) ; H. Petit oi-
seau (Little Bird) ; IH. Le trebuchet (The
Trap) ; IV. Le jeune jjatre breton (The
Young Breton Shepherd) ; V. Le chant des
bretons (Breton Song). Published in 1850
by Richault, Paris. The following are jJub-
lished separately, with French and German
text : Le matin, Le trebuchet, by Mechetti,
Vienna ; Le patre broton, full score by Ri-
chault.—Jullien, Hector Berlioz (1888), 378.
FLIEGENDE HOLLANDER, DER(The
Flying Dutchman), romantic opera in three
acts, text and music by Richard Wagner,
first represented in Dresden, Jan. 2, 18'13.
The subject is from Heinrich Heine's
" Memoiren des Herrn von Schnabelewop-
ski," in which the imaginary hero witnesses
a play about the " Ahasuerus of the Ocean"
in an Amsterdam theatre, though Heine
got the outlines of the story from an Eng-
lish play by Fitzball, which he witnessed in
1827 at the Adelphi Theatre in London.
Fitzball in turn probably derived the ground-
work of his plot from a stoiy in Blackwood's
Magazine of May, 1821, entitled " Vander-
decken's Message Home ; or, The Tenacity
of Natural Affection." The touching denoue-
ment, however, which Wagner adopted, is
Heine's own. In 1810 Wagner submitted
sketches for a libretto on this theme to
Leon Pillet, director of the Paris Opera,
with the proposal that a French text should
be prepared for him to set to music. Wag-
Max Stagemann, as Der Fliegende Hollander.
ner subsequently sold his rights for 500
francs to Pillet, who had a libretto pre-
pared by Feucher and Revoil, with music by
Pierre Louis Philippe Dietsch, then chorus-
master at the Opera. The result was Le
vaisseau fantume (The Phantom Ship), in
two acts, which was produced at the Aca-
demie Royale de Musique, Nov. 9, 1842. lu
the meantime, Wagner made of the story a
German libretto and set it to music. It
was originally intended for one act only,
but was subsequently cut into three. Wag-
ner himself conducted the first perform-
ance, which, though not a failure, was not
very satisfactory. The work was produced
76
FLIXTOFT
at Cassel, June 5, 1843, by Si^oLr, who rec-
ognized its merits, but it failed in Berlin
and in Munich, where it was given in 1865.
It was represented in London at Drury
Lane, 1870, in an Italian version, L' ollan-
dese dannato ; at the Lyceum, 1876, in
English, as the Flying Dutchman ; and at
Covent Garden, 1877, in Italian, as II va-
scello fautasma. It was given in English in
New York in 1886 and again in 1887. The
Flying Dutchman is the commander of a
mysterious vessel doomed to sail the seas
until he is loved by a maiden who will be
faithful unto death. He puts into a port
at the same time with a Norwegian vessel,
whose captain, Daland, invites him to his
house. There he meets Senta, Dalaud's
daughter, who, though affianced to Erik, is
fascinated with the stranger and believes
that it is her lot to rescue him from perdi-
tion. He, however, discovers her in an in-
terview with Erik, concludes that she is not
true to him, and decides to leave her. But
as his vessel sails away Senta throws herself
from a cliff into the sea, thus proving con-
stant even in death. The curse is removed,
the phantom shij) sinks, while the sea grows
calm, and the lovers are seen in the distance
rising to happiness together. In the first
act, after the introductory sailors' chorus, the
chief numbers are : The helmsman's soncr,
" ilit Gewitter imd Sturm," and the scena of
the Dutchman, "Die Frist ist um." The
second act contains the sjjinniug-song of the
girls, " Summ' uud bruram', du gutes Riid-
chen," and Senta's ballad, " Johohoe ! traft
ihr das Schiff im Meere an," in which she
tells the storj' of the Dutchman ; and closes
with a superb duet between Senta and the
Dutchman, " Wie aus der Feme," and a ter-
zetto with Daland. The third act opens
with a sailors' chorus, " Steuermann, lass'
die Wacht." It contains also a dramatic
duet between Senta and Erik, " Wass muss
ich horen ? " and closes with chorus and a
trio between Senta, Daland, and the Dutch-
man.— Hueffer, Richard Wagner and the
Music of the Future ; Edwards, Lyrical
Drama, i. 189 ; Liszt, Gesamml. Schr., iii. b,
147 ; Wagner, Gesamml. Schr., v. 205, 228.
FLINTOFT, LUKE, born in latter half
of 17th century, died in London (?), Nov.
3, 1727. He was priest-vicar of Lincoln
Cathedral in 1704-14, gentleman of the
Chapel Royal in 1715, and reader in W'hite-
hall Chapel in 1719. His double chant iu
G minor being the earliest known, he has
the credit of inventing that form of compo-
sition.— Grove.
FLITNER (Flittner), JOHANN, born at
Suhla, Henneberg, Nov. 1, 1618, died in Stral-
sund, Jan. 7, 1678. He studied theology
and music, became a chorister at Grimmen,
near Greifswald, iu 1644, preacher there iu
1646, and deacon iu Stralsund. Some of
his chorals are still iu use. Works : Himm-
lisches Lustgiirtlein (Greifswald, 1601), the
sixth part being entitled Suscitabulum mu-
sicum, aud containing, Ach, was soil ich
SCiuder machen, and other chorals and
songs. — ]Meudel ; Futis ; Winterfeld, Der
evang. Kirchengesang, ii. 467.
FL0ERSHEI:M, otto, bom in Aix-la-
Chajielle, Germany,
March 2, 1853, still liv-
ing, 1889. He stud-
ied the pianoforte at
Aix-la-Chapelle under
Wungmanu and Laut-
maun, the organ under
Winkelhaus, harmony
uuder Breunuug, and
composition at Co-
logne under Ferdi-
nand Hiller. About 1875 he went to Amer-
ica, aud since 1880 has been editor of The
Musical Courier, New York. He visits Eu-
rope frequently to attend important musi-
cal performances, and to get information as
to the general condition of musical affairs.
Works — Orchestral : Prelude and fugue,
1883 ; Alia Marcia, 1884 ; Consolation,
1884 ; Scherzo, 1887 ; Elevation, for or-
chestra and organ, produced at the Milwau-
kee Music Festival, 1886. Pianoforte :
Thi-ee Romances ; Fina ; Elegy ; Wedding
78
FLOQUET
Marcli ; German Marcli ; Three Poetic
Thoughts ; Lullaby ; Valse gracieuse, and
other pianoforte music ; Songs.
FLOQUET, fiTIENNE JOSEPH, born
at Aix, Provence, Nov. 25, 1750, died in
Paris, May 10, 1785. Dramatic corajjoser,
educated at the maitrise de Saint-Sauveur
of his native town, where he wrote a motet
at the age of eleven ; went to Paris in 1769,
obtained great success with his first dra-
matic work, a ballet, in 1773, and soon after
started for Italy, to study counterpoint un-
der Sala at Naples, and under Padre Mar-
tini at Bologna, whei'e he was made a mem-
ber of the Accademia Filarmonica. After
his return to Paris he was fairly successful
with his operas, until vain enough to attempt
the composition of Alceste, which was re-
jected after one rehearsal, the grief over it
impairing his health. "Works : L'union de
I'amour et des arts, ballet, given at the
Acadt'mie Royale de Musique, 1773 ; Azolan,
ou le serment iudiscret, opera-ballet, ib.,
177-1 ; Helle, opera, ib., 1779 ; Le seigneur
bieufaisant, ib., 1780; La nouvelle Omphale,
lyrical comedy. Theatre de la Comedie Ita-
lienue, 1782 ; Alceste ; Te Deum for two
choruses and two orchestras. — Fetis ; Men-
del ; Schilling.
FLOR, CHRISTIAN, born in 1626, died
at Neuenkirchen, Holstein, in 1697. Or-
ganist, of great reputation, at the Church of
St. John and St. Lambertus, Liineburg.
Of his compositions have been preserved :
Several wedding-songs, with accompaniment
of two violins and basso continuo, and the
choral, Auf meinen lieben Gott. — Fttis ;
Mendel ; do., Ergiinz., 109.
FLORENTINISCHE-SINFONIE (Flor-
entine Symphony), for orchestra, by Josejih
Rheinberger, written in 1876.
FLORIDANTE, Italian opera in three
acts, text by Paolo Rolli, music by Handel,
first represented at the King's Theatre,
London, Dee. 9, 1721. It was sung by
Senesino, Baldassari, Boschi, and Mrs.
Anastasia Robinson. Characters repre-
sented : Floridante, Oronte, Timante, Co-
ralbo, Roseane, Elmira. The MS. score, in
the Buckingham Palace collection, wants
the last chorus and the date. The opera
was given in Hamburg in 1723, and revived
in London, March 3, 1733. It was pub-
lished first by Walsh ; full score by Hiin-
delgesellschaft (Leipsic, 1876). — Roekstro,
Handel, 137 ; Schoelcher, 69, 90 ; Chrysan-
der, ii. 73.
FLORIMO, FRANCESCO, born at San
Giorgio Morgeto, Calabria, Oct. 12, 1800,
still living, 1889. Church, instrumental, and
vocal composer, and distinguished writer on
music, pupil of Furno in harmony, of Elia
ou the pianoforte, and of Zingarelli and
Tritto in counterpoint and composition, at
the Real Collegio di Musica, Naples, of
which he became librarian in 1826. Works :
Two cantatas ; Two Masses ; Dixit ; Credo ;
Te Deum ; Overtures ; Funeral symphony ;
Several collections of songs (Milan and Na-
ples) ; Vocal method (Metodo di canto, in
use at the Conservatorio, Naples). He is
author also of : Cenno storico sulla Scuola
musicale di Napoli (Naples, 1869-71) ; and
Riccardo Wagner ed i Wagneristi (ib., 1876).
— Fetis ; do., Supplement, i. 337 ; Mendel.
FLORINDO UND DAPHNE. See Dafae.
FLORIO, CARYL, born (William James
Robjohn) of English parentage, in Tavis-
tock, Devonshire, England, Nov. 3, 1843,
still living, 1889. Organist and pianist,
self-taught. In 1857 he went to America,
and in 1858-60 (under the name of Rob-
john) was princijjal boy-soprano in Trinity
Church, New York ; after his voice broke
he remained as assistant organist to Dr.
Henry S. Cutler ; later he became organist
in Trinity Church, Newport, R. I., and then
of a church in Morristown, N. J. At the
close of this engagement he went on the
stage, appearing in the Western States. In
1869 he returned to New York as solo bari-
tone in Zion Church. Since then he has
been organist successively of St. Luke's,
New York ; Mount Calvary, Baltimore ;
Brick Church, New York ; Zion Church,
New York ; then returned to the Brick
77
FLORSCIIUTZ
CliurcL, where he is at present (1889).
He has appeared as pianist quite often in
New York, and has conducted orchestras
and choruses both in New York and in
Havana, Cuba. Works : Inferno, operetta,
1871 ; Les Tours deMercure, operetta, 1872 ;
Suzanne, operetta, 187G ; Gulda, opera,
1879 ; Uncle Tom, opera, 1882, produced in
Philadelphia ; 2 symphonies. No. 1 in G,
1887, No. 2 in C minor, 1887 (both per-
formed by Theodore Thomas in New York,
March 27, 1888) ; 2 overtures, occasional,
187'4, triumphal, 1877 ; 2 string quartets.
No. 1 in C, 1873, No. 2 in F, 1874 ; i so-
natas for pianoforte and violin, No. 1 in A,
1871, No. 2 in F minor, 1872, No. 3 in C,
1884, No. 4 in G, 188.5 ; Pianoforte concerto
in A-flat, 1875-8G (performed in New York,
March 27,1888) ; 2 quartets for saxojDhones,
1879 (performed in New York, April, 1880).
Two cantatas : Song of the Elements, 1872
(performed in Brooklyn, 1872) ; Bridal of
Triermain, 1886.
FLORSCHUTZ, EUCHAEIUS, born at
Lauter, near Coburg, in 1757, died at Ros-
tock, Mecklenburg, 1820. Organist, num-
bered among the most favourite instru-
mental composers of the time, about 1780,
and became organist of St. James's, Rostock,
after 1792. Works : Der Richter und die
Giirtnerin, operetta, given at Liibeck, 1792 ;
Sonatas for pianoforte (4 hands) ; Fugues
for do. ; Duets and trios for violin and flute ;
Church music. — Futis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FLOTOW, FRIEDRICH, Freihcrr VON,
born at Rentendorf, ]\Iecklenburg, April 27,
1812, died at Darmstadt, Jan. 24, 1883.
Dramatic comfDoser, pupil of Reicha at the
Conservatoire, Paris, returned to Mecklen-
burg at the outbreak of the July revolution,
but a few j'ears later went again to Paris,
where his first dramatic efforts were brought
out at some of the smaller theatres in 183G.
His first noteworthy success was Le nau-
frage de la Meduse, in 1839, but his fame
rests chiefly on Alessandro Stradella and
Martha. The March revolution of 1848
drove him once more from Paris, whither he
returned in 1863, having meanwhile held
the oflice of intendaut of court music at
__ Schwerin, to which the
Grand Duke of Meck-
lenburg appointed him
in 1856. In 1868 he
settled on an estate near
Vienna, spending his
winters alternately in
that city, in Paris, and
in Italy. His operas are
distinguished for melo-
^ dious invention, grace-
ful forms, and pleasing instrumentation :
on the whole, iDre-emineutly Italian in char-
acter, more effective than deep ; he must
be esteemed the most popular represen-
tative of the lyric and comic opera in Ger-
many since Kreutzer and Lortzing. He
composed also some overtures, chamber
music, and songs. Works : Pien-e et Ca-
therine, given at the Theatre de I'Hotel de
Castellane, 1836 ; Seraphina, Chateau de
Royaumont, 1836 ; Die Bergknappen (The
Miners) ; Rob Roy, given at a chateau near
Paris ; Le naufrage de la Meduse (with
Pilati), Theatre de la Renaissance, 1839 (54
times), and at Hamburg (under the title
Die Matrosen, rewritten entirely by Flo-
tow), 1845 ; La duchesse de Guise, Theatre
Ventadour, 1840, and at Schwerin, 1841 ;
Le forestier. Opera Comique, 1840, Vienna
(under the title Der Forster), 1847, London
(as Leoline), 1848 ; L'esclave de Camoiins,
Opera Comique, 1843 ; Lady Harriet, ballet
(with Burgmiiller and Deldevez), Opera,
1843 ; Alessandro Stradella, Hamburg, Dec.
30, ,1844 ; h'dme en peine. Opera, 1846 ;
Martha, Vienna, Nov. 25, 1847 ; Die Gross-
fUrstin, Berlin, 1850 ; ludra, Berlin and
Frankfort, 1853, Riga, 1855; Riibezahl,
Frankfort, 1854 ; Hilda, 1855 ; Albin, Vi-
enna, 1856 ; Veuve Grapin, operetta,
Bouffes Parisiens, 1859 ; Pianella, do.,
Theatre Dejazet, 1860 ; Wintermiirchen,
Vienna, 1862 ; Die Libelle, ballet, ib.,
1866 ; Zilda, Paris, Opera Comique, 1866 ;
Tannkonig, ballet, Dai-mstadt, 1867 ; Am
78
FLUCHT
Runenstein (with Genee), Prague, 1868 ;
liombre, Paris, Opi'ra Comique, 1870 ;
Nakla, Milan, Teatro Manzoni, 1873 ; II fior
(T Harlem, Turin, Teatro Vittorio Emauuele,
1876; L'Encliaute-
resse (Indra rewrit-
ten), Paris and Lon-
don, 1878, given in
Italian as Rosellaua
(posthumous). Alma
r Incantatrice, and in
German as Die Hese ;
/^
^
Der Graf Saint-Megrin (posthumous), given
at Cologne, Januarj-, 1884 ; Die Musikanten
(discovered at Mannheim, 1887, given at
Magdeburg, 1888). — Clement, Mus.celebres,
575 ; Fetis ; do.. Supplement, i. 338 ; Illustr.
Zeitg. (1883), i. 117 ; Mendel ; Riemann.
FLUCHT DER HEILIGEN FAMILIE,
DIE (The Flight of the Holy Family), can-
tata, for chorus aud orchestra, by l\Iax
Bruch, op. 20, 1863.
FLUGEL, ERNST PAUL, born at Stet-
tin, Aug. 31, 1844, still living, 1889. In-
strumental and vocal composer, sou and -^w-
pil of Giistav Fliigel, and iu 1862-63 pupil
in Berlin at the Royal Institute for Church
Music and at the Academy, then of Billow,
Flodoard Geyer, and Kiel ; lived as music
teacher at Treptow and Greifswald, became
organist and vocal instructor at Preuzlau in
1867, and cantor at the Bernhardinkirche in
Breslau in 1879. Works : The 121st psalm,
op. 22 ; Mahomet's Gesang, op. 24 ; Trio
for pianoforte, op. 25 ; Organ and pianoforte
pieces, and songs. — Riemann.
FLUGEL, GUSTAV, born at Kloster-
Nienburg, Anhalt, July 2, 1812, still living,
1889. Organist, pupil of Cantor Thiele at
Altenburg, and of Friedrich Schneider at
Dessau ; from 1830 he taught successively at
Nienburg, COthen, Magdeburg, and Schone-
beck, then at Stettin, 1840-50 ; was called to
Neuwied to teach at the seminary in 1850,
received the title of roj'al director of music
, iu 1856, and returned to Stettin as Cantor
and organist of
the Schloss-
kirche in 1859.
He has contrib-
uted also a
number of ex-
cellent articles
to musical pe-
riodicals. Works : Concert overture for or-
chestra ; String quartet ; Thirty-five books
of comjjositions for pianoforte ; Six do. for
organ ; Nine do. of songs ; Sacred and sec-
ular songs for mixed, and male choruses ;
Priiludienbuch (112 preludes), etc. — Fetis ;
Mendel ; Riemann.
FLYING DUTCHMAN, THE. See
FUegcnde Hollander.
FODOR, ANTOON, born at Venloo in
1775, died in Amsterdam, Feb. 22, 1846.
Pianist, studied in Mannheim, whence he
went, about 1792, to Amsterdam. He wrote
Numa Pompilius, the first national opera
given in Holland, and comjjosed a great
deal of pianoforte music. He was a mem-
ber of the Netherland Institute, conductor
at the German Theatre of Amsterdam, 1814,
and dii-ector of the Felix Meritis Society.
— Fetis, iii. 279 ; do.. Supplement, i. 339 ;
Gregoir, Mus. Neerlandais, 75 ; Mendel ;
Viotta.
FODOR, JOZEF, born at Venloo, in
1752, died iu St. Petersburg, Oct. 3, 1828.
Violinist, brother of Antoon Fodor, pupil in
Berlin in 1766 of Franz Benda. He trav-
elled in Germany and the Netherlands, was
in Paris iu 1790, aud lived in St. Peters-
burg in 1794r-1828. Works: Concertos;
Solos ; Duos ; Quartets for strings and
much violin music (Paris, Berlin, Vienna,
Amsterdam). — Grove ; Fetis ; Gregoir, Mus.
Neerlandais, 74 ; Mendel ; Viotta.
FOERSTER, ADOLPH MARTIN, born,
of German parentage, in Pittsburgh, Penn-
sylvania, Feb. 2, 1854, still living, 1889.
79
rr
FOGAgA
He studied the pianoforte as a boy under
his mother, and later under Jean Manns.
In 1872 he went to Europe and studied, at
the Leipsic Conservatorium, the pianoforte
under Coccius and Wenzel, singing under
Grill and Schimon, and theorj' under E. F.
Richter and Papperitz. Returning in 1875,
he taught in the Fort Wayne Conservatory
of Music during 1875-76, then settled in
Pittsburgh, where he still resides. He was
conductor of the Pittsburgh Symphonic So-
cietj-, 1878-79, and of the Pittsburgh Musi-
cal Union, 1883. Works : Thusnelda, op. 10,
for orchestra, first played in Baltimore, Feb.
11, 1882 ; Quartet, op. 21, for pianoforte,
violin, viola, and violoncello ; Fautasie, op.
15, for violin and pianoforte ; Romanza, op.
17, for violin and jsianoforte ; Andante, op.
3 ; Valse cajjrice, op. 5 ; Nocturne, op. 7 ;
Three Sonatinas, op. 14 ; Pianoforte music ;
Songs ; Part-songs, and choruses.
F0GA(;A, JOAO, bom at Lisbon in 1589,
died there about 1G58. Church composer,
pupil of Duarte Lobo, entered a monastic
order, and lived afterwards in a convent at
Ossa. His works are in the royal library at
Lisbon. — Mendel ; Vasconcellos.
FOGGIA, FR.VNCESCO, born in Rome
in 1604:, died there,
Jan. 8, 1688. Church
composer, pupil of
Cifra, Nanini, and
Agostini. He was
Kapellmeister to the
Elector of Cologne,
to the Elector of Ba-
varia, and then to the
Archduke Leopold of
Austria. On his return to Italy he became
successively maestro di capjjella at the Ca-
thedrals of Narni and Montefiascone, and
of the following churches iu Rome : S. M. in
Aquiro, S. M. in Trastevere, S. Giovanni in
Laterano (1636-1661), S. Lorenzo in Dama-
so, and S. M. Maggiore (1677), remaining at
the last until his death. He was a prolific
composer of church music. Besides his
published works, a list of which is given in
Fetis, there is an immense amount in MS,
scattered throughout the churches of Italy.
He was one of the first musicians to write
tonal fugues, and the last who remained
faithful to the traditions of Palestrina.
Works : Motets ; Masses ; Psalms ; Lita-
nies, for 2 to 9 voices, published iu Rome
from 1640 to 1681. His motets are in the
Spiridione collection. — Grove ; Fetis, iii.
284 ; do., Supiplemeut, i. 340 ; Larousse ;
Mendel.
FOGLIANI, LUDOVICO, born in Mod-
ena close of the 15th century, died there
about 1539. Composer, whose songs for
several voices are found in Petrucci's
"Frottole" (Venice, 1504-1508). In one
of his songs each of the four voices, cantus,
altus, tenor, and bassus, sings different
words. He was a learned writer for his
time. He was the author of Musica the-
orica (1529), a treatise on the theory of
sound. — Fetis ; Biog. Gen., xviii. 35 ; Bur-
ney. Hist., iii. 157 ; Mendel ; Riemann, 268 ;
Viotta.
FOIGNET, CHARLES GABRIEL, born
in Lyons in 1750, died in Paris in 1823.
Dramatic comjjoser, studied music from au
early age, and in 1779 went to Paris where
he taught singing, the harpsichord, and the
harp. He wrote many operettas for the
small Paris theatres, and became director,
iu 1797, of the Thuatre des Jeuues Artistes.
He was director also of the Theatre Mon-
tansier until 1802, when he gave it up.
The Jeunes Artistes was closed by the edict
of 1807. For a list of his operas, which
are now forgotten, see the supplement to
Fetis. He published also vocal music with
l^ianoforte or violin accompaniment. — Fe-
tis ; do., Supplement, i. 340 ; Mendel.
FOIGNET, FRANgOIS, born in Paris
about 1780, died in Strasburg, July 22,
1845. Dramatic composer and singer, sou
and puj)il of the preceding, made his debut,
when yet a child, at the Theatre des Jeunes
I^leves, and, besides comic operas, wrote
the music for a number of pantomimes and
melodramas. From 1806 he sang in vari-
80
FOLKUNGER
ous provincial theatres, after 1829 in the
South of France, especially at Angoulome,
where he was manager of the theatre. He
died in poverty at the hospital. Works : La
noce de Lucette, Theatre Montansier, 1799 ;
Le gondolier, ou la soiree venitienne, ib.,
1800 ; Le chat hotte, ou les vingt-quatre
heures d"Arlequin, feerie. Theatre des Jeunes
Artistes, 1802 ; Le retour inattendu, ou le
mari revenant, ib., 1802 ; Eaymond de Tou-
louse, ou le retour de la Terre sainte, gi'aud
opera (with his father), ib., 1802 ; Riquet
a la houpjie, fairy ojjera, ib., 1802 ; La
uaissance d'Arlequin, ou Arlequiu dans un
ceuf, do., ib., 180.3 ; Arlequiu a Maroc, ou la
pyramide enchantce, do., ib., 1801 ; L'oi-
seau bleu, do. His brother Gabriel, born
in Paris, 1790, has made a name for himself
as a virtuoso on the harp. — Fetis ; do., Sup-
plement, i. 311 ; Mendel.
FOLKUNGER, DIE (The Folkuugs),
grand ojsera in five acts, text by S. H. Mo-
senthal, music by Edmund Kretschmer, first
represented at the Court Theatre, Dresden,
April, 1874. Scene, in Sweden. Time, end
of thirteenth century. Characters repre-
sented : Magnus, son of King Eric of Swe-
den ; Maria, niece of Eric ; Karin, nurse ;
Lars Olasson, castellan of the Castle of
Borgniis ; Bengt, Duke von Schoonen ; Sten
Petrik, his confidant ; Ansgar, Abbot of
Kloster Nydal. This, Kretschmer's first op-
era,, had a fair run, but has now disappeared.
FONTAINE, ANTOINE NICOLAS MA-
EIE, born in Paris in 1785, died at Saint-
Cloud, Ajiril, 18GG. Violinist, pupil of his
father, and of Lafont, Kreutzer, and Baillot.
He entered the Conservatoire in 1806, and
won the 1st violin prize in 1809 ; studied
harmony under Catel and Daussoigne and
composition under Reicha. After a profes-
sional tour of ten years, he settled in Paris
in 1825 as teacher of the violin, and was
solo violin to Charles X. until the revolu-
tion of 1830. He published a great deal of
violin music, and some church music. — Fe-
tis, iii. 288 ; do., Supplement, i. 312 ; Men-
del ; Yiotta.
FONTANA, GIOVANNI BATTISTA,
Italian composer, living in 1G60. He pub-
lished a collection of sonatas, for two or
three violins with bass (Venice, IGll). Ac-
cording to Hart, these sonatas furnish the
earliest indication of the removal of the
violin as a solo instrument to a higher
sphere of composition. — Fetis ; Hart, The
Violin, 172 ; Mendel, iii. 590 ; do., Ergilnz.,
sii. 110.
FONTANA, URANIO, born at Iseo, Italy,
November, 1815, still living, 1889. Dra-
matic composer, pupil at the Milan Conser-
vatorio. His opera seria, Isabella di Lara,
given in Rome, 1837, first brought him into
notice. He then produced in Paris, 1810,
another work, Le Zingaro, and soon after
became director of the Italian theatre in
Athens, but returned to Italy in 1811, and
gave in Padua his Giulio d' Este (1812).
His best work is I Baccanti, written for La
Scala, Milan, 1849. He was professor of
singing at the Paris Conservatoire in 1856-
65.— Fetis, iii. 289 ; do., Supplement, i. 342 ;
Mendel ; Viotta.
FONTEI, NICOLO, born at Orzinuovi,
Italy, in 1597, died (?). He wrote masses,
psalms, etc., published in Venice (1634-
1647), and Bizzarrie poetiche for 1, 2, and 3
voices, three books, the two last in Venice
(1636-39).— Fetis ; Van der Straeten, i. 61 ;
Mendel ; Viotta.
FONTENELLE, GRANGES DE, born at
Villeneuve d'Agen (Lot-et-Garonue), France,
in 1769, died there in 1819. Dramatic com-
poser, first instructed in his native town,
then in Paris pupil of Rey in harmony and
of Sacchini in composition. Works : La
montagne, ou la fondation du temple de
la Liberte, opera, given in Paris, Opera,
1793 ; Hecube, do., ib., 1800 ; Medee et
Jason, do. (1802), ib., 1813 ; Circe, cantata ;
Priam aux pieds d'Achille, do. ; Other can-
tatas ; Quartets for violin. — Fetis ; do., Sup-
plement, i. 312 ; Mendel.
FONTjNHCHEL, hippolyte hono-
RE JOSEPH COURT DE, born at Grasse
(Var), May 5, 1799, died (?). Dramatic com-
&
FOOTE
poser, puj)il of Chelard at the Conservatoire,
Paris, won the second prize for composition
iu 1822, and %-isited Italy. Works : Ainadeo
il Grande, gi%'en at Genoa; I due Forzati,
Leghoi'n ; H Gitano, Marseilles, 1835 ; Le
chevalier de Canolle, Paris, Oj^era Comique,
183G ; Amleto, not performed ; Choruses for
the Amalocites of Chateaubriand. — Fetis;
do., Supplement, i. 342 ; MendeL
FOOTE, AETHUR (^\TLLIAM), born, of
American parents, iu Salem, Mass., March
5, 1853, still living, 1889. Graduated at
Harvard University in 1874, studied the
pianoforte and organ under B. J. Lang,
and harmony and composition under
Stephen A. Emery and John K. Paine. Has
been, since 1878, organist of the First Uni-
tarian Church, Boston. Works — Vocal :
The Fareirell of Hiawatha, for male chorus
and orchestra, Boston, May 12, 1886 ; Tlie
Wreck of the Hesperus, for soli, mixed
chorus, and orchestra, ib., Jan. 2G, 1887;
Numerous songs and part-songs. Instru-
mental : String quartet in G minor, op. 4 ;
Trio for pianoforte, violin, and violoncello
in C minor, op. 5 ; Serenade for strings, op.
12 ; Overture, /;( the Mountains, op. 14 ;
Concerto for violoncello and orchestra ;
Several fugitive pieces for pianoforte, for
violin, and for violoncello.
FORAN SYDENS KLOSTER (Before
the South Convent), cantata for soli, female
chorus, and orchestra, by Edvard Grieg,
op. 20. Subject from Bjorustjerne BjOrn-
sou's "Aruljot Gelline." Translated iuto
German as Vor der Klosterpforte, by F. von
Holstein, and published by E. W. Fritzsch
(Leipsic, 1877).— Wochenblatt (1877), 226.
FOE, AS IN ADAM ALL DEE, short
chorus in D minor, iu Handel's llcssiah,
Part in. ; usually sung as an unaccompa-
nied quartet of solo voices.
FORBES, GEORGE, born in London,
JiUy 1, 1813, died there, Sept. 11, 1883.
Pianist, pupil of his brother Henry and of
Sir George Smart. He gave concerts with
his brother in London in 1831-44 and after-
wards on his own account. Works : Sonata
in C for pianoforte ; Marche des Guides ;
Larghetto and rondo capriccioso in E ; La
pluie de perles ; Nocturnes, waltzes, and
other works for pianoforte. — Brown.
FORBES, HENRY, born in London in
1804, died there, Nov. 24, 1859. Pianist
and organist, brother of George Forbes,
pupil of Sir George Smart, Hummel, Mo-
scheles, and Herz. He was conductor of
the Societa Armonica and organist of St.
Lukes, Chelsea. Works : The Fairy Oak,
opera, given at Drury Lane, London, 1845 ;
Ruth, oratorio, London, 1847 ; National
Psalmody, a collection of psalm tunes for
four voices ; Songs, etc. — Grove.
FORD, THOMAS, English composer of
17th century, buried, London, Nov. 17,
1648. He was one of the musicians of
Prince Henry, son of James I., and also of
Charles I. He published a work entitled,
" Musicke of Sundrie Kindes, set forth in
two Bookes. The first whereof are Aires for
4 Voices to the Lute, Orpharion, or Basse-
Viol, etc. The second are Pavens, Galiards,
Thumpes and such like for two Basse Viols,
the Liera Way," etc. This work contains
the beautiful four-part songs : " Since first I
saw your face," and, "There is a ladie sweet
and kind." He contributed to Leighton's
" Teares or Lamentacions of a Sorrowfull
Soule " (1614) ; and composed canons and
rounds which are printed in Hilton's
" Catch that Catch Can," and an anthem in
the Anthems by Madrigal Composers of the
Music Antiquarian Society. — Grove ; Fetis ;
Jilendel.
FORGUES, VICTOR ESPRIT I5mILE,
born in Paris, Sept. 26, 1823, still living,
1889. Pianist, pupil at the Conservatoire
under Goblin, Laurent, Zimmermann, and
Leborne. He won the 1st prize for piano-
forte in 1840 ; has played with great success
at concerts in Paris and other cities. He
has jjublished morceaux de genre, and a col-
lection of 12 iStudes. — Fetis, Supplement,
i. 343.
FOR HE SHALL GIVE HIS ANGELS.
See Deiin er hat seiuen Engelu.
FORKEL
FORKEL, JOHANN NICOLAUS, born
at Meeder, near Coburg, Feb. 22, 1749,
died in GOttiiigen, March 17, 1818. The
son of a shoemaker, he received some in-
struction from a chorister of his native place
and then taught himself. He became choir-
boy at Liineburg in 1762, and Chorprilfect
at Schwerin in 17GG ; went to GOttingen in
17G9 to study law, but soon devoted him-
self to music again, and was appointed or-
ganist of the University Church, and in 1778
musical director to the university, which
gave him the doctor's degree in 1780. He
■was the earliest of the musical historians
of Germany, and showed great energy in
amassing materials with, sometimes, a want
of the critical faculty in digesting them.
Woi-ks : Hiskias, oratorio ; 2 cantatas : Die
Machtder Harmonie and DieHirteu bei der
Krij^pe zu Bethlehem ; Choruses ; Symj^ho-
nies, concertos, and pianoforte sonatas.
Among his historical and critical writings
are : " Ueber die Theorie der Musik " (GOt-
tingen, 1771) ; " Musikalisch-kritische Bibli-
othek"(Gotha,1778); "Musikalischer Alma-
nach f iir Deutschland " (Leipsic, 1782, 1783,
1784, 1789); "Allgemeine Geschichte der
Musik " (ib., 1788-1801), his greatest work,
though imfiuished ; " Allegemeine Litera-
tur der Musik" (ib.,
1792), the first biblio-
graphical attempt of
the kind; "Johann
Sebastian Bach's Leb-
en, Kunst und Kunst-
werke" (ib., 1802, English translation,
London, 1820).— Mendel ; Schilling ; FOtis ;
Grove ; Allgem. d. Biogr., vii. 155.
FORNABI, VINCENZO, born at Naples,
May 11, 1848, still living, 1889. Dramatic
composer, pupil of Luigi Siri on the piano-
forte and of Battista in composition. His
opera, Maria di Torre, was given at Naples,
Teatro Filarmonico, 1871. — Fctis, Supple-
ment, i. 343.
FORNASINI, NICOLA, born at Bari,
Aug. 17, 1803, died at Naples, June 24,
18G1. Dramatic composer, pupil at the
AArt
Conservatorio, Naples, of Furno, Tritto, and
Zingarelli, became bandmaster of a regi-
ment, and afterwards was aj^pointed direc-
tor of music of the royal army, also inspec-
tor of the classes in wind instruments at
the Conservatorio. Works : Oh ! quante
imposture, opera buft'a, Naples, Teatro
Nuovo, 1829 ; Un matrimonio per medieina,
ib., 1829 ; L'avvocato in angustie, farce, ib.,
1831 ; La vedova scaltra, ib., 1831 ; Ro-
berto di Costanzo, ib., Teatro Sau Carlo,
1839 ; Several ballets, ib. ; Masses, vespers,
litanies, a Te Deum, and other church mu-
sic.— Futis, Supplement, i. 343.
FORONI, JACOPO, born at Verona, July
25, 1825, died at Stockholm, Sept. 8, 1858.
Dramatic and instrumental composer, son
and probably pupil of Domenico Foroni,
church composer (179G-1853) ; introduced
the symphony for orchestra into Italy, and
composed several meritorious works in this
form. In 1849 he was called to Stockholm
as royal director of mvisic. Works : Mar-
gherita, opera, given in Milan, 1847 ; Les
gladiateurs, do., Stockholm, about 1855 ;
L'avocat Pathelin, do. (unfinished) ; Three
overtures for grand orchestra ; Several sym-
phonies for do. ; Pianoforte pieces. — Fetis ;
Mendel.
FORSTER, ALBAN, born at Reichen-
bach. Saxony, Oct. 23, 1849, still living,
1889. Pupil of R, Blume and, at the Con-
servatorium, Dresden (1866-69), of Eietz in
composition, of Lauterbach on the violin,
and of Diiring on the pianoforte. Having
held positions at Carlsbad, Breslau and
Stettin, he went as court musician to Neu-
Strelitz in 1871. Besides an operetta. Das
Fliistern, given at Neu-Strelitz, 1875, he has
written 2 string quartets, 2 trios, soli for
violin and for violoncello, some orchestral
works, and pianoforte j^ieces and songs.
— Mendel, Ergiinz., 111.
FORSTER, CHRISTOPH, born at Bebra,
Thuringia, Nov. 30, 1693, died at Rudol-
stadt, Dec. 6, 1745. Organist, pupil in his
native town of the organist Pitzler on the
pianoforte and organ, then at Weissenfels
FOIiSTER
of Heinichen in tliorougb bass and compo-
sition, and at Merseburg of Kaufimann in
counterpoint. In 1719 he went to Dresden,
■was in Prague during the coronation festiv-
ities in 1723, and became Kapellmeister at
Eudolstadt in 1745. He composed over
300 works, consisting of cantatas, sympho-
nies, overtures, and pianoforte and organ
pieces. — Fctis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FOKSTER, EJIANUEL ALOYS, born at
Niederstein (at Neurath, according to Men-
del), Silesia, Jan. 26, 1748, died in Vienna,
Nov. 12, 1823. Self-taught, he went to Vi-
enna in 177G, and became a vei-y successful
teacher of thorough bass and composition.
Beethoven esteemed him highly. Works:
48 string quartets and quintets ; Quartets
for pianoforte and strings ; Pianoforte so-
natas and pieces ; Cantata and songs ; Va-
riations on an air- from Sarti's opera, I finti
Eredi, which were long attributed to Mozart.
He was the author of "Anleitimg zum Ge-
neralbass" (1802, 1805, 1824), with 146 ex-
amples, a work of considerable value. — Men-
del ; Ft'tis ; Wurzbach.
PORTIA DE PILES, Comte AL-
PHONSE, born in Marseilles, Aug. 18,
1758, died at Sisteron, Feb. 18, 1826.
Dramatic composer, puj^il of Ligori. The
last member of the noble family of his
name, he was an officer of the regiment du
Roy and governor of Marseilles before the
Revolution. Works — Ojjeras : La fi'e Ur-
gi-le, Nancy, 1784 ; V<.'nus et Adonis, ib.,
1784 ; Le pouvoir de I'amour, ib., 1785 ;
L'officier franjais a I'armee, ib., 1786 ; 8 so-
natas for pianofoiie, with violin and violon-
cello ; Trios for violin ; Quartets for violin ;
SymjAony for full orchestra. — Fotis ; La-
rousse ; Biog. Gt'n., xviii. 221 ; Mendel.
FOETSCH, JOHANN PHILIPP, born at
Wertheim, Franconia, May 14, 1652, died
at Ltibeck after 1708. Dramatic composer,
pupil at Weissenfels of Johann Philipp
Krieger, and completed his musical train-
ing under different masters while studying
medicine at Frankfort, Jena. Helmstiidt,
Ei-furt, and Altdorf. Having travelled in
Germany, Holland, and France, he entered,
iu 1671, the Chapel of the Council at Ham-
burg as tenor singer, and a few years later
was engaged for the theatre there, as singer,
composer, and poet. In 1680 he became
Kapellmeister to the Duke of Sclileswig at
Gottoi^j, went in the same year to Kiel, to
take his diploma as doctor, and practised
medicine at Husum, Schleswig, etc. ; was
made court physician to the aforenamed
duke in 1689, and to the Bishop of Eutin in
1694, living at Liibeck from 1705. Works
— Operas : Crosus, given at Hamburg, 1684 ;
Das unmOgliche Ding, ib., 1685 ; Alexander
in Sidon, Eugenia, Polyeuct, ib., 1688 ; Kaiu
und Abel, Xerxes, Cimbria, ib., 1689 ; Tha-
lestris, Aucile Romano, Bajazeth und Tam-
erlan, Don Quixote, ib., 1690. Concertos
for harpsichord. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FORTUNATI, GIOVANNI FRANCES-
CO, born at Parma, Feb. 24, 1746, died (?).
Dramatic composer, pupil of Omoboni Ni-
colini the elder, and in Bologna of Padre
Mai-tini. He brought out his first opera in
Parma, 1769, was made maestro di capjsella
to the court, vocal instructor to the Arch-
duchess Amalia, and director of the opera.
Having composed operas for many Italian
cities, he went to Germany, lived in Dres-
den, and finally went to Berlin, as com-
poser to Friedrich Wilhelm II. On his
return to Parma he resumed his former
position at the court and the principal the-
atre, and held them initil the death of
Louis Ferdinand in 1802. He was one of
the original members of the musical sec-
tion of the Academy of Ai-ts and Sciences in
Italy, founded in 1810. Works : I caccia-
tori e la vendilatte, given at Parma, 1769 ;
L'incontro inaspettato, ib., about 1800 ; La
contessa per equivoco ; Ipermestra. — Fe-
tis ; Mendel.
FOR UNTO US A CHILD IS BORN,
chorus in G major, in Handel's 3fessiah,
Part L
FORZA DEL DESTINO, LA, Italian op-
era seria in four acts, text by Piave, music
by Verdi, first represented in St. Peters-
84
FOSSA
burg, Nov. 10, 1862. The libretto is adapted
from a romantic drama of the same title,
in five acts, by Don Angelo Saavedra, duque
de Rivas, plaj-ed in Madrid in 1835. The
opera was produced in Loudon, at Her Maj-
esty's Theatre, June 22, 1867 ; and in Paris,
at the Theatre Itahen, Oct. .31, 187G, with a
new overture and changes in the test by
Verdi. The action takes place in Spain.
Don Alvarez, sou of the viceroy of Peru,
enamoured of Donna Leonora de Vargas,
daughter of the Marchese di Calatrava, acci-
dentally kills the marquis, who tries to pre-
vent their elopement. Donna Leonora re-
tires into a convent and Don Carlos, her
brother, vows vengeance against Don Alva-
rez. After having been sworn friends in
the war in Italy, both being under assumed
names, Don Carlos at last discovers his iden-
tity and forces him to fight him. Don Car-
los is wounded and Don Alvarez goes into a
monastery under the name of Padre Eaffaele.
Don Carlos, recovered from his wound, seeks
his retreat and endeavours, by every insult,
to make him fight again. Padre Raffaele
bears his taunts with saintly patience, but
at last, goaded beyond endurance, seizes the
sword Don Carlos offers him and, going
without the monastery walls, fights and
mortally wounds him. Leonora, who has
witnessed the combat from her window,
rushes upon the scene as her brother falls
and, while ofl'ering aid, is stabbed by him,
and Don Alvarez, losing his reason at the
dreadful sight, throws himself from a prec-
ipice. In the final form of the opera, as
given in Paris, the denouement is changed
so that Alvarez does not kill himself. — Hans-
lick, Moderne Oper, 242 ; Larousse, viii.
631.
FOSSA (Defossa), JOANNES DE, born in
the Netherlands in the 16th century, died at
Munich in 1603. Church composer, became
assistant Kapellmeister at Munich in 1.569,
under Orlando Lasso, after whose death
he acted as Ober-Kapellmeister from 1594
until 1602. Masses and motets of his com-
position are in the royal library of Munich ;
they show great delicacy and original con-
ception. — Mendel.
FOSSA (de Fossis, De Ca Fossis, Da Fos-
sa), PIERRE DE, Flemish composer of the
16th century, died in Rome in 1527. He is
the first recorded maestro di cappella of S.
Marco, Venice, having immediately preceded
Adrien Willaert of Bruges. He had pre-
viously been a singer in the papal choir from
about 1485, and in 1491 was director of the
music of the chapel and of the maitrise.
He was thus the first chorodidascalus and
first phonascus of that celebrated church.
Though noted in his day as a composer,
none of his works have survived. He is
celebrated by Pietro Contarini in " Argo
vulgare " for his songs, and he is said to
have written a cantata for the marriage of
Anne Condola of Aquitaine with Ladislas,
King of Hungary and Bohemia, 1502, which
was preserved in the archives of that queen.
— Van der Straeten, La Musique au Pays
Bas, vi. 182 ; Mendel ; Viotta.
FOSSEY, LEON, born in Paris, March
17, 1829, died there in February, 1877.
Dramatic composer, joupil of Elwart at the
Conservatoire, where he took the second
prize for harmony in 1849. He was for
many years chef d'orchestre of the Theatre
de la Gaite. Works : Pomme d'api, ope-
retta, Gaite, 1859 ; Marcel et Cie, do., Bouft'es
Parisiens, 1867.— Fetis, Supplement, i. 345.
FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS, born,
of American parent-
age, in Lawrenceville
(now part of Pitts-
burgh), Pennsylvania,
July 4, 1826, died in
New York, Jan. 13,
1864. His early mu-
sical education was
acquired at home,
and later he had
some instruction
from local teachers,
and was, in his own
way, a close student of the works of the
great composers. During 1850-51 he lived
FOUQUE
for a time in New York aiiLl Hoboken, but
in 1851 returned to Pittsburgh ; in 18G0 he
again went to New York, where he remained
until his death. Foster occupies a place
of his own among American song-writers ;
few musical compositions appeal so directly
to the popular heart as his, and none have
become more universally known or been in
more general use. His first published com-
position, written when he was about seven-
teen years old, was a serenade, Open thy
lattice, love (1842). The Old Folks at
Home, often called The Suwanee Kiver, was
composed in the summer of 1851, and was
purchased by the negro-minstrel Edwin P.
Christy, who published it as "written and
composed by " himself. More than half a
million copies of it were sold, and it still
has a steady sale. Works : Foster com-
posed about 150 songs in all, and in most
cases wrote the words as well as the music.
Among the better known are : Old Uncle
Ned ; Oh, Susanna ; Nelly was a lady
(1849); Old Folks at Home; Oh, boys,
carry me 'long ! ; Gentle Annie ; Jily Old
Kentucky Home ; Nelly Ely ; Nancy Till ;
Old Dog Tray ; "Willie, we have missed you ;
Come where my love Hes dreaming (-1
voices) ; Massa's in the cold, cold ground ;
Maggie by my side ; Old Black Joe, 18G1 ;
Beautiful Dreamer, 18G1.
FOUQUE, (PIERRE) OCTAVE, born at
Pau (Basses-Pyrouces), Nov. 12, 184-1, died
there, Sept. 22, 18815. Dramatic, instru-
mental, and vocal composer, pupil in Paris
of Reiuhold Becker in harmony, of Chauvet
in counteiiioint, and of Ambroise Thomas
in composition. He is more important as a
writer on music. Works : L'avocat noir,
operetta, given at the Alcazar, 1874 ; Deux
vieux coqs, do. ; Prelude for orchestra.
Concerts Daubo, 1874 ; Preludes, nocturnes,
morceaux de genre, etc., for pianoforte ;
Songs, and choruses. — Fetis, Suisplement,
i. 345 ; Mendel, Ergiluz., 112.
FOWLE, THOMAS LLOYD, born at
Amesbury, Wilts, England, Oct. 16, 1827,
still living, 1889. Church composer and
organist, self-taught ; was organist at Ames-
bury, then at Crawley, Sussex, and from
1856 engaged as editor and publisher. Re-
sides at Ryde, Isle of Wight. Works : Five
cantatas ; Four volumes of anthems ; do. of
organ voluntaries ; Twelve marches for
special seasons ; Two sei-vices, etc.
FRA DIAVOLO, ou I'hoteUerie de Ter-
racine (The Inn of Teiracina), opcra-co-
mique in three acts, text by Scribe, music by
Auber, first represented at the Opera Co-
mique, Paris, Jan. 28, 1830. Fra Diavolo
was the sobriquet of Michele Pezza, a Cala-
brian bandit, who was pardoned in 1799 and
became a colonel in the Neapolitan army,
but was captured in 1806 by General Hugo
(father of Victor Hugo) and hanged in
Naples. Scribe took little more than the
title for his libretto, the incidents of which
are derived chiefly from La Caverne of
Lesueur, which in turn is founded on an
episode in " Gil Bias." A spectacular
drama, entitled Fra Diavolo chef du bri-
gands dans les Alj^es, by Cuvelier and Fran-
coui, was given in Paris in 1808, and a Ger-
man version, Die Riluber in den Abruzzen,
in Vienna in 1822. Auber's Fra Diavolo
was produced in Vienna in 1830 ; an Eng-
lish version at Drury Lane, Nov. 3, 1831,
and an Italian version at the Lyceum, Lon-
don, July 9, 1857. It was first given in
New York, April, 1832. In the first act of
the opera. Lord and Lady Kokbourg, Eng-
lish travellers, after a narrow escape from
Fra Diavolo's band, during which the lady
loses her diamonds, enter the inn at Terra-
cina, kept hy Matteo, whose daughter Zer-
line loves Lorenzo, an officer in command of
carabineers searching for the bandits. Fra
Diavolo himself, who has followed the trav-
ellers disguised as the Marquis de San
Marco, hearing how they have deceived his
men, tries to perfect his plans for robbing
them by ingratiating himself with Zerline
and Lady Kokbourg. Lorenzo, after a sad
parting from Zerline, who is promised by
her father to a rich farmer, goes in search
of the bandits, defeats them, and recovers
86
FRA
the diamonds, -winning the offered reward
of 10,000 francs, and becoming thus as
wealthy as his rival. In the second act
Fra Diavolo and his companions Beppo and
Giacomo conceal themselves iu a closet in
Zerline's room. Their plans of robbery are
interrupted by the return of the carabineers,
and Fra Diavolo boldly comes out of the
closet and declares to Lord Kokbom-g that
he is there by appointment with his wife
and to Lorenzo that it is by invitation of
Zerliue. With two duels on his hands, Fra
1: v^** / 7'//
Charles Santley, as Fra Diavolo.
Diavolo promises satisfaction in the morning
and coolly walks out, leaving his two rivals
confounded and in despair. His compan-
ions, however, are captured and agree to
betray their chief to secure their own safety.
In the third act, where the scene is trans-
ferred to the mountains, Fra Diavolo is en-
snared, and meets death at the hands of the
carabineers, after acknowledging Zerline's
innocence, and the lovers are made happy.
The music, which made Auber's reputation,
is bright and sparkling and as inspiring as
the libretto. Li the first act the principal
numbers are: Pamela's, "Ah! quel voyage
abominable ! " ; Lord Kokbourg's, " Je vou-
lais bien, je voulais bien ; " the quintet be-
tween the two travellers, the sham Marquis,
Zerline, and Matteo, " Que vois-je, c'est
elle!"; Zerline's air, "Voyez sur cette
roche ; " the scene between the Marquis and
Pamela, " Gondolier Mi-le ; " and the buffo
trio between these two and Lord Kokbourg,
" Je n'aimais pas le musique." In the sec-
ond act the air of Zerline, " Quel bonheur,
je respire ; " the barcarolle, " Agnes la jou-
vencelle ; " the cavatina in Zerline's room,
" Oui, c'est demain qu'on me marie ; " and
the chorus, " Oui, la prudence." In the
third act, Fra Diavolo's grand air, " Je vols
marcher sous ma banniere ; " the chorus,
" C'est aujourd'hui Paques fleuries ; " Lo-
renzo's romanza, "Pour toujours, disait-
elle," and the final .scene. — Hanslick, Mod-
erne Oper, 132 ; Larousse, viii. G97.
FRA I DUE litigant: IL TEEZO
GODE (Between two quarrellers a third
liarty profits), Italian comic opera, text by
Lorenzi, music by Sarti, given at Turin,
1780. The unpublished score of this work,
which was very successful, is in the library
of the Conservatoire, Paris. Mozart took a
theme from this opera for the table-music
in the second act of Don Giovanni.
FRANCESCA DA RIMINI, German op-
era in three acts, text and music by Her-
mann GOtz, rej)resented in Mannheim, Sept.
10, 1877. GOtz died before finishing the
work, and the third act was instrumented,
from the composer's sketches, by G. Frank.
The music is dramatic and was well re-
ceived.
FRANCESCA DA RIISHNI, symphonic
poem for orchestra, by Peter Iljitsch Tschai-
kowsky, op. 32, composed in 1877, first per-
formed in Warsaw in 1878.
FRANCESCHINI, PETRONIO, born in
Bologna, lived in the second half of the 17th
century. Dramatic composer, brother of
the painter Marco Antonio Franceschini ;
pupil of Lorenzo Perti, and at Narni of
Giuseppe Corso. In 1673 he was elected
FRANCESCO
principe of the Accatlemia Filarmonica,
Bologna. Works : Oroute di Meiuii, Bo-
logna, Teatro Formagliari, 1676 ; Arsinoe,
ib., 1677 ; Apollo in Tessaglia, musical
di-aiua, ib., 1679 ; Dionisio, ovvero la virtti
trionfaute del vizio (with Parteuio), Venice,
1681. — Fotis ; do., Huijplument, i. 347.
FRANCESCO DA IVnLANO (Francesco
Milanese) ; organist, early part of 16tli cen-
tmy. He was a member of the Navizzi-
ani family of Milan and was a poet as well
as musician. About 1.530 he became or-
ganist of the Cathedi-al of Milan. Accord-
ing to Doni and Picciuelli he was the author
of several rare collections of organ and lute
music, entitled : Intabolatura di organo,
lib. i. ; Intabolatura di liuto (Milan, 1540).
Some of his pieces for lute are in a collec-
tion entitled, Intabolatura di liuto di di-
vei'si autori, etc. (Milan, 1556), w'hich went
through several editions under difl'ereut
titles ; and others are in Hortus Musai'um
(Louvain, 1552). — FOtis ; Schilling.
FRANCHJ, GIOVANNI PIETKO, born
at Pistoja about the middle of the 17th
century. He was maestro concertante to
the Duke Rospigliosi di Zagarolo. He pub-
lished Duetti da camera (Bologna, 1689) ;
Duetti del 1' amore col basso numerate (ib.,
1689) ; Motets ; Psalms ; Sonatas, etc. — Fe-
tis ; Mendel ; Viotta.
FR.\NCHO:\niE, AUGUSTE, born at
Lille, April 10, 1808, died in Paris, Jan. 21,
1884. Violoncellist, pupil at the Paris Con-
servatoire of Levasseur and of Norbliu ; and
in 1826 won the first prize for violoncello.
He was a member of the orchestra of the
Anibigu Comique in 1825-26, of the Opi"-
ra in 1827, and of the Theatre Italien in
1828. With Alard and Charles Halle he
founded a society for classical quartets.
The intimate friend of Choijin, he wrote
with him a duo for pianoforte and violon-
cello on Robert le Diable. He also wrote
a duo with variations in collaboration with
Bertoni, and a third with Osborne. In 1846
he became professor of the violoncello at
the Paris Conservatoire. Works : Theme
varie pour violoncelle avec orchestre, op. 1
(Paris) ; Thome original, op. 3 ; Theme
original vario avec orchestre, op. 4 ; Fan-
taisie sur des themes russes et ucossaises,
avec quatuor ou orchestre, op . 6 ; Romance
pour violoncelle, op. 10 ; Trois nocturnes ;
Deux adagios, oj). 21, 29 ; Premier concerto
pour violoncelle et orchestre, op. 33, etc.
— Grove ; Fetis ; Larousse ; Mendel.
FRANCISCELLO (Francischello), — ;
violoncellist, living in Italy in the early part
of the 18th century (1713-50). His birth-
place is unknown ; as he retired to Genoa
in his old age, it may have been his native
place. First celebrated at Rome shortly
after the death of Corelli (1713), he was to the
violoncello what Corelli was to the violin, and
was the first to substitute that instrument
for the bass-viol, which almost disappear-
ed from Italian orchestras before 1730.
Quantz heard him in Naples in 1725 ; Ge-
miniani sjjeaks of hearing him play with
Scai'latti when that master accompanied him
on the harj)sichord. Benda heard him in
Vienna in 1730, and took him for his model
on the violin. Gerber says that Duport
heard him at Genoa ; if so, he must have
been over seventy-five years of age. — Fetis,
iii. 307; Grove, i. 358; Mendel, iv. 14;
Schilling, iii. 32.
FRANCE, C£SAR AUGUSTE, born in
Liege, Dec. 10, 1822. Pianist, pupil at the
Liege Conservatoire, subsequently at that in
Paris (1837) under Zimmerman, Leborne,
and Beuoist, winning the 2d organ prize in
1841. He was organist of Sainte-Clotilde,
Paris. His oratorio, Ruth, composed some
twenty-five years before, was given in Paris
in 1846, when he succeeded Benoist as pro-
fessor of the organ at the Conservatou-e.
He published pianoforte and violin music.
— Fetis, iii. 310 ; do.. Supplement, i. 347 ;
Mendel ; Viotta.
FRANCK, EDUARD, born in Breslau,
Dec. 5, 1817, still hying, 1889. Instru-
mental composer and pianist, studied music
in his native city and, 1843-46, in Italy, then
settled in Berlin, whence he was called to
FRANCE
Cologne as professor of the pianoforte at
the Conservatorium. In 1859 he went as
musical director to Berne, and in 1867 to
Berlin to teach at Stern's Conservatorium.
Works : Sympihony, op. il ; Quintet for
l^ianoforte, op. 4.5 ; Sextet, op. 4:1 ; Sonata
for violoncello, op. 42 ; Duos for jjianoforte,
op. 4G ; Six sonatas, op. 40 ; Three do., op.
43 ; Symphonies, overtures, concertos, etc.
— Mendel ; Riemann.
FRANCE, JOHANN WOLFGANG, born
in Hamburg in 1G41, died in Spain after
1G88. Dramatic composer, one of the ear-
liest German writers of opera. He pro-
duced fourteen works, all of which were
represented in Hamburg in 1679-86. In
1688 he went to Spain, and became a favour-
ite composer of Don Carlos II., a distinction
which led to his death by assassination.
Works — Operas : Michael und David ; An-
dromeda und Perseus ; Die Mutter der
Makkabiier ; Don Pedro ; Aeneas ; Jodelet ;
Semele ; Hannibal ; Charitine ; Diocletia-
nus ; Attila ; Vespasianus ; Kara Mustafa, in
two parts : I. Die Belagerung Wiens ; H.
Die erfreuliche Entsatzung W^iens. He
published also sonatas for two violins and
bass, and church compositions. — Fetis ;
Jlendel ; Riemann.
FRANCE, JOSEPH, born in Liege
about 18-20, still living, 1889. Organist and
violinist ; brother of Cesar Auguste Franck ;
pupil at the Liege, and subsequently at the
Paris Conservatoire. He was maitre de
chapelle and organist of the Church des
Maisons Etrangeres and of that of Saint-
Thomas d'Aquin, Paris, and a teacher
of the pianoforte and organ. Works :
Collections of motets for one or sev-
eral voices with two choirs ; Ode to
St. Cecilia, with orchestra ; Concertos
for pianoforte with quartet or orches-
tra ; Cantatas ; Masses ; Songs. He
is the author of several theoretical and
practical works for the instruction of
the pianoforte and organ. — Ft-tis, iii.
310 ; do., Sui^plement, i. 347 ; Mendel ;
Viotta.
FRANCE, MELCHIOR, born in Zittau
about 1580, died in Coburg, June 1, 1G39.
Church composer, lived in Nuremberg
about 1600, and became Kapellmeister to
the Duke of Coburg in 1603. Gerber gives
a list of 44 of his works. He sometimes
embellished his melodies in the Italian
style, and was one of the earliest composers
to make the instrumental accomj)animent
more independent. Some of his chorals are
still sung. Works : Melodia sacrte (1600-
7) ; Musikalische Bergreyeu (1602); Con-
trapuncti compositi (1602) ; Teutsche Psal-
men und Eircheugesiinge (1602) ; Neue
Paduanen, Galliarden (1603) ; Opusculum
etlicher newer mid alter Reuterliedlein
(1603) ; Neues Quodlibet (1604) ; Farrago
(1604) ; Teutsche weltliche Gesilnge und
Tiintze (1605) ; Geistliche Gesilnge und
Melodien (1608) ; Neue musikalische Intra-
den (1608) ; Flores mu.sicales (1610) ; Musi-
kalische FrOhlichkeit (1610) ; Tricinia nova
(1611) ; Vincula natalitia (1611) ; Sechs
deutsche Eouzerte (1611) ; Suspiria mu-
sica (1612) ; Opusculum etlicher geistli-
cher Ge.siinge (1612) ; Viridarium musi-
eum (1613) ; Recreationes musicro (1614) ;
Zween Grabgesiinge (1614) ; Zwey newe
Hochzeitsgesiinge (1614) ; ThrenodiiB Da-
vidicit! (1615) ; Die trostreichen Worte aus
dem 54. Eajjitel Esaiil (1615) ; Delicije
amoris (1615) ; Fasciculus quodlibeticus
(1615) ; Geistlicher musikalischer Lustgar-
ten (1616) ; Lilia musicalia (1616) ; Teut-
sches musikalisches frohliches Eonvivium
(1621) ; Laudes Dei vespertiuse (1622) ;
■^ ^--^'7^.
(ZM>^-
«^v-i.
Newe teutsche Magnificat (1622) ; Gemmu-
Ise evangeliorum musical (1623-24) ; Newes
FEANCK
liebliclies musikalisches Lustgiirtlein (1623) ;
40 Teutscbe lustige musikalische Tiiutze
(1624) ; Newes musikalisches Ojiusculuiu
(1624) ; Sacri convivii musica sacra (1628) ;
Eosetuluni musicum (1628) ; Cithara eccle-
siastica et scliolastica ; Psalmodia sacra
(1631) ; Dulces muudani esilii clelici;c
(1631) ; Der 51 Psalm (1634) ; Paradisus
musicus (1636). — Eiemanu ; Fctis ; Mendel ;
Gerber ; Allgem. d. Biogr., vii. 213 ; Grove ;
Winterfeld, Der evaug. Kii-cbengesang, ii.
50.
FRANCE, mCHAEL, born at Scbleu-
siugen, March 16, 1609, died at Coburg,
Sept. 24, 1667. Vocal composer, studied
music iu middle life, after he had lost all
his property during the Thirty Years' War,
and iu 1640 had settled at Coburg, where
in 1644 he found employment as teacher at
the Gymnasium. It was then that he took
uf> music and poetry, with such success as
to be made imperial poet laureate in 1659.
Of his comjjositions ai'e known : Geistliches
Harfeuspiel aus dreissig vierstimmigen Arien
uebst Generalbass (Coburg, 1657) ; and the
chorals : Kein Stiindleiu geht dahin, Ach,
wie nichtig, ach, wie fliichtig, and Sey Gott
getreu, halt' seineu Bund. — Fctis ; Mendel ;
Schilling.
FRANCCEUR, FRANCOIS, born in
Paris, Sept. 28, 1698, died there, Aug. 6,
1787. Dramatic composer, member in
1710 of the orchestra of the Opera, where he
formed a lifelong friendship and ijaitner-
ship with Rebel. He was subsequently a
member of the king's private band, and in
1733 composer to the king. He was ap-
pointed joint-inspector of the Opera with
Rebel in 1736, was director iu 1751-67, and
superintendent of the king's chamber music
iu 1760. He published when young two
books of sonatas, the only works in which
he did not have Rebel as a collaborator.
Works — Operas, with Rebel : Pyrame et
Thisbe, 1726 ; Tarsis et Zelie, 1728 ; Scan-
derbeg, 1735 ; Le ballet de la pais, 1738 ;
Les Augustales, 1744 ; Zelindor, 1744 ;
Ismene, 1747 ; Les genies tutelaii-es, 1757 ;
La princesse de Noisy, 1760. — Mendel ;
Grove ; Fetis ; Larousse.
FRANCCEUR, LOUIS JOSEPH, born in
Paris, Oct. 8, 1738, died there, Mai'ch 10,
1804. Violinist and dramatic composer',
nephew and jmpil of Francois Francceur.
He was first a page of the king's band,
1746-52, then violinist in the orchestra at
the Opera, second maitre de musique in
1764, and in 1767 succeeded Berton as di-
recteur en chef, which position he held un-
tU 1779. In 1792 he became with Cellerier
manager of the Ojiera, and in 1794 was di-
recteur of the Opi'ra with Denesle. Pro-
duced several operas, among them Ismene
et Lindor, 1766, and Ajas, 1770, and left
others in MS., as well as church music, all of
which are in the Conservatoire Library. He
is the author of " Diajsason general de tous
les instruments a vent," etc. (Paris, 1772).
— Grove ; Fetis, iii. 311 ; do., Supplement,
i. 348 ; Larousse ; Mendel.
FRANgOISE DE RIMINI, French grand
opera in five acts, text by Barbier and Carre,
music by Ambroise Thomas, represented at
the Opera, Paris, Ajnil 14, 1882. Subject,
the story of Francesca da Rimini and Paolo
Malatesta, as related by Dante in the " Di-
vina Commedia." One of the composer's
best works.
FRANCO-lNIENDfiS, JACQUES, born iu
Amsterdam in 1812, of a distinguished
Portuguese Israelitish family that settled
there in the 16tli century. Violoncellist,
pupil of Priiger and Bertehuann, and sub-
sequently of Merk, in Vienna. After visit-
ing London and Paris with his brother
Joseph, he was appointed in 1831 court
violoncellist. He made another profes-
sional tour in Germany with his brother in
1833, and in 1836 went to Paris to perfect
himself in composition, and established
there a series of quartet matinees with his
brother which were greatly appreciated.
After Joseph's early death he lived princi-
pally in Holland. He published violoncello
and other instrumental music. Orders of
Isabella the Catholic, the Oaken Crown,
90
FRANCO- MEND:I^S
Adolph of Nassau. — Fc-tis ; Larouisse ; Gre-
goir, Mus. neerlandais du xviiie et xixe siecle,
76 ; Mendel ; Viotta.
FRANCO-MENDfiS, JOSEPH, born in
Amsterdam, May 4, 181G, died Oct. U,
1841. Violinist, brother of Jacques Franco-
Mendes ; pupil of Prilger, and in Paris in
1836 of Baillot. After a professional tour
to London, Paris, and Germany he played
chiefly at The Hague and Amsterdam. In
1835 two of his quartets for two Yiolins,
viola, and bass were ci'owned by the Nether-
land Society for the Encouragement of
Music. He left many works in MS. — Fotis ;
Larousse ; Gregoir, Mus. ncerlandais du
xviiie et xixe sii'cle, 76 ; Viotta.
FRANCS-JUGES, LES (The Vehmic
Judges), overture to the ojiera of the same
title, by Hector Berlioz, op. 3, first performed
at the Conservatoire, Paris, May 26, 1828.
The opera, written by Berlioz in 1825, on a
libretto by Humbert Ferrand, was declined
by the committee of the Acadcmie Royale
de Musique, and only the overture ever saw
the light. The score of the opera was de-
stroyed. The overture was the first of
his works to gain him any lasting reputa-
tion. Published, full score and parts, by
Richault and Hofmeister (Leipsic) ; in parts
for military band, arranged by "Wieprecht,
Eichault ; for pianoforte, 4 hands, Richault,
Hofmeister ; do., arranged by Karl Czerny,
Meyer (Brunswick) ; do., 2 hands, arranged
by Liszt, Schott (^lainz). Given in New
York, Philharmonic Society, season of
1845-46.— Jullien, Hector Berlioz (1888),
375.
FRANK, ERNST, born in Munich, Feb.
7, 1847, still living, 1889. Dramatic and
vocal composer, and excellent conductor,
pupil of Mortier de Fontaine on the piano-
forte and of Franz Lachner in composition ;
became court organist and chorus-master at
the Royal Opera, and in 1868 Kapellmeister
at Wiirzburg. In 1869 he was made chorus-
master at the Opera in Vienna, where he
afterwards conducted the Siugverein and
the Academische Gesangvereiu. Hof-Ka-
pellmeister at Mannheim in 1872-77, he
was called to Frankfort as first Kapellmeis-
ter at the theatre, and in 1879 to Hanover as
von Bidow's successor. In 1887 he became
insane, and was committed to an asylum.
Works : Adam de la Halle, opera, given at
Carlsruhe, 1880 ; Hero, do., Berlin, 1884 ;
Duettinos for female voices ; Rattenfiinger
Lieder from Wolff's Singuf, with violin
obligato ; Other songs and choruses. He
translated into German the operas. The
Veiled Prophet, and Savonarola by Stanford,
and Colomba by Mackenzie. — Mendel, Er-
giluz., 113 ; Riemann.
FRANKENBERGER, HEINRICH, born
at Wiimbach, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen,
Germany, Aug. 20, 1824, died at Sonders-
hausen, Nov. 22, 1885. Dramatic composer,
pupil at Sondershausen of Bartel the elder,
of Ernst Bartel in theorj', of Birnstein on
the organ, and of G. Hermann on the piano-
forte ; then at Leipsic of Plaidy, Karl Ferdi-
nand Becker, and Hauptmann. In 1847 he
entered the princely orchestra at Sonders-
hausen as violinist, and afterwards became
its assistant conductor. During his annual
furlough he conducted the operas at Erfurt,
Halle, Frankfort, etc. He was also an ex-
cellent harpist, and able teacher, and
published hand-books on instrumentation,
and harmony, and a method for the or-
gan. Works — Operas : Die Hochzeit zu
Venedig, four acts, given at Sondershausen,
1847 ; Vineta, three acts, text by Bohn,
ib., Jan. 30, 1851 ; Der Giinstling, three
acts, text by Lemm, ib., 1863. — Riemann.
FRANZ, J. H. (Count Bolko von Hoch-
berg), born at Castle Fiirstenstein, Silesia,
Jan. 23, 1843, still living, 1889. Dramatic
composer, supported in Dresden, for several
years, a string quartet bearing his name,
and in 1876 instituted the Silesian music
festivals. Li 1886 he was appointed in-
tendant general of the royal Prussian court
theatres. Works : Claudine von Villabella,
given at Schwerin, 1864 ; Der Wilrwolf
(Die Falkensteiner), Hanover, 1876 ; Sym-
phonies, songs, etc.
FEANZ
FRANZ, KARL, born at Langenbielau,
Silesia, in 1738, died in Muuicli in 1802.
Played the bom in the service of the Ai'ch-
bishop of Olmiitz in 1758 ; then joined
Prince Esterhazj's orchestra in Eisenstadt,
and became the greatest virtuoso on the
barytone, the predecessor of the violoncello.
Haydn composed a cantata, Deutschland's
Klage auf den Tod Friedrich's des Grossen,
with barj-tone accompaniment, especially for
him. He spent eight years in Presburg
under Cardinal Bathiany, and in 1787
was called to Munich as chamber musician.
Works : 12 barytone concertos. — Allgem.
d. Biogr., vii. 310 ; Mendel ; Fetis ; Grove.
FRANZ ROBERT, born in Halle, June
28, 1815, stm liv-
ing, 1889. After
studying by him-
self several years,
he became a pupil
at Dessau (1835-
37) of Schneider
in pianoforte, har-
mony, and coun-
terpoint ; rctumod
then to Halle, and,
without employ-
ment for six yeai's, made thorough studies in
Bach, Beethoven, and Schubert. In 1811 his
sense of hearing began to decline. In 1843 he
published his first set of twelve songs, which
won him the sincere admiration of Schumann,
and later of Mendelssohn, Gade, Liszt, and
others. About this time he was appointed
organist at the Ulrichskirche in Halle, and
conductor at the Singacademie. Somewhat
later he was given the titles of KOniglicher
Musikdirelctor and Doctor of Music, the
latter for his musical lectures at the Halle
Univer.sity. His deafness gradually became
more and more serious, and in 1853 was
aggravated by nervous disorders. In 18G8
he was forced to throw up all his employ-
ments, and almost entirely to abandon com-
position. The pecuniary difficulties result-
ing from this were made up for by a sum of
about $25,000 realized from concerts given
in 1872 for Franz's benefit by Liszt, Joa-
chim, Helene Magnus, and others, and by
sums raised in a similar way in Boston,
Mass., by Otto Dresel (his intimate friend
and co-worker), B. J. Lang, and Sebastian
B. Schlesinger. Franz's fame rests upon a
twofold basis : upon his songs, and upon
his additional accompaniments to choral
works by Bach, Handel, Durante, and As-
torga. He is undisputedly the greatest liv-
ing song-writer : the legitimate successor of
Schubert and Schumann. At first his songs
were caviare to the general public, but the
admiration of men like Schumann and !!Men-
delssohn, and the ardent propagandism of
Liszt (through his incomparable pianoforte
transcriptions), of the baritone Stockhausen,
and others in Germany, and of Otto Dresel
in America (at one time Boston was one of
the chief focuses of the Franz cult), helped
much to gain them universal recognition.
Franz's additional accompaniments to old
choral works are to be ranked only with
what is most perfect in this difficult depart-
ment. In this matter he has been from the
first a stout ojspouent of Chrysander, Spit-
ta, and others of more timidly archaeologi-
cal tendencies. Works — I. Original : 257
songs, in 45 sets, for voice and pianoforte,
published by Breitkopf & Hiirtel, Whist-
ling, Peters, Senff, Fritzsch, etc. ; Ivyrie a
cappella for 4-part chorus and soli ; Psalm
cxvii. for double chorus (8 parts) a cap-
pella ; Liturg}' for the evangelical service ;
G chorals ; 6 part-songs for mixed voices,
and 6 do. for male voices. H. Ai-range-
ments, from J. S. Bach : Miltthaus-/'a.s-.sio/i ;
ire/«ac/i/.s-Oratorium, Parts I. and H. ; 3Iag-
iiificat in D ; Tracer-Ode. Church canta-
tas : Es ist dir gesagt, Mensch, was gut ist ;
Oott fiihret auf mit Jauohzen ; leh hatte
viel Bekiimmerniss ; Wcr sich selbst erhu-
het ; 0 ewiges Feuer ; Lobet Gott in Seinen
Reichen ; Wer da glaubet und getauft wird ;
Ach wie fliichtig, ach wie nichtig ; Freue
dich, erloste Schaar ; Gotles Zeit ist die
allerbeste Zeit (Actus tragicus) ; Sie wer-
den aus Saba Alle kommen ; Airs from
93
FRANZ
other cantatas, etc. For soprano : Mei)i
Seelenscbatz ist Gottes Wort, from Gleicb
wis der Regen unci Sclinee ; Aucli niit
gediimjDften, scliwacben Stimmen, from
Schwingt freudig eucb empor ; Liebster
Jesu, main Verlangen ; Gottlob, nun gebt
das Jabr zu Ende ; Hot, deine Giite, from
Wer Dank opfert, der preisset micb ; Herr,
der du stark und miicbtig bist, from Meine
Seele erbebt den Herren ; Gedenk' an uns
mit deiuer Liebe, from Wir danken dir,
Gott ; 3Tein gliiubiges Herze, from Also
bat Gott die Welt geliebt. For alto : Ein
ungefi'irbtGemutbe ; llenschcn, g\a.uht docb
dieser Guade, from Christ unser Herr zum
Jordan kam ; Domiue Fili unigenite, from
G Minor JIass ; O Menscb, errette deine
Seele, from O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort ;
Wie furchtsara wankeu meine Schrittc, from
AUein zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ. For tenor :
Welch Uebermaass der Giite, from Wer
Dank opfert ; Ergiesse dicb reicblicb, from
Wo soil icb fliehen bin ; Um^ri- Mund und
Ton der Saiten, from Wie scbi'm leucbtet der
Morgen stern ; Nun mOgt ibr stolzen Feinde,
from Herr, wenndie stolzen Feinde schnau-
ben ; Ich will dir zu Ehren leben, from
Fallt mit Danken ; Die Liebe ziebt mit
sanften Scbritten, from Scbwingt freudig
eucb empor. For bass : Verstianme, HOl-
leubeer, from Wo soil ich fliehen bin ; Gxte
Nacht, du Weltgetiimmel, from Wer weiss
wie nahe mir mein Ende ; Booh weichet,
ibi- tollen, vergeblichen Sorgen, from Lieb-
ster Gott, wann werd' ich sterben ; Goll ist
gerecht, from O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort ;
Gott, bei deinem starken Schiitzen, from
Wiir' Gott nicbt mit uns diese Zeit. Duets :
HeiT, dein Mitleid, for S. and B., from
Herrscber des Himmels, erbiire das Lallen ;
Cbriste eleison, for 2 S., from the Hohe
Messe ; Wenn Sorgen auf micbdringen, for
S. and A., from Ach Gott, wie manches
Herzeleid ; Et in unum Dominum, for S.
and A., from the Hohe Messe ; Domine
Deus, for S. and A., from the G major
Mass ; Four movements from JTusiLnlit'ches
Opfer, for pianoforte, flute, and violin ;
Suite in E minor, for pianoforte (Leipsic,
Breitkopf & Hiirtel). From G. F. Handel :
L' Allegro, il Penseroso, ed il Moderato ;
Jubilate, in D ; The 3Iessiah. Airs, for so-
prano : Cara sposa, from Eadamisto ; Sommi
Dei, from do. ; Vanne, sorella ingrata, from
do. ; 3Iio bel tesoro, from Alcina ; Mio caro
bene, from Rodelinda ; lUtorna, o caro, from
do. ; Il vostro maggio, from Rinaldo ; Menti
eterne, from Lotario ; Spera si, mio caro
bene, from Admeto ; SI, t' amo, ocara, from
Muzio Scevola ; S'ei non mi vuole amar,
from Tamerlano ; Ab, non son io cbe parlo.
from Ezio. For alto : Con rauco mormorio,
from Rodelinda ; Confusa si miri 1' infida
consorte, from do. ; Si, si minaccia, e viuta,
from Sosarme ; Empio, diro, tu sei, from
Giulio Cesare ; rupille sdegnose, from
Muzio Scevola ; IJn disprezzato affetto, from
Otbone ; Io sperai trovar riposo, from do. ;
Son confusa pastorella, from Poro ; Stille
amare, gi:i vi sento, from Tolomeo ; Furi-
hondo sjnra il vento, from Partenope ; Gi-
acchh morir non jiosso, from Radamisto ;
Vi fida Io sposo, from Ezio. Duets : Se
teco vive il cor, for 2 S., from Radamisto ;
Fuor di periglio, for S. and T., fi'om Flori-
dante ; Io t'abbraccio, for S. and A., from
Rodelinda ; Per le porte del tormento, for
S. and A., from Sosarme ; Ricordati, mio
ben, for S. and A., from Flavio ; Deh, per-
dona, for S. and A., from do. ; Vivo in te,
for S. and A., from Tamerlano ; A teneri af-
fetti, for S. and A., from Otbone ; Cara, piii
amabile belta, for S. and A., from Giulio
Cesare ; Che vai pensando, for S. and B.,
Kammer-Duett, No. 5 ; Vh, speme infida,
pur !, for 2 S., id., No. 7 ; Tacele, ohime,
tacete, for S. and B., id., No. 10 ; Langue,
geme, for S. and A., id., No. 13. From
other composers : Astorga's Stabat Mater ;
Francesco Durante's Magnificat in B-flat.
HI. Literary works : Oft'ener Brief an Edu-
ard Hanslick iiber Bearbeitungen illterer
Tonwerke, namentlicb Bach'scber und Hiin-
del'scber VocalmusLk (Leipsic, 1871) ; Mit-
theilungen tiber J. S. Bach's Magnificat
(Halle, 18G3).— Ambros, Rob. Franz, Eine
94
FRANZ
Studie (Leipsic, 1872) ; La Mara, HIus.
StudieukOpfe, iii. 131 ; Liszt, Ges. Schrif-
ten, iv. 207 ; Mus. Wochenblatt, i. 211, 228,
2'47 ; Schumann, Ges. Schriften, ii. 318 ;
Schuster, Rob. Franz (Leipsic, 1874) ;
Sarau, Eob. Frauz uud das deutsche Volks-
und Kivcheuhed (Leipsic, 1875) ; Illustr.
Zeitg. (1872), i. 288 ; ii. 213.
FEANZ, STEPHAN, born in Vienna, 1785,
died there in 1850 (?). VioHnist, pupil of
his father and several other Viennese violin
teachers, and on the pianoforte pu^jil of
Dominik Ruprecht, and in composition of
Albrechtsberger, besides which he was often
advised by Josef Haydn. For a short time
compelled by his father to foUow a mercan-
tile career, he was soon led back to music,
being offered a permanent employment as
teacher, and as first violinist in a private
quartet, in a wealthy nobleman's house. He
held this position in 1803-G, then a similar
one at Presburg, and in 1807 became mu-
sical director to a nobleman in Stuhlweis-
seuburg county, where he devoted himself
to composition. He gave successful con-
certs at Presburg, Pesth, and other Hun-
garian cities, returned to Vienna in 1813,
became first violinist at the Theater an der
Wien, and in 181G a member of the imperial
orchestra. In great demand as a teacher,
he gave up his position at the theatre in 1818,
and in 1820 also ceased to perform in pub-
lic. From 1828 to 1850 he conducted the
orchestra of the Burgtheater. Works : Sym-
phony ; 15 overtures ; about 90 entr'actes ;
Grand mass ; Graduals and offertories ;
String quintet ; Several quartets, concert-
pieces, variations, solos, etc., for violin ;
Septet for flute, violin, oboe, bassoon, horn,
violoncello, and bass ; Quintet, quartets,
trios, and duos for flute ; Rondo for harp
and orchestra ; Two pianoforte trios, varia-
tions for pianoforte ; Songs. — Fetis ; Men-
del ; Wurzbach ; Neue wiener Musikzei-
tung (1856), 4.
FKANZL, FERDINAND, boru at Schwet-
zingen in the Palatinate, May 24, 1770, died
in Mannheim, November, 1833. Violinist
and dramatic composer, son and pupil of
Ignaz Frilnzl, whom he greatly surpassed as a
composer. He joined the Mannheim court
band in 1782, made concert tours with his
father from 1785, studied under Pleyel
and Richter in Strasburg, and, after a visit
to Paris, went to Italy and studied composi-
tion under Padre Mattel of Bologna, giving
concerts in Rome, Naples, and Palermo.
He became Conzertmeister in Frankfort-on-
the-Main in 1792, director of a private or-
chestra at Oflenbach in 1794, went on con-
cert tours from 1799, and visited Poland
and Russia in 1803-6. In 1806 he suc-
ceeded Caunabich as court Kapellmeister
and director of German opera in Munich.
Pensioned in 1827, he retired to Geneva,
and later to Mannheim. Spohr considered
him an old-fashioned virtuoso. Works —
Operas : Die LuftbilUe, Strasburg, 1788 ;
Adolph uud Clara, 1800 ; Carlo Floras,
Munich, 1800 ; Haireddin Barbarossa, ib.,
1815 ; Der Fassbinder, ib., 1824 ; a festival
composition — Die Weihe, ib., 1818 ; 8 con-
certos and 4 concertinos for violin ; 9 quar-
tets and G trios for strings ; Overtures, sym-
phonies, and songs. — Mendel ; Allgem. d.
Biogr., vii. 203 ; Fetis ; Grove ; Wasielewski,
Die Violine, 188.
FRANZL, IGNAZ, born at IMannheim,
June 3, 1734, died there in 1803. Virtuoso on
the violin, entered the famous court orches-
tra of the Elector Karl Theodor at Mann-
heim in 1750, became afterwards Conzert-
meister and finally Kapellmeister, in which
capacity he removed with the orchestra to
Munich in 1768. From 1784 he travelled
for several years with his son Ferdinand,
and in 1790 was made director of the the-
atre orchestra at Mannheim. His composi-
tions, numbering about twenty works, con-
sist of concertos, quartets, and trios. — Fe-
tis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FRASI, FELICE, born in Lombardy in
1803, died at Vercelli, Sept. 8, 1879. Dra-
matic composer, piupil at the Conservatorio,
Milan, gained reputation as a jjiauist and
organist, and at the age of twenty-one
95
FRAUEXLIEBE
became maestro di cappella of the cathedral
at Vercelli, Piedmont. His opera La selva
di Hermanstadt was given at La Scala,
Milan, in 1827 ; he also published sonatas
for pianoforte, and pastorals for the organ.
— Fetis; Mendel.
FRAUENLIEBE UND LEBEN (Wom-
an's Love and Life), eight songs by Cha-
misso, for voice and pianoforte, by Robert
Schumann, op. 42, 1840. The music to
this cycle reveals an extraordinary depth of
jjenetration into a side of human character
which men are generally supposed incapable
of understanding. Schumann treated the
series as a whole, as Beethoven did his Lie-
derkreis, An die feme Geliebte, yet with-
out connecting the separate songs even in
an external way, as did the latter. Only at
the close does the pianoforte give an echo
of the first song as a postlude. — Maitland,
68 ; Eeissmann, 100.
FEECH, JOHANN GEORG, born at
Kaltenthal, near Stuttgart, Jan. 19, 1790,
died at Esslingen in 1864. Organist and
pianist, chiefly self-taught, and since 1806,
when he became assistant teacher at Deger-
loch, pupil at Stuttgart of Knecht in har-
mony, of Sutor in composition, of Nanz on
the violin, of Kriiger on the flute, and of
Scherzer on the violoncello. In 1811 he
went to Esslingen, where he became or-
ganist and musical director in 1820, and
founded the still existing Liederkranz in
1827. His influence upon musical educa-
tion in Wiirtemberg was gi-eat and bene-
ficial. Works : ]\Iontezuma, opera ; Abra-
ham auf Moria, oratorio ; Cantatas ; German
mass for mixed chorus ; Oi-gan and piano-
forte pieces; Songs and j)art-songs. — Fetis;
Mendel ; Schilling.
FREDDI, AMADEO, born in the Vene-
tian States about the close of the 16th cen-
tury. Priest and maestro di cappella succes-
sively at Treviso and of the Cathedral of
Padua. Works : Madrigals (Venice, 1601-
2) ; Motets, psalms, hymns, etc. (ib., 1616-
42). — Fetis ; Van der Straeten, i. 30 ; Men-
del ; Viotta.
FREDERICK THE GREAT, King of
Prussia, born at Berlin, Jan. 24, 1712,
died at Sans Souci,
Aug. 17, 1786. Flut-
ist, pupil of Quautz,
who composed for
him nearly 300 con-
certos and 200 soli,
besides e x e r c is e s
which the king prac-
tised regularly every
morn ing. Works:
H re pastore, opera ;
Overture to Aci e Galatea ; Marches ; Arias ;
About 100 soli for flute. A complete edi-
tion of his compositions is in preparation
by Breitkopf & Hilrtel, Leipsic. — Fetis ;
Mendel ; Midler, Friedr. d. Gr. als Kenner
und Dilettant auf dem Gebiete der Ton-
kuust (Potsdam, 1847).
FREEER (Freyer), AUGUST, born at
Mulda, near Dresden, in 1803, still living,
1889 (?). Organist, pujjil of Cantor Geissler,
whom he often replaced at the organ, from
his tenth year. He afterwards went to
Poland, and settled at Warsaw, where he
studied counterpoint imder Elssler. In
1834 he made a concert tour through Ger-
many, and after his return was made organ-
ist of the Lutheran Church at Warsaw. He
has published a large number of composi-
tions for the organ. — Fetis, Supplement, i.
350 ; Mendel; do., Ergiinz., 113.
FREISCHUTZ, DER, German romantic
opera in three acts, text by Fiiedrich Kind,
music by Weber, first represented in Ber-
lin, June 18, 1821. The score was finished,
May 13, 1820, at Dresden. The opera was
first named " Der Probeschuss," then " Die
Jiigerbraut," but was produced under its
present title. The libretto is founded on a
stoiy in vol. i. of the " Gespeusterbuch,"
edited by Johann August Apel, and Fried-
rich Laun (Leipsic, 1810), translated into
English by De Quincey under the title of
" The Fatal Marksman," and which is itself
founded on a stiU earlier tale in "Unterre-
dungen vom Reiche der Geister," pubhshed
96
rS^liiYO^^.
1/- ■' T
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FEEISCIItTZ
about the beginning of the seventeenth cen-
tury. In the opera, Max, a marksman, in
love with Agathe, daughter of Kuno, head
ranger to the Prince of Bohemia, is recom-
mended by Kuno, who is old and infirm, as
his successor. The prince agrees to accept
him if he is victorious in the coming shoot-
ing-match. Caspar, also in love with Agathe,
who has sold himself to the demon Samiel,
forms a plan to win the girl and to substi-
tute Max for himself in the fulfilment of his
contract with the Evil One. He shows Max
the power of magic bullets, made with Sa-
miel's aid, and persuades him to meet him
in the Wolf's Glen at midnight to obtain
Therese Malten.
more. Max keeps his appointment, though
terrified by sjjectres and grotesque forms,
and warned by his mother's spirit, and re-
ceives seven bullets, six of which are to be
used at Max's will in the coming match, and
the seventh is to be directed by the demon
himself Agathe, warned by a holy hermit
of coming danger, but guarded against it
by a wreath of roses which he has given
her, prepares in the third act for her wed-
ding. Oppressed by melancholy forebod-
ings, she tells Annchen that she dreamed she
was a dove and that Max fired at her. On
the day of the shooting-match her lover wins
with his six magic bullets, and at the com-
mand of the prince fires the seventh one at
a flying dove. As he fires the dove takes in
his eyes the form of Agathe and he fancies
he has slain her ; but she is saved by her
wreath and the bullet pierces Caspar's heart.
Samiel claims his victim, and Max wins his
bride and the ranger's position amid the
general rejoicing. The original cast in Ber-
lin was as follows :
Agathe Frau Caroline Seidler.
Annchen Frl. Johanna Eunicke.
Max Herr Carl Stumer.
Caspar Herr Heinrich Blume.
Ottokar Herr Rebenstein.
Kuno Herr Wauer.
Samiel Herr Hillebrand.
Kilian Herr Wiedemann.
Among the best personators of Agathe is
Therese Malten, whose portrait is given.
Der Freischiitz met with an enthusiastic re-
ception, and its pojjularity is still very great
in Germany. Its 500th re^n-esentation was
celebrated in Berlin in 188.5. It was given
in Dresden, Jan. 26, 1822, and soon after
in other German cities. An English ver-
sion, entitled Der Freischiitz or The Sev-
enth Bullet, was produced in London, at
the English Opera House, July 22, 1824,
with ballads inserted, and it became so
popular that nine different theatres played
it at the same time. The German version
was brought out at the King's Theatre, May
9, 1832, and an Italian version, II franco
arciero, at Covent Garden, March IG, 1850.
A pasticcio was given in Paris, at the Ode-
on, Dec. 7, 1824, with a new libretto, with
changes of names and scene, by Castil-Blaze
and Sauvage, under the title, Eobin des Bois.
An accurate French version of the original
by Emilien Pacini and Hector Berlioz, with
recitatives by Berlioz, was produced at the
Academic Koyale de Musique, June 7, 1841.
Der Freischiitz was first represented in New
York, at the Park Theatre, March 3, 1825.
Among its most popular numbers are :
" Durch die Willder, dui-ch die Auen," aria
of Max, Act i.. No. 3 ; " Schelm ! halt fest!,"
duet between Agathe and Annchen, Act ii.,
9T
frI:lon
No. 6; "Wie naLte mir der Sclilummer,''
scene and aria of Agathe, Act ii., No. 8 ;
" Eiust triiumte mciner seligeu Base," ro-
mance and aria of Annchen, Act iii., No. 13 ;
" Wir wiuden dir den Jungfernkranz," Volks-
lied, cliorus of bridesmaids, with soprano
solo, Act iii.. No. 14 ; " Was gleicht wolil
auf Erden dem Jiigervergniigen," chorus of
huntsmen, Act iii., No. 15. — Ji'ihns, Weber
in seiuen Werken, 297 ; Larousse, viii. 809 ;
Max M. von Weber, Carl M. von W. (Leip-
sic, 1864), ii. 277, 312 ; Edwards, Lyrical
Drama, i. 33 ; Hanslick, Mod erne Oper,
66 ; Berlioz (Apthorp), 395 ; Wagner, Ges.
Schr., i. 257 ; Burlingame, Wagner, 92 ;
Ambros, Bunte Blatter, i. 1 ; do., ii. 93.
FE:fcLON, LOUIS FKANCOIS ALEX-
ANDRE, born at Orh'ans, France, in 1825,
still living, 1889. Pianist and organist,
studied music in his native city, where he
founded a gratuitous course of musical in-
struction for workmen in 1847. When the
harmonium came into use, he was one of its
most active propagators in Paris, and pub-
lished an excellent method for this instru-
ment. In 1851 he went to London to rep-
resent the organs constructed by the firm
of Alexandre. He has composed a great
number of morceaus de genre, fantaisies,
etc., for harmonium, and for do. and piano-
forte.— Ft'tis, Supplement, i. 349.
FREMART, HENRI, French composer
of church music, vicar of Notre Dame de
Paris about the middle of the 17th century,
having been maitre de musique of the ca-
thedral at Rouen in 1611-25. Works:
Missa 4 voe. ad placitum, Ballard coll.,
1642 ; Missa 4 voe. ad imit. mod. Confun-
dantur suj)erbi, ib. ; Missa 5 voe. ad imit.
mod. Verba mea auribus, etc., ib., 1643 ;
Missa 5 voe. ad imit. mod. Eiipe me, Domine,
ib. ; Missa 5 voe. ad imit, mod. Domine re-
fugium, ib. ; Missa 6 voe. ad imit. mod. Ju-
bilate Deo, ib., 1645 ; Missa 6 voe. ad imit.
mod. Salvum me fac, Deus, ib. — Fetis.
FRENCH SUITES (Ger., Franzosisehe
Suiten), the name generally given the six
smaller cla-vder suites by Johann Sebastian
Bach : Suite i. D minor ; ii. C minor ; iii. B
minor ; iv. E-flat major ; v. G major ; vi. E
major. Published by the Bach-Gesellschaft.
FRESOHI, GIOVANNI DOMENICO,
born in Vicenza, Italy, in 1640, died there in
1690. A priest, he lived in Venice in 1677-
85, and wrote there many ojjeras. On his
return to Vicenza he became maestro di
cappella of the cathedral. Works— Operas :
Elena rapita da Paride, Venice, 1677 ; Sar-
dauapale, ib., 1678; TuUia Superba, ib.,
1678 ; Circe, ib., 1679 ; Berenice, ib.,
1680 ; Giulio Cesare trionfante, 1682 ;
Silla, 1683 and 1699 ; L' incoronazione di
Dario, 1684 ; Teseo tra le rivali, 1685 ;
Dario, 1685. Giuditta, oratorio. Missa a
cinque, salmi a 3, 4, 5 voci (Venice, 1660) ;
Missa a 0, e salmi a 2, 5, 6 voci (ib., 1673).
— Fctis ; Mendel.
FRESCOB.^LDI, GIEOL.UIO, born in
Ferrara, 1588, died
after 1640. Little is
known of his life. He
studied under Fran-
cois MiUeville (not
under Alessandro
Milleville, his father,
who died, 1589) ; his
first composition, a
book of five-voice
madrigals, was imb-
lished by P. Phalesius in Antwerp, June
10, 1608. During this year, Frescobaldi
visited Milan. In 1615 he succeeded Ei--
cole Pasquini as organist at St. Peter's
in Rome, his fame being then so great
that thirty thousand are said to have
flocked to the church to hear his first
performance. The latest record of him
is in a letter of P. della Valle (1640), in
which he is mentioned as still living, and
fifty-two years old. Johann Jacob Fro-
berger was his pupil. Frescobaldi may
be called the father of the great schools
of organ playing and organ music ; not
only was he the first very imposing fig-
ure we meet with in the history of or-
gan writing, but no genius so great as
as
FREUBEL
his is to be found in this department of
composition until we come to J. Sebastian
Bach. Hawkins's statement that Fresco-
baldi was the first Italian who played in the
fugued style is an error which has found
much favour with subsequent historians.
But he probably was the first organist who
used the tonal (instead of the real) response
in the fugue. "Works: 1. Libro primo di
Madrigali a 5 voc. (Antwerp, Phalesius,
1C08) ; 2. Libro secoudo di Madrigali, etc.
(Milan, 1608) ; 3. Ricercari e canzoni fran-
cesi (Rome, Borboni, 1G15) ; 4. Toccate
. . . e partite d' intavolatura (1G13-27-
37-57) ; 5. Secoudo libro di toccate, etc.
(Rome, 1G15) ; 6. Primo libro delle canzoni
a 1, 2, 3, 4 voei (Rome, 1628) ; 7. Primo
libro, Arie musiculi, Florence, 1630 ; 8.
Capricci sopradiversi soggetti (Venice, 1626,
Rome, 1627). Separate pieces are found
in the following collections : Three in Can-
zoni per sonare con ogni sorta di stromenti,
etc. (Venice, Aless. Rauer, 1608) ; One in Se-
lecta3 Cantiones, etc. (Rome, Bart. Zauetti,
>^^Wz^
1616) ; One in Scelta di Motetti, etc. (Rome,
Zauetti, 1618) ; Lilia Camjii, etc. (Rome, J.
Bapt. Robletto, 1621).— Arabros, iv. 103,
438 ; Clement, Mus. celebres, 16.
FREUBEL, JOHANN LUD^^aO PALT,,
born at Namur in 1763, died at Amster-
dam, May 21, 1828. Organist and violinist,
and for many years conductor at the Dutch
theatre, Amsterdam. Works : De vroiiwe-
lijke recruten, ballet, 1788 ; Several other
ballets ; De triomf der liefde, symphony,
1793 ; Het vredefeest, 1802 ; 14 cantatas ;
3 concertos for violin ; Several overtures ;
Psalms ; Popular songs. — Fetis, Supjile-
ment, i. 350 ; Viotta.
FREUDENBERG, KARL GOTTLIEB,
born in a village of Silesia, Jan. 15, 1797,
died at Breslau, April 13, 1869. Organist,
pupil of the Cantor Klein at Schmiedeberg,
then of Berner and Schuabel in Breslau,
and, finally, at the organists' school in Ber-
lin, of Zelter in harmony and composition
and of Beruhard Klein in counterpoint. In
1826 he visited Italy, and in 1827 became
organist of St. Mary Magdalen's Church at
Breslau. He composed organ and piano-
forte music, psalms, songs, and part-songs.
— Fotis ; Mendel.
FREUDENBERG, WTLHELM, born at
Raubacher-Hiitte, near Neuwied, Prussia,
March 11, 1838, still living, 1889. Dra-
matic composer, studied music at Leij)sic
in 1858-61, was then for four years Kaijell-
meister at the theatres of diflerent cities,
last at Mainz, and in 1865 went to Wies-
baden as conductor of the Ciicilienverein
and the Synagogenverein. In 1870 he
founded there a school of music and con-
ducted the Singakademie until 1886, when
he removed to Berlin, and opened a school
of music with Mengewein. Works — Op-
eras : Die Pfahlbauer, burlesque, three acts,
given at Mainz, March 24, 1877 ; Die Ne-
benbuhler, romantic, three acts, Wiesbaden,
Feb. 6, 1879 ; Kleopatra, four acts, Magde-
burg, Jan. 12, 1882 ; Die Miihle im Wis-
perthale, three acts, Magdeburg, Jan. 21,
1883 ; Ein Tag in Florenz, symphonic
poem ; Durch Duukel zum Licht, overture ;
Music to Romeo and Juliet ; Pianoforte
pieces, and songs. — Mendel ; Riemanu ;
Signale (1879), 433.
FREUDENTHAL, JULIUS, born at
Brunswick, April 5, 1805, still living, 1889
(?). Violinist and flutist, pupil of Karl
Miiller, entered the ducal orchestra, of
which he in time became musical director,
retiring in 1860 on account of his health.
He evinced a remarkable talent for the hu-
morous genre of music, and his comic songs
and quartets for male voices, but especially
his operettas, and opera-travesties — capital
satires on modern, chiefly Italian, operas —
must be mentioned with distinction. — Men-
del ; Schilling.
FREUE DICH, ERLOSTE SCHAAR,
church cantata, Festo S. Joanuia Bapt., for
35«
FREUNDE
solo voices and chorus, with accompanimeut
of 3 trumpets, drums, 2 flutes, 2 oboes,
strings complete, and continue, by Johann
Sebastian Bach (Year V, No. 30, Bach-Ge-
sellschaft ed.) ; published also in full score,
with additional accompaniments by Robert
Franz, and in pianoforte score, by Leuc-
kart (Leipsic).
FREUNDE VON SALAMANKA, DIE,
oijeretta in two acts, text by Mayrhofer,
music by Franz Schubert, written in 1815,
never jierformed. The music, which was
written between Nov. 18 and Dec. 31, is on
a large scale, the first act alone filling 320
pages. The MS. is in the possession of Dr.
Eduard Schneider, Vienna. The libretto is
lost. — Hellborn (Coleridge), i. 72.
FREUDESAUSEN, JUBELBRAUSEN.
See Stradella.
FREUDIG BEGRUSSEN WIR DIE
EDLE HALLE. See Tannhiiuser.
FREYSTADTLER (Freystiidler), FRANZ
JACOB, born at Salzburg, Sept. 13, 1760,
died in Vienna in 1841. Organist, pupil of
Georg Lipp, competed successfully against
thirty-two applicants for the organist's
place at the Domstift of St. Peter, which
he held for sis years, then taught music for
two years in Munich, whence he went to
Vienna in 178G, and soon secured many pu-
pils through the recommendation of his
countryman and school-mate Mozart. He
published many pianoforte compositions,
mostly didactic, besides characteristic pro-
gramme-pieces, like Die Belagerung von
Belgrad, Mittag und Abend, Der Friihling-
smorgen, etc., and songs, and left in manu-
script over GO works, consisting of concer-
tos, fantasias, organ preludes, cadenzas, etc.
— Allgem. wiener Musikzeitung (1812), No.
121 ; Fetis ; Gerber ; Mendel ; Schilling ;
Wurzbach.
FRIBERTH, KARL, bom at Wullers-
dorf. Nether Austria, June 7, 1736, died in
Vienna, Aug. 6, 1816. Church composer
and tenor singer, first instructed by his
father, then studied in Vienna under the
guidance of the court composers Bono and
Gassmann. In 17.59 he joined the chape\
of Prince Eszterhazy at Eiseustadt as tenor,
and in 1776 became Kapellmeister of the
Jesuits' and IMinorites' churches at Vienna.
Works ; Nine masses ; Five motets ; Stabafc
Mater ; Requiem ; Graduals and offerto-
ries.— Fc'tis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FRIDOLIN, or the Message to the Forge,
cantata, by Alberto Randegger, written for
and first performed at the Birmingham
(England) Festival, Aug. 28, 1873. Tlie
text, by Mme Erminea Rudersdorft", is
founded on Schiller's ballad, " Der Gang
nach dem Eisenhammer." Characters rep-
resented : Waldemar, Count of Saverne ; Eg-
lantine, Countess of Saverne ; Fridolin, page
to the Countess ; Hubert, squire to the
Count. The cantata was a complete suc-
cess. Published by Chappell (London).
—Upton, Standard Cantatas, 299.
FRIDZERI, ALEX.INDRE MARIE AN-
TOINE FRIXER, called, born at Verona,
Italy, Jan. 16, 1711, died in Antwerp in
1819. Violinist, and virtuoso on the man-
dolin. He lost his sight when a year old,
and learned to play the mandolin without
a teacher ; he had five different violin
teachers, constructed his own mandolin at
eleven, learned the flute, the viol d' amore,
the organ, the horn, and several other in-
stniments without instruction, and never re-
ceived any lessons in harmony or counter-
point. He was organist of the Chapel la
IMadonna del Monte Berico, at Vicenza, for
three years, and at the age of twenty-four
started on a concert tour, played at the Con-
certs Spirituels in Paris (where he remained
two years), travelled through the northern
part of France, Belgium, Germany, lived
in Strasburg over a year, and returned to
Paris in 1771. He went to Brittany, and
spent twelve years with the Comte de Ch:\-
teaugiron, visiting Paris several times. On
the breaking out of the Revolution he went
to Nantes, and established a philharmonic
academy. The terrors of the war in the
Vendee caused him in 1791 to seek refuge
in Paris, whence he left for Antwerp in 1801,
100
FRISCIIMUTII
settled there as a music teacher, and estab-
lished a trade in music and instruments.
Works : Les deux miliciens, comic opera,
given at the Comedie Italienne, 1772 ; Les
souliers mordores, do., ib., 1776 ; Lucette,
do., ib., 1785 ; Les Thermopyles, grand
opera ; Six quartets for strings ; Six sonatas
for mandolin ; Two concertos for violin ;
Symphouie concertante for two violins, viola,
and orchestra ; Six quartets, 2d book ; Duos
for violins ; Six romances for voice and
pianoforte. — Futis ; Mendel.
FRISCHMUTH, JOHANN CHRISTIAN,
born at Schwabhausen, Gotha, died in Ber-
lin, July 31, 1790. Dramatic composer, was
musical director of various travelling com-
panies, and small theatres, then lived for
some years at Gotha, and removed to Ber-
lin, where he became director of the Dub-
bliu Theatre in 1785, and Kapellmeister of
the National Theatre in 1787. Works : Die
krauke Frau, Clarissa, Das Modereich, oper-
ettas ; Sonatas for pianoforte ; Duets for
violin, etc. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FRITHJOF, cantata, for soli, male chorus,
and orchestra, by Max Bruch, op. 23.
Scenes from the Frithjof-Saga of Esaias
TegDL^r. The cantata opens with Frithjofs
return from the Orkneys, and closes with
his sailing away in " Ellida " to become a
sea rover, after firing the temple in which
the false kings are sacrificing. — Upton,
Standard Cantatas, 87.
FRITHJOF - SYJMPHONIE, symphony
for orchestra, by Heinrich Hofmann, op.
22, written in 1871.
FRITZ, KASPAR, born in Geneva in
1716, died there in 1782. Violinist, pupil
in Turin of Giovanni Battista Somis.
Works : Quartets and solos for violin ; 6
symphonies ; Concerto for harpsichord,
etc. — Fetis ; Mendel, iv. 67 ; do., Erganz,
115.
FRITZE, WILHEL:\I, born in Bremen,
Feb. 17, 1812, died in Stuttgart, Oct. 7,
1881. Pianist, pupil in Bremen of Sobo-
lewski, then studied at the Conservatorium
in Leipsic, and under Biilow and Weitzmanu
in Berlin. Having travelled in France and
Italy, he settled in 1866 at Glogau, Silesia,
and in 1867 at Liegnitz, where he conducted
the Singakademie in 1867-77, went once
more to Berlin to study under Kiel, and in
1879 to Stuttgart. Works: Die Jahres-
zeiten, symphony ; Fingal, oratorio ; David,
do. ; Concerto for violin ; do., for piano-
forte ; Sonata fordo., op. 2 ; Sanctus, Bene-
dictus, and Agnus Dei for mixed chorus, soli,
and orchestra ; Pianoforte pieces, songs, and
choruses. — Riemann.
FROBERGER, JOHANN JACOB, born
(Mattheson says in Halle, but no proof has
been found) early part of 17th century (the
date usually given, 1635, is undoubtedly
many years too late), died at Hericourt
(Haute-Saone), France, May 7, 1667. The
story of his life has been made the nucleus
of a large amount of accumulated fiction ;
Fctis's acount is eminently untrustworthy,
and Mattheson's dates are mostly wrong.
The following facts are known : Jan. 1,
1637, he was appointed, by Emperor Fer-
dinand HI., organist in the imperial Hofmu-
sikkapelle, Vienna, where he remained un-
til Sept. 30, when he was sent by the Em-
peror to study under Frescobaldi, at Rome,
where he changed from the Luthei'an to
the Romish faith, in accordance with the
Emperor's wish. In 1611 he retui-ned to
Vienna, and resumed his position as court
organist. He relinquished this post in Oc-
tober, 1615, but staid in Vienna certainly as
late as September, 1619. He occupied this
post for a third time from April 1, 1653, to
June 30, 1657, when he incurred the Em-
peror's displeasure (how, is not known) and
was discharged in disgrace. He then en-
tered the service of Sybilla, Dowager Duch-
ess of Wiirtemberg, as teacher and music
director, and passed the last years of his life
at her home at Hericourt, much beloved
and revered by his pupil and patroness. He
died suddenly of a stroke of apoplexy while
at evening prayers, and was buried. May
10, in the church at Bavilliers (Haut-Rhin).
The monument erected over his tomb by
101
FEOM
Sybilla was destrojecl during the French ' in Stuttgart. This, and another edition,
Revolution. Besides these absolutely known dated 171-1, are printed from the same
facts of Froberger's life, his visits to Paris, ' plates as the first, but bear different titles.
Dresden, and London may be accounted as No copy of the edition of 1714 is known to
more than probable. In Paris he caught exist.) 2. Diverse. . . . etc.. Prima con-
the ornamented lute-style of Galot and Gau- tinuazione . . . Mogont., 1696. 3. Suites
tier and apislied it to the clavecin, which de Clavecin, par Giacomo Froberger, 2me
proves that the accepted legend which credits edition ; Amsterdam : Roger. (A copy is in
Couperin (1668-1733) with originating the the Berlin Librarj*. ) Several volumes of au-
ornameuted clavecin-stjde is
false, for the so-called French
agroments are found jjlenti-
fully in Froberger's clavecin
works. Liternal evidence goes
to jjlace the date of his -N-isit to
Paris before his return from Rome to Vienna I tograpli MS., dated 1649 and 1656, are in
in 1637. His visit to Dresden was probablj' the Berlin Library ; four volumes do., in
between 1646 and 1657. The date of his visit the Vienna Hofbibliothek. — Anibros, iv.
to Loudon is set at 1662 by Dr. Franz Geh- 4G3 ; Edmund Schebek, Zwei Briefe fiber
ring in Grove's Dictionary, relying upon J. J. Froberger, . . . (Prague, 1874) ;
zfto JOl
'auoTiw
Mattheson, but Ambros suspects that this
date should be earlier, before Froberger's
final depai'ture from Vienna in 1657. That
Froberger went to Mainz after quitting Vi-
enna, as asserted by Gerber, is more than
doubtful. Froberger was the first of the
great German organists and clavecinists.
He brought the grand Italian style of or-
gan writing, which, first developed by
Claudio Merulo (1533-1604), culminated iu
Frescobaldi (1588 — ?), to Germany, and
was thus the real father of the great Ger-
man organ school, the precursor of Pachel-
bel, Buxtehudc, and the other immediate
predecessors of Sebastian Bach. His style,
if somewhat less grand than that of his
master Frescobaldi, was more easily grace-
ful and elegant. Ambros calls him the
earliest salon-composer. None of his works
were published during his lifetime. Those
published since are : 1. Diverse ingegnosis-
sime e rarissime Partite di Toccate, Canzoni,
Ricercari . . . Stampate da Ludovico
Bourgeat . . . Mogont., 1693. (Two
copies, one with Italian, the other with Ger-
man title, are in the possession of Dr. F.
Gehring in Vienna. A copy of a reprint,
1695, is in the possession of Prof Im. Faisst
Samml. mus. Vortriige, v. 357.
FROM LOVE UNBOUNDED. See " Aus
Liebe, nur aus Liebe," in Johann Sebastian
Bach's Passion nach Matthiius.
FROINIM, EMIL, born at Spremberg,
Nether Lusatia, Jan. 29, 1835, still living,
1889. Organist, pupil of A. W. Bach, Grell,
and Schneider, at the Royal Institute for
Church Music in Berlin, became cantor at
Cottbus in 1859, received the title of royal
director of music iu 1866, and went to
Flensburg as organist of St. Nicholas's in
1869. "Works: Die Kreuzigungdes Herrn,
oratorio ; Two Passion cantatas ; Organ mu-
sic, and songs. — Mendek
FROM anOHTY KINGS, soprano air in
A major, in Handel's Judas Maccabeus,
Part n.
FROM THE VALLEYS AND HILLS.
See Bohemian Girl.
FROST, CHARLES JOSEPH, born at
Westbury-on-Trim, near Clifton, England,
June 20, 1848, still living, 1889. Organist,
pujjil of his father, who was organist at
Tewkesbury from 1849, of George Cooper,
Steggall, and Sir John Goss ; was organist
successively at different places from 1865 to
1884, when he succeeded Henry Robert
FEOYO
Gadsby at St. Peter's, Brockley, Surrey, a
position which he still holds. He has been
also professor of the
organ at GuOdhall
School of Music since
1880. Mus.Bac., Cam-
bridge, 18 7 7; Mus.
Doc, ib., 1882. Works:
Nathan's Parable, ora-
torio, 1878 ; Harvest
cantata, 1880 ; By the
Waters of Babylon, can-
tata, 187G ; Services ;
Anthems ; Te Deum ; Symphony for orches-
tra, 1878 ; Evening Service in D, 1883 ; The
Gypsies, chorus, 1888; Organ music, and
songs.
FROVO, JOAO AliVAEEZ, born in Lis-
bon, Nov. IG, 1G08, died in January, 1G82. '
Mestre de capella to Dom Joao IV., and of
the Cathedral of Lisbon, and hbrarian of
the royal musical library. He composed
hymns, masses, motets, etc., preserved in
the royal library of Portugal, and wrote sev-
eral theoretical works. — Fetis ; Vascoucel-
los, Mus. Portug., i. 113 ; Mendel.
FRUH, ARMIN LEBERECHT, born at
Muhlhausen, Bavaria, Sept. 1.5, 1820, still
living, 1889. Dramatic composer, pupil of
Dehu in Berlin, where he settled to teach
vocal music. In 1857 he invented an appa-
ratus, called by him Semeio-Melodicon, to
facilitate elementary musical instruction, by
introducing the notes to sight and hearing
simultaneously. Having travelled and se-
cured approvals for his invention from such
authorities as Fctis, Moscheles, Stephen
Heller, Auber, Halcvy, Dreyschock, the
Paris Conservatoire, etc., he settled in 1858
in Dresden, to establish a factory, but
failed in his enterprise. Works — Operas :
Die Bergknappen ; Die beiden Figaro ; Der
Stern von Grenada ; Nachtigall und Savoy-
arde ; A symphony, and songs. — Mendel.
FRUHLINGS-BOTSCH.\FT (Spring's
Message), cantata (Conzertstiick) for chorus
and orchestra, by Niels Wilhelm Gade, op.
35. Breilkopf and Hiirtel (Leipsic).
FRtJHLINGSKLANGE (Sounds of
Spring), symphony No. 8, in A, for orches-
tra, by Joachim Raff, op. 205, first per-
formed, 1878.
FRUHLINGSPHANTASIE (Spring Fan-
tasy), cantata (Conzertstiick) for four solo
voices, orchestra, and pianoforte, by Niels
Wilhelm Gade, op. 23, written in 1850.
Subject, a poem by Edmund Lobedanz,
translated into English by Mrs. Van der
Weyde, for the performance of the work in
London, 1878, under the direction of von
Biilow. — Upton, Standard Cantatas, 146.
FRY, WILLIAM HENRY, born, of Amer-
ican parentage, in Philadelphia, Pennsyl-
vania, Aug. 10, 1815, died in Santa Cruz,
West Indies, Dee. 21, 18G4. About 1835
he went through a course of musical in-
struction in the United States, and wrote
four orchestral overtures which were pub-
licly performed ; in 1845 he produced an
English opera entitled Leonora, which was
given in Philadelj)hia, and later in New
York. In 1846 he went to Europe as
regular correspondent of the New York
Tribune, and on his return to New York,
in 1852, he became its musical editor. He
wrote the music to an ode for the opening
of the New York Industrial Exhibition of
1853, and about this time delivered a
course of ten lectures on the history of
music, illustrated by performances of com-
positions, among them two of his own sym-
phonies. The Breaking Heart, and A Day in
the Country. A second opera, Notre Dame
de Paris, was produced at the Academy of
Music, Philadelphia, in April, 18G4. Be-
sides those mentioned, bis principal works
are a set of symphonies, performed by
JuUien's orchestra in New York ; Stabat
Mater, 1854 ; Violin quartets, 1855 ; Can-
tatas ; Songs, etc.
FUCHS, ALBERT, born at Basel, Aug.
6, 1858, still living, 1889. Instrumental
and vocal composer, pupil at the Conserva-
torium, Leipsic (1876-79), became music
director at Treves in 1880, and settled at
Oberlossnitz, near Dresden, in 1883. He
-103
FUCIIS
Las composed Hungarian suites for orches-
tra, pianoforte jiieces, and songs. — Eie-
manu.
FUCHS, FERDINAND KAKL, born in
Vienna, Feb. 11, 1811, died there, Jan. 7,
1848. Dramatic composer, pupil of the
Conservatorium, Vienna, where he soon be-
came popular through his numerous songs.
His operas, Gutteuberg, and Der Tag der
Verlobung, given 1842, show many pleasing
featiu'es, but lack originalitj-. A third op-
era. Die Studenten von Salamanca, was not
given. — Wiener allgem. Musikzeitg. (1846),
Nos. 41, 42 ; (1848), 11-17, 19-23 ; Wurz-
bach.
FUCHS, GEORG FRIEDRICH, born at
Mainz, Dec. 3, 1752, died iu Paris, Oct. 9,
1821. Instrumental composer, pupil of
Cannabich at Mannheim, became military
music dii'ector at Zweibriicken, whence he
went to Paris in 1784. At the foundation
of the Conservatoire he was appointed one
of the teachers to form the musicians for
the armies of the French Republic. Works :
Mai'ches for military band ; Concertos for
flute, clarinet, and horn ; Quartets, trios, and
duos for wiud instruments ; Six quartets
for strings. — -Fctis ; Gerber ; Meudel ; Schil-
ling.
FUCHS, JOHANN (NEPOMUK), born
iu Vienna, June 29, 17G0, died at Eisen-
stadt, Hungary, Oct. 29, 1839. Dramatic
and church composei", pupil and great fa-
vourite of Haydn, whom he succeeded as
conductor of Prince Eszterhazy's famous
orchestra. He numbers among the best
church composers of his time. His complete
works are in the princely archives at Eisen-
stadt, and consist of 20 operas, 3 operettas,
1 cantata, 28 masses, 51 oifertories and grad-
uals, 31 litanies and vespers, 62 Salve Regina,
Ave, etc., and hymns, 1 Te Deum, 2 over-
tures for orchestra, 1 nonet, 1 octet, 1 quar-
tet, 3 trios, and 15 quartets for male voices.
— Theaterzeitung (Vienna, 1840), 688 ;
Wurzbaeh.
FUCHS, JOHANN NEPOMUK, born
at Frauenthal, Styria, May 5, 1842, still liv-
ing, 1889. Dramatic composer, pupil of
Sechter in Vienna, became opera-Kapell-
meister at Presburg in 18G4, then acted in
the same capacity at difierent theatres ; last
in Cologne, Hamburg, and Leipsic, and since
1880 at the imperial opera, Vienna. His
opera Zingara was given at Briinn, Moravia,
1872 ; he wrote additional accompaniments
to Handel's Almira for representation at
Hamburg, and revised Schubert's Alfonso
und Estrella, and Gluck's Der betrogene
Kadi, for Vienna. His brother Robert
(born, Feb. 15, 1847), pupil at the Conser-
vatorium, Vienna, where he teaches har-
mony, has published a symphony, oji. 37, a
quartet, a trio, 3 serenades, 2 sonatas for
violin, sonata for pianoforte, several varia-
tions, etc. — Eiemaun.
FUCHS, PETER, born in Bohemia about
1750, died iu Vienna, 1804. Violin virtu-
oso, studied in Prague, where he enjoyed
considerable reputation as earlj' as 1768 ;
then went to Hungary. Iu 1794 he was ap-
pointed violinist in the imperial chapel iu
Vienna. He published a concerto for vio-
lin, sonatas for violin and violoncello, and
variations for violin. — Mendel ; Schilling.
FUENTES, Don PASQUALE, born at
Albayda, Valencia, early part of the 18th
century, died, April 26, 1768. Church com-
poser, one of the best of the Valencian
school. He was maestro de capilla of the
Church of S. Andres and in 1757 of the Ca-
thedral of Valencia. "Works : Masses ; Te
Deums ; Motets for 6 to 12 voices ; Vilhan-
cicos with orchestral accompaniment. — Fo-
tis ; Meudel ; Viotta.
FUETSCH, JOACHIM JOSEF, born at
Salzbm-g, Aug. 12, 1766, died (?). Violon-
cellist, self-taught, afterwards pupil of Luigi
Zardonati, who came for a year especially
for this purpose from Verona, engaged by
the Archbishop of Salzburg, whose court
violoncellist Fuetsch had become. With
Luigi Gatti he studied thorough bass, and
with Michael Haydn composition. Before
taking up the violoncello he had been in-
structed on the violin by Hafeneder and
104
FtJHEEE
Leopold Mozart. He composed concertos,
sonatas, solos, etc., for violoncello, also for
violonceUo and bass, and published three
and foui--part songs for male voices. — Fotis ;
Mendel ; Schilling ; Wiirzbach.
FUHKEE, ROBERT, born at Prague,
June 2, 1807, died in Vienna, Nov. 28,
18G1. Organist, pupil of Witasek, was at
first organist at Strahow, appointed princi-
jial instructor at the organists' school in
Prague, 1830, and organist of the cathedral,
1839. His irregular life caused the loss of
his position in 1845, after which he lived in
Salzburg, Bavaria, and UiJper Austria, ob-
taining an appointment as organist at
Gmunden and Ischl in 1857, which he did
not keep long. He finally settled in Vienna,
where he died in the hospital. Works :
Twenty masses, and other church music ;
Preludes, fugues, etc., for the organ ; Sev-
eral theoretical works about the organ. — Fe-
tis ; Mendel ; Wurzbach.
FUITE EN EGYPTE, LA. See Enfance
du Christ.
FUMAGALLI, ADOLFO, born at In-
zago, near Milan, Oct. 19, 1828, died in
Florence, May 3, 185G. Pianist, pupil, at
the Milan Conservatorio, of Angeleri. He
gave his first concerts iu Milan in 1848,
then visited Turin and Paris, travelled in
Belgium in 1854, and afterwards played in
many Italian cities. Works : Fantasia on I
Puritani (Milan), Grande fantaisie de concert
on the same ; Others on La Favorite, Lucia,
Norma, etc. Caprices, tarantellas, marches,
etc. ; Concerte fantastique with orchestra,
entitled Les clochettes. — Fetis ; Filippi,
Delia vita e delle opere di Ad. F. (Milan) ;
Mendel ; Wurzbach.
FUin, VINCESLAO, born at Montepul-
ciano, Italy, Oct. 30, 1826, died at Florence,
Nov. 20, 1880. Dramatic and instrumental
composer, pupil of Giorgetti at Florence ;
was maestro di cappella to the operatic
stages of different Italian cities, and in Con-
stantinople, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Ayres,
and Montevideo, and returned afterwards to
Florence. Works : Atala, opera, given at
Buenos Ayres, 1852 ; Several compositions
for orchestra. — Riemann.
FUNERAL ANTHEM, music by Handel,
composed for and performed at the funeral
of Queen Caroline, in the Chapel of Henry
VH., Westminster Abbey, Dec. 17, 1737.
The score, in Buckingham Palace, is headed :
" The Anthem for the Queens Carolines Fu-
neral," and is dated Dec. 12, 1737. The
text, from Psalms, was probably selected by
the composer himself. Though the score
occujiies, in its published form, about
eighty pages, it was written within five
days. It was given by eighty singers and
one hundred instrumental pi^i'^oi'i^si'^-
First j^rinted by Walsh ; full score, Hilndel^
gesellschaft (Leij^sic, 1861). — Schcelcher,
Handel, 192 ; Rockstro, 206 ; Chrysander,
ii. 436.
FUOR DI PERIGLIO, duet for soprano
and tenor (Rossaue and Timante) in F ma-
jor, with accompaniment of 2 flutes, 2 oboes,
2 bassoons, strings complete, and cembalo,
in Handel's Floridante, Act ii. Published
with additional accompaniments by Robert
Franz, Leipsic, Kistner.
FURCHTE DICH NICHT, chorus in
Mendelssohn's Elias, Part H.
FURIBONDO SPIRA IL VENTO, con-
tralto aria of Arsace, in E minor, with ac-
companiment of violins iu unison, and bass,
iu Handel's Farlenope, Act iii. Published
with additional accompaniments by Robert
Franz, Leipsic, Kistner.
FURIO CAMILLO. See Gamillus.
FURLANETTO, BONAVENTURA (sur-
named Musin), born in Venice, May 27,
1738, died there, April 6, 1817. Organist,
educated at the Jesuit College, Venice, took
orders, and devoted himself to music. He
became maestro of the girls' choir of La
Pietii, and in 1797 maestro di cappella of
S. Marco. He was celebrated for his
fugues, and on his appointment as maestro
of counterpoint at the Philharmonic Insti-
tution of Venice, in 1811, he wrote for his
pupils a treatise on fugue and counterpoint,
which still remains in MS. Works : La
105
FURSTEXAU
caduta delle mura di Gerico, and La sj)osa
de' Saci'i Cantici, II Tobia, and II voto di
Jefte, oratorios ; II S. Giovanni Nepomu-
ceno, sacred cantata ; Galatea, dramatic can-
tata ; Te Deum ; Dies ii'fe ; Psalms, etc.
— Caffi, Delia vita e del comporre tli B.
Furlanetto (Venice, 1820).— F6tis ; La-
rousse ; Mendel ; Wurzbacb.
rURSTENAU, ANTON BERNHAED,
born at Miinster, Oct. 20, 1792, died at
Dresden, Nov. 18, 1852. Virtuoso on tbe
flute, son and pupil of Kaspar Fiii'stenau,
whom be even surpassed. He ajspeared
as a solo player wben scarcely seven
years old, and from 1803 travelled exten-
sively with bis fatber, earning everywhere
enthusiastic applause, until be settled at
Dresden in 1820 as royal chamber musi-
cian. His last concert tour was made with
"Weber to London, in 1826. He j)ublished
about 150 works, consisting of concertos,
fantasias, rondos, variations, studies, tran-
scriptions, duos, trios, quartets, etc., for the
flute, which rank high among compositions
for this instrument. — Allgem. d. Biogr., viii.
214 ; Fi'tis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
FURSTENAU, liASPAR, born at Miin-
ster, Feb. 20, 1772, died at Oldenburg,
May 11, 1819. Virtuoso on the flute, pupil
of his father, who was a member of the
bishop's orchestra at Miinster, and of Anton
Romberg ; then of Josef Franz Antony in
composition. In 1793 he made his first suc-
cessful concert tour through Germany, and
in 1794 became first flutist in the court or-
chestra at Oldenburg. When the latter was
disbanded, in 1811, he set out on extensive
travels with his son Beruhard, on which
both acquired world wide reputation. Of
his numerous compositions about 60 works
are known, consisting of concertos, fan-
tiisias, rondos, variations, pot-pourris, etc.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., viii. 215 ; Fetis ; Men-
del ; Schilling.
FUSS, JOHANN EVANGELIST, born
at Tolna, Hungary, in 1777, died in Vienna,
March 9, 1819. Dramatic and church com-
poser, pupil of Albrechtsberger in Vienna, {
whither he went after having occupied a po-
sition as music master at Presburg, where
he brought out also a duodrama, Pyramus
und Thysbe. His compositions in Vienna
aroused the interest of Haydn, who assisted
him with advice. Recalled to Presburg as
Kapellmeister at the theatre, he proved him-
self a skilful conductor and considerably
raised the standard of the ojjera there, but
finally chose Vienna for his permanent resi-
dence. Of his works, the following were
published : Quartets and trios for wind in-
struments ; Duos for pianoforte and violin ;
Sonatas for pianoforte (2 and 4 hands) ;
Rondos, variations, and dances for piano-
forte ; Songs. Besides these are known a
mass and other church music ; an overture
to Schiller's Braut von Messina ; the duo-
dramas : "Watwort, Isaak, Judith, Jacob und
Rahel ; the operetta, Der Kiifig ; Pandorens
Biichse, a parody ; Melodramas with cho-
ruses, and cantatas. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Schil-
ling ; Wurzbacb.
FUX, JOIL\NN JOSEPH, born at Hir-
tenfeld, near Gratz, Styria, in 1060, died in
Vienna, Feb. 13, 1741. He was appointed
organist of the Schottenkirche, Vienna, in
1696, and in 1698 the Emi)eror Leopold I.
made him court comi^oser ; he became
Kapellmeister to the Cathedral of St. Ste-
phen in 1705, vice-Kapellmeister to the impe-
rial court in 1713, and at the same time Ka-
pellmeister to the Dowager Empress "Wil-
helmine Amalie. On the death of Ziaui,
in 1715, he was made chief Kajjellmeister
to the court, the highest ofiice then open to
a musician. Many mai'ks of imperial favour
were bestowed upon him. He dedicated
his first work to Archduke, afterwards Em-
peror, Josejjh I., and his Gi'adus ad Par-
nassum to the Emperor Charles VI. The
latter monarch had him brought from Vi-
enna in a Utter, while suffering from gout,
to witness the coronation in Prague in
1723 and to listen to one of his own operas.
In spite of painful illness and all the in-
trigues of court he kept his office and faith-
fully performed its duties until his death.
IOC
GABELLONE
He was buried at St. Stephen's. Among Lis
best pupils were Wagenseil, Tuma, Muflfat,
and Zeleuka. He was a master of composi-
tion, as understood in liis time, of tlie art of
interweaving contrapuntal and fugue forms
in the way then admired. His operas do
not rise above the Italian taste of his day,
but he is seen to better advantage in his
church music, where his reverent spirit pre-
vented his abuse of the polyphonic writing
so easy to him. It he had possessed the
genius of his younger contemj)oraries. Bach
and Handel, to rise above mere musical
forms, he would not have incurred the ob-
livion and the reputation of a pedant, which
are now perhaps unjustly his fate. Works :
290 compositions in church music, including
50 masses, among them the Missa cauonica,
a masterpiece ; 3 Requiems ; 2 Dies irse ;
1 Domine Jesu Christe ; 1 Libera me. Do-
mine ; 57 vespers and psalms ; 22 litanies
and completoria ; 14 offertories ; 12 gradu-
als ; 22 motets ; and lOG hymns. Further,
10 oratorios in Italian ; 18 operas, some
of which were : La clemenza di Auguato,
1702 ; La decima fatica d' Ercole, 1710 ;
Elisa ; Angelica vincitrice d' Alciua, 1716 ;
Psyche, 1719 ; Costauza e Fortezza, 1723 ;
La Corona d' Arianua, 1726 ; Enea negii
EUsi, 1731. Instrumental music : The Con-
centus musico-instrumentalis, his opus 1
(1701) ; Many other partitas ; 38 sacred
sonate a tre ; Overtures ; and 8 pieces for
clavier. The Gradus ad Parnassum (Vienna,
172.5, also many later editions and transla-
tions) is in Latin and treats of the theoiy
and practice of composition. It was ap-
proved of by Piccinni, Martini, and Vogler ;
Albrechtsberger and Cherubiui followed its
method ; young Mozart used it in his con-
trapuntal exercises, and Haydn studied it
again and again. Altogether, his known
works number 405 ; and but a small portion
of them has been printed. Most of them,
either in autograph or copies, are in the
Vienna Imperial Library. — KOchel, Johann
Josef Fux, etc. (Vienna, 1872) ; Allgem. d.
Biogr., viii. 272 : Fetis ; Gerber ; Mendel ;
Schilling ; Wurzbach.
GABELLONE, GASPARO, born at
Naples about 1730, died (?). Church
composer, and one of the best singing
masters of Italy. A Requiem mass by him
was a model of its kind. The following
works are in the Library of S. Pietro a Ma-
jella, Naples : Mass for four voices and in-
struments, original MS. ; Passion for Good
Friday, 1774 ; Fugues for two voices, 1783 ;
Christus and Miserere for four voices ; 3
Tan turn ergo ; Cantatas and arias. — Fetis.
G.iBLER, CHRISTOPH AUGUST, born
at Muhldorf, Voigtland, March 15, 1767,
died in St. Petersburg, AjH-il 1.5, 1839.
Studied theology, acted as secretary to a
nobleman, and then pursued the study of
law and music together in Leipsic. He was
a music teacher and concert plaj'er in Reval
in 1800 and the same in St. Petersburg
from 1836. Works : Der Pilger am Jordan,
oratorio ; Songs ; Pianoforte and other in-
strumental music. — Mendel ; Fetis ; Schil-
ling.
GABRIEL, (MARY ANN) VIRGINIA,
born at Banstead, Surrey, England, of Irish
parentage, Feb. 7, 1825, died in London,
Aug. 7, 1877. Dramatic composer, pupil
on the pianoforte of Pixis, Dohler, and
Thalberg, and in harmony and construction
of Molique. She married in 1874 George
E. March, the author of most of her librettos.
Her death was the
result of a carriage
accident. Works —
Operettas : The
Widows Bewitched,
given in London,
1867 ; The Grass Widows ; The Shepherd
of Cornouailles ; Who's the Heir ? ; A Rainy
107
GABEIELI
Day. Cantatas ; Dreamland, 1870 ; Grazi-
ella ; Evangeline, 1873. Many songs, some
of whicli were popular. — Grove ; Brown.
GABRIELI, ANDEEA, born in the Cana-
reggio quarter (whence called also Andrea
da Canareggio, or da Canareio) of Venice
about 1510, died in Venice, 1.5SG. Born of
one of the oldest and most distinguished
families in Venice, he studied composition
under Adrien Willaert. In 153G he entered
the choir of St. Mark's; in 1558 he was, to-
gether with Zarlino, elected member of the
Accademia della Fama ; in 1566 he suc-
ceeded Claudio Merulo as second organist
at St. Mark's, and again as first organist in
1584. In 1574 the Republic commissioned
him to write the music given at the recep-
tion of Henri III. of France. Although his
fame has been somewhat overshadowed by
that of his nephew Giovanni, he was one of
the glories of the great Venetian contrapun-
tal school. Noted as an organist and organ
writer during bis lifetime, his greatest fame
rests upon his choral works — masses, mo-
tets, and madrigals. He was the first con-
trapuntist to write a real fugue, which form
was afterwards developed into the tonal
fugue by Frescobaldi. He was also noted
as a teacher ; Giovanni Gabrieli, Hans Leo
Hassler, and Jan Pieter Swelinck were
among his pupils. He himself accounted
his Psalmi Davidici, qui ^Jcenitentiales nun-
cupantur (Venice, 1583) his greatest work.
His Psalm Ixv., Deus misereatur, for three
choruses, far surpassed anything of the sort
that had been written up to his time. — Am-
bros, iii. 523.
GABRIELI, DOMENICO, surnamed
Meughino del violoncello, born at Bologna
about 1640, died there about 1G90. Dra-
matic composer and virtuoso on the violon-
cello ; was at first connected with the Church
of S. Petronio in his native city, and after-
wards in the service of Cardinal Panfili,
grand prior of Rome. Member of the Ac-
cademia Filarmouica, 1676 ; principe, 1683.
Works : Cleobulo, given at Bologna, Teatro
Formagliari, 1683 ; Gige in Lidia, ib., 1683 ;
Clearco in Negroponte, Venice, 1685 ; Ro-
doaldo, re d' Italia, ib., Teatro San Mosti,
1685 ; Teodora Augusta, ib., Teatro S. Sal-
vadore, 1685 ; Maurizio, ib., 1687 ; Gordi-
ano, ib., 1688 ; Le geuerose gare tra Cesare
e Pompeo, Venice, 1686 ; Carlo il Grande,
ib., 1688 ; Cantate a voce sola (Bologna,
1691) ; VexiUum pacis, motet for contralto
with instruments (ib., 1695) ; Balletti, gighe,
correnti, e sarabande, for two violins and
violoncello, with basso continuo (ib., 1703).
— Fctis ; Mendel.
GABRIELI, GIOVANNI, born in Venice,
1557, died there, Aug. 12, 1G12 (1613?).
Church composer and organist, nephew
and pupil of Andrea Gabrieli, acquired con-
siderable reputation early in life, and in
1585 succeeded Claudio Merulo as first or-
ganist at San Marco. Like his uncle, he
entertained a lively intercourse Avith the
German masters of his period, and was es-
pecially allied in close friendship with
his famous co-disciple, Hans Leo Hassler.
Among his patrons in Germany, where he
was the most esteemed of foreign masters,
were Duke Albrecht V. of Bavai-ia and his
sons, and the Counts of Fugger at Augs-
burg. As a te.acher he was sought fai- and
wide ; his most renowned pupil was Heiu-
rich Schiitz, who spent four years in Venice,
sent there by the Elector Maurice of Sax-
ony. Together with Palestriua and Orlando
Lasso, Giovanni Gabrieli represents the
culminating glory of the strict contrapun-
tal schools of the IGth century ; he was in-
disputably the greatest genius of the Vene-
tian school. Unlike Palestrina, who always
wrote strictly a cappella, Gabrieli often in-
troduced instrumental parts in his great
choral works, although a cappella writing,
often for two or three choruses, was still
his habitual style. But these instrumental
parts did not, in any sense, form an accom-
paniment to the voices ; his treatment of
them was totally different from that whicli
we find in the stilo concertante which sprang
up later, during the decline of the "great"
Roman school. His choice of instiiimeuts,
GABEIELLI
too, bears no relation to even the most ru-
dimentary form of the orchestra. If he falls
somewhat behind Palestriua in perfection
of formal beauty, he equals him in sublim-
ity, and often siirj)asses him in wealth of
colouring. The twelve-voice Benedictus, in
Rochlitz (i. 34), is a masterpiece of its kind.
Works : Psalmi poeuitentiales 6 vocum
(1583) ; Madrigali a 6 voci o istromenti
(1585) ; Madrigali e ricercari a 4 voci (1587) ;
Ecclesiastics cantioues 4-0 vocum (1589) ;
Sacrse symphoniae, for 6-16 voices or instru-
ments (1597) ; do., 2d book, for G-19 voices
(1615) ; Canzoni e souate a 3-32 voci (1615).
Single pieces are published in almost all
collections of the time up to 1620. — Wiuter-
feld, Johannes Gabrieli und sein Zeitalter
(Berlin, 1834) ; Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
-GABEIELLI, Conte NICOLO, born at
Naples, Feb. 21, 1814, still living, 1889.
Dramatic composer, pupiil of Busti in sing-
ing and of Ziugarelli and Donizetti in com-
position. He settled in Paris in 1854. He
has brought out 22 oj^eras and written 60
ballets, all showing more facility than merit.
They were given at the Teatro Nuovo, and
Teatro San Carlo, Naples, in 1835-47, and
a few in Paris, and were mostly unsuccessful.
— Fetis, iii. 369 ; do., SuppK-meut, i. 354 ;
Mendel, iv. 99 ; do., Ergimz., 115 ; Vape-
reau, Contemporaius.
GABRIELSia, JOH.\NN WTLHELM,
born in Berlin, May 27, 1791, died there,
Sept. 18, 1846. Flutist, pupil of the artil-
lery caj^tain Vogel, and of the chamber mu-
sician A. Schrock ; appeared in public in
1810, obtained an engagement at the the-
atre in Stettin, 1814, and became royal
chamber musician in Berlin in 1816, when
he studied theory and composition under
Giirrlich, Seidel, and Birnbach. He made
concert tours in North Germany from 1812,
and to Warsaw in 1822. He composed con-
certos, solos, duos, trios, and quartets for
his instrument, besides some songs. His
brother and pupil Julius (1806-78), was also
a noted virtuoso on the flute, and composer.
— Fctis ; Mendel,
GABUSSI, VINCENZO, born in Bologna
about 1800, died in London, Sept. 12, 1846.
Dramatic composer, pupil of Padre Mattel.
After producing his first opera in Modena,
in 1825, he went to London and resided
there as a teacher until 1840, when he re-
turned to Italy to bring out another opera.
He is best known by his vocal duets, which
are still sung in England. Works — Operas :
I furbi al cimento, Modena, 1825 ; Ernani,
Theatre des Italiens, Paris, 1834 ; Clemenza
di Valois, Fenice, Venice, 1841. Songs and
part-songs ; Chamber music. — Grove ; Fe-
tis ; Larousse ; Mendel.
GABUZIO, GIULIO CESARE, born in
Bologna, first half of the 10th century,
died (?). Maestro di cappella of the Cathe-
dral of jMilan. Works : Motets for five and
six voices (Venice, 1586) ; Magnificat and
other church compositions (Milan, 1587).
— Fetis ; Mendel.
GACES BRULES (Brulez), one of the
best and most prolific composers of chan-
sons of the 13th century, died after 1255.
Some of the old MSS. give his name as
Gaste-Bk'. Seventy-nine of his chansons
are extant, sixty-three of which are in the
National Library, Paris, with the airs of
some attached to them. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GADE, NIELS (WILHELM), born at
Copenhagen, Oct. 22,
1817, still living, 1889.
The son of a musical
instrument maker, he
early learned the gui-
tar, violin, and piano-
forte ; later studied
under Wershall, Berg-
green, and Weyse, un-
der whom he began to
compose, but afterwards looked upon these
early efibrts as of little value. He became
a violinist in the royal orchestra at Copen-
hagen, and soon began to develop that origi-
nal power as a composer which has j)laced
him in the foremost rank of contemporary
musicians. By the vote of Spohr and
Schneider his Ossian overtm-e was awarded
109
GADSBY
the prize offered by the Copenhagen Musi-
cal Union in 1841. This was followed by
his first symphony in C minor, the score of
which he sent to Mendelssohn at Leij)sic,
and it was brought out at the Gewand-
haus, March 2, 1843, to general admiration.
This second brilliant success induced the
King of Denmark to allow Gade money to
•visit the great musical centres of Europe.
He went to Leipsic, where he remained until
near the end of 1843, when he made a short
trip to Italy, but soon returned to Leipsic,
as Mendelssohn, who had gone to Berlin,
offered him the conductorship of the Ge-
wandhaus concerts. Gade filled this post
during 181-1 15, and on Mendelssohn's re-
turn continued as sub-conductor under him
in 1845-4G. On March 3, 1846, he brought
out his cantata of Comala. After Mendels-
sohn's death (Nov. 4, 1847), Gade resumed
his functions as conductor in chief, contin-
uing until 1848, when he was succeeded by
Julius Rietz. He then returned to Coisen-
hagen, where he has remained ever since,
excepting a short visit to England in 1876,
to conduct his Crusaders and Zion at the
Birmingham Festival. On his return to
Copenhagen he accepted a post as organist,
and was made conductor of the Musical
Union. In 1861 he succeeded Glaeser, de-
ceased, as coui-t conductor. Besides the ex-
ercise of his official functions, he has de-
voted his time wholly to composition and
teaching. As a composer Gade stands in
a manner by himself ; if the cut of his mel-
odies (in spite of their distinctly Northern
character) and the general phj'sioguomy of
his style resemble Mendelssohn, and he
tends somewhat in Schumann's direction by
his romanticism, he never attained either
to the complete mastery of form and organic
musical development of the former nor to
the intensity of expression and depth of
thought of the latter. His resemblance to
Mendelssohn is, after aU, superficial. His
striking merits are clearness, simplicity,
warmth and grace of expression, and a
never-failing sense of beauty. His themes,
as well as his harmony, bear the unmistak-
able stamj) of his Scandinavian associations,
but he never forces the " national " element
to the point of eccentricity. In his earlier
period his genius gave evidence of the most
brilliant originality, but he has not wholly
kept the promise of his youth, and among
his later works one looks in vain for that
divine spark which gave life to his first sym-
phony (which was at one time looked ujjou
as an epoch-making work) and his earlier
overtures. In 1886 he was made Com-
mander of the Order of Dauebrog. Works :
8 symphonies, in C minor, oj). 5, E, op. 10,
A minor, op. 15, B-flat, op. 20, D minor
(with jiianoforte), op. 25, G minor, op. 32,
F, oj). 45, and B minor, op. 47 ; 5 over-
tures : Nachkiange von Ossiau, Im Hoch-
land, op. 7, Overture in C, op. 14, Hamlet,
op. 37, Michelangelo, op. 39 ; Novelletten, 4
pieces for string orchestra, op. 53 ; Octet
for strings, op. 17 ; Sextet for do. ; Quartet
for do. ; Pianoforte trio, op. 42 ; 3 sonatas
for violin. No. 2, op. 21, No. 3, op. 59 ; 8
cantatas : Comala, op. 12, Friihlings-FlmiiX-
tasie, op. 23, ErlkOnigs Tochter (Elverskud),
op. 30, Friihlings-'BoisQkii.ii, op. 35, Die
Heilige Nacht, op. 40, Die Kreuzfahrer, op.
50, Zion, op. 49, Psyche, op. 60 ; Sommertag
auf dem Lande, 5 pieces for orchestra, op.
55 ; Concerto for violin and orchestra, op.
56 ; Holbergiana, suite for orchestra, op.
61 ; Volkstilnze, for violin, with pianoforte,
op. 62 ; Sonata, Aquarelles, Folk-dances,
Northern Tone-pictures, and many other solo
works for pianoforte ; Choruses for male and
mixed voices; German and Scandinavian
songs.— Ulustr. Zeitg. (1872), i. 288 ; Men-
del ; Riemann.
GADSBY, HENRY ROBERT, born in
London, Dec. 15, 1842, still living, 1889.
Pianist, son of a musician, principally self-
no
GAEBLER
taught. He was a member of the choir
of St, Paul's in 1849-58 ; organist of St. Pe-
ter's, Broekley, Surrey,
till 1884: ; professor
at Guildhall School of
Music ; jjrofessor of
harmony at Queen's
College, Loudon, 1884.
Works — Cantatas : Al-
ice Brand, 1870 ; The
Lord of the Isles, text
by Prank Murray, from
Scott, 1879; Colum-
bus, for male voices,
1881. Overtures : Andromeda, 1873 ; The
Golden Legend ; The Witches' Frolic.
Music to Alcestis, 187G ; Symphonies for
orchestra in A, C, and D ; String quartet,
187.5 ; Festival service for eight voices,
in D ; Service in C, 1872 ; 130th Psalm ;
Audaute and rondo for pianoforte and flute ;
Magnificat and Nunc dimittis in D ; Te
Deum in E-flat ; Festival symjihony in D,
1888 ; Anthems ; Part-songs, etc.
GAEBLER, ERNST FRIEDKICH, born
in Bunzlau in 1815, still living, 1889. Pupil
of C. Karow and at the Berlin Institute for
Church Music under A. W. Bach, besides
attending the lectures of A. B. Marx ; suc-
ceeded KOhler as music director and teacher
of the Piidagogium and Orphan House in
Ziillichau. He has comj^osed motets, songs,
and other pieces. — Mendel ; Fotis ; Schil-
ling, Supplement, 156.
GAERTNER, KARL, born at Stralsund,
Oct. 21, 1823, still Uving, in Philadelphia,
1889. Violinist, pupil at Greifswald of Abel,
and at the Conservatorium, Leipsic, of Men-
delssohn, David, and Hauptmann ; played in
the Gewandbaus orchestra until 1848, when
he travelled through Germany as a virtuoso,
in which capacity he went to America in
1852. In Boston and other cities he awak-
ened a taste for classical music by his ex-
cellent performances, and in 1858 went to
Philadelphia to conduct the chorus at the
Steuben festival, and remained there as mu-
sical director of the old Miinuerchor and the
Siingerbund ; later he became also conduc-
tor of the Handel and Haydn Society. In
1859 he gave the first series of classical con-
certs in the Academy of Music, which for
thirty-one years be has continued success-
fully. In 1867 he founded a conservatory
of music, which is still flourishing under
his direction. His numerous compositions
include orchestral works, violin solos, and
vocal music, and he has published also
methods for the pianoforte and violin, and
a system of vocal training.
GAFFI, BERNARDO, composer of the
Roman school, early part of the 18th cen-
tury. His Cantata dell' Amore was pub-
lished in Rome in 1700. The Lyceo of Bo-
logna has several cantatas in MS. — Fetis ;
Schilling ; Mendel.
GAGLIANO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA
DI ZANOBI DA, born in Florence about
1580, died (?). Brother of Marco di Zanobi
da Gagliano ; was in the service of the
Medici ; succeeded Alfonso Benevenuti,
chaplain of S. Lorenzo, as maestro of the
clerks of that college. Works : Motets ;
Madrigals (Venice, 1603-23).— Fetis; Schil-
ling ; Mendel.
GAGLLINO, MARCO DI ZANOBI DA,
born in Florence, second half of the 16th
century, died there, Feb. 24, 1642. Dra-
matic composer, pupil of Luca Bati. He
became, in 1702, maestro di cappella of S.
Lorenzo, where his compositions were still
performed at the beginning of this century.
Under the name of I'Alfannato he was a
member of the Accademia degli Elevati.
His most important work is the opera TJafne,
written for the wedding of Francesco Gon-
zaga, sou of the Duke of Mantua, 1607, one
of the earliest productions of this kind.
Other works : Misse a cinque voci (Venice,
1579) ; Responsorj della Settimana Santa
(ib., 1580) ; H primo libro de' madrigali (ib.,
1602) ; II secondo ed il terzo libro, etc. (ib.,
1601) ; Libro quinto, etc. (ib., 1606) ; Mu-
siche a una, due e tre voci (ib., 1615) ; Li-
bro sesto de' madrigali (ib., 1617) ; Respon-
sorj della Settimana Santa (Venice, Bar-
GAGLIAllDI
tolomeo Magni, 1630) was considered Lis
best work. The melodies, Bel pastor del
cui bel guardo, and Ecco solinga delle selve
arnica, were in great favour, in his time.
— Ambros, iv. 288 ; Fetis ; Mendel ; Eock-
stro. Hist. Music, 107.
GAGLIAEDI, DIONISIO POLIANI,
born at Naples in 1811, died there in 1835.
Dramatic composer, pupil of the Royal
College of Music, Naples. Works — Operas :
L' antiquario e la modista, opera bulla, Na-
ples, 1828 ; La strega di Dernegleuch, ib.,
1830 ; Le due gemelle, ib., 1831 ; E lan-
gravio di Turingia, ib., 1832 ; La casa a
veudere, ib., 1834 ; Pulcinello coudaunato,
1835 ; Le ferriere di Maremma ; La barca-
juola svizzera ; E coscritto. His langravio
di Turingia, his best work, was given ten
years after his death as Candida e Luigi.
— Fctis; Mendel.
GAGNI, ANGELO, dramatic composer,
born in Florence, middle of the 18th cen-
tury, died (?). His opera buffa, I pazzi
gloi'iosi, Milan, 1783, is also known as I
matti gloriosi. — Fetis ; IMendel.
GAHRICH, WENZEL, born at Zercho-
witz, Bohemia, Sept. IG, 1791, died in Ber-
lin, Sept. 15, 18G1. He studied law at
Leipsic Universitj', but poverty compelled
him to become a violinist in the theatre or-
chestra there. In 1825 he joined the royal
orchestra in Berlin, and in 1815-00 was
conductor of the ballet at the Opera. The
merit of his compositions should have se-
cured for him more than the local fame he
enjoyed ; especially his ballet music is of an
indisputably high order. "Works — Operas :
Die Creolin ; Der Freibeuter. Ballets :
Don Quixote ; Die lusel der Liebe ; Der
Seeriiuber ; Aladdin, etc., 2 symphonies for
grand orchestra ; Quartet for pianoforte
and strings, op. 4 ; Concertino for viola and
orchestra ; 5 collections of dances for or-
chestra and for pianoforte ; Songs, etc.
— Mendel ; Futis ; do., Supplement, i. 353 ;
Riemann.
GAlL, EDlNlfiE SOPHIE (born Garre),
born in Paris, Aug. 28, 1775, died there,
July 24, 1819. Dramatic composer and
singer, pupil of Meugozzi in singing ; after
a concert tour through Southern France
and Sijain, and writing an opera for private
representation, she studied harmony and
counterpoint under Fc'tis, Perne, and Neu-
komm. In 181G she sang in London, and in
1818 gave concerts, with Mme Catalani, in
Germany and Vienna. "Works: Les deux
jaloux, opora-comique ; Mademoiselle de
Launay a la Bastille, do., given at the The-
atre Feydeau, 1813 ; Angela, ou I'atelier de
Jean Cousin (with Boieldieu), La meprise,
ib., 1814 ; La serenade, ib., 1818 ; Romances
and nocturnes. — Fctis ; do.. Supplement,
i. 355 ; Mendel.
GAILI^mD. See Galliard.
GALATEE, opera-comique, in two acts,
text by Jules Barbier and IMichel Carre,
music by Victor Masse, first represented
at the Opera Comique, Paris, April 14,
1852. Pygmalion, having finished a beauti-
ful statue of Galatee, falls in love with it,
and prays Venus to give it life. Galatee,
become a woman, exhibits a thousand ca-
prices and disappoints Pygmalion by her
ingratitude. She prefers his sen'ant Gany-
mede to his melancholy love, accepts pres-
ents from old IVEdas, and gets intoxicated
on Chian wine. At last, when she is about
to fly with Ganymede, he prays that she
may be turned again into a statue, which he
sells without regret to Midas. The charac-
ters of Pygmalion and Galatee were played
by Mile Vertheimber and Mme Ugalde ;
those of JEdas and Ganymede by Mme
Sainte-Foy and Mocker. The briudisi,
"Ah! verse encore," obtained a gi-eat suc-
cess.— Larousse, viii. 93G.
GALEAZZI, ANTONIO, born at Brescia,
lived mostly in Rome and Venice in the
early part of the 18th century. Dramatic
and church composer. Works : Zelniira in
Creta, opera, given in Venice, 1729 ; E tri-
onfo della costanza in Statira, ib., 1731.
Much of his church music is to be found in
the Library of S. M. Maggiore, Rome. He
rewrote also part of the opera, I tre difensori
GALEAZZI
della patria, by Pescetti, which was given in
this form at Pailua, Teatro Obizzi, in 1730.
— Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
GALEAZZI, FRANCESCO, born in Turin
in 1738 (1758 ?), died in Eome in 1819.
Violinist, leader of the baud at the Teatro
Valle, Eome, for fifteen years ; afterwards
professor of the violin at Ascoli. Besides
numerous comj)ositions for the violin and
other instruments, he deserves special no-
tice for his Elementi teoretico-practici di
musica, etc. (Rome, 1791-9G), one of the
earliest methodical instruction books for
the violin. — Fctis ; Grove ; Larousse.
GALENO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, lived
in the second half of the IGth century. He
was in the service of the Emperor Rudolph
II. of Austria from his earliest years.
Works: Madrigals (Venice, 1587, 1598;
Antwerp, 1591).— Fetis ; Mendel.
GALIBERT, PIERRE CHRISTOPHE
CHARLES, born in Pei-pignan, Aug. 8,
182G, died in Paris, August, 1858. Dra-
matic comjjoser, pupil at the Conservatoire
from 1815, under Bazin, Elwart, and Halevy.
He won the 2d grand prix de Rome in
1851, and the 1st in 1853. On his return
to Paris in 1857 he brought out an opera,
Apri'S I'orage, which was well received, and
gave much promise, but it was his only
work besides two cantatas, Le prisonnier,
and Les rochers d'Appeuzell, and a few other
compositions. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GALILEI, VINCENZO, born in Florence
about 1533, died there about IGOO. Lute
and viol player, pujsil of Gioseffo Zarliuo.
He was a noble and the father of Galileo
Galilei, the famous astronomer and philos-
opher. Associated with Giovanni Bardi,
Piero Strozzi, Corsi, Peri, Caccini, and oth-
ers, he was one of the first to introduce dra-
matic music in Italy. A warm champion of
antique music, he took a prominent part in
the dispute with the supporters of the con-
trai^uutal style, among whom was his old
master Zarlino, and against whom he wrote
a pamphlet. He was one of the prominent
figures in the Florentine Music-Reform of
the 17th century. He composed a cantata,
II coute Ugoliuo, for one voice with accom-
paniment of lute and viol, and a dramatic
setting of the Lamentations of Jeremiah.
He was the author also of several theoreti-
cal works : Discorso della musica antica e
della moderua (Florence, 1581 ; 2d ed.,
1G02) ; II Frouimo, etc. (ib., 1583) ; Discorso
iutorno alle ojjere di messer Gioseftb Zarlino
di Chioggia (ib., 1589). — Fetis ; Larousse.
GALIMATHIAS MUSICUM, a comic
piece for orchestra, with clavier and other
instruments obligato, by Mozart, first per-
formed at The Hague, March 8, 17G6, for
the festivities at the coming of age of Will-
iam of Orange the Fifth. Mozart was then
only ten years old. The piece, which is in
thirteen short numbers, ends with a varia-
tion on the Dutch national air, Wilhelmus
von Nassau. Galimathias is a French term,
of doubtful derivation, meaning gibberish.
— KOchel, No. 32 ; Otto Jahn, 2d ed., i. U ;
Grove.
GALITZIN, Prince GEORG, born in St.
Petersburg in 1823, died there in Septem-
ber, 1872. Composer of church, instru-
mental, and vocal music ; gave concerts in
Germany, Great Britain, and France, with a
large orchestra of his own, to make a propa-
ganda for Russian music. At Moscow he
entertained since 1842 a choir of seventy
boys, whom he instructed in person. He
has written masses, orchestral works, solos
for various instruments, choruses, songs,
etc. — Futis, Supijk'ment, i. 35G ; Mendel ;
Riemann.
GALLAY, JACQUES FRANCOIS, born
at PeriJignan, France, Dec. 8, 1795, died iu
Paris, October, 18G4. Virtuoso on the horn,
first instructed by his father, an amateur,
then pupil of Ozi, and at the Conservatoire,
Paris, of Dauprat, 1820 ; won the first prize
in 1821, became a member of the royal or-
chestra, and of the orchestras of the Odeon,
and the Theatre Italien in 1825, chamber
musician to Louis Philippe in 1832, and
professor at the Conservatoire in 1842.
He composed concertos, nocturnes, etudes,
113
GALLENBEPtG
duos, trios, aiicl quartets, and publislied a
method for liorn. — Fotis ; do., Sujiplt'ineut,
i. 356 ; Mendel ; Riemann.
GALLENBERG, WENZEL ROBERT,
Graf VON, born iu Vienna, Dec. 28, 1783,
died in Rome, March 13, 1839. Pupil of Al-
brechtsberger ; married, in 1803, to Count-
ess Ginlietta Guicciardi, who had been loved
by Beethoven. He wrote in 1805 music for
Joseph Bonaparte's festival iu Naples ; was
associated with Barbaja in 1821-23 in the
management of the Vienna court theatre,
which he undertook to conduct in 1829,
and failed from want of funds. He then
joined Barbaja in Naples as ballet composer
and director. Works : About 50 ballets,
including Samson, 1811 ; Arsinoe, and Te-
lemacco, 1813 ; I riti ludiani, 1814 ; Am-
leto, 1815 ; Alfred der Grosse, 1820 ; Jeanne
d' Arc, 1821 ; Margherita, regina di Catania,
1822 ; Ismaans Grab, 1823 ; La caravana
del Cairo, 1824 ; Ottavio PineUi, 1828 ; Das
befreite Jerusalem, 1828 ; Cresar iu Aegjp-
ten, 1829 ; Theodosia, 1831 ; Orpheus und
Em-ydice, 1831 ; Agnes und Fitz Henri, 1833 ;
Bianca's Wahl, 1835 ; and Latona's Rache,
1838. He wrote also marches, a sonata,
fantasias, and other pieces for j)ianoforte.
— Grove ; Fctis ; Mendel ; Wurzbach.
GALLERANO (Galerauo), LEANDRO,
born in Brescia, end of the IGth century.
He was organist of S. Francesco, and mem-
ber of the Accademia de gli Occulti in
that city, under the name of 1' luvolato.
From Brescia he went to Padua, and became
maestro di cappella of the Church of S. An-
tonio. Works : II primo libro delle Messe,
op. 1 (Venice, 1G19) ; H secondo, do., op. 3
(ib., 1620) ; Salmi intieri, op. 5 (ib., 1624) ;
Missarum et Psalmorum quinque vocibus
liber primus, oi5. 14 (ib., 1628) ; Missa e
salmi concei'tati (ib., 1629) ; do., ojx 16 (ib.,
1630) ; II primo libro de Motetti (ib.) ; Mo-
tetti a voce sola con organo (ib.) ; Complete
e Litanie a otto voci con stromcnti (ib.).
— Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
GALLET, FRANgOIS (Franciscus Galle-
tius), born in Mons about the middle of the
16th century. Church composer ; one of
the musicians of the College of Saint-Amat,
Douai. Works : Sacrse cantiones 5, 6, et
plurium vocum (1586) ; Hymni communes
Sanctorum (1596). — FiJtis ; Mendel ; Rie-
mann.
GALLI, ATkHNTORE, born at Rimini,
Oct. 12, 1845, still living, 1889. Dramatic
composer, pupil of CrotTat the Conservatorio
of Milan ; was director of a music school
in the province of Modena, and became a
successful composer of operas, but is best
known bj' his writings on music. He is
the musical critic for " II Secolo," and now
conducts the great publishing house of
Edoardo Sonzogno, Milan. Works : Cesare
al Rubicone, opera, given with success ; II
risorgimento, given in Rome, about 1870 ;
n corno d' oro ; Cristo al Golgota, oratorio,
L' espiazione, cantata, Milan, 1867 ; Masses;
Stabat Mater. — ^Fctis, Supplement, i. 358 ;
Mendel, Ergiiuz., 116.
GALLI (Gallus), EUGENIO, born at
Lucca, Italy, Feb. 12, 1810, died there, Sept.
1, 1867. Church composer, pujiil of Marco
Santucci, finished his musical education in
Vienna, where he became an excellent con-
trapuntist, and after his retiu-n to Lucca was
appointed professor of counterpoint at the
Musical Institute. Later on he was direc-
tor of the ducal chapel. He wrote several
masses for 4 voices with orchestra, a Re-
quiem, and fugues for the organ. — Fetis,
Suj)plemeut, i. 258.
GALLI, VINCENZO, born in Sicily,
about the middle of the 16th century.
Franciscan monk, maestro di cappella of
the Cathedral of Palermo. His masses,
psalms, and madrigals wei-e published in
Palermo (1589-1607). With the proceeds
of their sales he enlarged the Convent of
the Annunciation, and had cut on one of
the columns of that building the words,
" Musica Galli."— Fetis ; Mendel.
GALLIA, motet for soprano solo, chorus,
and orchestra, by Gounod, first performed
at the opening of the International Exhi-
bition, Albert Hall, Loudon, May 1, 1871.
114
GALLIAED
The text is from the Lamentations of Jerc-
miab.
GALLIAED, JOHANN, EENST, born at
Zell, Hanover, about 1(387, died in Loudon
in 17-49. Dramatic comisoser, jjupil of Fa-
riuelli, then director of tlie concerts at Han-
over, and of Steftani. He won distinction
as an oboist, went to Eugland about 170G,
and was ajipointed chamber musician to
Prince George of Denmark, and, on the
death of Draglii, organist at Somerset House.
He wrote the music for Hughe's opera.
Calypso and Telemachus, 1712, and was
emploj'ed by Rich to furnish music for his
masques, etc., from 1717. In 1728 he set to
music the morning hymn of Adam and Eve
from Milton's " Paradise Lost," an admirable
composition, afterwards enlarged by Dr.
Benjamin Cooke, who made additions to the
orchestral accompaniments. Other works :
Music for Julius Cnesar, 1715 ; Pan and Sy-
rinx, 1717 ; Jupiter and Europa, 1723 ; The
Necromancer ; or Harlequin, Apollo, and
Daphne, 172G ; Dr. Faustus, 1723 ; The
Royal Chace, or Merlin's Cave, 1736, musi-
cal entertainment, in which occurred the
famous hunting song, " With early horn ; "
The music for Lee's tragedj', " ffidipus ; "
Several cantatas, songs, and instrumental
music. — Grove ; Fetis.
GALLICULUS, JOHANN, lived in Leip-
sic about 1.520. His motets and jisalms
were published in " Novum et insigne opus
musicum" (1537); in Petrejus's "Psalmi
select!" (1538); in Rhaws' "Harmonire
selectfe," etc. (1538) ; and in Vesperarum
precum officia, etc. (1540). He was the au-
thor, also, of a theoretical treatise, "Isa-
goge de compositione cantus " (1st and 4th
ed., 1520, 1548), called also, "Libellus de
compositione cantus" (2d and 3d ed., 1538,
1546). — Fetis ; Mendel ; Eiemann.
GALLO, DOMENICO, born in Venice
about 1730. Violinist and composer of
church music, sonatas for violin, and sym-
phonies for 2 violins, viola, and violon-
cello, all of which are still in MS. — Petis ;
Mendel.
GALLUCCIO, GERARDO, maestro di
cappella at Pavia in the last years of the
IGth century. He composed masses, psalms,
litanies, etc. (Venice, 1597). — Fetis ; Mendel.
GALLUS, JACOBUS, born in Carniola
about 1550, died at Prague, July 4, 1591.
His real name was Jacob Hiihnel (Hiindl,
Handl, etc.). Contrapuntist, Kapellmeister
to Stanislas Pawlowski, Bishop of Olmiitz,
and afterwards in the imperial cliajiel,
Prague. He wrote in the old church
tones, before the modern distinction be-
tween major and minor existed, and was
one of the most distinguished German con-
temjioraries of Palestrina and Orlando
Lasso. In 1588 Emperor Rudolf H.
granted him a ten years' privilege for the
publication of his works. Those known
are : Missse selectiores, for 5-8 voices, 4
books (1580) ; Musici operis harmoniarium,
for 4-8 and more voices (Prague, Part L,
1586 ; Parts H. and IH., 1587 ; Part IV.,
1589) ; Moralia 5, 6 et 8 vocibus concinnata
(Nuremberg, 1586); Epicedionharmonicum
(1589) ; Harmonise varite 4 vocum (Prague,
1591) ; Harmoniarum moralium, do., 3 parts
(ib., 1589-90) ; Sacrse cantiones de prseci-
puis festis, for 4-8 and more voices (Nu-
remberg, 1597) ; Motettpe quaj pra?stant
omnes (Frankfort, 1610). Bodenschatz's
Florilegium Porten.se contains 19 pieces by
him, among them the famous Ecce quomodo
moritur Justus ; others are in Proske's ]\Iu-
sica divina, and in the collections of Schij-
berlein, Zahn, Becker, Rochlitz, etc. — Rie-
mann ; Fetis ; Mendel ; Grove ; Ambros,
Geschichte, iii. 557 ; Naumann (Ouseley), i.
G14.
GxVLLUS, JOHANNES (in French, Jean
le Cocq, Maitre Jean, Mestre Jhan, etc.),
born in the Netherlands, died before 1543.
He was maestro di cappella to Duke Ercole
of Ferrara, and composed motets and other
music, preserved in collections. He was
long confounded with Jhan Gero. — Rie-
mann.
GALUPPI, BALDASSARE (called H
Buranello), born in the island of Burano,
115
GAMBAEA
uear Venice, Oct. IS, 170G, died in Venice,
Jan. 3, 1785. Dramatic composer, pupil
of bis father, a barber, who plaj-ed the vio-
lin at the theatre. He went to Venice when
sixteen and was organist of several minor
churches in succession. Although ignorant
of the rules of composition he composed an
opera buffa. La fede nell' inconstanza, ossia
gli amici rivali, which was hissed off the stage.
He was on the point of giving up music and
becoming a barber, when Marcello pi-ocured
his admission to the Conservatorio degli
Incurabili, where he studied counterpoint
for three years under Lotti. Marcello also
helped him by writing the libretto of Do-
rinda, which was well received, in 1729, at
the Teatro San Angelo. He studied the
harpsichord at this time and became a cele-
brated player. His operas held the stage
from 1729 to 1797. In 17-41 he was in Eng-
land, where his style produced a marked
effect on dramatic music. In 17G2-64: he
was maestro di capi^ella of >S. Marco, Ven-
ice, director of the Incurabili, and organist
of several churches. About 1767 he went
to St. Petersburg at the invitation of Cath-
erine n., and brought out there two ojjeras
with great success, but returned to Italy in
1768 and resumed his position in the In-
curabili. None of his operas, of which Fo-
tis gives a list of fifty-four, have survived on
the stage since Rossini. He composed the
music for a cantata for five voices, n ri-
torno di Tobia, played at the Conservato-
rio, on the occasion of the arrival of Pius
VI. in Venice. All his Church music and
operas remain in MS. Some of them are
DOW in the National Librai-y, Paris ; some
in the Santini collection. His oratorios
were : La fornace di Babilonia ; Debbora
profetessa, and Moyses de Sinai reversus.
Among music for haq^sichord is one sonata
of great beauty, printed in Pauer's Alte
Klaviermusik. Principal operas : Penelojie,
given in London, 1711 ; Scipione in Carta-
gine, ib., 1742 ; Enrico, Sirbace, ib., 1743 ;
H mondo della luna, Italy, 1750 ; H cava-
liere delle piume ; II mondo alia rovescia,
ib., 1752 ; Alessandro nell' Indie, ib., 1755 ;
Sesostri, Venice, 1757 ; Aifriano in Siria,
Italy, 1760 ; Cajo Mario, ib., 1764 ; Didone
abbandonata, St. Petersburg, 1766 ; Ifigenia
in Tauride, ib., 17G8.— Fetis ; Grove ; Men-
del ; Schilling ; Hogarth, Memoirs of Mus.
Drama, i. 396.
GAMBARA, Cavaliere CARLO ANTO-
NIO, born in Venice in 1774. Instrumental
composer ; of noble parentage, he was edu-
cated in the college for the sons of nobles
at Parma, where he studied the violin under
]\Ielegari, violoncello under Ghiretti, and
counterpoint under Colla. On leaving col-
lege he went to Brescia to finish his musical
studies under Cannetti, maestro di cajjpella
of the cathedral. Works : 4 symphonies
for grand orchestra ; Concertante for sev-
eral instruments ; Quintet for harp, violin,
mandolin, viola, and violoncello ; 2 books
of trios for 2 violins and bass ; 2 do. of
quartets ; Vocal music- — Fetis ; Mendel.
GAMBINI, CARLO ANDREA, born at
Genoa, Oct. 22, 1819, died there, Feb. 14,
1865. Dramatic composer and pianist ;
held a position in his native city, which
made him, so to speak, the musical chief in
that part of Italy. Works — Operas : Eufe-
mio di Messina, given in Milan, 1833 ; II
Nuovo Tartufo, Genoa, Teatro Apollo, 1854 ;
Don Grifone, Turin, Teatro Rossini, 1856 ;
I Tessali e la vendetta della schiava ; Cristo-
foro Colombo, dramatic symphony ; Music
to La Passioue, by Manzoni, for 4 voices,
chorus, and orchestra ; Mass with grand or-
chestra ; Several other masses ; Cantatas,
hymns, etc. ; Two collections of etudes for
pianoforte, op. 36 and 70 ; etc. His com-
jjositions of all kinds number more than
150. — Futis ; do., Su^jplement, i. 359 ; Men-
del ; do., Ergilnz., 116.
GA:\IBLE, JOHN, English violinist of
the 17th century, pupil of Ambrose Bcyland.
He was a cornet player in the Chapel Royal,
and later one of the band of violins to
Charles H. Works : " Ajtcs and Dialogues
to be sung to the Theorbo Lute or Bass
Viol," words by Stanley (1657) ; and " Ajtcs
110
GAMBOGI
and Diiiloguefs for One, Two, and Three
Voj'ces " (1G59). — Grove; Buruey, Hist., iii.
461 ; Hawkins, Hist., iv. 63.
GAMBOGI, Padre FRANCESCO, born
at Camaiore, Duchy of Lucca, about 1713,
died in 1781. He was maestro of music at
tlie Seminary of S. Michele in Foro, and sub-
sequently maestro di capjiella of the Colle-
giate Church of Camaiore. His most im-
portant work was the oratorio, Giuseppe
riconosciuto. From 1748 to 1778 he wrote
twenty services for four voices with instru-
mental accompaniment. — Fetis, Supple-
ment, i, 360 ; Mendel, Ergilnz., 116.
GAaiMERSFELDER, JOHANN, com-
poser at Burghausen, UpiJer Bavaria, in the
16th century. He was one of the first to
compose psalms for a single voice. His
work was called Der gantze Psalter Davids
iu Gesangsweiss gestellt (Nuremberg, 1542).
— Mendel ; Ft'tis ; Gerber.
GAMjMIERI, ERENNIO, born at Campo-
basso, March 11, 1836. Pupil at Naples
Conservatorio of Busti and Carlo Conti.
Became maestro concertatore at the theatre
of St. Petersburg in 1859. Works : Chat-
terton, opera, given at St. Petersburg, 1867 ;
L* assedio di Firenze, do., not performed ;
Much vocal music. — Fetis, Supplement, i.
360.
GAMUCCI, BALDASSARE, born in
Florence, Dec. 14, 1822. Pupil of Carlo
Fortini on the pianoforte and of Luigi Pic-
chianti iu composition. He founded in
Florence in 1845 a choral society, Del Car-
mine, which later became the Royal Music
Institute, of which he was director. Works :
Masses ; Requiem ; Cantatas ; Motets ;
Psalms. He was the author also of an ele-
mentary work on music, and of "lutorno
alia vita ed alle opere di Luigi Cherubini "
(1869).— Mendel, Ergilnz., 117 ; Fetis, Sup-
plement, i. 360 ; Riemanu.
GANDINI, Cavaliere ALESSANDRO,
born at Modena iu 1807, died there, Dec.
17, 1871. Dramatic composer, son and pu-
pil of Antonio Gandini, whom he succeeded
as maestro di cappella at the court iu his
native city. Works — Operas : Demetrio,
given at Modena, 1827 ; Zaira, ib., 1829 ;
Isabella di Lara, ib., 1830 ; Maria di Bra-
bante, ib., 1833 ; Adelaide di Borgogna, ib.,
1841. Cantatas : La fedelta, 1832 ; La fata,
1842 ; n genio di Modena, 1857.— Fetis,
Supplement, i. 361 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 117 ;
Riemann.
GANDINI, Cavaliere ANTONIO, born in
Bologna, Aug. 20, 1786,- died in Modena,
Sei^t. 10, 1842. Dramatic comjjoser, pupil
of Mattel, became ducal maestro di cappella
at Modena. Works : Ruggiero, Modena,
1822 ; Erminia ed Antigone, ib., about
1825. He wrote also several cantatas. — Fe-
tis ; Mendel, iv. 123 ; Erganz., 117.
GANDOLFI, RICCARDO, born at Vo-
ghera, Piedmont, in 1839, still living, 1889.
Dramatic comj^oser, pupil in Najiles of
Carlo Conti, and in Florence of Mabellini.
Works : Aldina, given iu Milan, Teatro Ra-
degonda, 1863 ; II Paggio, Turin, Teatro
Regio, 1805 ; II Coute di Moni-eal, Genoa,
Teatro Carlo-Felice, 1872 ; Requiem with
grand orchestra, Florence, 1866 ; Symphony
for do., ib., 1869 ; Psalm, ib., 1872 ; II Bat-
tesimo di Santa Cecilia, ib., 1875 ; Elegie
for violoncello, with quartet, harp, and har-
monium, il). ; Solemn Mass, Chiavari, 1869 ;
Pensieri ed Affetti, vocal album (Milan,
Lucca). — Fetis, Sujjplemeut, i. 361 ; Men-
del, Ergilnz., 117.
GANDOLFO, operetta in one act, text
by Chivot and Duru, music by Charles
Lecocq, represented at the Bouffes Pari-
siens, Paris, Januar r, 18S9 The libretto is
from a tale by Boccaccio.
GANSBACHER, JOHANN, born at Ster-
zing in the Tyrol, May 8, 1778, died in
Vienna, July 13, 1844. Instructed by his
father in singing, pianoforte, organ, and
violin, he became a choir-boy first at Inns-
pruck, then at Halle. Entered Innsin-uck
University iu 1795, but left iu 1796 to serve
as a soldier ; visited Vienna in 1801, and
studied under Vogler and Albrechtsberger ;
accompanied his patron. Count Firmian, to
Bohemia in 1804. He then travelled, and
.llT
GANZ
resided some time in Innspruck, and in 1810
visited Vogler iu Darmstadt, where be be-
came intimate witli his fellow-pupils Mey-
erbeer and Weber, who addressed to him
a large part of their correspondence. He
again entered the army in 1813, but was
appointed iu 1823 Kapellmeister to the
Cathedral of St. Stephen, in Vienna, as suc-
cessor of Preindl, and held the office until
his death. Works : 27 graduals ; 17 masses ;
4 Requiems ; Offertories, motets, hymns,
psalms, and litanies ; Sonatas, variations,
and marches for pianoforte ; Orchestral sj'm-
phony ; Music to Kotzebue's Die Ki-euzfah-
rer ; Liederspiel, Des Dichters Geburtsfest ;
Italian terzettos, vocal quartets, cantatas,
songs, and other compositions, numbering
altogether 2 IC— Mendel ; Wurzbach ; Fe-
tis ; Grove.
GANZ, ADOLF, born in Mainz, Oct. 14,
1790, died in London, Nov. 11, 1SG9. Vio-
linist, pupil of Sebastian Hollbuseh. He
became conductor at Mainz in 1819, Ka-
pellmeister to the Grand Duke of Hesse
Darmstadt in 1825, and in 1845 musical
director of a German opera company in
London. Works : Melodrama ; ISIarches ;
Overtures ; Songs. Eduard Ganz, his son
(1827-G7), was a pianist, pupil of Thalberg.
Wilhelm, another son (born, 1833), is a j^ia- ^
nist and organist in London. He has pub-
lished pianoforte music and songs. — Allgem.
d. Biogr., viii. 36G ; Fi'tis ; IMendel.
GANZ, LEOPOLD, born in Mainz, Nov.
28, 1810, died in Berl-n, June 15, 18G9.
Violinist, pupil of hijr^'father and of his
brother Adolf Ganz, and of Biirwolf. He
made concert tours with his brother Moritz,
became a member of the Berlin coui-t band
in 1827, and received in 1836 the title, and
in 1840 the place, of Conzertmeister. His
reputation is due chiefly to his jilaying with
his brother. Works: Duos for violin and
violoncello, published with his brother.
— Allgem. d. Biogr.; Mendel ; Fetis ; Grove.
GANZ, MORITZ, born in Mainz, Sept.
10, 180G, died in Berlin, Jan. 22, 1868.
Violoncellist, brother of the preceding, pu-
pil of his father, of Stiastny, and in theory
of G. Weber. He joined the Berlin court
band in 1827 ; made concert tours with his
brother Leopold, visiting London in 1837,
and again in 1856. Works : Concertos for
violoncello and orchestra ; Fantasias, duets,
trios, transcriijtions, songs, and other pieces.
• — Allgem. d. Biogr.; Mendel ; Fotis ; Grove.
GARA, LA (The Competition), Itahan
oj)eretta iu one act, test by Metastasio, mu-
sic by Georg Reutter, represented at the
Imperial Court, Vienna, 1755, in honour of
the Archduchess INIaria Antonia, afterwards
Mai'ie Antoinette, Queen of France. Char-
acters represented : Serenissima arcidu-
chessa ; Dama prima ; Dama seconda.
GARAT, PIERRE JEAN, born at Us-
taritz, A25ril 25, 1764, died in Paris, JIarch
1, 1823. Singer and comijoser, pupil in
Bayonne of Lamberti, and in Bordeaux of
Francois Beck. Sent to Paris to finish the
study of law, when the struggle between the
Gluckists and Piccinnists was at its height,
he became drawn into it, and determined to
make music his profession. After a strug-
gle with poverty", the Comte d'Artois made
him his private secretary, and ])resented
him to Marie Antoinette, whose musical
favourite he became from 1785 to 1789. At
the time of the Revolution he went with
Rode to Hamburg, but returned to Havre
in 1794, and sang at the Feydeau concerts
in 1795, where his success was overwhelm-
ing. He possessed a voice of wonderful
compass, including both baritone and tenor
registers, and sang all styles of music
well. Until he lost his voice, at the age of
fifty, he was the most popular singer in
Europe. He was made professor of sing-
ing at the Conservatoire, at the time of its
institvition, about 1795, and had many cele-
brated pupils. He was the author of several
popular romances : Belisaire, Je t'aime tant,
Le menestrel exile, Firmin et son chien, etc.,
which owed their celebrity chiefly to his
stj'le of singing them. — Fetis ; Larousse.
GARAUD15, ALEXIS DE, born in Nancy,
March 21, 1779, died in Paris, March 23,
lis
GARCIA
1852. Pupil of Cambini and Eeicha, and
influenced by Crescentiui and Garat ; sang
in the Imperial and Royal Chapel of Paris
in 1808-30 ; and professor of singing and
harmony in the Conservatoire in 181G-il.
Works : Sonatas for pianoforte, and other
chamber music ; Songs and duets ; Music
for violin, violoncello, and other instruments.
He was the author also of Muthode du chant
(1800), and other didactic works. His son,
Alexis Albert Gauthier Garaudo (1821-54),
was accompanist at the Opora Comique and
published i)iauoforte music. — Fotis ; Men-
del.
GAECIA, Don FRANCISCO SAVERIO,
surnamed Lo Sjjagnoletto, born at Nalda,
Spain, in 1731, died at Saragossa, Feb. 26,
1809. Church comjioser, first studied in
Spain, then in Rome, where he lived as
vocal teacher until 175(5, when he became
maestro de capilla of the cathedral at Sara-
gossa. He greatly influenced church music
in Spain, banishing the then prevailing
fugued style. His numerous compositions,
consisting of masses, and motets for all the
feasts of the year, are written almost ex-
clusively for eight voices in two choruses.
— Fetis ; Riemann.
GARCIA, MANUEL DEL-POPOLO-
VICENTE, born in Seville, Spain, Jan. 22,
1775, died in Paris, June 2, 1832. Dra-
matic composer, chorister of the cathedral
at Seville at the age of six, pupil of Don
Antonio Eipa and Juan Almarcha. "When
seventeen he was well known as a singer,
composer, and orchestra conductor. After
making a reputation at home and produc-
ing several operas, he made his debut in
Italian opera at the Opera Bouife, Paris, in
1808 ; brouglit out and sang in his Spanish
operas in 1809, and was rapturously re-
ceived in them, this style of music being
new to Paris. In 1811 he went to Italy,
and sang in Turin, Naples, and Rome ; and
in 1812 he was appointed first tenor in
Murat's chapel. About the end of 1816 he
went to England, and thence to Paris, made
his debut at the Theatre Italien, singing iu
his own and in several Italian operas. Iu
1817 he went to England, and sang there
very successfull}', returning in 1819 to
Paris, where he remained until 1823,
bringing out many works of his own,
besides singing in all the well-known Ital-
ian operas. He returned to London as first
tenor of the King's Theatre in 1823 and
founded there a school for singing, which
became famous. In 1823-25 he alternated
between Paris and London, producing op-
eras in both cities and devoting much of
his time to teaching. In 1825 his daughter
Maria, afterwards the celebrated Mme Mali-
bran de Bi'riot, made her debut iu London,
and he set about the realization of a project
he had formed of establishing Italian oj)-
era iu New York. Taking with him a com-
pany consisting of himself and the younger
Crivelli, tenors ; his son, Manuel Garcia,
and Angrisani, bassi cantanti ; Rosich, buflib
caricato ; Mme Barbieri and Mme Garcia,
soprani ; and Maria Garcia (Mahbran), con-
tralto, he made his first appearance before
an American audience at the Park Theatre,
New York, Nov. 29, 1825, in II Barbiere.
Between this and Sept. 30, 182G, the date
of his last performance, he gave seventy-
nine representations, partly at the Park and
partly at the Bowery Theatre, including
Otello, Romeo e Giulietta, II Turco in Italia,
Semiramide, Don Giovanni, Taucredi, La
Cenerentola, and two of his own operas,
L' amante astuto and La figlia dell' aria.
In 1827 he went to Mexico, brought out
eight operas there with success, and after
a stay of eighteen months set out on his
return, but was robbed by brigands near
Vera Cruz of all his earnings. He returned
to Paris, appeared again in ojiera, but de-
voted himself mainly to teaching until his
death. His princif)al pupils, besides his
daughters Mme Malibrau and Pauline (Mme
Viardot), were : Jlmes Rimbault, Ruiz-Gar-
cia, Meric-Lalaude, Favelli, and Countess
Merlin ; Adolphe Nourrit, Geraldy, and his
son Manuel Garcia. AVorks — Sjaanish op-
eras : El preso por amor, given at Malaga,
119
GARCIA
1803 ; El posadero, Madrid ; Qnicu poifia
muclio alcanza, El poeta calculista, ib.,
1805 ; El reloj do Madera ; El criado fin-
gido, El cautiverio apareute, Los ripios del
maestro Adan, El hablador, Florinda, ib.,
about 1805 ; Abufar, Semiramis, Acendi,
El gitano por amor, Los maridos solteros,
Xaira, Mexico, 1828. Italian operas : II ,
Califo di Bagdad, Naples, 1812 ; La selva
nera, ballet, Milan ; II fazzoletto, Paris, |
1823 ; Astuzie e prudeuza, Loudon, 1825 ; '
L' amante astuto, La figlia dell' aria, H lupo
d' Ostenda, I bauditi, La buoua famiglia,
Don Chisciotte, La gioventii d' Enrico V., |
Le tre sultane. New York, 1827 ; ITu' ora di
matrimouio, Zemira e Azor, Mexico, 1827.
French Operas : Le prince d'occasion, Paris,
Opc'ra Comique, 1817; La mort du Tasse,
ib., Opura, 1821 ; Elorestau, ib., 1822 ; La
meuniere, ib., Gymnase Drainatique, 1823 ;
Les deux coutrats, ib., Opura Comique,
1824.— Fetis ; Grove ; Mendel ; Eitter, Mu-
sic in America, 18G ; Schilling, Supplement.
GARCLV, MARIANO, bom at Aoiz, Na-
varre, July 26, 1809, still hving, 1889.
Church composer, at first choir-boy in the
Cathedral of Pampeluua, where he was in-
structed by Mateo Gimenez, then studied
the violin and, under Jose Guelbenzu, har-
mony and composition. Within a few yeai-s
after, he was made professor in the chajiel
of the cathedral, and later on became di-
rector of the school of music in his native
town. He has written a great number of
sacred compositions, distinguished for clear-
ness and elegance of ideas, facility of execu-
tion, and pure taste. — Fetis, Suj^ijlement, i.
363.
GARCIN, JULES AUGUSTE SALO-
MON, called, born at Bourges, July 11,
1830. Violinist, pupil at the Conservatoire,
Paris, of Clavel and of Alard on the vioUn,
of Bazin in harmony, and of Adam in com-
position ; took the 2d prize for \'iolin in
1851 and the first in 1853 ; became a mem-
ber of the Opera orchestra, of which he is
now 3d chef d'orchestre and first solo vio-
lin. Besides a concertino for viola, he has
written various compositions for his instru-
ment.— Fetis, Supplement, i. 363.
GARDEZ-VOUS DE LA JALOUSIE.
See Euphrosine et Coradin.
GAEDI, FRANCESCO, born in Italy
about the middle of the 18th century,
died (?). Dramatic comjsoser, known by
the following operas : L' incautesimo senza
magia, 1784 ; La muta per amore, La donna
ve la fa, 1785 ; La bella Lauretta, 1786 ;
Euea nel Lazio, Modena, 1786 ; Un buco
nella porta, 1787 ; H convito di pietra, ossia
il Don Giovanni, Venice, 1787 ; L' Ameri-
cana, 1788 ; La fata capricciosa, Venice,
1789 ; Teodolinda, ib., 1790 ; La bottega
di caffe, 1790 ; II nuovo convitato di pietra,
Bologna, 1791. His oratorio Abrahami sac-
rificium passed for his finest work, and ob-
tained great success at the close of the 18th
century. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE, contempo-
rary. Flutist, born in Italy, and lived in
France, where he published a large immber
of compositions for his instrument, and
wrote the operas-comiques : Au clair de la
lune and La jeunesse de Hoche, both given
at Versailles, September, 1872, and the oper-
etta, Lc reve d'un ecolier, given at a concert,
1868.— Fetis, Supijle'ment, i. 363 ; Mendel,
Ergiinz., 118.
GARNIER, FRANCOIS JOSEPH, born
at Lauris (Vaucluse) in 1759, died there iu
1825. Virtuoso on the oboe, pupil of Sal-
leutiu ; in 1778 he became second, and in
1786 first, oboist in the orchestra of the
OjJera, Paris, and from 1783 was a mem-
ber of the king's chamber music. At the
outbreak of the Revolution he lost these
positions, but secured au ajipointment as
commissaire ordonuateur in the Army of the
Rhine ; at Frankfort he appeared with great
success in a concert given by Kreutzer ;
afterwards attached to an army corps in
Italy, he visited Rome and Najjles, and on
leaving the army retired to his native vil-
lage. He published concertos, and duos
for his instrument, duos for oboe and vio-
lin, trios for oboe, flute, and bassoon, and a
l-JO
GARRETT
method for oboe. His brother Joseph,
called Garnier the younger, was oboist, and
afterwards flutist, iu the orchestra of the
Opera, 1789-1814, and composed a concerto
for flute, trios for flute, horn, and bassoon,
duos for flute, and etudes and a method for
flute. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Riemann.
GAEEETT, GEOEGE MUESELL, born
in Winchester, Eng-
land, June 8, 1834,
still living, 1889. Or-
ganist, ijupil of S. S.
Wesley, whose assist-
ant at the organ he
was iu 1851-54 ; then
organist successively
of Madras Cathedral,
1854-56, St. John's
College, Cambridge,
18G7 ; University, 1873.
bridge, 1857 ; Mus. Doc.
Mus. Bac, Cam-
ib., 18G7 ; univer-
sity lecturer, 1883 ; examiner in music for
University of Cambridge. Works : The Shu-
namite, oratorio, 1882 ; The Deliverance of
St. Peter, sacred cantata ; The Triumph of
Love, secular cantata ; Church services ;
Anthems, part-songs, and songs.
GAETH, JOHN, English composer of
the last half of the 18th century. He
probably lived in London as an organist.
Works : 6 sonatas for harpsichord, two vio-
lins, and violoncello (17G8) ; 6 organ volun-
taries ; 30 collects set to music. He pub-
lished, also: "The First Fifty Psalms, set
to music by Benedetto Marcello " (Loudon,
8 vols., 1757).— Mendel.
G.ARTNEE, JOHANN, born ou the
Petersberg, near Fulda, in 1740, died in
Fulda in 1789. Flutist, pupil in Mannheim
of Wendling ; travelled over Germany, and
then settled down as first flute of the court
chapel of the abbot Prince of Fulda, who
had been his patron. W^orks : Operettas ;
Flute solos ; Cantatas. — Mendel ; Fetis.
G.A.SCOGNE (Gascongne, Gaseoine, Gas-
cong), MATHIEU, French composer of the
beginning of the 16th century. His motets
are found in Attaignant's collection of 1534,
and in Salblinger's collection of 1545. Bai-
ni mentions his masses, written ou French
chansons, as preserved in the archives of
the Pontifical Chapel. Under the name of
Gascoug his masses in MS. are found in
the royal library at Munich ; others are in
the pulilic library at Cambrai among the
MSS. of the 16th century.— Fetis ; Mendel.
GASPAR VAN WERBECKE (Weerbeke),
born in Audenarde, Flanders, about 1440,
died after 1509. He was singing master to
the house of Sforza in Milan until 1490,
when he returned to his native town.
Works : Misser (sic) Gaspar, 5 masses (pub-
lished by Petrucci, Venice, 1509) ; 3 parts
of masses in Fragmenta missarum (ib.,
1509) ; a mass in Missarum diversorum auc-
torum liber primus (1508) ; Sevei'al motets
and lamentations in Petrucci's diflerent col-
lections ; Manuscript masses in library of
Pontifical Chapel. — Fetis ; Eiemann ; Am-
bros, iii. 246.
GASPAEI, GAETANO, born in Bologna,
March 14, 1807, died there, March 31, 1881.
Church composer, p)upil of Benedetto Do-
nelli at the Lyceo, where he won several
important prizes. He became maestro di
cappella of the church at Cento in 1828,
and of the cathedral at Imola in 1836-39,
when he was called to assist Donelli at the
Lyceo in Bologna. He became librarian of
the musical library of the Lyceo in 1856,
and maestro of S. Petrouio in 1857. A
clever contrapuntist, he wrote church com-
positions, chiefly Miserere and masses. He
published, also : ]\Iemorie risguardanti la
storia dell' arte musicals in Bologna al xvi
secolo. — Fetis, iii. 413 ; do., Supplement, i.
364 ; Mendel ; Eiemann.
GASPAEINI (Guasparini), FRANCES-
CO, born at Camajore, near Lucca, March
5, 1668, died iu Eome, April, 1727. Dra-
matic comjjoser, pupil in Eome of Corelli
and Pasquini. He was maestro di coro at
the Ospedale della Pieta, Venice, and mem-
ber of the Accademia Filarmonica. In 1725
he was elected maestro by the chapter of S.
Giovanni iu Laterano, Rome, with Girolamo
121
GAsrARmi
Cbiti as bis coadjutor, but ill-bealtb com-
pelled bim soou after to retire ou balf-pay.
He wrote equally well for tbe stage and
tbe cbureb, but tbe work by wbicb be is
best remembered is bis treatise ou accom-
paniment entitled, " L' armonico prattico
al cembalo," etc. (Venice, 1G83 ; 7tb ed.,
1802), wbicb bas maintained its position
in Italy, even since tbe appearance of tbe
clearer and better-arranged treatise by
Feuaroli. Works : Tiberio, imperatore
d' Oriente, given in Venice, Teatro Saut' Au-
giolo, 1702 ; Amor della patria, Imenei
stabiliti dal caso, II priucipe tra i vassali,
Rome, 1703 ; II miglior d' ogni amore per
il peggior d' ogni odio, Venice, Teatro San
Cassiano, 1703 ; Fedc tradita e vendicata.
La mascbera levata al vizio, Rome, 1704 ;
Amleto, Antioco, Fredegouda, ib., 1705 ;
II principato custodito dalla fraude, Statira,
Venice, Teatro San Cassiano, 1705 ; Jaicou,
re della China, Rome, 1706 ; Amor gene-
roso, Anfitrioue, ib., 1707 ; Flavio Anicio
Olibrio, ib., 1708 ; L' Alcide, o violenza d'
amore, Engelberta, ib., 1709 ; Laprincipessa
fedele, Sesostri, re d' Egitto, Tamerlano,
La ninfa Apollo, Venice, Teatro San Cas-
siano, 1710 ; Costautiuo, La pazzia amo-
rosa, ib., 1711 ; Mcrope, ib., 1712 ; La ve-
rita neir iugauuo, ib., 1713 ; Bajazette, ib.,
1711) ; II Pirro, H trace in catena, Rome,
1717 ; Lucio Vero, Astianatte, ib., 1719 ; 11
Faramoudo, Amore e Maestu, ib., 1720 ; La
Zoe, ovvero il comandononinteso, ib., 1721 ;
Gli equivoci d' amore e d' iunocenza, La
fede in cimento, Venice, 1730 ; Mose liber-
ate dal Nilo, oratorio. — Fetis ; Grove ; Men-
del ; Riemann ; Scbilling.
GASPARINI, MICHELE ANGELO, born
at Lucca, died in Venice in 1732. Dra-
matic composer and contralto singer, pujjil
of Lotti. He founded in Venice a cele-
brated school of singing, where many well-
known singers were formed, among otbers
Faustina Bordoni. Works — Operas : II
principe selvaggio, given in Venice, 1695 ;
II Rodomonte, ib., 171-t; ; Ai'sace, ib., 1715 ;
Lamano, ib., 1719 ; II piii fedel tra gli
amici, ib., 1721. — Fc'tis ; Burney, Hist., iv.
526 ; Mendel.
GASPARINI, QUIEINO, maestro di cap-
pella to tbe Iving of Sardinia, Turin, in
1749-70. He was a virtuoso violoncellist
and composed motets, a Stabat Mater, and
trios for two violins and violoncello, which
last were published in London. — Fetis;
Mendel.
GASSE, FERDINAND, born in Naples,
March, 1788, died (?). Violinist and dra-
matic composer ; pupil at tbe Paris Con-
servatoire of Kreiitzer, Catel, and Gossec.
He won the 1st violin prize in 1801 ; tbe
2d grand prix in 1801, and tbe grand pri.x:
de Rome in 1805. He was violinist in tbe
orchestra of tbe Opera, Paris, in 1812-35.
Works— Operas : La linta Ziugara, opera
buifa, given at Naples, 1812 ; Le voyage
incognito, Paris, Opera Comique, 1819 ;
L' idiote, ib., 1820 ; Une unit de Gustave
Wasa, ib., 1825 ; Te Deum for two cbo-
i-uses ; Cbriste eleison, fugue for six voices ;
Three duos for violins, op. 1 ; Duos faciles,
2d and 3d book ; 3 grand duos coiicertants ;
3 duos faciles ; 3 sonatas for violin and vio-
loncello.-— Fetis ; Mendel.
GASSMANN, FLORLVN LEOPOLD,
born at Briix, Bohemia, May 4, 1723, died
in Vienna, Jan. 21, 1774. Dramatic com-
poser, ran away from home when thirteen
years old, and, supporting himself by play-
ing the harp, worked bis way to Bologna
and became the pupil of Padre Martini,
who established bim as organist of a church
in Venice. He entered the service of Count
Leonardo Veneri, and soon began to attract
attention by bis comijositions. In 1762 the
Emperor Francis I. called him to Vienna
as composer for the theatre, and Jose^jb II.
subsequently ajipointed him Hoflcapellmeis-
ter and librarian of the imperial musical
library. He founded the Society for tbe
widows and orphans of Vienna musicians,
which in 1862 was reorganized under the
name of Haydn Society. His most distin-
guished pupil was Salicri. He composed a
great deal of church music, which Mozart
GASSNER
tliouglit more of than of his operas, among
which are : A Mass, for chorus and orches-
tra, and a very fine Dies irpe ; Psalms, hymns,
offertories, and an oratorio, Betulia liberata,
which had a briUiant success. Works —
Operas : Slerope, given in Italy, about 1759 ;
Issipile, ib., ab. 17G0 ; Catone in Utica, ib.,
ab. 17G1 ; Ezio (two different settings), ib.,
ab. 17G1 ; Olimpiade, Vienna, 17G4 ; II
mondo nella luna, Venice, 1765 ; II trion-
fo d' Amore, ib., 17G7 ; Gli uccellatori, Vi-
enna, rewritten for Venice, 17G8 ; II filosofo
innamorato, ib., 17G8 ; do. (new music, Vi-
enna, 1771) ; Un pazzo ne f;i cento, ib.,
17G9 ; I viaggiatori ridicoli, Vienna, 17G9 ;
L' Amor artigiano, ib., 17G9, Milan, 1770 ;
La pescatrice, Vienna, 1771 ; I rovinati,
La casa di campagna, Amore e Venere, ib.,
1772. Two German operas : Die jiiuge Gri'i-
fin, Berlin, about 17G9 ; Die Liebe unter
den Handwerlisleuten. Instrumental mu-
sic : Symphonies for orchestra ; G quartets
for flute, viola, and bass ; G quintets for 2
violins, 2 violas, and bass ; G quartets for 2
violins, viola, and violoncello (Amsterdam).
— Fetis ; Grove ; Mendel ; Schilling ; Wurz-
bach.
GASSNER, FERDINAND SIMON, born
in Vienna, Jan. G, 179S, died in Carlsruhe,
Feb. 25, 1851. Violinist, went early to
Carlsruhe, where he studied the violin while
attending the gymnasium ; entered the
court orchestra, and in ISIG became violinist
of the new Nationaltlieatcr in Mainz and
soon after Correpetitor and vice music di-
rector, being influenced by Gottfried Weber.
In 1818 he was university music director in
Giessen, received in 1819 the degree of doc-
tor, and authority to lecture on music ; re-
turned to the Carlsruhe orchestra in 182G,
and was later singing teacher and music
director of the court theatre there. Com-
posed operas, ballets, cantatas, and other
music, edited musical journals, and wrote
several books. Works : Der Scliifflsrueh,
opera ; Das Stiindchen, do. ; Die Jliiller,
ballet ; Several other ballets ; Die Aufer-
weckung des Junglings von Nain, cantata ;
Songs and male choruses. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., viii. 40G ; Fetis ; Mendel ; Weech,
Badische Biogr., i. 277 ; Wurzbach.
GASTINEL, LEON GUST AVE CY-
PRIEN, born at Villers - les - Pots (Cote
d'Or), France, Aug. 15, 182.3, still living,
1889. Dramatic composer, pupil of Halevy,
won in 18J:G the grand prix de Rome for
his cantata Velasquez. Several of his ope-
ras-comiques have been successful. Works
— Operas : Le miroir, given in Paris, Jan.
19, 1853 ; L'opera aux fenetres, 1857 ;
Titus et Berenice, 18G0 ; Le buisson vert,
18G1 ; Bianca Capello ; La Kermesse ; Les
dames des pres ; La tulips bleue ; Le roi
barde (the last five unrepresented). Orato-
rios : Le dernier jour, 1853 ; Les sept pa-
roles ; Saiil ; La fee des eaux ; Mexico, can-
tata, 18G3 ; 3 grand masses ; 3 symphonies ;
Concerto for two violins with orchestra ; 2
overtures ; Chamber music ; Songs.— Fetis ;
do.. Supplement, i. 3G5 ; Mendel.
GASTOLDI, GIOVANNI GLICOMO,
born at Caravaggio, Italy, about the middle
of the IGth centurj', died after 159G. Maes-
tro di cappella in Mantua, and in 1592 in
Milan. His Balletti da suonare, cantare e
ballare are said to have served Morley as
models for his Ballets or Fa-las. Two of
tliem are well known to English amateurs :
Maiden fair, of Mantua city, and. Soldiers,
brave and gallant be. He was a prolific
writer of canzonets and madrigals. Thei'e
were published five or more books of his
madrigals for five, six, eight, and nine
voices, 8 books of canzonets for three, four,
and five voices, besides books of masses,
psalms, vespers, etc., published in Venice,
Mantua, Milan, and Antwerp, between 1581
and IGll. He was one of the composers
who dedicated a collection of psalms for
five voices to Palestrina in 1592 (Martini).
His madrigals are found in a collection j)ub-
lished at Antwerp by Andre Peveruage in
1593 with the title, Harmonie celesti di di-
versi excel, mus. They are also in the col-
lection Trionfo di Dori (Venice, 1596) ; in
IMadrigali a otto voci (Phalesius, Antwerp,
12.3
GASTEITZ
1596) ; and in many other collections of that
time. — Fetis ; Grove, Mendel ; Kiemann.
GASTEITZ (Castritz, Castricius, Castri-
tius), ]\L\TTHTAS, German eomj)Oser of
the IGth century. He was organist in Am-
berg, Upper Palatinate, about 1571 ; wrote
Latin and German songs, and particularly
the melody to Herzlich lieb hab' ich dich, o
Herr. He is sometimes called erroneously
Iilichael Gastritz. — Allgem. d. Biogr. ; Mo-
natshefte fiir Musik-Geschichte, v. 123 ; vi.
26 ; Mendel.
GATAYES, F£LIX, born in Paris, 1809,
still living, 1889 (?). Pianist, self-taught,
afterwards received a few lessons from
Liszt ; he improvised with rare facility, and
won great applause on his concert tours,
which led him for twenty years through
Europe, Ameiica, and Australia. His sym-
phonies and overtures for orchestra are es-
teemed by critics. For jjccuniary reasons
he devoted himself later to compositions for
military band. — Fetis.
GATAYES, GLTLLAUME PIERRE AN-
TOINE, born in Paris, Dec. 20, 1774, died
there, October, 1846. An illegitimate son
of the Prince de Conti and the Marquise
de Silly, he ran away from the theological
seminary where he had been placed and was
befriended at the time of the Revolution by
Marat, who was attracted by his singing and
guitar playing. His romances, especially
Mon delire, which was sung throughout
France, soon won him popularity and he
became noted as a guitar and harp virtuoso.
His guitar method (1790) was for a long
time the only one used in France. He pub-
lished trios for guitar, flute, and violin ;
duos for two guitars, for guitar and piano-
forte, for guitar and violin or flute, and for
harp and horn ; and solos for guitar and for
harp. His son, Joseph Leon Gataj-es (1805-
1877), was a harp virtuoso and composer.
— Fetis ; Mendel ; Larousse ; Riemann.
GATTI, Abbate LUIGI, born in Mantua,
Italy, about 1750, died('?). Dramatic com-
poser ; maestro di cappeUa at Salzburg in
1790. Works— Operas : L' Olimpiade, Pia-
cenza, 1784 ; La Nitteti, Lucca, 1786 ;
Demofoonte, Mantua, 1787. The Death of
Abel, oratorio, 1788 ; Church music in MS.
— Fetis ; Mendel.
GATTI, SIMONE, born in Venice about
the middle of the 16th century, died (?).
Composer of several religious dramas or
mysteries written for the Duke Albert of
Bavaria, in whose chapel he was musician,
after serving in the same capacity in that of
the Archduke Charles of Austria. — Fetis ;
Mendel.
GATTI, TEOB.ALDO DI, born in Flor-
ence about 1650, died in Paris, 1727. Dra-
matic composer. He heard Lulli's music
in Italy and went to Pai-is to join him,
served in his orchestra at the Opera, and re-
mained there fifty years. Works : Coronis,
pastorale, given in Paris, Opera, 1691 ;
Sylla, ojiera, ib., 1701 ; Twelve Italian arias
(Paris, 1696).— Fetis ; Hawkins, Hist., v.
45 ; Mendel ; Schilling.
GATTY, ALFRED SCOTT, born at Ec-
clesfield, England, April 25, 1847, still liv-
ing, 1889. Vocal composer, studied at
Marlborough and Christ's College, Cam-
bridge. Appointed, 1880, Rouge Dragon,
Pursuivant of Arms, Heralds' College,
London. Works : Sandford and Merton's
Christmas Party, operetta, 1880 ; Songs ;
Pianoforte music.
GAUCQUIER (du Gaucquier, Nuceus),
ALARD DUNOYER, born at Lille, Flan-
ders, first half of the 16th centurj'. He was
tenor in 1564, and second maitre de chapelle,
in 1567-76, to the Archdukes of Austria
Ferdinand I., Maximilian H., and Matthias.
Works : Magnificat, 4-6 voc. (1547) ; Qua-
tuor missse 5, 6 et 8 vocum (Antwerp, 1581).
— Fetis ; Van der Straeten, iii. 150 ; v. 103 ;
Mendel ; Ambros, iii. 325.
GAUDE, THEODOR, born at Wesel-on-
the-Ehine, June 3, 1782, died (?). He fin-
ished his musical education in Paris, where
he made a reputation as a guitar virtuoso
and teacher. In 1814 he started on a con-
cert tour for St. Petersburg, but was taken
sick in Hamburg, and on recovering settled
GAUDEAMUS
there as a teacher of his instrument, for
which he composed and pubUshed about
80 works. — Mendel ; SchilHng ; do., Sup-
plement, 162.
GAUDEAMUS IGITUE, Humoreske for
orchestra, soli, and chorus, by Franz Liszt,
op. 10. Published, score and parts ; also
for i^ianoforte (2 and -i hands), Schuberth.
GAUL, ALFKED (EOBEET), born in
Norwich, England,
April 30, 1837, 'still liv-
ing, 1888. He was a
cathedral boy at Nor-
wich, from nine until
fifteen years old, when
he was articled to Dr.
Zachariah Buck, or-
ganist of the cathedral.
In 1851-59 he was or-
ganist at Fakenham, Norfolk, and in the
latter year he became organist of St. Augus-
tine's, Edgebaston, Birmingham, a jiosition
he still holds. He is also teacher of harmony
and counterpoint at the Midland Institute
and conductor of the Sunday School Union
Choral Society, Birmingham. Mus. Bac,
Cambridge, 18G2. Works : Hezekiah, ora-
torio, 18G0 ; 1st Psalm, cantata ; 9Gth Psalm,
for solo voices and 8-part chorus ; Kuth,
cantata, 1881 ; The Holy City, do., Bir-
mingham Festival, 1882 ; Passion Service,
do. ; Joan of Arc, historical cantata, text
by Frederick Enoch, Birmingham Festival,
1887 ; Offertory Sentences ; Anthems ;
Glees ; Songs and part-songs. His Holy
Citj' is often sung in the United States ; his
Passion Service was sung for the first time
in America at Chickering Hall, New York,
Dec. 15, 1885 ; and his Euth, ib., Feb. 14,
1887.
GAULTTEE , French dramatic com-
poser in the last part of the 18th century.
He wrote the following operas for the The-
atre des Jeunes Artistes, Paris : Pheuix, ou
I'ile des vieilles, 1796 ; Zephyr et Flore, ou
rose d' Amour, 1797 ; Le dodit, 1798 ; Le
nid d'Amours, 1798 ; Vert- Vert, ou le per-
roquet de Nevers, 1800 ; Frosiue, ou la
negresse, 1801 ; Le petit Poucet, ou I'or-
phelin de la forct ; Josejih. — Fotis, Supple-
ment, i. 367 ; Mendel, Ergilnz., 119.
GAULTIEE, DENIS, born at Marseilles
between 1600 and 1010, died in Paris be-
fore or in 1664 Celebrated virtuoso on
the lute, went early in life to Paris, where
he studied law, and about 1637 was already
famous as a lute player. In 1647-48 he es-
tablished, with his cousin Jacques Gaultier,
the Paris school of the lute, where they con-
jointly formed many pupils. In 1056 he
became lieutenant-general of the bailiwick
at Clermont, and after 1660 lived again in
Paris. He was equally great as a virtuoso
and composer, and looked upon by his con-
temporaries as the most distinguished rep-
lesentative of lute music in general. Of his
compositions two j)rinted collections are
preserved : Pieces de luth (1660), and Livre
de tablature, besides the Codex Hamilton,
containing La rhetorique des dieux, a col-
lection of 62 pieces in manuscript (1650-
55 '?), now in the cabinet of engravings at
the Berlin Museum. — Vierteljahrsschrift fiir
Musikwissenschaft, ii. (1886) 1-180.
GAULTIEE, JACQUES (Gautier le
vieux?), called Gautier d'Angleterre, born
(at Lyons ?) about 1600, died in Paris be-
fore 1671. Virtuoso on the lute, pupil of
Mesangeau ; was royal lutist in London,
1017-47, had won reputation in 1622, and
settled in Paris, 1647, where he formed
many pupils of note, with his cousin Denis
Gaultier. He is probably identical with
Gautier le vieux, Sieur de Neiie, of Lyons.
Some of his compositions are preserved in
the Codex Milleran in the library of the
Conservatoire, Paris. — Vierteljahrsschrift
fiir Musikwissenschaft, ii. 2-11.
GAULTIEE, PIEEEE, born at La Ciotat,
Provence, in 1642, died in the harbor of
Cette in 1697. Dramatic composer in the
style of LuUi, of whom he bought, in 1685,
for Marseilles, his patent to give operas,
and brought out with great success his
opera Le triomphe de la paix, March 22,
1687. He then played with his company
125
GAUNTLETT
alternately at Marseilles, Montpellicr, ami
Lyons, and on embarking in 1097 for Mar-
seilles was shipwrecked and lost with his
entire troupe. He published also a collec-
tion of duos and trios for violin and flute,
and left other instrumental music in MS.
— Vierteljahrsschrift f. Musikwissenschaft,
ii. 28.
GAUNTLETT, HENRY JOHN, born at
Wellington, Shropshire, England, in 1806,
died in London, Feb. 11, 1876. Organist,
studied law and music ; practised law in
1831-42 ; organist in 1827-47 of St. Olave's,
Southwark, and afterwards of several other
churches. Mus. Doc, Lambeth, 1842. In
1846 he was chosen by Mendelssohn to play
the organ part in Elijah, on its jiroduction
at Birmingham. Works : Hymns for Mat-
ins and Evensong (1844) ; Church Hymnal
and Tune Book, with W. J. Blew (1844-51) ;
Cantus melodici (1845) ; The Congrega-
tional Psalmist, with Dr. Allon (1851) ;
Hymns and Glorias ; Tunes new and old
(1868) ; Anthems ; Songs and glees ; Organ
music. — Grove ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 110.
G.\USSOIN, AUGUSTS LOUIS, born in
Brussels, July 4, 1814, died there, Jan. 11,
1846. Composer, professor at the Brus-
sels Conservatoire. Pnpil of Masset, Snel,
Hanssens, and Ft'tis. In 1837 he insti-
tuted people's concerts in Brussels, and free
choral schools for workmen. Works : Ser-
enade for orchestra ; Le poMe mourant,
cantata ; La mort du contrebandier, do. ;
Overture for grand orchestra ; La chute
des feuilles, elogie ; Album lyrique ; Album
de chant. — Fetis, Sujiplement, i. 307 ; Men-
del, Ergiinz., 119.
GAUTIER (Gautier le vieux, or I'aneien),
DENIS, Sieur de Neiie, born about 1620,
died in 1678-80. Lutist at the French
court ; published a Livre de tablature de
pieces de luth sur ditferents modes (Paris,
1664), and other music. — Ft'tis ; Mendel.
GAUTIER, JEAN FRAN^'OIS EUGENE,
born at Vaugirard, near Paris, Feb. 27,
1822, died there, April 3, 1878. Violinist,
pupil of Habeneck and Halevy at the Con-
servatoire, Paris ; won the 1st violin prize
in 1838) and the 2d grand prix in 1842.
He became in 1848 second chef d'orchestre
at the Lyrique, in 1864 chef de chant at the
Theatre Italien, and in the same year pro-
fessor of harmony at the Conservatoire for
the female classes and afterwards of the class
in musical history. He was also for several
years maitre de chapelle of the Church of
Saint-Eugi'ue, Paris. Works — Operas : L'an-
neau de Marie, given at Versailles, 1845 ;
Les baiTicades (with Pilati), Paris, 1848 ;
Le marin de la garde, ib., 1849 ; Murdock
le bandit, ib., 1851 ; Flore et Zophire,
Choisy le Roi, ib., 1852 ; Schahabaham H.,
ib., 1854 ; Le mariage extravagant, ib.,
1857 ; Le docteur Mirobolan, ib., 1860 ; La
bacchante, Jocrisse, ib., 1802 ; Le trc'sor de
Pierrot, ib., 1864 ; La clef d'or ; La mort
de Josus, oratorio ; Lo 15 aoftt, cantata,
1801 ; Ave Maria, 1848.— Fetis; do., Sup-
lik'raent, i. 368 : Mendel ; do., Ergiinz, 120 ;
Riemann.
GAVEAUX, PIERRE, born at Beziers
(Herault), France, August, 1761, died in the
hospital for insane atCharenton (Paris), Feb.
5, 1825. At the age of six he became choir-
boy at the cathedral in his native town. He
was destined for the church, and studied
Latin and philosophj-. In 1778 ho purposed
going to Najjles to complete his musical
studies, but was prevented by the Bishop
of Beziers offering him a benefice. On the
death of this prelate, however, he accepted
the position of first tenor at the Church of
Saint-Severin at Bordeaux, where he also
studied composition under F. Beck. After
the successful production of several compo-
sitions, he determined to make music his
vocation ; so he quitted the cloth, and en-
tered the company at the Bordeaux theatre
as tenor. In 1788 he went to Montpellier,
and in 1789 to Paris, where he was made
leading tenor at the Theatre de Monsieur,
which was then at the Tuileries. When the
Feydeau was opened, on Jan. 6, 1791, this
company was joined with the Italian troupe
of the foire Saint-Germain, and from that
GAVINIES
time Gaveaux never sang at any other thea-
tre. In 1801 the companies of the The:'itre
Favart and the Feydeau were united, and
Gaveaux was made a member of the new
combination, but no longer as first tenor.
His compositions, too, began to atti-act less
attention than formerly, and his singing
could not vie with that of Elleviou and
Martin. In 1812 an attack of insanity
forced him to quit the stage. He recovered
a few months later, but in 1810 his insanity
returned, and he was sent to Charenton,
where he remained until his death. Ga-
veaux wrote many operas for the Feydeau,
in which his graceful, facile style almost
made up for a certain lack of melodic
originality ; but for a time his works were
very popular. Works : Le paria, ou la
chaumicre indienue, given at the ThOutre
Feydeau, 1792 ; Les deux Suisses, ib. (after
the events of Aug. 10th, entitled L'amour
filial, ou la jambe de bois) ; Les deux
ermites. La famille indigente. La partie
carroe, 1793 ; Sophronime, 1791: ; Le petit
matelot, Lise et Colin, 1795 ; Tout par
hasard, Celiane, Delmon et Nadine, La
gasconnade, 1796 ; Le traitu nul, Sophie et
Moncars, ou I'intrigue portugaise, 1797 ;
Lconore, ou l'amour conjugal (his best
work, subject identical with Beethoven's
Fidelio), 1798 ; Les noms supposc's, 1798 ;
Les deux jockeys, 1799 ; Owinska, Le trom-
peur trompe, 1800 ; Le locataire. Theatre
Favart, 1800 ; Avis aux femmes, Un quart
d'heure de silence. Theatre Feydeau, 1804 ;
Le diable couleur de rose, ou le bonhomme
Misere, Le boufl'e et le tailleur, Trop tut,
Le manage inattendu. Theatre Montansier,
1804 ; L'amour a Cythere, Opera, 1805 ;
Monsieur Deschalumeaux, Theatre Feydeau,
1805 ; Le diable en vacance. Theatre Mon-
tansier, 1805 ; L'echelle de sole. Theatre Fey-
deau, 1808 ; La rose blanche et la rose rouge,
1809; L'eufant prodigue, 1811; Une nuit
au bois, ou le muet de cireonstance, 1818.
— Fetis ; do.. Supplement, i. 369 ; Mendel.
GAVINIES, PIERRE, born in Bordeaux,
May 26, 1726, died in Paris, Sept. 9, 1800.
I Violinist, considered in France the founder
of the French school ; mostly self-taught,
forming his style chiefly after that of the
great Italian violinists. He made his debut
in 1741, at one of the Concerts Spirituels,
and after that resided chiefly in Paris,
where he soon won the reputation of being-
one of the greatest violinists of his age.
His Romance de Gavinies, played at his
concerts, is said to have always moved
his hearers to teai's. He became director
of the Concerts Spirituels with Gossec in
1773, and professor of violin at the Conser-
vatoire in 1795. Among his pupils were
Capron, Robineau, Le Due aiue, Paisible,
Imbault, Baudran, and Verdiguies. Works ;
Le pretendu, opura-comique, played at the
Comedie Italienne, 1760 ; Les vingt-quatre
matinees (1794) ; 6 sonatas for violin with
bass ; 6 do., op. 3 ; 6 concertos for violin
and bass ; 3 sonatas for violin solo (Nader-
man, Paris, 1801). — Fetis ; Grove ; Hart,
The Violin, 285 ; Larousse ; Fayolle, No-
tices sur Corelli, Tartini, Gavinies et Viotti
(1810).
GAYER, JOHANN JOSEPH GEORG,
born at Engelhaus, Bohemia, April 17,
1748, died in Homburg in 1811. Violinist,
pupil in Prague of Pichl, and in composi-
tion of Loos. He made a concert tour to
Darmstadt, and in 1774 became Conzert-
meister in Homburg. His compositions in-
clude symphonies, church music, concertos
for the violin, horn, and other instruments.
—Mendel ; Fetis.
GAZTAMBIDE, JOAQUIN, born at Tu-
dela, Navarre, Spain, Feb. 7, 1822, died in
Madrid, March 18, 1870. Dramatic com-
poser, pupil of Jose Guelbenzu, an organist
of Pampeluna, on the pianoforte and in com-
position, and later, at the Madrid Conser-
vatorio, of Albeniz and Carnicer. When
leader of the orchestra at the Teatro del
Principe, Madrid, he brought out his first
zarzuela, and in the twenty-five years fol-
lowing he wrote upwards of forty, some of
which were verj' jjopular. He became di-
rector of the theatre and of the Conser-
127
(iAZZA
vatoi'io concerts for tlie Society for Mutual
Helj), Chevalier of the Order of Charles
HL, Commander of that of Isabella la
Catolica, and honorary professor of the
Couservatorio of Madrid. Works — Op-
eras : Escenas de Chamberi (with Bar-
bieri, Hernando, and Oudrid), 1850 ; La
picaresca (with Barbieri), 1851 ; Por seguii-
a una mujer (with Barbieri, luzenga, and
Oudrid), 1851 ; El Valle de Andorra, 1852 ;
Don Simplicio Bobadilla (with Barbieri,
Hernando, and Inzenga) 1853 ; Uu dia
de reinado (with Barbieri), 1851: ; Cata-
lina, 1851 ; El sarjento Federico (with
Barbieri), 1855 ; Eutre dos aguas, 1856 ;
La zarzuela (with Arrieta and Barbieri),
1855 ; Los Magyares, played over one hun-
dred times, 1857 ; Amor sin conocer (with
Barbieri), 1858 ; El jm-amento, 1858 ; Una
Vieja, 1860 ; En las astas del torre, 1862 ;
Al Amanecer ; Anarquia conjugal ; Casado
y soltero ; El amor y el almuerzo ; El es-
treno de un artista ; El laucero ; La cotor-
ra ; La nina ; La edad en la boca ; Una
historia en un meson ; Un plcito ; Tribula-
ciones ; La hija del pueblo ; Las sefias del
archiduque ; Del palacio ii la tabei-na ; El
diablo las carga ; La mensajera ; Esteba-
nillo ; El sueno de una noche de verano ;
La cisterua encaiitada ; La conquista do Ma-
drid ; Las hijas dc Eva ; Los comuueros ;
Matilde y Malek-Adel ; El secreto de la
reina. A kinsman, Xavier Gaztambide,
was leader of orchestra at a Madrid theatre
in 186G, and the author of several dramatic
comijositions. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 370 ;
Mendel, Ergiinz., 120.
GAZZA LADRA, LA (The Thieving Mag-
pie), Italian comic ojDera in two acts, text
by Gherardini, music by Rossini, first rep-
resented at La Scala, Milan, May 31, 1817 ;
given in Loudon, King's Theatre, March 10,
1821, and in Paris, Theatre Italien, Sept.
18, 1821. It was first produced in New
York, in the new opera-house in Church
Street, Nov. 18, 1833. The libretto is
founded on a French melodrama, " La jjie
voleuse," which, with Mile Jenny Vertpre
in the princijial chai-acter, had a long and
successful run at the Porte Saint-Martin,
Paris, in 1815. Paer, seeing its operatic
capabilities, sent the play, with marginal
notes showing how it should be divided for
musical purposes, to bis librettist at Milan ;
and the latter, instead of returning it to
Paer, offered it to Rossini, who wrote for it
one of his most brilliant scores. The over-
ture, among the composer's best orchestral
works, begins with a duet for snare drums,
one of the earliest instances of the use of that
instrument in the orchestra. It was con-
sidered at the time such an innovation that
Violante Camporese.
ii j'oung musical enthusiast went about
armed, with the avowed purjiose of kill-
ing Rossini. The part of Pippo, too, was
the first auxiliary part wi-itten for a con-
tralto voice, though generally sung at the
time, in the English and French theatres,
by a baritone or bass ; and it was not until
after this that a contralto was considered
an indisjiensable member of an opera
company, except for first parts. The part
of Ninetta, sung in 1821 in London by
Madame Camporese and in Paris by IMa-
dame Fodor, afterwards became a favourite
character with Sontag, Malibran, and Grisi.
GAZZANIGA, GIUSEPPE born in Ve-
rona, Italy, October, 1743, died at Cremona
GEAR
before 1819. Dramatic comjioscr, jinpil of
Porpora iu Venice and at S. Ouofrio, Naples,
and in 1767-69 of Piccinni. He returned
to Venice about 1770, and becauie tbe
friend of Saccbini, who aided bim in tbe
production of bis first opera. In 1779 be
went to Napiles and remained until 1781,
wben be visited Palermo, to bring out sev-
eral operas and a mass composed for tbe
fete of St. Cecilia. In 1791 be became
maestro di cappella of tbe Catbedral of Cre-
mona and devoted bimself cbiefly to cburcb
music. Among bis operas, II convitato di
pietra, tbe forerunner of Don Giovanni,
bad a great success in tbe Italian cities,
and later iu Loudon. He left several can-
tatas, a Te Deum, and otber cburcb music.
Works — Ojjeras : II fiuto cieco, given at Vi-
enna, 1770 ; La locanda, 1771 ; II calan-
drino, 1771; L' isola d'Alcina, 1772; Ezio,
1772 ; La tromba di Merlino, 1772 ; La
donna soldato, 1774 ; II ciarlatano in tiera,
1771 ; Marino Carbonaro, 1775 ; La fedelta
d' amore alia prova, 1776 ; Ai-mida, 1777 ;
La contessa di Nuova Luna, Dresden, 1778 ;
Antigono, Naj^les, 1779 ; La donna cajnic-
ciosa, 1780 ; II ritorno d' Ulisse, Palermo,
1781 ; Peneloppe, ib., 1781 ; La veudemmia,
Venice, 1783 ; La creduta infedele, Naples,
1783 ; II seraglio d' Osmanno, Florence and
Milan, 1785 ; Circe, Venice, 17SG ; Le douue
fanaticbe, ib., 178G ; La dama incognita,
1787 ; La cameriera di spirito, Venice,
1787 ; La Didone, ib., 1787 ; II couvitato
di pietra, Venice, 1787 ; L' Italiana in Lou-
dra, Piacenza, 1789 ; L' amor costante, L' im-
presario in angustie, Ferrara, 1789 ; La
moglie cappricciosa, 1789 ; Idomeneo. Pad-
ua, 1790 ; Achille in Sciro, about 1790 ;
La donna cbe non parla, about 1790 ; La
disfatta de' Mori, Turin, 1791 ; H marito
migliore, Milan, 1801. He left also several
cantatas, a Te Deum, and otber cburcb mu-
sic.— Fetis, iii. 431 ; Supplement, i. 371 ;
Grove, Larousse.
GE.\E, GEORGE FREDEEICK, born in
London, May 21, 1857, still Hving, 1889.
Pianist, pupil of Dr. Wylde, and Jobn
Francis Barnett at tbe London Academy of
Music. Works : Sonatas for jjianoforte ;
String quartet ; Songs ; Two operettas.
GEBADER, ETIENNE FRANCOIS, bom
at Versailles iu 1777, died in 1823. Flu-
tist, brotber and pupil of Micbel Josejib
Gebauer, and, ou tbe flute, pupil of Hugot ;
entered tbe orcbestra of tbe Opera Comique
iu 1801, became first flutist in 1813, and
retired iu 1822 on account of feeble bealtb.
Among bis numerous compositions are : 19
works of duets for flutes ; Several do. for 2
violins ; Sonatas for flute, witb bass, op. 8,
14 ; More tban 100 soli, airs varies, etc.,
for flute ; Airs varies for clainet. — Fetis.
GEBAUER, FRANgOIS RENfi, born in
Versailles iu 1773, died in Paris, July, 1845.
Bassoonist, jjupil of bis brotber Micbel
Josepb Gebauer and Devienne. He was
bassoonist in tbe Garde Suisse wben fifteen,
professor at tbe Versailles Conservatoire
wben twenty-tbree, member of tbe orcbestra
of tbe Op)era, Paris, in 1801-26, and musician
of tbe emjieror's cbapel. Cbevalier of tbe
Legion of Honour, 1814. Works : Sonatas ;
Duets ; Trios ; Quartets ; Quintets ; Sympbou-
ies ; Overtures. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Riemann.
GEBAUER, inCHEL JOSEPH, born at
La Fere (Aisue), France, in 1763, died in
December, 1812, during tbe retreat from
Moscow. Tbe sou of a regimental mu-
sician, be became oboist in tbe Swiss
Guard ; was also a singer in tbe cbapel at
Versailles, and a clever violinist. He was
a member of tbe baud of tbe Garde Na-
tionale, Paris, in 1791, aud professor at tbe
Conservatoire in 1794-1802. He left tbe
last position to become cbef of tbe con-
sular guard band, subsequently tbe Garde
Imix'riale. Works : 200 military marcbes ;
2 Quartets for flute, clarinet, born, and
bassoon ; Duets for various instruments.
— Fetis, iii. 433 ; do., Supplement, i. 371 ;
Larousse ; Mendel ; Riemann.
GEBEL, FRANZ XAVER, boru at Fiir-
stenau, near Breslau, iu 1787, died iu Mos-
cow iu 1843. Pupil of Vogler and Al-
brecbtsberger. He was director of tbeatro
XS9
GEEEL
orchestras in Vienna, Pestli, and Lemberg,
where he brought out with success several
operas of his composition. From 1817 he
taught the isiauoforte in Moscow. Works :
Mass ; 4 symphonies ; Several overtures ;
Quartets and quintets for strings ; Sonatas,
fantasias, etc., for pianoforte ; Preludes for
organ ; German songs. — Mendel ; Fetis ;
do., Supplement, i. 371 ; Riemaun.
GEBEL, GEOKG, the elder, born at
Breslau iu 1GS5, died there in 1750. Or-
ganist, pupil of Tiburtius Winkler and of
Johann Heiurich Krause ; became organist
at Brieg in 1709, where he was much iuflu-
cnccd by Stulzel, and in 1713 went iu the
same capacity to Breslau. He was the in-
ventor of a clavichord with quarter tones,
and of a clavi-cymbalum with manual and
pedal. He composed a Passion-Oratorio ;
60 cantatas ; Mass with orchestra ; 25
psalms ; a collection of canons (among
which, one for 30 voices) ; 70 chorals ; 24
concertos for pianoforte ; 48 concertos and
other works for various instruments ; prel-
udes for organ, etc., all in MS. — Fetis ;
Mendel ; Riemaun ; Schilling.
GEBEL, GEORG, the yomiger, born at
Brieg, Silesia, Oct. 25, 1709, died at Rudol-
stadt, Sept. 24, 1753. Organist, son and
pupil of Georg Gcbel the elder, was second
organist at S. M. JMagdalena, Breslau, and
at the same time Kaj^eUmeister to the Duke
of 01s. In 1835 he became a member of
Count Briihl's orchestra in Dresden ; was
ai^pointed royal Kapellmeister in Rudolstadt
in 1747. Works— Operas : Oedipus, 1751 ;
Medea, 1752 ; Tarquinius Superbus, 1752 ;
Sophonisbe, 1753 ; Marcus Autouius, 1753 ;
Serpillo e Melissa, given in Dresden, about
1740 ; Several cantatas ; An Oratorio ; A
Mass ; More than 100 symphonies for or-
chestra ; Concertos for pianoforte ; Church
and chamber music. His younger brother,
Georg Sigismund (died in 1775 in Breslau,
where he was organist at St. Elizabeth's),
composed fugues and preludes for the or-
gan.— Allgem. d. Biogr., viii. 452 ; Fetis ;
Mendel ; Schilling.
GEBHARDI, LUDWIG ERNST, born
at Nottleben, Thuringia, iu 1787, died in
Erfurt, Sejjt. 4, 18G2. He was organist at
the Predigerkirche and royal music director
in Erfurt. He published several collections
of organ music. — Mendel ; Riemaun ; Fetis.
GEBHART, ANTON, born at Sonthofen,
Bavaria, in 1817, stiU living, 1889. Organ-
ist, pupil of his father and of Anton Schmid,
whose successor he became as organist and
music teacher in Dilliugen in 1842. In 1858
he became also director of the church music.
He composed a mass, a Requiem, a Stabat
Mater, Miserere, Pangue lingua, and other
church music, and wrote on music. — Mendel.
GEBT MIR MEINEN JESUM WIE-
DER, aria in G major for the bass of Coro
H, with accompauiment of violin solo,
strings complete, and continue, in Johann
Sebastian Bach's Passion nach Matthilus,
Part H.
GEDENK AN UNS, jNHT DEINER
LIEBE, soprano aria in B minor, with ac-
companiment of oboe, strings complete, or-
gan, and continue, in Johann Sebastian
Bach's cantata Bei der Rathswahl zu Leip-
zig, 1731, " Wir danken dir, Gott, wir dan-
keu dir ; " published separatelj-, with addi-
tional accompaniments by Rob. Fi'anz, by
F. Wliistling, Leipsic, 18G0.
GEDULD ! GEDULD !, aria in A minor
for the tenor of Coro H, with accompani-
ment of violoncello and continue, in Johann
Sebastian Bach's Passion nach Matthilus,
Part I.
GEGRUSST, GEGRUSST. See Eienzi.
GEHOT, JEAN, born in Belgium about
1756. Violinist ; made concert tours in
England, Germany, and France ; he was liv-
ing in London in 1784. He wrote quartets,
trios, and duets for strings ; also a method
for \dolin, and other musical instruction
books. — Jlendel ; Fetis ; Wasielewski, Die
Violine, 284.
GEIGER, JOSEPH, born in Lower Aus-
tria in 1814, died in Vienna, Dec. 30, 1861.
Pianist, lived long in Vienna as a music
teacher, in favour at court and with the
130
GEIJER
public. Works : Wlasta, opera, given in
Vienna, 1840 ; Solemn mass for 4 voices
and orchestra, op. 7 ; O Deus, ergo, gradual
for 4 voices and organ, op. G ; Marches,
caprices, divertissements, rondos, etc., for
jjiauoforte. — Futis, iii. 430 ; Mendel, iv.
172.
GEI.JEE, ERIK GUSTAF, born at Raii-
siitter, Wermlaud, Sweden, Jan. 12, 178.3,
died in Upsala, April 23, 1847. He was
professor of history in the University of
Upsala from 1817. With Lindblad he made
a collection of new Swedish songs, and with
Afzelius made the valuable compilation of
old Swedish songs. He comjjosed piano-
forte music and some tasteful songs in the
style of his nation. — Riemann ; Fetis.
GEISLER, PAUL, born at Stolp, Pom-
erania, Aug. 10, 1856, still living, 1880.
Dramatic composei-, pupil of his grand-
father, who was director of music atMaricn-
burg, and of Konstantin Decker ; has lived
mostly in Leipsic since 1873. Works :
lugeborg, opera, text by Peter Lohmann,
Bremen, 1884 ; Der Rattenfilnger von
Hameln, symphonic poem, Magdeburg,
1880 ; Till Eulenspiegel, Mira, Maria Mag-
dalena, symphonic poems ; Ejnsodes; Mon-
ologues ; Songs.
GEISSLER, KARL, born at Mulda,
near Frauenstein, Saxony, April 28, 1802,
died at Bad Elster in 18G9. Pupil of his
father and of Fischer, cantor in Freiberg,
and prefect of the chorus. In 1822 he be-
came organist and third teacher in the city
school at Zschoi)au, and later was cantor
and music director. He composed songs,
pianoforte and organ music, and edited a
Choralbuch. — Mendel ; Fetis ; Schilling.
GELINEK, HERJIANN ANTON (called
Cervetti), born at Horzeuiowecs, Bohemia,
Aug. 8, 1709, died in Milan, Dec. 5, 1779.
Organist and violinist, entered the Premon-
strant Abbey at Seelau, after becoming a
priest, and was sent to study law in Vienna,
but on his return found the life unbearable,
and leaving the abbey secretly, travelled as a
violinist. He lived in Najjles under the name
of Cervetti. His works comprise concertos
and sonatas for the violin, church music,
and some pieces for the organ. — Mendel;
Fetis.
GELINEK, Abt JOSEF, born at Selcz,
Bohemia, Dec. 3, 1758, died in Vienna, April
13, 1825. Pianist, pupil of Segert ; entered
the seminary of Prague in 1783, and be-
came a i3riest in 178G. On Mozart's recom-
mendation he was ajopointed domestic chap-
lain and pianoforte teacher to Count Philipp
Kinsky, who took him in 1795 to Vienna,
where he was in the ser\ice of Prince Joseph
Kinsky thirteen years. He studied theory
under Albrechtsberger, and became inti-
mate with Mozart. He was a very fashion-
able teacher until about 1810, and his com-
positions brought him so much money that
he was able to leave his poor relatives 42,000
florins. He composed about 1,000 pieces,
mostly very shallow, though occasionally
showing an easy and elegant style. He was
called the variation-hero, and Paris dealers
had men in their employ writing music to
be jJublished under Gelinek's name in the
time of his greatest popularity. Works :
About 125 themes with variations ; Trios
and sonatas for pianoforte and strings ;
Fantasias, rondos, sonatas, and many other
pieces for j>ianoforte. — Wurzbach ; Mendel ;
Fetis ; Grove.
GELOSIE VILLANE, LE (Rustic Jeal-
ousies), Italian opera buffa in two acts, text
by Grandi, music by Sarti, represented at
Venice, 177G. Mozart wrote for it, in 1791,
a fine chorus, of which nothing has sur-
vived but five measures in his autograph
catalogue (Kochel, G15).
GEMINIANI, FRiVNCESCO, born in
Lucca in 1G80, died in Dublin, Dec. 17,
17C2. Violinist, pupil of Scarlatti, Lonati,
and Corelli, who considered him his best
schol.ar, and of whose school he must be con-
sidered one of the foremost representatives,
although his playing and compositions dif-
fered in style from those of his great master.
He went in 1714 to England, where he soon
won reputation as a virtuoso. He visited
131
GEMMINGEN
Paris in 1748-55, and on his return to Eng-
land settled permanently in London. In
17G1 he went to
Dublin on a visit,
and died there. Ge-
iniuiaui had found
the art of violin
playing in its in-
fancy on his arrival
in England, and lie
did considerable to
advance it. His
most valuable con-
tribution was his " Art of Playing the Violin "
(London, 1740), the first book of the kind
ever published in England, it being six years
earlier than Leopold Mozart's " Violin
School." It has the merit of handing down
to j)Osterity the principles of the art of play-
ing the violin as they were finally established
by Corelli. His rules for holding the vio-
lin and bow are the same as are recognized
in our day. Works : 12 solos, op. 1 (Lon-
don, 1716) ; G concertos for seven parts, op.
2 (ib., 1732, Paris, 1755) ; 6 concertos, op.
3 (London, Paris, 1775) ; 12 solos, op. 4
(Loudon, 1739) ; G solos for violoncello, op.
5, arrangements from violin solos ; 6 con-
certos, op. G (London, 1741) ; 6 concertos
for eight parts, op. 7 ; 12 sonatas for violin,
op. 11 (Loudon, 1758) ; 12 trios and G trios,
the latter an arrangement of op. 1 ; Lessons
for the harpsichord (London). He pub-
lished also an arrangement of Corelli's
solos, op. 5, as Concerti grossi (London).
—Grove ; Fetis ; Hart, The Violin, 218 ;
"VVasielewski, Die Violine, 48 ; Dubourg,
The Violin, 5G.
GEMmNGEN, EBERHARD FRIED-
RICH, Freiherr VON, pianist, born at Heil-
bronn, Nov. 5, 1726, died in Stuttgart, Jan.
19, 1791. He adopted the judicial profes-
sion, and rose to the dignity of president of
the government council in Stuttgart, prac-
tising music as an amateur, and composing
pianoforte concertos and sonatas, six sym-
phonies, chamber and vocal music, mostly
remaining in MS. He was also a poet. —
Allgem. d. Biogr., viii. 557 ; F('tis ; Mendel ;
Schilling.
GEMMA DI VERGY, Italian opera, text
by Bidera, music by Donizetti, represented
in i\Iilan, 1835, and in Paris, Theatre Ita-
lien, Dec. IG, 184.5. It was first produced
in New York, in 1843, by a French com-
l^any from New Orleans.
GENAST, EDUARD FRANZ, born in
Weimar, July 15, 1797, died in Wiesbaden,
Aug. 3, 18GG. Dramatic composer, pujiil
of Eberwein and later of Hiiser in singing.
He made his debut at Weimar in 1814 un-
der Goethe's direction ; was director of the
theatre in Magdeburg in 1828 ; and from
1829 had an engagement for life at the
Weimar Court Theatre, being pensioned in
18G0. He was also opera manager in Wei-
mar in 1833-51. Works : Die Sonnenmiin-
ner, and Die Verriither in den Alpen,
operas, i^erformed in Weimar ; Music to
Saphir's Die letzto Stunde des Hauscs ;
Songs. Ho i^ublished his memoirs, Aus
dem Tagebuche eiues alteu Schauspielers
(Leipsic, 18G1-GG).— Mendel ; Fetis.
GENEE, RICHARD, born in Dantzic,
Feb. 7, 1823, still living, 1889. Dramatic
composer, i^upil of Stahlknecht in Berlin.
In 1848-G7 ho was Kapellmeister of theatres
in Reval, Riga, Cologne, Aix-la-Chapelle,
Diisseldorf, Dantzic, Mainz, Schwerin, Am-
sterdam, and Prague. Became Kapellmeis-
ter of the Vienna Theater an der Wien in
18G8, and retired in 1878 to his villa at
Pressbaum, near Vienna. He is the author
of most of his own librettos, has translated
many, and has furnished some to Strauss,
Supije, and Millijcker. Works — Operas :
Polj-phem, oder eiu Abenteuer auf Marti-
nique, given in Dantzic, 185G ; Der Geiger
aus Tirol, 1857 ; Der Musikfeind, Die Gen-
eralprobe, Schwerin, 18C2 ; Rosita, Mainz,
1864 ; Der schwarze Prinz, Prague, 18GG ;
Am Runenstein (with Flotow), Prague,
18G7; Dor Seekadett, Vienna, 1876, trans-
lated into several languages ; Nanon, die
Wirtin vom Goldenen Lamm, Vienna, 1877 ;
Im Wuuderlande der PjTamiden, ib., 1877 ;
GENEKALI
Die letzten Mobikaner, Munich, 1878 ; Nisi-
ka, Vienna, 1880 ; Rosina, ib., 1881 ; Songs ;
Choruses for male voices. — Brockhaus ;
Kiemann ; Mendel ; Fetis, Suj)plement, i.
372.
GENERALI, PIETRO, bom at Masse-
rano, Piedmont, Oct. -i, 1783, died atNovara,
Nov. 3, 1832. Dramatic composer, luipil
of Giovanni Massi. His real name, Mer-
candetti, had been changed by his father
on his banki-uptcy and removal to Rome.
He began to write masses and church mu-
sic soon after finishing his studies, and pro-
duced his first opera in 1800. In 1801-17
he visited many Italian cities, producing
operas, meeting with success especially in
Venice, where most of his best works were
given. His I baccanali di Roma had great
success, and was given in many Euroj)eau
cities. In 1817-20 he was director of the
Barcelona theatre and gave there many of
his works ; but, his popularity waning as
Rossini came into favour, he accepted the
position of maestro di cappella of the Ca-
thedral of Novara and devoted himself to
church music. In 1827, however, he brought
out an oratorio, II voto di Jef te in Florence,
and followed this with an opera buffa, II
divorzio persiano, which was not a suc-
cess. In 1829, after studying Rossini's style,
he gave his opera Francesca da Rimini,
written for the opening of the Fenice, but
it was badly received. The precursor of
Rossini, he was the first to emploj' certain
harmonies and modulations of which Ros-
sini took advantage, but he did not possess
the genius of his successor. Works —
Operas : Gli amauti ridicoli, Rome, 1800 ;
II duca Nottolone, ib., 1802 ; La villana al
cimento, farce, ib., 1802 ; Le gelosie di
Giorgio, farce, Bologna, 1802 ; La Pamela
nubile, Venice, 1802 ; La calzolaja, ib.,
1803 ; Misantropia e pentimento, Gli effetti
della Somiglianza, farces, ib., 1805 ; Don
Chisciotto, Milan, 180.5 ; Orgoglio ed umi-
liazione, Venice, 1806 ; L' idolo Cinese, Na-
ples, 1807 ; Lo sposo in Bersaglio, Flor-
ence, 1807 ; Le lagrime d' una vedova, II
ritratto del duca, Venice, 1808 ; Lo sposo
in contrasto, Vienna, 1808 ; La moglie di
tre mariti, Venice, 1809 ; Amore vince lo
sdegno, Rome, 1809 ; L' Adelina, La Cec-
china, farces, Venice, 1810 ; Chi non risica
non rosiea, Milan, 1811 ; La vedova deli-
rante, Rome, 1811 ; La sciocca per gli altri e
r astuta per se, Venice, 1811 ; Gaulo ed
Ojtono, Naples, 1812 ; La vedova strava-
gante, Milan, 1812 ; L' orbo die ci vede,
Bologna, 1812 ; Isabella, farce, Venice,
1813 ; Eginardo e Lisbetta, Naples, 1813 ;
Amor prodotto dall' odio, Milan, 1813 ; Ba-
jazetto, La contessa di CoUe Erboso, II servo
padrone, Turin, 1814; ; L' impostore ossia
il marcotondo, Milan, 1815 ; I Baccanali di
Roma (his best work), Venice, 1815 ; La
Vestale, Trieste, 1816 ; II trionfo d' Ales-
sandro, Bologna, 1816 ; Elato, ib., 1817 ;
Rodrigo di Valenza, Milan, 1817 ; II divor-
zio persiano o il gran Bazzaro di Bassora,
Trieste, 1829 ; Francesca da Rimini, Ven-
ice, 1829. — Piccoli, Elogio di P. Generali
(Novara, 1833) ; Fetis, iii. 4:15 ; do., Supple-
ment, i. 372 ; Grove ; Mendel.
GENET, ELIAZAR (Elziar), surnamed
Carpentras, or il Carpentrasso, born at Car-
pieutras (Vaucluse) in the second half of the
15th century. Church composer, and maes-
tro di cappella of the Pontifical Chapel,
which he entered under Leo X., who be-
came his patron, and made him bishop in
partibus in 1518. He was sent on a mis-
sion to Avignon in 1521 (?), and having re-
turned to Rome at the end of 1523 or in
1524, we know of his being again at Avi-
gnon in 1527. Works : Liber primus mis-
sarum, containing 5 masses (Avignon, 1532) ;
Liber Lamentationum Hieremie prophete
(sic) (ib., 1532) ; Liber Hymnorum usus Ro-
manre ecclesise (1533) ; Liber cantici Mag-
nificat, omnium tonorum. The manuscript
of the book of masses is in the Imperial
Library, Vienna. — Fetis ; Schilling.
GENEVliiVE DE BRABANT, French
opera-bouffe in two acts and seven tableaux,
text by Jaime fils and Etienne Trcfeu, mu-
sic by Ofleubach, first represented at the
GENISCIITA
Theatre des Bouflfes Parisiens, Paris, Nov.
19, 1859. In 1875 it was given at the The-
atre de la Gaite, iu five acts, with text re-
vised hj Hector Cromieux and Trefeu, and
■vvith eight new numbers by the comjioser,
mostly written for Mile Thorcsa.
GEXISCHTA, rV'AN, born in Russia
about 1810, still living, 1889. Pianist and
violoncellist, lived at Moscow, where he be-
came director of a singing society in 1837.
His style was formed under the influence
of Beethoven's music. AYorks : 3 grand so-
natas for pianoforte and violoncello, or vio-
lin, op. 6, 7, 9 ; Grand sonata for piano-
forte, op. 12 ; 3 nocturnes for violoncello,
with violin, op. 10 ; Sonata for pianoforte
and violoncello, op. 13 ; Fantasia for piano-
forte, op. 14. — Fetis.
GENOVES (Geuues), TOMMASO, born
at Seville in the first years of the 19th cen-
tury. Dramatic composer ; went to Italj-
in 183-1, and lived in Bologna, Rome, and
Naples. Works — Operas : La rosa bianca
e la rosa rossa, given iu Madrid, 1831 ;
Zelma, Bologna, 1835 ; La battaglia di Le-
pante, Rome, 183G ; Bianca di Belmonte,
Venice, 1838 ; Iginia d' Asti, Naples, 1810 ;
Luisa della Valliere, ]\Iil;ui, 1845 ; Le sere
d'autunno al Monte Pincio, collection of ro-
mances (Milan, Ricordi). — Fetis ; Mendel.
GEN0\T3VA, German opera iu foiu' acts,
text by Robert Reiniclc, music by Schu-
mann, represented at the thesitre of Leipsic,
June 25, 1850. The libretto, founded on
the legend of St. Genevieve, follows jsartly
the two versions of the story in the trage-
dies of Tieck and Hebbel, though princi-
pally the latter. Schumann, dissatisfied with
Reinick's work, changed it materially to suit
his own ideas. The music, begun iu 1847,
was finished in August, 1848, but its pro-
duction was delayed. Its reception was
honourable but not enthusiastic, and it was
withdrawn after three rei^resentations. The
overture, one of Schumann's masterpieces,
is a standard work in the concert repertory
all over Europe and America. — Grove, iii.
399 ; Hanslick, Moderne Oper, 25G.
GENST, AUGUSTE DE, born iu Brus-
sels, June 24, 1801, living in 1889. Pianist,
pujjil of Cazot. His compositions for pi-
anoforte, numbering about forty, were pub-
lished in Brussels, Holland, and Germanj-.
Afterwards he composed also operas, and
symphonies.- — Fctis ; Mendel.
GENTILI, GIORGIO, born in Venice
about 1668, died (?). VioUuist, first violin
of the ducal chapel of Venice. "Works : So-
natas and concertos for violin (Venice, 1701-
08).— Fetis ; Mendel ; Gerber, ii. 289 ; Schil-
ling, iii. 194.
GENTILI, RAFFAELE, born in Rome
about 1837, died there, Aug. 7, 1867.
Dramatic composer. His operas, Stefania,
given in Rome, 1860, Werther, ib., 1802,
Rosamonda, ib. , 1867, gave signs of great
promise, cut short by his early death. He
left also pianoforte music and songs. — Fe-
tis. Supplement, i. 372 ; Mendel, Ergiiuz.,
121.
GENTLE MRS, tenor air iu A major
with violoncello obligato, of Mathau, in
Handel's Alhalia, Part I.
GEPRIESEN SEI DIE STUNDE. See
Taniihduser.
GERBER, ERNST LUD"«1G, born in
Sondershausen,
Sept. 29, 1746, died
there, June 30,
1819. Composer,
son and pujjil of
Heinrich Nicolaus
Gerber, under
whom he studied
the pianoforte, or-
gan, and violon-
cello. He entered
Leipsic University
in 1765, but soon gave up law for music ; re-
turned to Sondershausen to assist his father,
and succeeded him as court organist in 1775.
He was also chamber musician, and from
1795 a court secretary. He visited Weimar
in 1772 and 1776, Leipsic in 1780, Cassel in
1786, and other German cities in 1793 and
1797. His collection of portraits of musi-
13-1
GERBER
cians led Liiii to think of writing biogra-
phies to accompany them. This resulted in
Lis " Historiscb-biographisches Lexicon der
Tonkiinstler " (2 vols., Leipsic, 1790-92).
Receiving corrections and further informa-
tion he prepared a new edition, " Neues
historisch-biographisehes Lexikon der Ton-
kiinstler" (i vols., Leipsic, 1812-14), which
does not supersede the older work, since it
constantly refers to it. Considering that
he lived iji a small city without a public
library, and that few had preceded him in
the same field, his Lexicons are remarkably
complete, and give evidence of wonderful
industry. They have been extensively used
by all subsequent investigators. He wrote
also for several musical papers. The Vi-
enna Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde bought
his books and music. Works : Pianoforte
sonatas ; Choral preludes for organ, and
other instrumental pieces. — Gerber ; Schil-
ling ; Allgem. d. Biogr. ; Mendel ; Grove ;
Eiemann ; Eochlitz, Fiir Freunde der Tou-
kunst, ii. 35.
GERBEK, HEINRICH NICOLAUS, born
at Wenigen-Ehrich, near Sondershausen,
Sejit. G, 1702, died at Sondershausen, Aug.
G, 1775. Organist, pujjil of Johann Sebas-
tian Bach, became organist at Heringen in
1728, and court organist at Soudershausen
in 1731 ; was appointed secretary to the
court there in 1719, without, however, re-
signing his musical functions. He occu-
pied himself also with improvements in the
mechanism of the organ, and constructed
a Strohfiedel (Xylophone) with keyboard.
His compositions, consisting of concertos,
chorals, fugues, ijreludes, sonatas, and trios
for the organ, and concertos, menuets, mur-
kys, suites, and trios for pianoforte, remain
in MS.— Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
GERECHTEE GOTT. See Riemi.
GERICKE, WILHELM, born in Gratz,
Styria, April 18, 1845, still living, in Boston,
1889. The son of a merchant in Schwan-
berg, he was brought up in that town un-
til 1857, when he was sent to school in
Gratz. In 18G2 he
entered the Vienna
C o n s e r V a t o r i u m ,
where he studied com-
position three years
under Dessoff; many
of his works date from
this period. In Oc-
tober, 18G5, he be-
came Kapellmeister of
tho theatre at Linz ;
in 1874, Kapellmeister at the Vienna Hof-
oper, conjointly with Hans Richter ; and in
1880 succeeded Brahms as conductor of the
Gesellschaftsconzerte, the principal concerts
in Vienna for the performance of large cho-
ral works. He conducted also the Singve-
rein, a branch society of the Gesellschaft
der Musikfreunde. In 1884 he threw up
his positions in Vienna to accept the post of
conductor of the Boston Symphony Orches-
tra in Boston, Mass., which he has held ever
since. After leaving the Conservatorium,
during his three years at which he com-
posed almost incessantly, his duties as Ka-
pellmeister left him but little leisure for
composition. His works have been given
principally in Linz, Vienna, and Boston, ex-
cept some male choruses, which have made
the round of almost all the singing societies
in Germany. He is especially distinguished
as an orchestral and choral conductor, and
a remarkable score reader ; it is chietiy ow-
ing to his drilling that the Boston orchestra
owes its present high position among the
great orchestras of the world. Shortly be-
fore leaving Vienna, in 1884, he was made
honorary member of the Gesellschaft der
Musikfreunde, a distinction verj' seldom
conferred. Works in MS.: 2 sonatas for
pianoforte ; 2 sonatas for violin and piano-
forte ; Trio for pianoforte, violin, and vio-
loncello ; String-quartet ; Septet ; Recpii-
em ; Little Siugspiel ; about 100 Lieder
and many choruses (all written between
18G2 and 18G5) ; Concert overture (first
1.35
GERKE
given in Vienna, and later twice in Boston,
in 1885-86 and 1SS7-88, under the pseudo-
nym of Wenzel Ecker) ; Sonata for piano-
forte ; Quintet for jjianoforte and strings ;
1 movement of a sonata for violin and j'ia-
uoforte ; Sclion Hanucben, operetta, Linz,
between 1865 and IST^, and also in Pestb ;
Huldigungscbor, given at a serenade to tbe
newly married Crown Prince and Princess
in tbe spring of 1881, and in Boston, Jan.
16, 1886 ; Additional accompaniments to
Handel's Judas Maccabeus, and to an An-
tbem ; 3 sonata movements by Bacb scored
for orcbestra ; 3 movements of a suite for
orcbestra, Boston. Publisbed works : Deut-
scbe Tanze, Vienna, Bosendorfer ; Weun dii-
Gott eiu Licb' gescbenkt, cborus witb tenor
and baritone solos, ib. ; i Lieder, ib.; 4
Clavierstiicke fiir die Jugeud, for i bands,
Vienna, Scbmidt ; 4 Lieder, ib. ; 2 male
choruses, Wacb auf, du scbOue Triiumeriu,
and, O Welt, du bist so wuuderscbiin, ib. ;
3 mixed cboruses, So weit, Muutrer Bacb,
and Herbst am Rbein, ib.; 3 male cboruses,
Marie von Oborlaud, Herbst im Meere, and
Weun der Friibling auf die Berge steigt,
Vienna, Bucbbolz ; 2 Lieder, Bitte, and
Meine Boten, New York, Scbirnier.
GERIvE, AUGUST, born in Poland about
1790, died after 1848. Violinist, Kapell-
meister to Count Hanski ; travelled with bis
four precocious musical children ; in 1824
was attached to the ducal court of Dessau,
then returned to Russia ; in 1835 was music
dii-eetor in Cassel, and in 1848 occupied a
similar position in Detmold. Works : Over-
tures ; Polonaises ; Chamber and pianoforte
music. — Futis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
GERKE, OTTO, born in Limeburg, July
13, 1807, died at Paderborn, June 28, 1878.
Violinist, pupil of bis father and in Cas-
sel of Si)ohr and Hauptmann. He made
concert tours, and from 1837 Uved nine
years in Russia. In 1847 be settled in
Paderborn as a teacher. Works : Concer-
tos, quartets, etc., in all about forty works,
for violin ; Pianoforte music. — Mendel ;
Fetis.
GERL (GOrl), FRANZ, dramatic com-
poser, close of 18th century. He was an
actor at tbe Schikaneder Theater, Vienna,
before 1794, and after that time at tbe Na-
j tional Theatre in Briiun. Works — Operet-
I tas : Die Wiener Zeitung, given at Briinu,
' 1790 ; Das Schlaraffenland, Vienna, 1790 ;
' Die dummen Gartner, ib., 1794 ; Der Graf
Balbaroue, Briinn, 179G ; Der Stein der
Weisen, Vienna, 1797.— Mendel, iv. 195 ;
do., Ergiinz., 121 ; Fetis ; Schilling ; Ger-
ber.
GERLE, HANS ; two musicians of this
name lived in Nuremberg in the 16tb cen-
tury, and are distinguished as the elder and
the younger. They were both makers and
players of lutes and violins, but only tbe
elder one composed works that are of
historical value. Works : Lautenpartien
(1530) ; Musica Teusob, auf die Instrument
der grossen unnd kleinen Geygen, audi
Lautten (Nuremberg, 1532) ; a second edi-
tion of same, as Musica und Tabulatur (ib.,
1546) ; Eyn Newes sehr Kiinstlichs Lauten-
buch (ib., 1552).— Allgem. d. Biogr., ix. 23 ;
Gerber; Allgem. mus. Zeitung, xviii. 309,
325 ; Mouatsheft fiir Musik-Geschicbte, iii.
211 ; iv. 38 ; vii., Beilage, 100 ; Fetis ; Schil-
ling.
GERLI, GIUSEPPE, born in Italy in
1812, died at Milan in May, 1885. Dra-
matic composer and basso ; made his ap-
pearance on provincial stages in Italy, 1832,
attempted to establish Italian oijera in
Algiers, 1839, but, failing, proceeded to
Spain, where he sang at Pampeluna and
Bilbao in 1841, at Cadiz and Santander,
1842, and at Saragossa in 1845. In the
year following he was orcbestra conduc-
tor of the Italian theatre in Berlin. Works
I — Operas : II piocco, opera buffix, I gal-
antuomini falsi, do., given in Milan,
1834 ; II sogno punitore, Algiers, 1839, Mi-
lan, 1844 ; Pelagio, Algiers, 1840, Barcelona,
1845.— Fetis.
GERNE ^\^LL ICH MICH BEQUE-
MEN, aria in G minor for the bass of Coro
I II, with accompaniment of violin and con-
GERNSHEIM
tinuo, in Johann Sebastian Bacbs Fassion
nach Matthiius, Part I.
GERN8HEIM, FRIEDRICH, born at
Worms, July 17,
1839, still living,
1889. Pianist, first
instructed by Musik-
director Liebe, then
at Mainz puj)il of
Pauer, at Frankfort
of Rosenbain and
Hauff, at the Conser-
vatorium, Leipsic, of
Moscheles, Haupt-
mauu, Rietz, and Ricbter ; finally studied in
Paris (1855), where he began also to teach,
and was esteemed as a pianist. In 1861 he
became director of music at Saarbriicken,
in 18G5 instructor at the Couservatoriuni
of Cologne, where he conducted three mu-
sical societies, and in 1873 the opera or-
chestra ; in 1872 he was made professor by
the Duke of Gotha, and in 1871 director of
the Conservatorium at Rotterdam. Works :
WYichterlied aus der Neujahrsnacht des
Jahres 1200, for male chorus and orchestra,
op. 7 ; Salamis, Siegesgesang der Griechen,
for do., oj). 10 ; lliimische Leichenfeier, for
do., op. 1 ; Germania, Ein deutsclier Sieges-
gesang, for do., op. 24 ; Das Grab im Bu-
sento, for do., op. 52 ; Odina Meeresritt, for
baritone solo, male chorus, and orchestra,
po. 48 ; Nordische Sommeruacht, for mixed
chorus, soli, and orchestra, oix 21 ; Agrip-
pina, scene for contralto or mezzo-soi^rauo,
chorus, and orchestra, oj). 45 ; Salve Regina
for sojirano solo and female chorus, op. 11 ;
4 Gesilnge for male chorus, op. 40; Zwei
Lieder, for do., op. 41 ; Kriegslied, for do. ;
Lied der Stiidte, for do., op. 43 ; Festgruss,
for do., op. 49 ; Auf der Wacht, for do., Der
Liebesbote, for mixed chorus ; Waldmeis-
ter's Brautfahrt, overture for full orchestra,
op. 13 ; 2 symphonies for do., op. 32, 46 ;
Concerto for pianoforte, with orchestra, op.
16 ; Fautasiestiick, for violin with orchestra,
op. 33 ; do. for violin, op. 42 ; Elohe nu,
Hebrew song for violoncello with small or-
chestra ; Quintet for pianoforte and strings,
op. 35 ; 3 quartets for do., op. 20 and 47 ;
2 trios for do., op. 28 and 37 ; Quintet for
strings, op. 9 ; 3 quartets for do., op. 25, 31,
and 51 ; 2 sonatas for pianoforte and violin,
op. 4 and 50 ; Sonata for pianoforte and
violoncello, op. 12. — Mendel ; Mus. Wochen-
blatt, i. 388, 678 ; iii. 227 ; is. 66 ; xiv. 476 ;
N. Zeitschr. f. Mus. (1868), 211 ; (1869),
116 ; Allgem. mus. Zeitg. (1865), 34, 116,
339, 343.
GERO, GIOVANNI DE, known asMaistre
Jhan, Italian vocal comijoser, maestro di
cai)25ella of the cathedral at Orvieto during
the first half of the 16th century. He was
long erroneously identified with Jacobus
Gallus. Works : Symphonia quatuor modu-
lata vocibus (Venice, 1543) ; Madrigali a
tre voci, 2 books (ib., 1541, 1555) ; Madri-
gali italiani e canzoui alia francese, a due
voci, 2 books (Orvieto, 1544, Venice, 1552,
1572, 1582) ; Many detached pieces in va-
rious collections of the time, as in Motetti
della Simia (Ferrara, 1539), Selectissima)
nee nou familiarissimse cantiones ultra cen-
tum (Augsburg, 1540) ; Cantiones sei:)tem,
sex et quiuque vocum (ib., 1545); Conceutus
octo, sex, quinque et quatuor vocum omnium
jucundissinii (ib., 1545), Jacques Moderne's
fourth Livre de motets (Lyons, 1539). — Fc-
tis ; Mendel ; Riemaun.
GERSBACH, ANTON, born at Sack-
ingen, Baden, Feb. 21, 1803, died in
Carlsruhe, Aug. 17, 1848. Pupil of his
brother, Josejih Gersbach, also studied at
Nilgeli's Institute, Zurich. After a short
time spent in Nuremberg and Halle he
taught the pianoforte in Ziiricb, and in
1831 succeeded his brother in the seminary
at Carlsruhe, where he taught singing, the
organ, and harmony. He composed songs
and pianoforte music. Works : 12 varia-
tions for pianoforte ; 30 studies for do. ; 0
four-part songs ; 29 two-part songs (1839) ;
25 children's songs for one and two voices ;
12 motets for male chorus ; Songs. — Men-
del ; Fetis ; Riemann ; Allgem. d. Biogr.,
ix. 44.
IS!
GERSBACll
GEESBACH, JOSEPH, born at Siick-
iugen, Dec. 22, 1787, died iu Cai'lsruhe, Dec.
3, 1830. He studied at the gymnasium at
Villiugen in the Black Forest iu 1800-5,
then at the university iu Freiburg. He
taught music in Switzerland iu 1808-lG,
then in Wiirzburg, Yflerten, Rastatt, and
Nuremberg. In 1823 he received a j)osi-
tion at the seminary in Carlsruhe, where he
remained until his death. Works : Chorals
iu four parts (182(i) ; Wanderviiglein, col-
lection of four-part songs (1859, 4th ed.) ;
SingvOglein, 30 two-part songs for young
people (1839, 3d ed.) ; Singschule (1829);
Part-songs for mixed and male chorus
(1839).— Allgem. d. Biogr., ix. 45 ; Mendel ;
Fetis ; SchilUng.
GERVAIS, CHARLES HUBERT, born
in Paris, Feb. 19, 1G71, died there, Jan.
15, 1744. Dramatic com2)oser. MS. motets
by him are iu the National Library, Paris.
Four of his operas are mentioned by Fetis,
one of which, Hypermnestre, was partly
written by the Regent (1710). — Fetis ; La-
rousse ; Hawkins, Hist., v. 381 ; Mendel.
GERVAIS, PIERRE NO EL, born, of
French parents, in Mannheim, Germany,
about 174G, died in Bordeaux about 1805.
Violinist, pupil of Iguaz Frilnzl. He plajed
at the Concerts Spirituels, Paris, in 1785, and
was first violinist at the Bordeaux theatre
from 1791. His violin concertos were pub-
lished in Paris. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Wasielew-
ski. Die VioUne, 269.
GERVASI, LUIGI, Neapolitan composer,
pupil at the Naples Conservatorio. Made
his debut as comj)oser with I promessi
sposi, Rome, Teatro Vallc, 1834. In 1841
he was in Odessa, director of music at the
Italian opera, where he brought out II casino
di campagna. — Fctis ; Mendel.
GESANGE DER FRUHE (Morning
Songs), 5 pieces for the pianoforte, by Rob-
ert Schumann, op. 133, composed in 1853 ;
dedicated to the poetess Bettina. Published
by F. W. Arnold (Hberfeld, 1855).
'gESCHOPFE DES PROMETHEUS,
DIE. See Uomini di Prometeo, Gh.
GESIUS (Gese, Goss), B.ARTHOLO-
MAUS, born in IMiincheberg, near Frauk-
fort-on-the-Oder, about 1555, died in Frank-
fort-on-the-Oder about 1G13. He lived iu
Wittenberg, then settled in Fraukfort-on-
the-Oder, where he was chorister in 1595.
Works : Passion naeh Johannes (Witten-
berg, 1588) ; Teutsche geistliche Lieder
(1594) ; Hymni 5 vocum (1595) ; Melodise 5
vocum (1598) ; Psalmodia Choralis (IGOO) ;
Teutsche Lieder Dr. Lutheri und auderer
frommer Christen (IGOl, 1G07, 1G08, IGIG) ;
Hymni patrum cum cautu (1G03) ; Synopsis
MusicEc practicfo (1G09, 1G15, 1G18) ; Christ-
liche Musica (1G05) ; Christlicho Choral-
und Figuralgesilnge (IGll) ; Opus primum
et secundum cantionum ecclesiasticarum
(1G13) ; Cautioues nuptiales (1G14) ; Motet-
ta' Latino-Germanica; (1G15) ; Fasciculus
etlicher deutscher uud lateinischer Motetten
auf Hochzeiten und Ehrentage (IGlG) ; Mis-
sa3 5, 6 et plurium vocum (1621) ; Vierstim-
miges Haudbiiehlein (1G21) ; Teutsche und
lateinische Hochzeitsgesiinge (1624). — All-
gem, d. Biogr., ix. 93 ; Fetis ; Eiemann ;
Wiuterfeld, Der evaug. Kirchengesang, i.
359.
GESTEWITZ, FRIEDRICH CHRIS-
TOPH, born at Prieschka, near Meissen,
Nov. 8, 1753, died in Dresden, Aug. 1,
1805. He studied in Leipsic, in 1770, un-
der his brother-in-law, J. A. Hiller ; was
music director of Bondini's German theatre
in 1784, and iu 1790 du-ector of the royal
Italian opera in Dresden. Works : Dio
Liebe ist sinureich, operetta iu one act,
Leipsic, 1781 ; L' orfanella americana, oper-
etta, Dresden, 1790 ; Church music ; Pi-
anoforte music. — AUgem. d. Biogr., ix. 128;
Meudel ; Fi'tis.
GESUALDO, CARLO, Principe di Ve-
nosa, born about the middle of the 16th cen-
tury. Amateur composer of madrigals, pu-
pil of Pomponio Nenna. He was a finished
player on the lute and several other instru-
ments, and entertained several composers,
singers, and instrumentalists at his court.
He was one of the first to attempt chromat-
iss
GEVAERT
ic writing. His first five books of madri-
gals were printed iu separate parts (Genoa,
1585). Simone Molinara, maestro of the ca-
tliedral of that city, pubHshed a complete
edition of them with the title: "Partitura
delli sei libri de' madrigali a cinque voci
dell" Illustrissimo et Eccellentissimo Prin-
cipe di Venosa, D. Carlo Gesiialdo '" (Genoa,
1613).— Futis ; Ambros, iv. 23G.
GEVAEPvT, FPiANrOIS AUGUSTE,
born at Huysse, near Audenarde, July 31,
1828. Dramatic eomj)oser, pupil in 1841
at the Ghent Conservatoire, where he stud-
ied the pianoforte under Soinmere, winning
the first ijrize in 1843, and harmony under
Mengal. He became organist of the Jesuit
church, and in 1846 a Christmas cantata by
him was performed in Ghent. In 1847 he
took the prize given by the Societc des
Beaux-Arts for his cantata, Belgie, and the
grand prix at the Brussels Concours, and in
the same year his jisalm, Super flumina
Babylonis, was played at the Zangverbond.
After producing two operas with moderate
success, he went in 1849 to Paris, and then
to Spain, where his fantaisie, Sobre motivos
espanoles, won him the Order of Isabella la
Catolica. After a visit to Italy he returned
to Ghent in 1852, and in the following years
brought out, principally in Paris, several suc-
cessful ojjeras, which won him popular favour
in France as well as at home. In 1857 he
received the Order of Leopold for his can-
tata, De natiouale verjaerdag, for the 25th
anniversary of the reign of Leopold. In
1867 he became chef-de-chant at the Aca-
demic de Musique, Paris, a post which he
held until the Opera was closed by the War
of 1870. In 1871 he succeeded Fetis at the
Brussels Conservatoire. He was elected in
1873 a member of the Academie des Beaux-
Arts in the place of Mercadante. Works
• — Operas : Hugues de Somerghem, given in
Ghent, March 23, 1848 ; La comedie de la
ville, ib., 1848 ; Georgette, ou le moulin de
Fontenoy, Theatre Lyrique, Paris, Nov. 27,
1852 ; Le billet de Marguerite, ib., 1854 ;
Les lavandieres de Santarem, ib., 1855 ;
Quentin Durward, Opera Comique, ib.,
1858 ; Le diablo au moulin, ib., 1859 ;
Chateau-Trompette, ib., 1860 ; La poularde
de Caux, ib., 1861 ; Les deux amours, the-
atre of Baden-Baden, 1861 ; Le aqntaine
Henriot, Opera Comique, Paris, 1864 ; Per-
tinax, 1884. Le depart, cantata for three
voices ; Jerusalem, for double chorus with-
out accompaniment ; Chants lyriques de
Saiil ; Lc Lion Flamand ; Jacques Van Arte-
velde, cantata (1863) ; Ik Speek van zoo zel-
den ; Many Lieder in the collection Neder-
lansche zangstukkeu (Ghent) ; Flandre au
Lion, overture ; Transcriptions classiques
^-^f^^^i^-^r^^r^
pour petit orchestre, for the use of the Con-
servatoire ; Vade-mecum des organistes,
and many other minor works. — Clement,
Mus. celebres, 655 ; Fetis, iii. 470 ; do.,
Supplement, i. 375 ; Larousse ; Riemann.
GEYER, FLODOARD, born in Berlin,
March 1, 1811, died there, April 30, 1872.
After studying theology he became the
pupil of A. B. Marx in composition, and in
1842 founded the academic Miinnergesang-
verein and conducted it ; was also one of the
founders of the Berlin Tonkiinstlerverein.
He taught theory in the Kullak-Stern Con-
servatorium in 1851-54, and remained with
Stern after Kullak's departure until 1866.
In 1856 he received the title of professor.
He composed operas, sj'mphonies, songs,
and chamber music, and was connected
with the Neue Berliner Musikzeitung and
the Spener'sche Zeitung for a quarter of a
century. — Mendel ; Fetis, iii. 472 ; Supple-
ment, i. 376 ; Riemann.
GHEBART, GIUSEPPE, born in Pied-
mont, Nov. 20, 1796, died in Milan, Jan. 22,
1870. Violinist, pupil of Radicati ; he en-
tered the royal chapel in Turin in 1814, and
become solo violinist in 1824. From 1817
he directed the concerts of the Philharmon-
ic Academy, iu 1832 was conductor of the
theatre orchestra, and iu 1846 of the royal
GHERARDESCIII
chapel and cliamber music. Works : Violin
concertos, quartets, and quintets ; Church
music. — Mendel, Ergiinz., 122 ; Futis, Sup-
plement, i. 376 ; Wasielewski, Die Violrae,
107.
GHERARDESCHI (Gheradesca), FILIP-
PO, born at Pistoja in 1738, died at Pisa
in 1808. Dramatic composer and organist,
pupil of Bosamelli, and subsequently of
Padre Martini in Bologna. His first opera
buifa was given in Lucca iu 1763 ; one pro-
duced at Pisa, in 1769, on the occasion of
the visit of Leopold, Grand Duke of Tus-
cany, won him his nomination of maestro
di cappella to the conventual chapel of the
Knights of Pisa, and the position of director
of the court music and teacher of the pi-
anoforte to the ducal family. When Leo-
jiold became Emperor, Gherardeschi re-
mained at the ducal court of Ferdinand
m., and later became maestro to Louis I.
de Bourbon, King of Etruria, for whose
funeral ceremony he wrote a Requiem mass,
considered one of his best works (1803).
"Works — Operas : Amor aiiigiano, opei-a
buffa, Lucca, 1703 ; II curioso indiscreto,
ib., 1764 ; I visionari, ib., 176.5 ; La Con-
tessina, ib., 1766 ; L' astuzia felice, ib.,
1767; I due Gobbi, Pisa, 1760.— Fetis ;
Mendel ; Schilling.
GHERARDESCHI, GIUSEPPE, born in
Pistoja, Nov. 4, 17.59, died there in 1815.
Organist, nephew of Pilipjio Gherardeschi,
pupil of his father, who was maestro di cap-
pella of the cathedral at Pistoja, and of
Sala in Naples ; he succeeded his father.
He wi'ote much church music, which re-
mained in manuscript. An opera L' aj^pa-
renza inganna, was given at Mantua, 1782,
and at Florence, 1784. — Fotis ; do.. Sup-
plement, i. 376 ; Mendel; do., Ergiinz., 122.
GHERARDESCHI, LIHGI, born at Pis-
toja, July 5, 1791, died there, March 21,
1871. Cliurch composer, son and pupil of
Giuseppe Gherardeschi, then at the acade-
my of Florence pupil of Disma Ugolini in
counterpoint and compositi(5u, for which
he carried oflf the first prize ; returned to
his native city, where he succeeded his
father as maestro di cappella at the cathe-
dral. Besides a cantata, Cristoforo Colom-
bo, performed at the Academy of Pistoja,
he has composed a great number of masses,
psalms, hymns, and motets, j)artly a cap-
pella, partly with organ or orchestra. — Fe-
tis, Supplement, i. 376 ; Mendel, Ergiinz.,
122.
GHERARDI, BLASIO, Itsilian composer,
maestro di ca^jpella of the Cathedral of Ve-
rona about the middle of the 17th century.
Works : Motets for 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 voices
(Venice, 1650). — Fetis ; Mendel ; Gerber.
GHERSEM, GAL'GERIC (Gery) DE,
born in Tournay about 1570, died there,
May 25, 1630. At first a chorister iu the
Cathedral of Tournay, he was a jnipil of
Georges de la HMe, who kept him iu his
choir when he became maestro de capilla
to Philip n. of Spain. Ghersem succeeded
his master in this position, but returned
to Brussels in 1604 to become maestro to
the Governor of the Netherlands. In 1608
he was made canon of Sainte-Gudule and in
1614 of the Cathedral of Tourn.ay. His
masses, motets, and vilhancicos, published
in Spain, were much esteemed, as he was a
fine contrapuntist. — Van der Straeten, ii. 1 ;
v. 130; Fetis; Mendel, iv. 236; Ergiinz.,
122 ; Gerber ; Schilling.
GHEZZI, IPPOLITO, composer of mo-
tets, oratorios, etc., living in last years of
the 17th and early part of the 18th centu-
ries. He was maestro di cappella of tlie
Cathedral of Montepulciano. His music
was published in Florence and Bologna, in
1699-1708. As a theorist he is known by
"II setticlave canoro" (Bologna, 1709).
—Fetis; Mendel.
GHINASSI, STEFANO, born in Brescia
in 1731, died (?). Dramatic composer, pu-
pil of Andrea Labella. He was accompa-
nist at the Teatro San Samuele, Venice,
and in 1784-90 was director of the Italian
Ojiera, Dresden. He was later accompanist
in Warsaw. Works — Operas : II governa-
tore deir isole Canarie, Dresden, 1785 ; II
GPIIRETTI
seraglio cV Osmanno, ib., 1787 ; Lo strava-
gante Inglese, ib., 1790. — Fetis ; Mendel ;
Gerber; Schilling.
GHIEETTI, GASPAKO, bom in Naples
in 174:7, died in Parma iu 1827. Violinist,
piij^il at the Conservatorio dclla Pieta ; be-
came chamber musician to the Duke of
Parma. Works : Several books of sonatas,
and caprices for the violin ; 2 masses, lit-
anies, and a Stabat Mater for 3 voices. All
in MS.— Fetis ; Mendel.
GHISELIN (Ghiselain, Ghiseling, Ghise-
linns), JEAN, Belgian composer of the 15th
and 16th centuries. Nothing is known of
his histor}', but he is surmised to have been
a native of the province of Haiuaut. He
left five masses, to be found in Petrucci's
Misspe Diversorum (Venice, 1500), as many
four-part motets, in the Ith book of Motetti
della Corona (1505), and a five-part song in
Glarean's Dodecachordon. — Fetis ; Biog.
nat. Belg., iii. 730.
GHIZZOLO (Ghizzola), GIOVANNI,
born in Brescia, second half of the 16th cen-
tury, died (?). A Franciscan monk, he vpas
maestro di cappella to Cardinal Aldobran-
dini at the Cathedral of Ravenna, and sub-
sequently in Milan and in Venice. Works :
2 books of madrigals (Venice, 1608-19) ; 4
books of motets, canzonets, etc. (1609) ;
Masses and concertos (1611) ; Psalms (1618);
Masses, psalms, litanies (1619) ; do. (1624).
— Fc'tis ; Mendel ; Riemann.
GHYS, JOSEPH, born in Ghent in 1801,
died iu St. Petersburg, Aug. 22, 1848.
Violinist, pupil of Lafont ; was professor
of music at Amiens, and then at Nantes, for
several years. He was a most excellent
performer, and from 1832 to 1835 travelled,
and gave concerts with Servais the violon-
cellist, with whom he went to England, and
from 1837 to 1848 travelled through Ger-
many and the north of Europe. Works :
L'orage, grande etude pour violon seul,
op. 5 (Berlin) ; Sixieme air varie ; Mouve-
ment perpetuel, caprice de concert, violon
et quatuor, op. 36 ; Triste pensOe, melodie ;
Pensee fixe, grand agitato pour violon et
piano, op. 37 ; Concerto pour violon et or-
chestre, op. 40 (Mayence) ; Romances pour
voix avec accompagnement de piano. — Fe-
tis ; Biog. nat. Belg., vii. 746 ; Wasielewski,
Die Violine. 386.
GIACCHi: jNIORIR NON POSSO, con-
tralto aria of Zenobia, in C minor, with ac-
companiment of violins in unison, viola, and
bass, in Handel's Radaminto, Act II. Pub-
lished, with additional accompaniments, by
Robert Franz, Leij^sie, Kistner.
GIACOBBI, GIROLAMO, born in Bo-
logna about 1575, died there, Nov. 30,
1630. Dramatic composer, one of the
founders of the Bolognese school. He was
maestro di cappella of S. Petronio, Bo-
logna, and founder of the Accademia dei
Filomusi, which met at his house. His
oj^era Andromeda, 1610, was one of the
first, if not the first, given in Bologna. His
masses and motets, which were in Padre
Martini's collection of MS., now belong to
the Convent of S. Francesco, Bologna. — Fe-
tis ; Mendel ; Ambros, iv. 294.
GIACO^MELLI, GEMINIANO, born at
Parma in 1686, died at Naples, Jan. 19, 1743.
Dramatic composer, pupil of Cajjelli ; he
wrote his first opera when only eighteen
years old. The Duke of Parma became his
patron, and sent him to finish his studies in
Naples under Scarlatti. After composing
operas for the principal theatres of Italy,
he went to Vienna as chamber musician to
Charles VI., returning in 1731 to Naples.
Works — Operas : Ipermestra, given at Par-
ma, Teatro Farnese, 1704 ; Catone iu Utica,
L'Arrenione, Vienna, about 1720 ; Epami-
nondas, Naples, 1731 ; Lucio Papirio, Ve-
rona, 1734 ; Merope, Venice, 1734 ; Cesare
in Egitto (his best work), Turin, 1735 ; Ar-
sace, ib., 173C. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Riemann ;
Schilling.
GIAMBERTI, GIUSEPPE, born in Rome,
second half of the 16th century, died there
in 1630. Church composer, pupil of Na-
nini and of Agostini ; maestro di cappella of
the Cathedral of Orvieto and subsequently
assistant maestro, and iu 1629 fall maestro,
GIANELLA
of S. M. Maggiore, Rome. He is best
known for his corrections of the Eoman
Antiplional service published in Rome
twenty years after his death. — Fetis ; Men-
del ; Schilling.
GIANELLA, LIHGI, Italian flutist, who
went to Paris about 1800 ; died there in
1817. Was first flute at the Opera Boufle,
then established at the Theatre de la laie de
la Victoire. Works : L'argent fait tout,
ballet, La Scala, Milan, 1790 ; L'ofiicier co-
saque, opera (with Dumonchau), given at
the Theatre de la Porte Saint-Martin, 1805 ;
Acis et Galatee, ballet, Opera, 180C ; Three
concertos for flute and orchestra ; Quintets,
trios, duos, nocturnes, for flute and other
instruments ; Romances, with pianoforte.
— Fetis ; do., Supplement, i. 377 ; Mendel ;
Schilling.
GIANETTINI (Zauettini), ANTONIO,
born in Venice in 1049, died at Modena,
August, 1721. Dramatic composer, became
maestro di cappella to the court of Modena
in 1G8G. He w'as called to Hamburg to
bring out some of his 02)eras in 1C9;?.
Works — Operas : Medea in Atene, Venice,
1676 ; Aurora, ib., 1678 ; Irene e Costan-
tino, ib., 1G81 ; Ermione, Hamburg, 1G9.5 ;
I presagi di Melissa, IModena, 1709 ; L'in-
gresso alia gioventti di Nerone. Oratorios :
La creazione de' magistrati di Mosl' ; Amore
alia Catena ; L' uomo in Bivio ; La morte
di Cristo, Vienna, 1704 ; Jefte ; II martirio
di Santa Giustina ; Several cantatas ; Salmi
a quattro voci con stromenti (Venice, 1717) ;
Kyrie for 5 voices and instruments. — Fetis ;
Eiemann.
GIANNETTI, RAFFAELE, born at Spo-
leto, April IG, 1817, died in Naples in Au-
gust, 1872. Dramatic composer, pupil at
the Couservatorio, Naples, in 1837-4:4 ;
studied under Lanza, Spalletti, Cimarosa the
younger, Busti, Crescentini, Ruggi, Parisi,
and Donizetti. Published vocal melodies
and church music. Works : La colomba
di Barcelona, opera, Naples, 1855 ; Church
music ; Songs. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 378 ;
Meudel, Ei-giinz., 123.
GLkNNI DI CALAIS (Jean de Calais),
opera buffa, text by Gilardoni, music by
Donizetti, first represented in Naples, 1828,
and in Paris, at the Theatre Italien, Dec.
17, 1833. An opera of the same title, mu-
sic by Giacomo Panizza, was given at Trieste,
1834 ; and another, music by Giovanni Pa-
cini, at Naples, 1838.
GIANNI DI PARIGI(Jean de Paris), Ital-
ian opera, text by Romaui, music bj' Doni-
zetti, represented in Milan, Sept. 10, 1839.
The libretto is an adaptation of Jaan de
Paris by Saint-Just and Boieldieu (1812).
Romani's version had been previously set
to music by Morlacchi, Milan, May 30, 1818,
and by Giovanni Antonio Speranza, Naples,
August, 183G.
GLySfNINA E BERNADONE, Italian
opera in two acts, music by Cimarosa, rep-
resented in Venice, 1781, in Vienna, 1784,
in Naples, 1788 and in Paris, July 18, 1801.
GIANNINI, GIO'S'ACCHINOi born at
Lucca, March 20, 1817, died in Brazil in
18G1. Pianist and organist, pupil of Do-
menico Fauucchi and Marco Santucci.
Went to Brazil in 1843 or 1844. Works :
Two cantatas for several voices and instru-
ments ; Several pieces of church music, for
two, three, and four voices, a cappella,
1840-43 ; Music to Mauzoui's cantata, II
quinto di Maggio. — Fetis, Supi)lrment, i.
378 ; Mendel, Ergiiuz., 123.
GL\NNINI, SALVATORE, born in Na-
ples, Dee. 24, 1830. Pianist, pupil of Giu-
se^jpe Lillo. He wrote an opera, several
elementary works, and a number of piano-
forte and sacred pieces. — Fetis, Supi^le-
ment, i. 378 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 123.
GIANOTTI, PIETRO, born in Lucca,
died in Paris, June 19, 17G5. Contrabass-
ist, pupil of Rameau ; was engaged at the
Opera, Paris, in 1739-58. He became cele-
brated as a teacher. Works : 6 books of
sonatas for violin and violoncello ; Duos ;
Trios ; Songs. Author of " Guide du com-
positeur" (Paris, 1859), an instruction book
on Rameau's system. — Fetis ; Burney, Hist.,
iv. 626 ; Mendel ; Riemann.
GIANSETTl
GIANSETTI (Gianzetti), GIOYANNI
BATTISTA, Composer of the Roman
school, maestro di cappella of S. Giovanni in
Laterauo, Rome, in l(JG7-73. He published
5G motets for 2, 3, 4, 5, and G voices. His
reputation rests on a mass for 48 voices iu
12 clioruses, executed at S. M. sopra Mi-
nerva, Aug. 4, 1675. — Fi'tis ; Mendel.
GIARDINI, FELICE DE', born in Turin,
April, 171G, died in Moscow, Dec. 17, 1796.
Dramatic composer and violinist, chorister in
the Milan Cathedral, pupil in Milan of Pala-
dini in singing, the harpsichord, and har-
monj', and in Turin of Somis on the violin.
After jjlaying iu the opera band in Rome and
iu the Teatro S. Carlo, Naples, he made a
tour through Germany, and played in Paris
in 1748-49. In 1750 he appeared in London,
where he was greatly admired for the mel-
lowness of his tone and the brilliancy of his
execution. In 1752 he became leader at
the Italian Opera and in 175G undertook its
management, but met with pecuniary loss.
He was manager again, however, in 17G3-
65. In 1774-80 he was leader at the Pan-
theon concerts, iu 1782-83 again at the
Opera, and in 1784 went to Italy with the
intention of remaining ; but in 1790 he re-
turned to London and tried to establish
there an Italian Opera, failing in which
he took his troupe to Russia, where he
died. Giardini was one of the greatest
violinists of his time and had no rival in
London until Cramer appeared. His best
works are his pieces for the violin, his operas
meeting with little success. He owned Co-
relli's violin and always used it at his con-
certs. Works — Operas : Euea e Laviuia,
London, 1756 ; Love in a Village, ib., 1757 ;
Rosmira, ib., 1757 ; Cleonice, ib., 1764 ;
Siroe, ib., 17G4. Oratorio, Ruth, London,
1752. Chamber music : 4 sets of violin
solos, op. 1, 7, 8, 16 ; 12 solos, op. 19 ; G
violin duets, op. 2 ; 6 sonatas for j)ianoforte
and violin, ojd. 3 ; 12 violin concertos, op.
4, 5, 15 ; 3 sets of trios for stringed instru-
ments, op. 6, 14, 20 ; 6 quintets for piano-
forte and string instruments, op. 11 ; 12
quartets for string instruments, op. 20, 29 ;
Songs, catches, etc. — Fetis ; Grove ; Men-
del ; Schilling ; Hart, The Violin, 233 ;
Burney, History, iv. 521 ; Wasielewski, Die
Violine, 98 ; Dubourg, The Violin, 81.
GIASONE (Jason), Itahan opera, text
by Giacomo Andrea Cicognini, music by
Francesco Cavalli, represented in Venice,
1G49. The original score in MS. is pre-
served iu the library of S. Marco, Venice.
GIBBONS, CHRISTOPHER, born in
1615, died in Lou-
don, Oct. 20, 1G76.
Organist, sou of Oi-
lando Gibbons, pu-
pil of Edward Gib-
bons in the choir of
Exeter Cathedral.
He was organist of
Winchester Cathe-
dral iu 1G40-44;
served in the Royalist army, and in 1660
became organist of the Chapel Royal, pri-
vate organist to Charles II., and organist of
Westminster Abbey. Mus. Doc, Oxford,
July 7, 1GG4. Works : Anthems in MS. ;
Hymns in Dering's "Cautica Sacra" (1G74).
— Grove ; Fotis.
GIBBONS, Rev. EDWARD, born about
1570, died after 1650. Organist, probably
son of William Gibbons, one of the AVaits
of Cambridge. He graduated as Mus. Bac.
at Cambridge, and on July 7, 1592, was in-
corporated at Oxford. He was organist,
priest-vicar, sub-chanter, and master of the
choristers of Bristol Cathedral in 1592-
1611, and organist and custos of the col-
lege of priest-vicars of Exeter Cathedral in
1611—44. Some of his compositions are in
the Music School at Oxford ; and an an-
them. How hath the city sate solitary, with
prelude for the organ and accompaniment
for viols, is in the Trelawney collection,
British Museum. — Grove ; Fetis.
GIBBONS, ELLIS, born at Cambridge,
England, second half of 16th century. Or-
ganist, brother of Rev. Edward Gibbons.
He was organist of Salisbury Cathedral at
u-6
GIBBONS
the latter end of the IGth centuiy, and un-
til about the year 1601. He contributed
two madrigals, Long live fair Oriana, and
Round about her chariot, to " Triumphs of
Oriana" (1601).— Grove, i. ; Fetis.
GIBBONS, ORLANDO, born at Cam-
bridge, E n g -
land, in 1583,
died at Canter-
bury, June 5,
1625. Brother
of the two pre-
ceding, and
the most fa-
mous of the
family. He
got his early
musical education probably at Cambridge,
in the choirs of some of the college chapels.
He succeeded Arthur Cock as organist at
the Chapel Royal, March 21, 1604. In
1610 he published some three-part fantasies
for viols, the first musical jjublicatiou from
copper plates in England. In IGll he as-
sociated himself with Byrd and Dr. Bull in
compiling and publishing the "Pai-thenia."
In 1612 ho published his first set of five-
voice madrigals and motets. He was made
Bachelor and Doctor of Music at Oxford,
in May, 10'^'', at the request of Camden the
historian. In 1623 he was appointed to
succeed Parsons as organist at Westmin-
ster Abbey. In 1625 he was summoned to
Canterbury to attend the nuptials of Charles
I., for which he had composed some music,
and there he caught the small-pox, of which
he soon died. Gibbons was undoubtedly
the finest English oi'ganist of his time, as
well as one of the greatest composers of
English birth. His fame rests mainly on
his chiu'ch music, which gained him the
nickname of " the English Palestriiia " ;
for simple, solemn grandeur, and i3urity
of style it is hardly to be excelled. Much
of it was printed in Barnard's Church
Music, and in Boyce's Cathedral Music ;
the rest in a volume edited by Ouseley in
1873. His madrigals are among the best
of the English school, and were reprinted
bj- the Musical Antiquarian Society in 1811.
Works : Morning and Evening Service, in
F ; Te Deum and Jubilate, in D minor ;
Veuite exultemus, in F ; Te Deum and
Benedictus, do. ; Fii'st Preces, do. ; Second,
in G ; 23 Anthems ; Hymns ; 20 Madrigals
and Motets ; 9 Fantasies in 3 parts, for
viols ; 6 pieces for the virginals ; Galiards,
fantasias, pavans, etc. — Grove ; Fetis ;
Athenreum (1885), ii. 644.
GIBELLI, LORENZO, died at Bologna
in 1811. Church composer, one of the
last pupils of Padre Martini ; maestro di
cappella of S. Salvatorc, and of S. Barto-
lommeo, and later at the church of the
Theatines. Member of the Accademia fil-
armonica, 1743, principe in 1753. His
works are preserved in the library of S.
Bartolommeo. — Pancaldi, Vita di D. GibeUi,
celebre contrappuntista e cantore (Bologna,
1830).
GIBELLmi (GhibelUni), ELISEO, born
at Osimo, Marches of Ancona, Itah', about
1520. Church composer, maestro di cajv
pella at Ancona until 1581. He published
in Venice : Motetta super piano cantu ( 1546) ;
Motettorum cum quinque vocibus (1548) ;
Madrigali a tre voci (1552) ; Introitus mis-
sarum de testis per cursum anni (Rome,
15G5) ; II primo libro de' Madrigali a cinque
voci (1581). — Fetis; Riemann.
GIBEIIT (Gisbert, Gispert), FRANCIS-
CO JAVIER, born at Granadella, Spain,
second half of 18th century, died in Madrid,
Feb. 27, 1848. Pupil of Antonio Sala ;
maesti'o de capilla at Tarazona in 1800-08,
then of the convent in Madrid where he
died. Works : Motets ; Masses ; and other
church music. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 370 ;
Baltazar Saldoni in Efemerides de musicos
esiJanoles ; Mendel, Ei-giinz., 123.
GIBERT, PAUL CESAR, born at Ver-
sailles in 1717, died in Paris in 1787. Dra-
matic composer. Studied music in Naples
with the best masters, and settled in Paris to
teach music. His operas were played at the
Comedie Italienne. The best known are:
144
GIBSONE
La sibylle, 1738 ; Le carnaval d'<'to, 1759 ;
La fortune au village, 1760 ; Soliman, ou
les trois sultanas, 17G1 ; Aj)elle et Cam-
paspe, 1703. He wrote also for the Aca-
demie royale de Musique Deucalion et
Pyrrba, about 1770.— F6tis ; Meudel ;
Schilling.
GIBSONE, IGNACE, born in London in
182G or 1827, still hving, 1889. Pianist,
pupil of Moscheles ; aj^peared at Brussels,
181:5, at Baden, Homburg, Frankfort, Wies-
baden, Darmstadt, Berlin, 1840, returned to
London in 1850. Works : An opera (5IS.) ;
Elfin Knight, cantata ; Wood Nymphs, do.
for female voices ; Two symphonies ; Sonatas
for violin and jjianoforte ; Pianoforte pieces,
and Songs.
GIDE, CASIMIR, born in Paris, July 4,
1804, died there, Feb. 18, 1868. Dramatic
composer, jjupil of Dourleu at the Paris
Conservatoire. Works — Ojieras : Les trois
Marie, Tht'atre des Nouveautes, 1828 ; Le roi
de Sicile, given at the Opera-Comique, 1830 ;
Les trois Catherine (with Adam), Theatre des
Nouveautc'S, 1830 ; Les jumeaux de la Ee-
ole, ib., 1831 ; L'Angelus, OjK'ra-Comique,
1834 ; Beljjhegor (unpublished) ; Fraujoise
de Eimiui (do.) ; ballets : La chatte blanche
(with Adam), Theatre des Nouveauti's, 1830 ;
La tentation (with Halevy), Ojaera, 1832 ;
L'ile des pirates (with Carliui), ib., 1835 ;
Le diable boiteux, ib., 1836 ; La voliere,
ib., 1838 ; La tarentule, ib., 1839 ; Ozai, ib.,
1847. — Futis ; do., Suijpk'ment, i. 379 ;
Mendel ; do., Erganz., 123.
GIGAULT, NICOLAS, born at Claye
(Brie), France, about 1645, died (?) He was
one of the best French organists of the
17th century, pupil of Titelouze ; published
organ music in 1685. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GIGOUT, EUGi:NE, born at Nancy,
March 23, 1844, still living, 1889. Organ-
ist, pupil of Bazile Maurice and Mess, organ-
ists of the cathedral of Nancy, and in Paris
of Dietsch, Saint-Saens, and Loret. He was
professor of plain-chant and of solfege in
Niedermeyer's school of sacred music, Paris,
and oi-gauist of Saiut-Augustin from 1863.
He has written a great deal of church music.
— Fetis, Supplement, i. 379 ; Mendel, Er-
ganz., 123.
GIL, FEANCISCO ASSIS, born at Cadiz,
Spain, in 1829, still living, 1889. Dramatic
composer, pupil in Brussels of Fetis in 1850-
53, took the first j)nze in composition, and
after his return to Spain was appointed
professor of harmony at the Conseiwatorio,
Madrid. He wrote a treatise on harmony
(1850), au elementary treatise on same
(1856), and composed several ojjeras for the
theatre at Madrid. — Fetis ; do., Suj)ple-
meut, i. 380 ; Mendel.
GIL Y LLAGOSTEEA, CAYETAN, born
in Barcelona, Spain, Jan. 6, 1807, still living,
1889 (?). Flutist, pupil of Andrevi, Fran-
cisco Berinij and Calcante. He played first
flute in the orchestra of the cathedral and
in the theatre of Barcelona twenty-two years.
W'orks : Symphonies ; Masses ; Eequiem ;
Dance music for orchestra ; Flute music,
etc. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 380 ; Mendel,
Ergilnz., 124.
GILBERT, ALFRED, born in Salisbury,
England, in 1828, still living, 1889. Pianist,
pupil at the Eoyal Academy of Music.
Member of Philharmonic Society, and of
Eoyal Society of Musicians ; do. of Academy
of St. Cecilia, Eome, 1884. Works: The
Eival Eoses, dramatic scene, 1883 ; Trios
for pianoforte and strings ; Quintet.
GILBEET, ALPHONSE, born in Paris,
Feb. 2, 1805, still living, 1889 (?). Violon-
cellist and organist, pupil at the Paris Con-
servatoire from 1822 ; won the 2d grand
prix in 1827, for the cantata Orphee. He
was a member of the Odeon orchestra, and
organist at Notre Dame de Lorette ; won
first government prize for historic and sa-
cred songs, 1847. Has published masses,
motets, cantatas, and organ music. — Fetis ;
Mendel.
GILBEET, THOMAS BENNETT, born
in Salisbury, Oct. 22, 1833 (March 15,
1835?), died in London, May 11, 1885.
Instrumental and vocal composer, pupil at
the Eoyal Academy of Music, 1847, and at
145
GILBERT
the Conservatorium, Leipsic, of Moscheles,
Hauptmann, Eicliter, Rietz, etc., 1852. Or-
ganist of different
churches, 1853-67, af-
terward singing teach-
er in London. He
used sometimes the
names Ernest Bennett
Gilbert and Charles
Bennett as pseudo-
nyms. Works : Das
Stelldichein, operetta,
Leipsic, 1851 ; A
Night in Fairj-land, do., Surrey theatre, 18G1 ;
Eamiro, dramatic cantata, 1879 ; Concert
overture, 1853 ; Overture to Merry Wives
of Windsor, 1854 ; String quartets ; Trio
for pianoforte, violin and violoncello ; Part-
songs, and songs ; Pianoforte music.
GILBERT, WALTER BOND, born of
English parentage in Exeter, England, April
29, 1829, still living, 1889. Organist ; ar-
ticled pupil of Alfred Angel, organist of Ex-
eter cathedral, under whom he studied the
organ, the pianoforte, composition, and
choir-training ; then pupil of Dr. S. S. Wesley,
organist of Winchester cathedral, in organ
playing and composition, and afterward of
Sir Henry Bishop in instrumentation. He
was organist in 1847—19 at Topsham ;
1849-53 at Bideford ; 1853-58 at Tmi-
bridge ; 1858-G5 at Maidstone ; 1865-G7, of
St. INIargaret's Church, Loudon ; and 18G7-
69 in Boston, Lincolnshire. In 1869 he
went to America and became organist of
Trinitj' Chapel, New York, a position he
still holds. lu 1854
the degree of Mus.
B a c . was conferred
upon him by the Uni-
versity of Oxford, in
1886 that of Mus. Doc.
by the University of
Toronto, and in 1888
Mus. Doc. by Oxford.
He has been also a
fellow of the London College of Organists
since its foundation in 1864. Mi-. Gilbert
aided in preparing the historical part of
Hopkins and Rimbault's " History of the
Organ." Works : Songs : Once 'twas my
Hope, Never more, 1849 ; Madrigal, I had
both money and a friend, 1854. Piano-
forte : Fantasias, 1856 ; Cecilia's Medita-
tion, 1856. Organ : 3 Pieces, 1856 ; 10
Preludes and Fugues, 1876. Oratorios :
Saint John, 1857 ; Restoration of Israel,
1859 ; 19 services for Trinity Chapel, New
York, composed between 1870-87 ; and
about 25 anthems for the same church, com-
posed between 1870-88. He has prepared
also the following collections of church mu-
sic : Parish Church Manual, 1854 ; The
Canticles, 185G ; Church Chorister, 1872 ;
Hvmnal, 1872.
GILCHRIST, ^ATLLIAM WALLACE,
born of American par-
entage in Jersey City,
New Jersey, Jan. 8,
1846, still li'ving, 1889.
Organist, j^upil at the
University of Pennsyl-
vania of H. A. Clai'ke ;
was for a time solo
baritone of Holy
Trinity Church, and
of St. Mark's Church,
Philadelphia. In 1872 he went to Cincin-
nati and became choir-master of the First
New Jerusalem Society of that city, and in-
structor in the Cincinnati Conservatory ;
in 1873 he returned to Philadelphia and
was for four years choir-master of St.
Clement's Church. Since 1877 he has been
organist and choir-master of Christ Church,
Germantown, Penn., and since 1882 in-
structor in the Philadeljjhia INIusical Acad-
emy. He is conductor of the following
musical associations: Philadelphia Festival
Chorus, Amphion Society, The Arcadian,
Mendelssohn Club, Germantown Choral,
West Philadelphia Choral. Works: 46th
Psalm, for soli, chorus, orchestra, and organ
(Cincinnati Festival prize, 1882) ; Song of
Thanksgiving, for chorus and orchestra ;
The Rose, cantata, New York, Feb'. 8,
146
GILDEMYN
1887 ; 3 m.ale choruses ; Ode to the Sun ;
Autumn ; Dreaming (New York Mendels-
sohn Glee Club prize, 1880) ; also many
pieces of churcli music, songs, etc., and
unpublished music, both vocal and instru-
mental.
GILDEmN, CHARLES FERDINAND,
born in Bruges, Aug. IS, 1791, died there,
March 22, 185i. Organist, pupil of Govaert
and Thienpont, chorister of Notre Dame de
Bruges, and organist of that church from
1807. He was awarded a silver medal by
the Soeictc Royale des Beaux-Arts in 181G,
for his cantata, Waterloo. His opei-a-co-
mique, Edmond et Henriette, was repre-
sented at Bruges, Sept. 15, 1819. He com-
fiosed church music also. — Fctis, Supple-
ment, i. 381 ; Mendel, Ergilnz., 121.
GHiES, NATHANIEL, born in Worces-
tershire, England, about the middle of the
16th century, died at Windsor, Jan. 24,
1633. Organist, chorister of Magdalen Col-
lege, Oxford, in 1559-61, and clerk of the
same in 1577. In 1595 he was clerk, or-
ganist, and master of the choristers in St.
George's chapel, Wiudsoi', and in 1597
gentleman and master of the children of
the Chapel Royal. Mus. Bac, Oxford,
1585, Mus. Doc, 1622. He contributed to
Leighton's " Teares or Lamentacions of a
Sorrowfull Soule " (1614) ; A service and
anthem by him were printed in Barnard's
Church Music (1641), and other anthems
are in MS. Hawkins prints a curious
" Lesson of Descant of thirtie eighte Pro-
portions of sundrie kindes," in the Apjjen-
dix to his History of Music. — Grove ; Fetis.
GILLE ET GILLOTIN, opera-comique
in one act, in verse, text by Thomas Sauvage,
music by Ambroise Thomas, represented at
the Opera Comique, April 22, 1874. It was
written in 1861.— Clement, Diet. Lyr., Sup-
plement, iii.
GILLES, JEAN, born at Tarascou in
1669, died in 1705. Maitre de chapelle at
Aix, Provence, and subsequently at Agde.
Celebrated in the south of France for his
church compositions, he was called in 1697
to direct the maitrise of Saint-l^tienne,
Toulouse. A famous Messe des Morts by
him, preserved in the National Library,
Paris, was plaj'ed at Rameau's funeral cere-
monies.— Fetis ; Mendel, iv. 246 ; Ergilnz,
124 ; Gerber.
GILLIERS, JEAN CLAUDE, born in
Paris in 1667, died there in 1757. Dra-
matic composer, first vdolin at the Comedie
Franyaise, one of the first writers of music
for vaudevilles, divertissements, etc., at the
Comedie Italienne and the Comedie Fran-
<;aise. Works : L'hymenee royal, 1699 ;
Cephale et Procris, 1711 ; La foire de Gui-
bray, Le tombeau de Nostradamus, 1714 ;
Parody on Telemaque, La ceinture de Ve-
nus, 1715 ; Les dieux a la foire, 1724 ;
L'amante retrouvee, 1727 ; Sancho Pan<;a,
gouverneur, ou la bagatelle, Le bouquet
du roi, 1730 ; La niece vengee, ou la dou-
ble surprise, 1731 ; La fille sauvage, Le
pot-pourri comique, Sojihie et Sigismoud,
1732 ; La premiere representation, Lucas
et Perrette, 1734, etc. — Fetis, Supplement,
i. 381 ; Poisot, Hist, de la Mus. en France.
GIMENEZ HUGALDE, CIRIAQUE,
born in Pampeluna, Spain, Feb. 5, 1828,
still living, 1889. Church composei', pupil
at the Madrid Conservatorio of Eslava. He
was maestro de ca23illa of the primatial
church of Toledo in 1865. Works: Motets ;
Masses ; Psalms, etc. A Miserere by him
is celebrated. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 382 ;
Mendel, Ergiinz., 124.
GIMENO, JOAQUIN, born at Santo Do-
mingo de la Calzada, Nov. 21, 1817, died at
Nivelles, Brabant, Nov. 29, 1849. Church
composer, member in 1834 of the Society of
Jesus, Madrid. On the suppression of the
religious orders in Spain he went to Bel-
gium, and taught in the College of Saint-
Michel, Brussels. His church compositions
have an orchestral as well as an organ ac-
companiment.— Fetis ; Mendel.
GINESTET, (FRANCOIS REGIS) PROS-
PER, Vicomte DE, born at Aix, Provence,
about 1796, died in 1860. Dramatic com-
poser, served in the Gardes du Corps under
GINOU^fiS
Louis XVnL Works — Operas : L'orplic-
lin et le brigadier, given in Paris, 1827 ;
Franyois lier ii Chambortl, ib., 1830 ; Le
mort fiancL', ib., 1833. Pianoforte and violin
music. — Fotis, iv. G ; do.. Supplement, i.
382 ; Larousse ; Mendel.
GINOUVfiS, FERDINAND, born at Cay-
enne in 18-44, died at Marseilles, August,
1888. Pianist, pupil from 185G at the Mar-
seilles Conservatoire, wliere Le won the
pianoforte prize ; became professor of the
pianoforte in 1867. Wrote operas-comiques.
Works : Wilfride, grand opera in five acts,
given at Mai-seilles, 1809 ; Le violou de
Stradivarius, opera-comique, ib., 1877.
Songs, etc. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 382.
GIOCONDA, LA, opera in four acts, text
by Arrigo Boito, music by Amilcare Pon-
cbielli, first represented at La Scala, Milan,
April 8, 1876. The libretto is an adapta-
tion of Victor Hugo's drama, " ^\jigelo.'"
This oj)cra, one of the best of the modern
Italian school, had a success iu Italy ex-
ceeded bj' Aida oulj-. It had tlie same en-
thusiastic recejjtion at the Teatro Carlo
Felice, Genoa, and the Pagliano, Florence,
as at Milan.
GIOEDANI, Padre DOMENICO AN-
TONIO, church composer, maestro di cap-
pella of the Cathedrals of Narni and Ilieti,
and of the church of the SS. Aj)ostoli in
Home ; became a monk in the convent of
Eocca Sinibalda. His ofifertories were pub-
lished in Rome in 1724. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GIORDANI, GIUSEPPE (caUed II Gior-
danello), born in Naples in 1744 (1753 ?),
died at Fermo, Jan. 4, 1798. Dramatic com-
poser, violinist, and pianist, jiupil at theCon-
servatorio of Loreto, where he was a fellow-
student of Cimarosa and Zingarelli. Joined
his family, 1772, in Loudon, whither they
bad gone in 1762, and became composer for
the troupe they formed. Was also much in
vogue as a teacher, and published a great deal
of violin music, lessons for the hari^sichord,
etc., between 1776 and 1782. Returned to
Italy and remained there ten j'ears, produc-
ing in that time 24 ojjeras, and oratorios ;
went to Lisbon to conduct Italian opera, and
iu 1791 was called to Fermo, as maestro di
cappella of the cathedral. Works — Operas :
L' astuto in imbroglio, given at Pisa, 1771 ;
Artaserse, pasticcio, London, 1772 ; Anti-
gone, ib., 1773 ; II bacio, opera bufi'a, ib.,
1774-79 ; II ritoruo d' Ulisse, Mantua, 1782 ;
Aeomato, Pisa, 1783 ; Erifile, Bergamo,
1783 ; Epponinia, Novara, 1783 ; Elpinice,
Bologna, 1784 ; Tito Maulio, Genoa, 1784 ;
Pizzarroneir Indie, Florence, 1784 ; Osmaue,
Bergamo, 1785 ; La Vestale, Modena, 1786 ;
Ifigenia in Aulide, L' imisegno, ossia chi la
fa' r asjietta, Ferdiuaudo nel Messico, Rome,
1780 ; I ripieghi fortunati, intermezzo, Al-
ciade e Telesia, Rome, 1787 ; Cajo Ostilio,
Faenza, 1788 ; Ariai-ate, Turin, 1788 ; La
distruzioue di Gerusalemmo, II corrivo,
Naples, 1788 ; La disfatta di Dario, Milan,
1788 ; Cajo Mario, Venice, 1790 ; Medonte,
re d' Ejiiro, Rome, 1791 ; Don IMitrillo cou-
trastato, Venice, 1791 ; Atalanta, Turin,
1792 ; Demetrio. La morte d' Abele, ora-
torio, performed at lesi, 1785 ; Le tre ore
d' agonia di N. S. Giesfi Cristo, do. (MS.
in the royal library, Berlin). Instrumental
music : 0 quintets for jnanoforte ; 3 quar-
tets for do. ; 30 trios ; 6 string quartets ; 3
concertos for violin and orchestra ; besides
chuixh music and vocal music, including lit-
anies, 23salms, 5 books of canzonette for one
voice. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Riemann ; Schil-
ling.
GIORD.AXI, TOT^IMASO, born in Naples
in 1744, died in Dublin after 1816. Singer,
comf)osei', and teacher, brother of Giusej)pe
Giordani, with whom he is often confounded ;
he was one of a family of opera buffa sing-
ers in Naples, consisting of a father, two
sons, and three sisters, who went to Eng-
land in 1762 and played at the Haymarket.
He went to Dublin in 1779, associated with
Leoui to establish an opera, but, failing, set-
tled there as teacher. Works : Perseve-
rance, or the third time is the best, opera,
given at Dublin, 1789 ; Isaac, oratorio ; 5
books of duos for flute (London, 1775-
1783) ; 6 trios for flutes, and violoncello ; 0
148
GIOKGETTI
do. for flutes aud bass ; G duos for violon-
cellos, op. 5 ; Songs, Italian and English,
and jfianoforte music. — Grove ; Fetis ; Men-
del.
GIORGETTI, FERDINANDO, born in
Florence, June 25, 179G, died there, March
23, 18G7. Violinist, pujnl of Francesco
Giuliani. At tlie age of fifteen he was vio-
linist in the band of the Queen of Etruria.
Illness in 1814 making him an invalid, he
took up composition and teaching, studying
harmony under Disma Ugolini. In 1839
he became ijrofessor of the violin at the
Lyceo, Florence, where he formed many ex-
cellent ijui^ils, among whom were Giuseppe
Giovacchini, Corazzi, Ferroni, and Bruni.
Works : Le turbe nel deserto, oratorio ;
Violin music ; Church nnisic. — Fotis, iv. 9 ;
do., Supijlemeut, i. 383 ; Mendel, iv. 2-18 ;
do., Erganz., 124 ; Schilling.
GIOEGI, GIOVANNI, born about the
(tnd of the 17th century, died in January,
1725. Maestro di cappella of the Chapel of
S. Giovanni in Laterano, Rome, in 1719.
Works : Church music, preserved in MS. in
S. Giovanni in Laterano and in S. M. Mag-
giore.— Fetis, iv. 10 ; Mendel, iv. 248.
GIOEGIS, GIUSEPPE, born in Turin in
1777, died(?). Violinist, pupil of Colla.
He appeared in Paris as a virtuoso in 1807,
entered the royal chapel in Cassel, made
concert tours in 1813, and .settled in 1820
in Paris, where, in 1823-34, he was first
violin at the Opera Comique. He composed
trios, duets, and other pieces for the violin.
— Mendel ; Fetis ; Wasielewski, Die Vio-
line, 131.
GIORNO D' ORRORE. See Semira-
m idc.
GIORNOVICHI (Jarnovich), GIOVANNI
MANE, bom at Palermo, Sicily, in 1745,
died in St. Petersburg, Nov. 21, 1804.
Violin virtuoso, pupil of Lolli, made his first
concert tour to Paris in 1770, and won great
success in the Concerts Spirituels by his
elegant style of playing as well as with his
own compositions. Called to Berlin in 1779,
he belonged to the orchestra of the Crown
Prince until 1783, when he started on a
concert tour, crowned with brilliant success,
to St. Petersburg, Warsaw, Vienna (178G),
and other capitals. In London he was with-
out a rival until 1792, when Viotti appeared
there, and he could have held his own
against this master, but for his irregular
life and arrogant behaviour which made him
unbearable there, as before in Paris and
Berlin. In 179G he went to Hamburg,
whence he visited Berlin again in 179G aud
1802, winning undiminished applause ; in
1802 he went to St. Petersburg, and was
the lion of the day until Kode's arrival.
Struck by apoplexy, he died suddenly while
playing at billiards. His compositions, much
in favour in their time, consist of IG con-
certos, 7 symphonies, 6 string quartets, IG
duos for violins, sonatas for violin and bass,
aud variations. — Fetis, iv. 429 ; Mendel ;
Schilling.
GIORZA, PAOLO, born in Milan in 1832,
still living, 1889. The son of an organist
and singer, who gave him his first musical
instruction, he is a composer of the higher
class of ballet music peculiar to Italy. He
has written more than forty ballets, some of
which have had a successful run in many of
the larger cities of Europe. His one opera,
Corrado, console di Milauo, Milan, 18G0,
was not successful. He is the author also
of much dance music, published in the form
of albums. During the war of 18GG he wrote
a martial hymn for Garibaldi at the hit-
ter's request. Principal ballets : Un fallo,
Milan, 1853 ; I Bianchi ed i Negri, ib., 1853 ;
Un' avventura di Carnevale a Parigi, Genoa,
1863 ; Farfalletta, London, 18G3 ; La mas-
chera, Paris, 18G4 ; Fiammella, Milan, 18GG ;
La Cai^anna dello zio Tom, Florence ; Fol-
gore ; La Silfide a Pechino (with Madoglio
and Sarti) ; Un ballo nuovo ; Cherubina, o
la rosa di Posilippo ; Pedrilla ; etc. — Fetis,
Supplement, i. 383 ; Mendel, Erganz. , 124.
GIOSA, NICOLA DA, born at Ban, May
5, 1820, died there, July 7, 1885. Dramatic
composer, pupil at the Naples Consei-va-
torio, under Pasquale Bongiorno for flute.
GIOVANELLT
Ruggi for counterpoint, Zingarelli and Don-
izetti for composition. He was maestro
di capisella at diflereut times at the San
Carlo, Naples, the Fenice, Venice, and at
the Italian theatres at Buenos Ayres and at
Cairo. His iivst opera, produced in 1842,
was fa vourabl}- received, and his Don Checco,
his best work, represented in 1850, had a
greater success than any opera Luffa had
enjoyed for nearly a quarter of a century,
and still holds its place in the theatres of
Italy, but none of his m.any other works
met the popular taste. His albums of vocal
music, containing romances, melodies, can-
zoui, etc., more than twenty of which were
publi-shed in Naples, had a groat success.
Among them are the following : La cetra
capricciosa, .'5 melodies ; Stornelli d' amore,
G ; Gioja e dolore, G ; Le canzoni d" Italia, i ;
Serenata di Mergcllina, G ; Eco dell' oceano,
3 ; etc. Besides these ho published masses,
cantatas, and instrumental pieces. — Fetis,
iv. 11 ; do., Supph'mcnt, i. 38.5 ; Mendel,
Ergiinz., 125 ; Ricmann.
GIOVANELLI, RUGGIERO, born at
Velletri, near
Rome, about
15G0, died after
1G15. One of
the best compos-
ers of the Rom.an
school, but little
is known of his
life. Ho was
maestro di cap-
pella of S. Luigi
de' Francesi, Rome, in 1587, and later of
the Chiesa dell' Anima of the German Col-
lege, and was appointed in 1594 successor
to Palestrina at St. Peter's. In 159!) he be-
came a member of the Sistino choir. He
was living in 1G15, in which ye.ar he pub-
lished the second volume of his new edition
of the Graduale, undertaken at the request
of Paul v., and magnificently printed at
the Medici press. Works : 3 books of five-
part madrigals (158G, 1587, 1589) ; 2 books,
four-part madrigali sdruccioli (1587) ; 2
books, five- and eight-part motets and three-
part canzonets (1592) ; Villanelle a 3 voci
(1593) ; Villanelle a 5 voci (1G08) ; Masses,
motets, psalms in MS. in the Vatican, among
them a Miserere for four and eight voices
and a mass for eight, on Palestrina's madri-
gal Vestiva i colli. Other madrigals are in
the collections of Scotto and Phalcsius ; and
motets and psalms in those of Fabio Con-
stantini and Proske. — Fotis ; Grove ; La-
rousse.
GIOVANI LIETI. See Nozze di Figaro.
GIOVANNA D' ARCO (Joan of Arc), Ital-
ian opera in three acts, text by Solera, mu-
sic by Verdi, first represented at La Scala,
Milan, Feb. 15, 1845. It was given in Paris,
at the Italiens, Jlarch 28, 1868, with Patti,
Nicoliui, and Steller in the cast, but with-
out success. The score contains nuuibors
of great merit, but the libretto is weak and
ridiculous. — Hanslick, 222.
GIOVENTU DI ENRICO QUINTO, LA
(The Youth of Henry the Fifth), Italian
ojiera buffa in two acts, text by Landri-
ani tho composer, music by Herold, repre-
sented at tho Teatro del Fondo, Naples,
1815. The libretto is an adajitation from
Duval's comedy, " La jcune.sse de Henri V."
The opera, written in the third year of Ho-
rold's residence in Italy as a pensioner of the
Acadcmie do France, was a succes.s. The li-
bretto was printed (Naples, 1815) anonj--
mously, but tho music remains in MS.
Operas of the same title are by J. Mosea,
Palermo, 1817 ; Carlini, Naples and Milan,
1820 ; Pacini, Rome, 1821 ; Morlacchi, Dres-
den, 1823; Garcia, New York, 1827; and
Mercadante, Milan, 1834.— Grove, i. 731.
GIPPENBUSCH, JACOB,, born in Speyer
in 1G12, died July 3, 1GG4. Entered the
Order of Jesuits in 1629, taught the classics
in Cologne, and at the same time acted as
choir-master. Published hymns and mo-
tets.— Mendel ; Ft'tis ; Gerber.
GIPSY'S WARNING, THE, English ro-
mantic opera, text by Linley, music by Ju-
lius Benedict, first represented at tlie Ly-
ceum Theatre, London, 1838. This work.
150
GIEALDA
Benedict's first English opera, was given
afterwards in Berlin and other (Tcrman cities.
GIBALDA, ou la nouvelle Psjche, opcra-
comique in three acts, test by Scribe, mu-
sic by Adolphe Adam, first represented at
the Opera Comique, Paris, July 20, 1850.
A king of Spain, accompanied by his queen
on a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela,
stops at the farm of Gines, the betrothed
of Giralda. She is secretly in love with a
cavalier whom she has met, but whose face
she has never seen, he being obliged to con-
ceal himself on account of some political in-
trigue. He (Don Manoi'l) gives farmer Giuus
six hundred ducats to let him take his jjlace
at the altar on his wedding-day, and so be-
comes the husband of Giralda. Ou the arri-
val of the king he is obliged to take to flight,
and during his absence jjoor Giralda believes
herself in turn wedded to Gines and then
to an old seigneur named Don Jaj^het ; but
at last the queeu secures the pardon of Don
MauoOl, and he returns to claini his bride.
This work, the best of the composer's from
a musical point of view, was well interpreted
by Miles Miolau and Meyer, and by Messrs.
Bussine, Audrau, Sainte-Foy, and Ricquier.
It met with great success throughout France
and in Germany, and was revived in Paris
in 18G2 and 187G. — Pougin, Adolphe Adam,
204 ; Larousse, viii. 12G7.
GIKANEK, ANTON, born in Bohemia
about 1712, died at Dresden, Jan. 16, 1761.
Violinist, lived for some years in Prague,
then went to Warsaw, where he became
first violinist in the royal orchestra, after-
wards director of music in Dresden. He
composed 24: concertos for the violin, and
several concertos for pianoforte, flute, and
viola di gamba. — Fetis ; Meudek
GIRAED, NARCISSE, born at Mantes,
France, Jan. 27, 1797, died in Paris, Jan.
16, 1860. Dramatic composer, pupil at the
Paris Conservatoire, from 1817, of Baillot
for violin ; won the 2d prize in 1819 and
the 1st in 1820. He studied counterpoint
under Reicha. In 1830-82 he was conductor
of the orchestra at the Opera Italien, and in
1837-4G at the Opera Comique. In 184G
he succeeded Hnbeneck at the Opera, and in
1856 became director in chief there. He
also became in 1847 Habeneck's successor
as professor of the violin in the Conserva-
toire, and chef d'orchestre of the Socicte
des Concerts. Legion of Honour, 1843.
"Works — Operas : Les deux voleurs. Opera
Comique, Paris, 1841 ; Le conseil des dix,
ib., 1842. He arranged Beethoven's Sonate
pathetique as a symphony, and gave it at a
concert in Paris presided over by Liszt in
1832.— Fc'tis ; Larousse.
GIRAUD, FRANgOIS JOSEPH, French
composer of the 18th century. Violoncel-
list, member of the orchestra at the Opera,
Paris, in 1752-67 musician of the royal
chapel and of the King's chamber music.
Several of his motets were played at the
Concerts Spirituels. He wrote Deucalion
et Pyrrha (with Berton pere), 1755 ; and
L'opera de sociOte, 1762. He published a
book of sonatas for the violoncello. — Fetis,
iv. 14 ; do., Supplement, i. 385 ; Mendel.
GIRBERT, CHRISTOPH HEINRICH,
born at Frijhnstockheim, near Crailsheim,
Wiirtemberg, July 8, 1751, died in Baireuth
about 1826. Pupil of his stejj-father in
singing, pianoforte, and organ, then of Can-
tor Stadler, and settled in Baireuth as a
teacher in 1769. Became music director
of Schmidt's travelling company in 1784,
bringing out seven of his operettas, and re-
turned to teaching in Baireuth. Works :
Two symphonies for 8 and 10 instruments ;
Four concertos for pianoforte ; Eleven for
do. ; Five quartets for violins. — Mendel ;
Fetis.
GIR0FLT5-GIR0FLA, opera-bouffe in
three acts, text by Vanloo and Leterrier,
music by Charles Lecocq, first represented
at the Theatre des Fantaisies Parisiennes,
Brussels, March 21, 1874. The plot turns
on the confounding of Girofle and Girofla,
the two daughters of Don Bolero d'Alcara-
zas, one of whom is promised in marriage
to the banker Marasquin, and the other to
the Moorish warrior Mourzouk. It was
GIEOUST
given in Paris, at the Theatre cle la Eenais-
sance, Nov. 11, 187-1.
GIllOUST, FRANgOIS, bom iu Paris,
April 9, 1730, died in Versailles, Aug. 28,
1799. When maitre de musique iu the
metropolitan church in Orleans, his psalm,
Sujjer flumina Babylonis, won the 1st prize
in 1768 at a government concours, he being
awarded also the 2d prize. In consequence
be was called to Paris to become maitre de
chajjelle of the Church des Innocents, and
he subsequently held a similar position iu
the royal chapel, and in 1775 became super-
intendent of the king's music. His orato-
rios were jjlayed at the Concerts Spirituels,
among them, Le passage de la Mer Rouge.
His motets were composed for the royal
chajiel. His music is jsreserved in the
national library, Paris. — Fetis ; Larousse ;
Mendel.
GIRSCHNER, CHRISTIAN FRIED-
RICH JOHANN (or Karl, according to
Mendel), born at Spaudau in 1794, died at
Libourne (Gironde) in June, 1860. Dra-
matic and church composer, studied music
at Frankfort-ou-the-Oder, and in 1820 went
to Berlin, where he held a position as or-
ganist for two years. Logier arriving then
in Berlin, to establish a school for his new
method of musical instniction, Girschner
allied himself with him, and in 1822 became
director of the Logier Academj-, which
flourished, however, for scarcely ten years.
In 1833 he was editor of the Berliner mu-
sikalische Zeitung, and, having occupied
various positions at Potsdam, Dantzic, Jena,
and Aix-la-Chapelle, he finally obtained an
appointment as organist of the Lutheran
chapel at Brussels in 1840, and was made
professor of the organ at the Conservatoire
in the year following. His intemperate
habits unfortunately led to his resignation
from both positions in 1848, after which he
lived for a few months at Ghent ; for sev-
eral j'ears nothing was heard of him, until
1851, when he appeared as chef d'orchestre
of a theatre at Rochefort, France. "Works :
Undine, ojsera, given in Berlin, 1830 ; Die
drei Schulmeister, do., ib., 1834 ; Sympho-
nies, overtures, psalms, and songs. — Fetis ;
Mendel.
GISELLE, ou les Willis, fantastic ballet
in two acts, text by ThL'Oj)hile Gautier and
Saint-Georges, music by Adolphe Adam,
first represented at the Opera, Paris, June
28, 1841. Subject derived from a Slav
legend related by Heinrich Heine in " De
I'Allemagne " (ii. 60), concerning a noc-
turnal dance called in the Slav countries
the Willi. Willis are betrothed girls, who,
having died before their wedding-day, can-
not lie quiet in their graves, but come out at
midnight in their weddmg-garments and,
crowned with roses, dance in the moon-
light like elves. If they meet any young
man, they foi'ce him to dance with them
untU he falls dead. — Pougin, Adolphe
Adam, 156 ; Larousse, viii. 1280.
GIUDITTA (Judith), oratorio, by An-
tonio Lotti, written for Venice.
GIUDITTA, oratorio, text and music by
Benedetto Marcello, 1710.
GKILI.\NI, FRANCESCO, born in Flor-
ence in 17G0, died after 1819. Violinist
and jiianist, jiupil of Nardini on the violin,
and of Bartolommeo Felici in counterpoint ;
when quite young he became first violin at
the Teatro Nuovo in Florence. His violin
music was j^rinted in Berlin, Amsterdam,
and London ; he composed also vocal mu-
sic.-—Fetis ; Mendel.
GIULIANI, GIOVANNI DOMENICO,
born in Lucca about 1670, died in 1730.
He was maestro di cappella of the Church
of San Michele in Foro of his native place.
His masses, motets, and psalms are still
presei-ved there, and are occasionally per-
formed.— Mendel, Ergiinz., 125 ; Fetis, Sup-
plement, i. 387.
GIULIANI, MAUEO, born iu Bologna
about 1780, died (?). Famous guitarist and
composer. He settled in Vienna in 1807,
was in Rome iu 1821, then in St. Peters-
burg for several years. He wrote much
music for guitar and orchestra, two guitars,
etc. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
152
GIDLIO
GIULIO CESARE, Italian opera in three
acts, text by Nicolo Fraucesco Hajm, music
by Hamlel, first represented at the King's
Tlieatre, London, Feb. 20, 1724. The orig-
/C'^ j,"*"#!*A
inal MS. score, in the Buckingham Palace
collection, is dated 1723. Characters rep-
resented : Giulio Cesare, Curio, Cornelia,
Sesto Pompeo, Cleopatra, Tolomeo, Achilla,
Nireno. Senesiuo (Francesco Beruardi,
called) created a profound impression in
this work by his magnificent delivery of the
accompanied recitative, "Alma del gran
Pomjjeo." Giulio Cesare often reappeared
on the stage, the last time in 1787, when
George HI. attended the theatre. Published
first by Cluer ; full score, Hiindelgesell
. — llockstro, Handel,
Schalcher, 70, 90 ;
schaft (Leipsic, 1875
139 ; Eeissmanu, 92
Chrysander, ii. 106.
GIULIO SABINO, Italian opera in three
acts, text by lletastasio, music by Giu-
seppe )Sarti, represented at the Teatro San
Benedetto, Venice, 1781. Subject founded
on the story of Julius Sabinus, a noble
Gaul who, in the time of Vespasian, joined
Civilis in the revolt against the Roman
yoke. Defeated and forced to fly for his
life, he pretended to burn himself in his
country house, but escaped in the disguise of
a jDeasant and hid himself in a cave in the
depths of a forest, where he lived, attended
by two servants and by his faithful wife
Epponina, nine years. Betrayed at last, he
was delivered up to Vespasian, who sent
both to punishment, Ej^ponina demanding
to be permitted to die with her husband.
In the opera the denouement is changed:
the two prepare to die together when Ti-
tus, moved to pity by Epponina's devotion,
pardons Sabinus. The characters are : Giu-
lio Sabino, Arminio, Annio, Tito, Voadice,
Epponina. Although a work of the second
order, Giulio Sabino shows that Sarti was
possessed of considerable dramatic ability.
His work was given in other Italian cities
in 1782, and in Loudon in 1785. The same
text has been set also by Cherubiui, Lon-
don, 178G ; and by Tarchi, Turin, 1791.
— Larousse, xiv. 11 ; Burney, iv. 530.
GIURAMENTO, IL (The Oath), lyrical
drama in four acts, text by Rossi, music
by Mercadante, first represented at La
Scala, Milan, Dec. 26, 1837, and in Paris,
at the Theatre Italien, Nov. 22, 1858. The
libretto is an adaptation of Victor Hugo's
Marietta Brambilla,
drama, "Augelo, tyrau de Padoue," but the
scene is changed to Syracuse, and other
concessions are made to the Italian taste.
It is one of the best of Mercadante's
scores. It was sung at Milan by Carta-
genova, Pedrazzi, and Mmes Schoberlech-
GIUSTINO
ner and Marietta Brambilla ; iu Paris by
Francesco ami Lodovico Graziani, and
Mines Penco and Alboni.
GIUSTINO (Justin), Italian opera in'
three acts, text by Count Beregoni, music
by Handel, first represented at Covent Gar-
den Theatre, London, Feb. 16, 1737. The
MS., iu Buckingham Palace, is dated at the
beginning August 1-4, 1736, and at the i
end Oct. 20, 1736. The text was proba- ,
bly written for Venice, 1683. Characters
represented : Anastasio, Ariauna, Leocasta,
Amanzio, Giustino, Vitaliauo, Polidarte, La
Fortuna, Voce di dentro. It had only five
representations. Giustino, whose part was
sung by Gizziello, engages and slays a sea-
monster to the music of a descriptive sym-
phony, which was jjarodied by Carey in the
Dragon of Wantley. Originally published
by "Walsh ; full score, Hiludelgosellschaft
(Leiijsic, 1883). — Schcelcher, Handel, 185 ;
Rockstro, 192 ; Chrysander, ii. 397.
GIVE ME BACK MY DEAREST
MASTER. See Gebt mir meinen Jesum
wieder.
GLADLY WILL I, ALL RESIGNING.
See Gerne will ich mich bequemen.
GLADSTONE, FRANCIS EDWARD,
born in Oxford, Eng-
land, March 2, 1845,
still living, 1889. Or-
ganist, pupil of S. S.
Wesley in 1859-64 ;
organist of Llandaff
(1860) and Chichester
(1870) Cathedrals,
lived in Brighton, 1873
-76, and London, 1876
of Norwich Cathedral,
1877-81, and since of Christ Church, Lan-
caster Gate, London. Mus. Bac, Cam-
bridge, 1876 ; Mus. Doc, ib., 1879. Works
. — Cantatas : Nicodemus, London, 1880 ;
Philippi, 1882 ; Constance of Calais, 1884.
Church services ; Anthems ; Trio for piano-
forte, violin, and violoncello, 1876 ; Organ-
music ; A wet sheet and a flowing sea, cho-
rus with orchestra ; Songs.
4
77, then organist
GLASER, FRANZ, born at Ober-Geor-
genthal, Bohemia, April 19, 1798, died iu
Copenhagen, Aug. 30 (or 29?), 1861. Dra-
matic composer, piq^il iu singing, while a
choir-boy iu the court chapel at Dresden,
of Mieksch ; at the Prague Conservatorium
of Pixis on the violin ; and in Vienna of
Heydeureich in couuterijoiut. He became
Kapellmeister of the Josephstiidter Theater,
Vienna, in 1817 ; of the KOuigstiidtisches
Theater, Berlin, iu 1830 ; and was appointed
royal Kapellmeister in Copenhagen iu 1842.
Works — Oj)eras: Der Brief an sich selbst,
Sauertopfchen, oder der Ritter mit der
goldenen Gans, given iu Vienna, 1824 ;
Sonderbare Lauue, ib., 1825 ; Heliodor,
ib., 1826 ; Elsbeth, oder die Brautschau auf
Kronstein, Armida, die Zauberiu im Orient,
ib., 1828 ; Die vier Haimons-Kinder, ib.,
1830 ; Des Adlers Horst, Berlin, 1833 ;
Aurora, ib., 1836 ; Der Ratteufiluger von
Hamelu, ib., 1837 ; Das Auge des Teufels,
ib., 1840 ; Andrea, ib., 1841 ; Die Hochzeit
am Comosee, ib., 1848 ; and music to many
dramas, farces, melodramas, pantomimes,
etc.; Festival overture, Berlin, 1830; Fu-
neral cantata, ib., 1837. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
ix. 216 ; Fc'tis ; Ledcbur, Tonkihistler Lex-
icon Berlins, 189 ; Mendel ; Wasielewski,
354.
GLASER, KARL GOTTHELF, born at
Weissenfels, Prussian Saxony, May 4, 1784,
died at Barmen, Rhenish Prussia, April
16, 1829. Son and pupil of Karl Lud-
wig Traugott Gliiser, and studied at the
Thomasschule of Leipsic under J. A.
Hiller and A. E. Miiller in pianoforte and
harmony, and under Campagnoli in violin.
He began the study of law at Leipsic Uni-
versitv', but became a teacher and dealer iu
music in Barmen. He wrote songs, motets,
chorals, music for pianoforte, and several
elementary works for musical instruction.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., ix. 217 ; Riemann ;
Mendel.
GLASER, KARL LLT)WIG TRAU-
GOTT, bom at Ehrenfriedensdorf, Sax-
ony, iu 1747, died at Weissenfels, Jan. 31,
GLEASOlSr
1797. He was cantor, music director, and
seminary teacher in Weissoufels. Com-
posed much manuscript church music, and
published a collection of minuets and polo-
naises for the pianoforte. His melody to
Feinde riugsum, by Karl Gottlob Cramer,
became widely known, and to the same
melody Nonne wrote another jwpular text,
Flamme empor ! — Mendel ; Allgoni. d. Bi-
ogr., ix. 217 ; Schilling ; Gerber ; Fctis.
GLEASON, FREDEIUC GIUNT, born,
of American parentage,
at Middletown, Con-
necticut, Dec. 17, 1848,
still living, 1889. Dra-
matic composer, pupil
in Hartford on the pi-
anoforte and in compo-
sition of Dudley Buck,
and in 18G9 at the
Leipsic Conserv.ato-
riiim on the pianoforte
of Moscheles, Papjje-
ritz, and Plaidy, and in theory and compo-
sition of E. F. Eichter, J. C. Lobo, Pappe-
ritz, and Oscar Paul. In 1870 he studied
in Berlin the pianoforte under Oscar Raif
and A. Loeschhorn, theory and composition
under C. F. Weitzmann, and the organ
under August Haupt ; and in London the
pianoforte under Oscar Beringer. Return-
ing home in 187.5, he became organist of
the Asylum Hill Congregational Church in
Hartford, and in 187(5 of the First Congre-
gational Church in New Britain. In 1877
he became teacher of the pianoforte, organ,
composition, and orchestration in the Her-
shey School of Music, Chicago, and in 188-t
examiner, director, and fellow of the Amer-
ican College of Musicians. He is also musi-
cal editor of the Chicago Tribune. Works :
Olho Visconti, grand ojicra in three acts,
op. 7 (MS.); Montezuma, do. (MS.) ; Ouver-
ture triomphale, for organ, op. 11 ; God our
Deliverer, cantata for soli, chorus, and or-
chestra, op. 12 ; 3 trios for pianoforte, violin,
and violoncello ; Praise Song to Harmony,
symphonic cantata, for soli, chorus, and or-
chestra, op. 17 ; Concerto in G minor, for
pianoforte and orchestra, op. 18.
GLEISSNER, FKANZ, born at Neustadt
an der Waldnab, Bavaria, in 17G0, died in
Munich after 1815. Dramatic and instru-
mental composer ; completed his philosophi-
cal and musical studies in Munich, and be-
came a member of the royal chapel there
about 1800. He was the first who used
lithography for printing music, and estab-
lished a house for this jnirpose at Offenbach
in 1799. Works: Der Pachtbrief, opera,
given in Munich, 1814 ; Several ballets, ib.,
among them, Paul und Virginia; Agnes
Bernauerin, melodrama, ib., about 1790 ;
Lazarus, oratorio, ib., 1795 ; Six masses and
offertories, op. 2 (Augsburg, Lotter) ; Sym-
phonies for several instruments, op. 1 and
15 ; Quartets, duos, etc.; Several collections
of pianoforte music. — Fetis ; Gerber ; Eie-
mann ; Schilling.
GLETTLE, JOHANN MELCHIOR, born
at Bremgarten, Switzerland, in the first part
of the 17th century. He was Kapellmeister
in Augsburg about 1G80, and one of the
most favourite composers of his time.
Works : 36 motets, op. 1 (Augsburg, 1GG7) ;
Masses for five voices and five instruments
(ib., 1GG7) ; do., and mass for eight voices
and seven instruments, op. 3 (ib., 1G70) ;
Psalms for five voices and five instruments
(ib., 1GG7) ; 36 motets for solo voice and
two violins (ib., 1GG7) ; Musica generalis
latino-germanica, for from one to five voices,
partly with two violins, besides 2 sonatas
and 36 Tromfieter-Stiicklein (ib., 1674) ;
do., 2d part, op. 8 (ib., 1684) ; 18 psalms
for three voices (ib., 1685). — Fctis; Gerber,
Hist. Lex.; Mendel.
GLUMES, JEAN BAPTISTE JULES DE,
born in Brussels, J.an. 24, 1814, died there,
Oct. 4, 1881. Pianist, pupil of Hanssens and
of Fctis at the Conservatoire, Brussels, and
teacher of singing there in 1837-40. He
was a teacher in London for about twenty
years from 1842. Works : Pianoforte mu-
sic ; Chamber music ; Songs. — Fetis ; Men-
del.
155
GLINKA
GLINKA, MICH AIL IVANOVITCH
DE, born in the village of Novo-spaskoi, near
Smolensk, Russia,
May 20 (or June 1)
1804 died in Ber-
lin, Feb. 15, 1857.
Dramatic composer,
pupil on the piano-
forte of John Field.
A Russian of PoUsh
extraction, he first
took up music as an
amateur, but later
adopted it as a profession. In 1830 he
went to Italy, and made a close study
of the Italian mode of composition for
the voice, and in 1833 studied counter-
point under Siegfried Wilhelm Dehn in
Berlin. In 1830 he brought out in St.
Petersburg an ojjera, Zar.skaja skisu (Life
for the Czar), which had an immediate suc-
cess, and has always been popular in Rus-
sia. In 1876 its 4:48th representation was
celebrated, and the bust of the composer
crowned. In 1842 his second opera, Rus-
zlan and Ludmilla, won almost an equal
popularity. Glinka became court con-
ductor and director of the opera and of
the choral performances in the imperial
churches. In 1844 he went to Paris, in
1845-47 he was in Madrid and Seville,
and, after living a while in Warsaw and St.
Petersburg, returned to Spain in 1851.
In 1854-55 he lived near St. Petersburg,
engaged on his autobiography and in
new opera projects, and in 185G visited
Dehn, his old master, in Berlin, where he
died. Works : Zarskaja skisu, opera, St.
Petersburg, 183G ; Huszlan and Ludmilla,
do., St. I'etersburg, 1842 ; Kamarinskaja ;
Symf)hony (unfinished) ; Liixjola Aragonesa ;
Adagio and Rondo for orchestra ; Septet ;
Quartets ; Serenades for several instru-
ments ; Rondos and variations ; Romances
and other songs. — Fctis ; do., Supplement,
i. 387 ; Fouque, l5tude sur Glinka ; Men-
del ; Riemann ; Cui, La Musique en Rus-
sie, in Revue et Gazette musicale de Paris
(1878-79) ; Serow, in Theater- und Musik-
bote (1857), and in Musik und Theater
(18G8) ; Soloviev, in Musikaluy Listok
(1872) ; Oscar Comettaut, Mus. et Musi-
ciens, 414.
GLOCKEN DES STRASSBURGER
MONSTERS, DIE (The Bells of Strasburg
Cathedral), cantata for baritone solo, mixed
chorus, and orchestra, by Franz Liszt, op.
155, WTittcn in 1874. Dedicated to Long-
fellow, to whose "Golden Legend" in
" Christus " Liszt was indebted for his
theme. The cantata deals only with the
prologue, in which Lucifer and the Powers
of the air attempt to tear down the cathe-
dral cross during the night-storm. Pub-
lished, score, pianoforte score, and parts
(Schuberth). — Upton, Standard Cantatas,
22L
GLOIRE LVIMORTELLE DE NOS
AIEUX. See Faust, Gounod.
GLOOMY TYRANTS WE DISDAIN,
contralto air in D minor, of Josabeth, in
Handel's Athalia, Part I.
GLORIA ALL' EGITTO. See AUa.
GLORIOUS APOLLO, glee by Samuel
Webbe, composed for the London Glee
Club on its establishment in 1787. It was
the first glee sung at every meeting of the
club during its existence. — Grove, i. 599.
GLORREICHE AUGENBLICK, DER
(The Glorious Moment), cantata for four
solo voices, chorus, and orchestra, text by
Dr. Aloys Weissenbach, music by Beethoven,
op. 136, composed in 1814 by order of the
magistracy of Vienna for the celebration of
the Congress held in Vi-
enna to readjust the rela-
tions of Europe after the
downfall of Napoleon ; per-
formed, Nov. 29, 1814, be-
fore the assembled monarchs, Franz I. of
Austria, Nicholas I. of Russia, and Friedrich
156
GLORY
Willielm in. of Prussia, to whom it was
dedicated. Published by Hasliuger, after
Beethoven's death, under the title Preis
der Tonkunst (Praise of Music), with the
original text, and also with a new text by
Friedrich Rochlitz. Edition by Breitkoj^f
& Hiirtel (Leipsic), Beethovens Werke,
Cautaten, No. 1.— Marx, ii. 202 ; Thayer,
Verzeichuiss, 118 ; Lenz, Beethoven, ii.
304 ; Upton, Standard Cantatas, .53.
GLORY TO GOD IN THE HIGHEST,
chorus in D majoi", in Handel's Messiah,
Part I.
GLORY TO THE CALIPH. See Oberon.
GLOSCH, KARL WILHELM, born in
BerHn in 1732, died there, Oct. 21, 1809.
Dramatic composer, pupil of his father ;
chamber musician from 17G.5 to the Prince
of Prussia and teacher of the princess.
Works : La fete des vertua et des graces,
Berlin, 1773 ; Der Bruder Graurock iind
die Pilgerin, ib., 1775 ; Pianoforte music ;
Flute music. — Fctis ; Mendel.
GLOVER, CHARLES WILLIAJI, born in
London, February, 180G, died there, March
23, 18G3. Violinist, pupil of T. Cooke ; was
engaged at the Drury Lane and Coveut Gar-
den Theatres ; musical director of Queen's
Theatre, 1832. Has composed songs, duets,
and pianoforte music.
GLOVER, JOHN "^TLLIAM, born in
Dublin, June 19, 1815,
still living, 1889. Or-
ganist, studied in Dub-
lin, where he became
violinist in the orches-
tra, 1830. Established
the Choral Institute of
Dublin, 1851. Works :
St. Patrick at Tara,
cantata, London, 1870 ;
Erin's Matin Song,
Patria, do., ib., 1873 ;
for violin and orchestra ; Fantasia on Irish
airs for do. ; Concerto for organ ; Piano-
forte music ; Numerous songs. The De-
serted Village, opera, London, 1880 ; Two
Italian operas (MS.).
Masses ; Concerto
GLOVER, STEPHEN, born in London
in 1812, died there, Dec. 7, 1870. Brother
of Charles William Glover, and composer
of more than three hundred popular songs
and duets, most of which were publishers'
successes. Works : Merry is the Green-
wood, cavatina ; Duets, What are the wild
waves saying ?, Stars of the summer night.
There's a sweet wild rose. Our bark is on
the Rhine, The Curfew bell, and Voices of
the night ; Songs, Annie on the banks o'
Dee, The Minstrel knight, and Emigrant's
farewell ; Trios ; Quartets ; Pianoforte tran-
scriptions, etc. — Brown ; Mendel.
GLOVER, WILLIAM, born in London,
1822, still living, 1889. Organist at Cam-
bridge, 1841-42, at Manchester, 1842, and
at Cheetham, 1846 ; pupil of Walmisley.
Works : Jerusalem, oratorio, Manchester,
1848 ; Emmanuel, do., ib., 1851 ; The Cor-
sair, cantata (1849) ; Chamber music, songs,
and pianoforte music.
GLOVER, WILLIAM HOWARD, born
at Kilburn, London, June G, 1819, died in
New York, Oct. 28, 1875. Dramatic com-
poser and violinist. Son of Mrs. Glover the
actress, pupil on the violin of Wagstaflf,
leader of the Lyceum band. After a long
tour on the Continent he settled in London,
where he taught, conducted, and sang in op-
era, and was musical critic for the Morn-
ing Post. He resided in the United States
after 1868. Works : The Coquette, opera,
London, about 1845 ; Tam O'Shauter, can-
tata, produced by the Philharmonic Society,
London, July 4, 1855 ; Aminta, opera. Hay-
market, London, about 1855 ; Ruy Bias,
opera, Covent Garden, ib., 1861 ; Once too
often, operetta, Drury Lane, ib., 1862 ;
Palomita, or The Veiled Songstress, oper-
etta ; Overture to Manfred ; 12 romances
for pianoforte, in two books ; Vocal quar-
tets and duets, etc. ; Pianoforte music.
— Grove ; Brown.
GLUCK, CHRISTOPH WILLIBALD,
Ritter VON, born at Weidenwang, near
Neumarkt, Upper Palatinate, July 2, 1714,
died in Vienna, Nov. 15, 1787. His father.
157
GLUCK
Alexander, aud his motber, Walpurga, were
of Prinz Lobkowitz's household, and he
M^i'\~;\, passed his childhood
at the prince's Castle
of Eisenberg. lu
172G he entered the
Jesuit school at Kom-
motau in Bohemia,
where he studied the
classics, singing, the
violin, pianoforte, and
organ. In 1732 be
went to Prague, where he studied under
Cernohorsky, and practised the violoncello.
In 173G he went to Vienna, where he en-
tered the private baud of Prince Melzi, whom
he followed to Milan, where he finished his
studies in harmony under G. B. Sammartini.
He soon wrote ojieras, Artaserse (17-11) be-
ing the first, for Milan, Venice, and Turin,
all of which were well received. lu 1745
he went, by invitation, to London, but was
unable to compete with Handel, and the
operas he brought out were failures. In
April 23, 1746, he appeared at the Hay-
market as a performer on the musical
glasses. He then visited Paris, where he
heard Eameau's operas, Hamburg, and
Dresden, and arrived, near the close of 174:G,
in Vienna, wliei'e he applied himself to the
study of a'sthetics, and of languages and
literature, frequenting the most intellect-
ual society. His Semiramide riconosciuta
(1748) was a marked advance upon his pre-
vious works. From 1749 to 1755 he trav-
elled, visiting and producing works in Co-
penhagen, Rome, Naples, Schonbrunn, and
again in Rome. The ojierettas, divertisse-
ments, and other things he wrote after his
return to Vienna, in 1855, showed a marked
falUng off; but he was gaining in facility
of style. Abandoning IMetastasio's libretti,
after much consultation with the poet Calza-
bigi he set the latter's Orfeo ed Euridice
(given, Oct. 5, 1762), in which his important
reforms in the operatic style wei-e fully man-
ifest. After this masterpiece, however, he
fell back again, writing music in his former
vein to libretti by Metastasio, undoubtedly
in obedience to outside pressure from the
court. It was probably between 1765 and
1770 that he gave singing and clavecin les-
sons to Marie Antoinette. At length he re-
turned to Calzabigi and his new dramatic
stj'le, producing Alceste (1767) and Paride
ed Elena (1769). In this latter year he
wrote also two lighter intermezzi for the
court of Parma. But he had lost all faith
in his older manner, and his new style was
so harshly criticised in Vienna that he de-
termined to seek some other field for the
practical development of his ideas. En-
couraged by the Bailli du Rollct, an attache
of the French embassy, he went to work
upon Iphigunie en Aulide, which, when com-
pleted, he took to Paris, after a few futile
rehearsals in Vienna iu 1772. It was
brought out triumphantly in Paris in 1774,
and marked the opening of a new era in
the French Ij-ric drama, as Orfeo had in the
history of the whole lyric stage. It began
very much the same revolution in the French
tragedie-lyrique that had been brought
about in the oprra-comique by Philidor,
Mousigny, and Grt'try. Still Glnck had to
! rely upon no little dijilomacy, pamphleteer-
ing, and, above all, uj)on the influence of
JNIarie Antoinette, now queen, to have his
work performed. Orphee, a revised version
of his Orfeo, and a new arrangement of his
Alceste (1774 and 1776) soon followed. In
spite of the success of these works, their
novel, intensely dramatic, and severe style
met with no little opposition ; when Gluek
had set to work on his Armide, Piccinni had
already been invited to Paris, and was hard
at work with IMarmontel on his Roland.
Armide was brought out, Sept. 23, 1777 ;
Roland, Jan. 17, 1778. The war between
the Gluckist and Piccinnist factions bvirst
forth with even more fury than that which,
years before, had raged in London between
the Handel and Bononcini parties. That
Gluck came out victorious in the end with
his Iphigenie en Tauride (May 18, 1779) is
well known ; Piccinni's opera, on the same
I
158
GLUCK
169
GLUCK
subject (Jan. 23, 1781), was too inferior to
keej) up the contest. Gluck brouglit out
(Sept. 21, 1779) liis Echo et Narcisse, which
was not so successful as his Iphigenie, al-
though it was revived a year later. He had
set to work on Les Danaides, intending it
to be his last opera, but an apojilectic at-
tack forced him to give up this task, and he
gave the libretto to Salieri. He soon re-
turned to Vienna, where he passed his last
years ; his fame and fortune were alike
great. He died of a second stroke of apo-
plexy. Gluck is, apart from his great ge-
nius, consj)icuous in the history of the lyric
drama as being the first man avowedly to
return to the original general a'sthetic j^rin-
ciples of the opera, virtually as they were
set forth by the Florentine music-reformers
of the 17th century, and first embodied in
the works of Cacciui and Peri. Such a re-
turn to first 2)rinciples has been made only
twice, first by Gluck, then by Wagner. The
unquestionable difference in form and char-
acter of the music of Peri, Gluck, and Wag-
ner, brought about by the gradual musical
evolution of over one and two centuries re-
spectively, should not blind our eyes to its
absolute identity of artistic aim ; namely, its
entire subservience to the di'amatic spirit of
the text. Of all the many reactionaries and
reformers in the history of the lyric drama,
Gluck and Wagner have been the only radi-
cal ones. Of Gluck's operas, Orph^e and
Armide have had the widest and most last-
ing popularity ; Alccste comes next, but it
is probable that none of his French operas
have permanently passed from the stage ; a
revival of any of them would not be a mat-
ter of surprise. The best portrait of Gluck
is the one by Duplessis (1775) in the Vi-
enna Gallery. It has been engraved by
Unger and Schilling and etched by Le Rat.
A replica, decidedly finer in the head, but
inferior in other portions, in the library of
the Harvard Musical Association, Boston,
Mass., has been etched for this Cyclopedia.
Another portrait, by HoudeviUe, has been en-
graved by Phihppeaux ; Houdou's famous
bust has been engraved by Saint-Aubin.
Cavelier's statue is in the Opera in Paris.
Works — Operas, intermezzos, and ballets :
Artaserse, given at Milan, 1741 ; Demo-
foonte, ib., 171:2 ; Demetrio, Venice (under
the title Cleonice), 1742 ; Ipermestra, ib.,
1742 ; Ai-tamene, Cremona, 1743 ; Si/ace,
INIilan, 1743 ; Fetba, ib., 1744 ; Alessandro
neU' Indie, Turin (under the title Poro),
1745 ; La caduta de' giganti, Loudon, 1746 ;
Ai'tameue (remodelled), ib., 1746 ; Piramo e
Tisbe, pasticcio, ib., 1746 ; La Semiraniide
riconosciuta, Vienna, 1748 ; Filide, serenade
in 2 acts, Copenhagen, 1749 ; Tekmacco,
Eome, 1750 ; La demenza di Tito, Naples,
1751 ; L' eroe Cinese, Schonbruun, near Vi-
enna, 1755 ; II trioufo di Camillo, Antigono,
Rome, 1754 ; La Danza, Laxenburg, near
Vienna, 1755 ; Les amours champctres, Vi-
enna, 1755 ; L' innocenza giustificata, II re
pastore, ib., 1756 ; Le Chinois poll en
France, Laxenburg, 1756 ; Le deguiscment
pastoral, Schimbrunu, 1756 ; L'ile de Mer-
lin, ib., 1758 ; La fausse esclave, Vienna,
1758 ; Cyth6re assiegee, ib., 1759 ; L'i-
vrogne corrige, ib., 1760 ; Tetide, ib., 1760 ;
Le cadi dupe, ib., 1761 ; Don Juan, ballet,
1761 ; On ue s'avise jamais de tout, L'arbre
euchautu, ib., 1762 ; R IrionJ'u di Clclia, Bo-
logna, 1762 ; Oifeo ed Euridice, Vienna,
17G2 ; Ezio, ib., 1763 ; La rencontre impre-
vue, Vienna (also in German as Die Pilgrime
von Mekka), 1764 ; R Parnasso confuso,
performed by the imperial family, Schon-
brunn, 1765 ; Telemacco (remodelled). La
Corona (by the imperial family), Vienna,
1765 ; Alceste, ib., 1766 ; I'aride ed Elena,
ib., 1769 ; Le feste d' Apollo, Bauci e File-
mone, Ai'isteo, Parma, 1769 ; Iphigenie en
Aulide, Orphce et Eiirydice (rearranged),
Paris, 1774; Alceste (remodelled), ib.,
1776 ; Armide, ib., 1777 ; Iphigenie en Tau-
ride, £cho et Nai-cisse, ib., 1779. Other
160
GLtJCK
works: G symphonies for 2 violins, viola,
bass, and 2 horns ; De j^rofundis, for chorus
and orchestra ; The eighth psalm, a cap-
pella ; 8 odes of Klopstock, for a voice and
pianoforte ; Part of a cantata, The Last
Judgment, which was finished by Salieri. —
Clement, Mus. celcbres, 88 ; Futis ; do., Sup-
jilement, i. ; Mi'inoires pour servir a I'histoire
de la revolution opi'ree dans la musique par
M. le chevalier Gluck (Paris and Naples,
1781) ; Siegmeyer, Ueber den Eitter Gluck
und seine Werke (Berlin, 1825) ; Riedel,
Ueber die Musik des Ritters Christoph von
Gluck (Vienna, 1775) ; Miel, Notice sur Chr.
G. (Paris, 1840) ; Solie, Etudes biogra-
phiques, etc. (Annecy, 1853) ; Schmid, Chr.
W. Eitter von Gluck, etc. (Leipsic, 1854) ;
Desnoiresterres, Gluck et Piccinui (Paris,
1872).
GLUCK VON EDENHALL, DAS (The
Luck of Edenhall), ballad by Uliland, music,
for soli, chorus, and orchestra, by Robert
Schumann, op. 143, composed in 1853.
The Luck of Edenhall is a goblet left by
the fairies on St. Cuthbert's well at Eden-
hall, and the superstition is that there will
be no more luck in the family if the goblet
be lost or broken. Longfellow has trans-
lated the poem.
GLUCKSRITTER, DEE, operetta, text
by Genee and Mannstiidt, music by Alfons
Czibulka, represented at the Carl Theater,
Vienna, Dec. 22, 1887. It was a success.
GNECCO, FRANCESCO, born in Genoa
in 17G9, died in Milan in 1810. Dramatic
composer, pupil of Mariani, of the Sistine
Chapel, and the Cathedral of Savona.
Works — Operas : Lo sposo di tre, marito
di nessuna, Milan, 1793 ; Gli Bramini, Italy,
about 1794 ; Argete, Naples, about 1794 ;
Le nozze de' Sanniti, Turin, about 179G ;
Le nozze di Lauretta, ib., about 1797 ; La
prova d' uu opera seria, Italy, about 179G,
Paris, 1806 ; Carolina e Filaiulro, Italy,
about 1798 ; II pignattaro, Naples, about
1799 ; La scena senza scena, ib., about
1800 ; Gli ultimi due giorni di Carnevale,
Venice, about 1800 ; Arsace e Semiramide,
about 1808 ; I falsi galantuomini, Milan,
Teatro Carcano, 1809 ; Gli amanti filarmo-
nici, Italy, about 1810 ; Adelaide e Gues-
clino ; II nuovo podesta ; La testa riscal-
data. — Potis ; Mendel.
GO, BAFFLED COWARD, duet in A
minor for tenor and bass, between Samson
and Harapha, in Handel's Samson, Part 11.
GOBATI (Gobatti), STEFANO, born at
Bergantino, Veuetia, July 5, 1852, still liv-
ing, 1889. Dramatic composer, pupil at
Mantua of Campioni, at Bologna of Giu-
seppe Busi, and at Parma of Lauro Eossi,
whom he followed to Naples. His first op-
era, I Goti, brought out at Bologna, Nov.
30, 1873, was a success and was repeated
on all the iirincijial stages of Italy. His
second opera. Luce, Bologna, 1875, Milan,
Scala, 1876, was equally successful. — Fotis,
Supplement, i. 395 ; Mendel.
GOBBAEETS, JEAN LOUIS, born in
Antwerp, Sept. 28, 1835, died at Saint-Gil-
les, April 28, 1886. Pianist, pupil at the
Brussels Conservatoire. He published,
often under the pseudonym of Streabbog
(Gobbaerts reversed), about 1,200 numbers
of light pianoforte music, much of which
was popular.— Works : Valse des masques,
op. 39 ; Nocturne, op. 45 ; Idylle, op. 49 ;
Galojo di bravura, op. 56 ; Serenade, oj).
84 ; Les jjapillons, G dances, op. 108 ; Trans-
criptions, etc. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 395 ;
Eiemann.
GOBEL, JOHANN FEEDINAND, born
at Baumgarten, Silesia, in 1817, still living,
1889 (?). Violinist, pupil of Pixis on the
violin, and of Dionys Weber in composition
at the Prague Conservatorium. In 1840 he
was first violin in the theatre orchestra at
Breslau, and in 1844 became director there.
Works : Overtures ; Violin music ; Songs.
—Mendel ; Fctis.
GOBEL, KAEL, born in Berlin, March
11, 1815, died at Bromberg, Oct. 26, 1879.
Pianist, Kaijellmeister of the theatre in
Dantzie and, later, director in Bromberg.
He had the title of royal Prussian music
director. Works — Operas : Chrysalide,
GOCKEL
about 1840 ; Fiitbjof, 1860. He was the
author of a " Kompeiidium tier Klavier-
literatur." — Meudel, iv. 285 ; Ergiinz., 127.
GOCKEL, AUGUST, born at Willibades-
sen, Westphalia, in 1831, died tliere in
18G1. Pianist, pupil of Mendelssohn and
Plaidy at the Leipsie Couservatorium in
1845. In 1853-56 he made a concert tour
in the United States. — Works : Pianoforte
music ; Chamber music ; Songs. — Men-
del.
GODAHD, BENJAMIN (LOUIS PAUL),
born ill Paris, Aug. 18, 1849, still living,
1889. Violinist and dramatic composer, pu-
pil of Richard Hammer on the violin, and
from 1863 at the Conservatoire in composi-
tion of Reber, and on the violin of Vieux-
temps, whom be accompanied twice on con-
cert tours to Germany. He is one of the
most noteworthy representatives, among
the younger generation of French compos-
ers, of the tendency inaugurated by Berlioz.
Prix Chartier of the lustitut de France,
for his chamber music. W'orks : Pedro de
Zalamea, opera, given at Antwerp, Jan. 31,
1884 ; Jocelyn, opera, Brussels, Feb. 25,
1888 ; Dante et Beatrice, Paris, 1888 ; Les
Guelfes, do. (MS.) ; Diane ct Acteou, lyric
scene ; Le Tasse, dramatic symphony, op.
39 (prize of city of Paris, 1878) ; Symph-
onic gothique, op. 23 ; Symphonie orieu-
tale, op. 84 ; Sijmplwiiie k'gendau'e, Paris,
Chatelet, 188G-87 ; Scenes j)oetiques, suite
for orchestra, op. 46 ; Solitude for do. ; 2
valses for do. ; Concerto for pianoforte with
orchestra, op. 31 ; Introduction et Allegro,
for do., op. 49; Concerto romantique, for
violin and orchestra, op. 35 ; 2 quartets for
strings, op. 33 and 37 ; 2 trios for piano-
forte and strings, op. and 72 ; 4 sonatas
for pianoforte and violin, op. 1, 2, 9, and
12 ; Legende et Scherzo, for do., op. 3 ; 6
duettini, for 2 violins with pianoforte, op.
18 ; Deux morceaux, for violoncello, with
do., op. 36 ; Suite de trois morceaux, for
violin, with do., op. 78 ; Pianoforte music
and many songs. — Fetis, Supplement, i.
395 ; Riemann.
GODECHAELE (Godcbalk), EUGENE
CHARLES JEAN, born in Brussels, Jan. 15,
1742, died there about 1814. Violinist,
sou of Jacques Autoine Godecharle, singer
in the royal chapel (1712). He was edu-
cated a chorister of the chapel, and was sent
to Paris to study the violin ; on his return,
in 1773, to Brussels he became violin player
in the chajiel, and in 1788 iirst violin. He
was also maitre de chapelle of the Church
of Saint-Gery, from 1776 until his death.
Most of his compositions are in MS., but
some were i)ublished in Brussels and Paris
(1765).— Fetis ; Van der Straeten, ii. 231 ;
iv. 320 ; Hart, The Violin, 319 ; Mendel ;
Wasielewski, Die Violine, 284.
GODEFROID, (DIEUDONNE JOSEPH
GUILLAU^LE) FELIX, born at Namur,
July 24, 1818, still living, 1889. Harp vir-
tuoso, pupil at the Paris Conservatoire
from 1832 of Nadermann on the harj), for
which be won in 1835 the 2d prize. A
clever performer also on the pianoforte, he
wrote before he was nineteen years old a
trio for pianoforte, violin, and violoncello,
one of his best works. By constant jirac-
tice he became as expert with his left as
with his right hand, and has been called
the Pagauiui of the harp. In 1839 he went
to Germany and afterwards to London, and
he has since made successful concert tours
in the principal countries of Europe. In
1856 he j)articipated, in Brussels, in the
twenty-fifth anniversary of the accession of
Leopold I., and was awarded the cross of
the Order of Lt'opold. Works : La harpe
d'or, opera-comique, given at the Theatre
Lyrique, Paris, 1858 ; La dernicre bataille,
operetta, Pai'is, 1861 ; La lille de Saiil,
opera, Boulogne, 1883 ; Le reve, etude me-
lodi(iue, oj). 23 ; La melancolie, op. 24 ; Les
reves de la Plata ; La danse des Sylphes ;
Souvenir castellan ; Danse indienne ; Me-
lodies de Schubert ; Rondo russe, etc. He
wrote also in 1869 the cantata for the in-
auguration of the statue of Leopold I. in
Namur. — Fetis, iv. 43 ; do.. Supplement, L
396.
GODEFROID
GODEFROID, JULES JOSEPH, boiu
at Namur, Feb. 23, 1811, died in Paris,
Feb. 27, 1840. Harp virtuoso, brother of
the preceding ; pujiil of Nadermanu on the
harp, for which he won the 2d prize in
1828, and of Lesueur in composition. He
lived chiefly in Boulogne as teacher of the
harp and composer. In 1837 he made a
concert tour through Belgium. Works :
Le diadeste, opera-comique, given in Paris,
1836 ; La chasse-roj'ale, opcra-comique in
two acts, Paris, 1839 ; Harp music ; Piano-
forte music ; Songs. — Fetis; Larousse.
GODFREY, ADOLPHUS FREDERICK,
born in London in 1837, died there, Aug.
28, 1882. Bandmaster and composer, son
of Charles Godfrey, pupil at the Royal
Academy of Music. Li 18G3 he succeeded
his father as bandmaster of the Coldstream
Guards. He was a jJi'olific writer of lan-
cers, quadrilles, galops, jMlkas, and other
dance music.
GODFREY, CHARLES, born at King-
ston, Surrey, England, Nov. 22, 1790, died
in London, Dec. 12, 18G3. Bassoonist, for
fifty years bandmaster of the Coldstream
Guards ; appointed in 1831 musician in or-
dinary to the King. He composed and ar-
ranged much music for military bands and
was the editor of " Jullien's Military Band
Journal," the first journal of military music
published in England. His three sons,
Daniel, Adolphus Frederick, and Charles,
Jr., are all noted in the same profession.
GODFREY, CHARLES, JR., born in
London, Jan. 17, 1839, still living, 1889.
Bandmaster and comjwser, son of Charles
Godfrey, pupil at the Royal Academy of
Music, London. He was bandmaster of
the Scots Fusiliers in 18G0-68, and since
18G9 has held the same position in the
Royal Horse Guards. He is also professor
of military music in the Royal College of JIus.
Music and the Guildhall School of Music. Grove.
He is the author of numerous popular
waltzes, galops, quadi-illes, and other dance
music, and is editor of the " Orjjheus Jour-
nal," a military music periodical. |
GODFREY, DANIEL, born in West-
minster, London, in 1831, still living, 1889.
Bandmaster and composer, eldest son of
Charles Godfrey, pupil at the Royal Acad-
emy of Music, London. He became in
1856 bandmaster of the Grenadier Guards,
and is professor of military music at the
Royal Academj-. In 1872 he made with his
band a concert tour in the United States,
the first visit there of an English military
band since the War of Independence. He is
the author of many marches, waltzes — Ma-
bel, Hilda, Guards, etc. — and transcriptions
from poj^ular operas. — Grove ; Mendel ;
Brown.
GOD SAVE THE KING, the English
national air, author of text and music un-
certain. It was first sung in j)ublic in Sep-
tember, 174.'), at Drury Lane and Covent
Garden Theatres, London, Dr. Arne har-
monizing it for the former and Dr. Burney
for the latter ; but there is some evidence
that it was sung in 1740 by Henry Carey at
a tavern in Cornhill, and that he announced
it as his own comj^ositiou. Its authorship
has been attributed also to Dr. John Bull
and to others, but the weight of authority
seems to be in favour of Carej'. It has been
adojited as a national air in Hanover, Bruns-
wick, Prussia, Saxony, Weimar, Sweden,
and in Russia until 1833, when the new
Russian anthem was composed. In Switz-
erland it is the air of the federal cantons,
"Rufst du, mein Vaterland," and in Ger-
many it is sung to the words " Heil dir im
Siegerkranz," and also to "Brause, du
Freiheit-Sang." Weber introduced it into
his cantata Kampf und Sieg, and his Ju-
bel-Ouvertiire, and Beethoven wrote varia-
tions on it for the pianoforte.— Chappell,
Popular Music of Olden Time, ii. 691 ;
Chrysandai', Jahrbiicher, i. 287 ; London
Times (March to August, 1878)
GOD SAVE THE KING, variations on,
for the liianoforte, in C major, by Beet-
hoven. Published first in Vienna, 1804.
Edition by Breitkopf & Hartel (Leipsic),
163
GOES
Variationen fiir das Pianoforte, etc., page
109. — Thayer, Verzeichniss, 58.
GOES, DAfflAO DE, born at Alemquer,
Portugal, in 1501, died
in Lisbon in 1573.
Church composer.
He was ambassador
successivelj' to France,
Italy, Poland, and
Denmark, was in Rome
several years, and set-
tled in 1542 in Lou-
vain. On his return
to Portugal he was made historian to the
court and was otherwise honoured. His
church compositions are in several collec-
tions of the time, including the Dodecachor-
don of Glareanus. He was thrown into the
prisons of the Inquisition in 1571 and was
killed in 1573, according to Vascoucellos,
who gives a list of his w-orks. — Fetis ; Vas-
concellos ; Mendel ; do., Ergiinz., 127.
GOETHE, WM.THEE "WOLFG.ANG
VON, born in Weimar in 1817, died there,
April 15, 1885. A grandson of the poet,
he studied music under Mendelssohn and
Weinlig in Leijisic, and under Karl Loewe
in Stettin. He lived about 1850 for some
time in Vienna. "Works — Operas : Ansel-
mo Lancia, oder das Fischermi'idchen, text
by Theodor Ki'irner, given in Weimar,
1839 ; Der Gefangene von Bologna, ib.,
1846 ; Elfriede, ib., 1853. Pianoforte mu-
sic ; Songs. — Mendel ; N. Zeitschr, f. Mus.
(188.5), 190.
GOETZ, FRANZ, born at Straschitz, Bo-
hemia, in 1755, died at Olmutz, IMoravia,
after 1799. Violinist, at first in the thea-
tre orchestra at Briinu, then made a con-
cert tour through Bohemia and Silesia, and,
through the recommendation of Dittersdorf,
whose acquaintance he made at Breslau,
was made Conzertmeister in the ej^iscopal
orchestra at Johannisberg ; afterwards again
in Breslau, he went as conductor of the
theatre orchestra to Briinn, and soon after
became Kapellmeister to the Archbishop of
Olmutz. He composed symphonies, con-
certos, and sonatas for violin, duos, trios,
etc., which remain in manuscript. — Dlabacz,
Kiinstl. Lex. fiir Buhmeu, 481 ; Fetis ;
Mendel ; Wurzbach.
GOETZ, HER]\IANN, born at Konigs-
berg, Dec. 17, 1840, died at Hottingen
(Canton of Zurich), Switzerland, Dec. 3,
1876. Dramatic composer, first instructed
by Louis KiJhler, on the pianoforte and in
harmony ; after completing his studies at
the University of Kouigsberg, in 1858, he
entered Stern's school, Berlin, where he
studied the pianoforte under Billow, and
composition under Ulrich. In 1863 he suc-
ceeded Kirclmer as organist at Winterthur,
where he also gave lessons, founded a sing-
ing society, and conducted an amateur or-
chestra. Over-exertion bj' travelling be-
tween Zurich, whither he moved in 1867,
and Winterthur,
where he had kept
his former engage-
ments for over two
years, undermined
his health, and his
death at Hottingen,
where he had settled
in 1870, occurred just
as fame and fortune
began to smile on
him. Like Norbert
Burgmidler, Goetz died jirobablj- before his
full genius had had time to develop. He
may be regarded as one of the most notable
of the legitimate followers of Mendelssohn
and Schumann. Although he could not
escape the musical influences of his day,
the general bent of his genius was in the
classic, rather than the " future " direction.
His best-known works are the opera Der
Widerspenstigen Zilhmung, and the sym-
phony in F major. Works : Der Wider-
spenstigen Zidimung, opera, given at Mann-
heim, 1874 ; Francesca von Rimini, do.
(third act finished by Ernst Frank), ib., 1877 ;
Niinie (Audi das Schi'me muss sterben !, by
Schiller), for chorus and orchestra, op. 10 ;
Cantate (Es liegt so abeudstill der See), for
1C4
GOFFIN
male chorus and orchestra (with tenor or
soprano solo), op. 11 ; 137th psalm, for
chorus, soprano solo, and orchestra, op. 14 ;
Symphony in F, for full orchestra, oj). 9,
Leipsic, Gewaudhaus Concert, Jan. 27,
187G ; Friihlings-Ouvertiire, op. 15 ; Con-
certo for pianoforte, op. 18 ; do. for vio-
lin, op. 22 ; Trio for do., and strings, op.
1 ; Quartet for do., op. G ; Quintet for do.,
op. 16 ; Drei leichte Stiicke, for pianoforte
and violin, op. 2 ; Pianoforte pieces, op. 7,
8, 13, and sonata (1 hands), op. 17 ; Songs,
op. 3, 4, 5, 12, 19 ; Quartets for male voices,
op. 20 ; do. for mixed voices, op. 21.
— Allgem. d. Biogr. ix. 509 ; Mendel ; Mus.
Woehenbl., vii. 228, G85, 707, 722 ; Sig-
nale.
GOFFIN, DIEUDONNE, Belgian com-
poser, contemporary. He is honorary di-
rector of the Choral Society of Verviers, the
oldest in Belgium. Works : Le pic du di-
able, comic opera, Verviers, 18G1 ; Le lever
du soleil, cantata ; Christophe Colomb, do. ;
Les croises, do. ; Le combat naval, do., and
others. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 397.
GOLD, LEONHARD, born in Odessa in
1818, still living, 1889 (?). Violinist, pupil
of Joseph Biihrn at the Vienna Conserva-
torium ; returned to Odes.sa in 1836. He
made a concert tour in 1837-39, and in
1840 became first violin of the theatre or-
chestra in his native town. He composed
at Vienna and brought out with success at
Odessa, 1837, an Italian opera.— Schilling,
Sujjplement, 1G7 ; Mendel ; Fetis.
GOLDBECK, ROBERT, born, of German
parentage, in Potsdam, Prussia, April 19,
1839, still living, 1889. Pianist, pupil on
the pianoforte and in harmony of Louis
Kohler, his mother's brother ; then, through
the influence of Alexander von Humboldt,
a pupil, in Brunswick, of Litolff, in piano-
forte playing and composition. Li 1851 he
went to Paris, and thence, in 185G, to London,
where he gave a private concert in the pic-
ture gallery of Devonshire House. In 18G1
he visited New York,
where he wrote most
of his larger composi-
tion.s. He founded a
conservatory in Bos-
ton, and in 18G8 went
to Chicago, and found-
ed there a second con-
servatory, of which ho
became director. In
1873 he removed to
St. Louis, where he
was for a time one of the directors of the
Beethoven Conservatory, and conductor of
the St. Louis Harmonic Society. In 1885
he settled in New York, where ho is en-
gaged in teaching, giving pianoforte re-
citals, and conducting. Works : The Sol-
dier's Return, operetta, text by composer,
given in London, 1856 ; Saratoga, opera ;
Newport, opera, 1888 ; The Song of the
Brave Man, cantata ; Biirgers Lenore,
Idylle, T^legie, and other compositions for
the orchestra ; Symphony Victoria ; 2 con-
certos for pianoforte and orchestra, in G
minor, and in C ; Sextet for strings ; Quin-
tet for pianoforte an<l strings ; 135 compo-
sitions for the pianoforte, among them a
grande polonaise and a nocturne ; Much
concerted vocal music and a number of
songs. His didactic works comprise Three
Graduating Courses for pianoforte, voice,
and harmony in G volumes. — Mendel ; Fetis,
Supplement, i. 398.
GOLDBERG, JOHANN GOTTLIEB
(Gottlob ? Theophilus ?), German compioser
of the 18th century, supposed to have lived
in 1730-GO. Organist, pupil of Sebastian
Bach, who gave him the highest praise. In
1756 was chamber musician to Count Briihl
in Dresden. He had a remarkable power
of improvisation, and could read the most
difficult music at .sight, even when turned
upside down. Bach's Thirty Variations
were written for him, and are sometimes
called the Goldberff Variations. Works :
105
GOLDE
24 polonaises for pianoforte ; 2 concertos ;
Sonata with minuet and 12 variations for
pianoforte ; G trios for flute, violin, and
bass ; Preludes and fugues ; Motet ; Psalm.
All liis compositions are in MS. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., is. 331 ; Grove ; Mendel ; Fetis ;
Spitta, Bach, ii. 72G.
GOLDE, ADOLF, born at Erfurt, Aug.
22, 1830, died there in April, 1880. Pian-
ist, son and pupil of Josef Golde, an able
musician and conductor, who instructed
him on the clarinet and violin ; in 1851 he
went to Berlin, where he studied compo-
sition iinder Marx, and the organ under
Haujit and Hauer. He afterwards taught
the pianoforte at Stern's Conservatorium,
and also appeared in jjublic as an able pi-
anist ; in 1872 he assumed the direction of
the Soller Vocal Society at Erfurt, as suc-
cessor of his father. Besides a symj^hony
in B minor, and other orchestral works, in
MS., he has composed graceful jjioccs de
salon, dances, and marches for pianoforte.
— Mendel.
GOLDEN COLTOINS, F.AIR AND
BRIGHT, tenor air in D major of Zadock,
in Handel's Solomon, Part HI.
GOLDEN LEGEND, THE, cantata, by
Dudley Buck, awarded the jirize of one
thousand dollars offered in 1879 by the
Cincinnati j\Iay Festival Association for the
best work by a native compose!', and j^er-
formed at the Festival of 1880. The text
is composed of a prologue, twelve scenes,
and an e2)ilogue, from the "Golden Le-
gend " in Longfellow's " Christus." Charac-
ters represented : Elsie ; Prince Henry ;
Lucifer ; Friar Paul. — Upton, Standard
Cantatas, 100.
GOLDEN LEGEND, THE, cantata, text
adapted from Longfellow's poem of "Chris-
tus," by Joseph Bennet, music by Sir Ai'-
thur Sullivan, first performed at the Leeds
(England) Festival, Oct. IG, 188G. The
libretto comprises a prologue, six scenes,
and a choral epilogue. — Upton, Standard
Cantatas, 33.'').
GOLDENE KEEUZ, DAS (The Golden
Cross), comic opera in two acts, text by
Mosenthal, music by Ignaz Briill, first rep-
resented in Berlin, December, 1875. The
libretto is an adaptation of the French vau-
deville, " Catherine, ou la croix d'or," by
Brazier and Melesville. Christine, sister of
Nicholas, a young innkeeper about to be
raai-ried to Theresa, but whose wedding is
interrupted by his being drawn in the con-
scription to fight iinder Napoleon against
the Russians, offers her hand in marriage,
after two years, to anyone who will go as
his substitute. Gontran, a young nobleman
who has been jilted, accepts her off'er and
sends Bombardon, a sergeant, to get Chris-
tine's pledge — the golden cross. In the
second act, which begins three years later,
Christine and Theresa are nursing a young
captain, who has returned wounded. He,
who turns out to be Gontran, falls in love
with Christine, but she refuses him out of
fidelity to her pledge. Gontran declares
his identitj', but fails to prove it, as he has
given the golden cross to a comrade while
lying on the battle-field in expectation of
death. Bombardon finally returns and con-
firms his story, and a second wedding is the
result. The opera was j)layed in Vienna,
187G, and in an English dress, libretto by
John P. Jackson, in London, 1878. It was
given at the Metropolitan Opera House,
New York, Nov. 10, 188G, with the follow-
ing cast : Christine, Frau Seidl-Krauss ;
Theresa, Frl. Januschowsky ; Gontran, Max
Alvarj' ; Nicholas, von Milde ; Bombardon,
Emil Fischer.
GOLDMARK, KARL, born at Keszthely,
Hungai-y, May 18, 1832, still living, 1889.
Violinist and dramatic composer, first in-
structed on the violin in the Musikverein
at Oedenburg (1843), then in Vienna jjupil
of Jansa, and for a short time (1847-48) at
the Conservatorium of Bohni, but on the
whole rather self-taught, especially in 1858
at Pesth by the study of Bach's, Beethoven's,
and Schumann's works. His overture, Sa-
kuntala, and a scherzo for orchestra first
attracted the attention of the musical world.
GOLDSCllMIDT
wliile his opera, Die KOnigin von Saba
(1875), firmly established his fame. The
comjjaratively small
number of his com-
positionsshow a great
earnestness of pur-
pose and clearness of
form combined with
true feeling ; his in-
strumentation is veiy
brilliant. Works —
Operas : Die Konigin
von Saba, op. 27,
given in Vienna, 1875 ; llerlin, ib., 1886,
New York, 1887 ; Der Fremdling; Sakuntala,
concert overture, op. 13 ; Die Liindliche
Hochzeit, symphony, op. 26 ; Symphony in
E-flat ; Penthesilm, overture, op. 31 ; Scherzo,
for orchestra, op. 19 ; Concerto for violin with
orchestra, op. 28 ; 2 trios for pianoforte and
strings, op. i and 33 ; Quintet for do., op.
30 ; Quartet for strings, op. 8 ; Quintet for
do., op. 9 ; Suite for pianoforte and violin,
op. 11 ; Sonata for do., op. 25 ; Sturm und
Drang, 9 characteristic pieces for piano-
forte, op. 5 ; Drei Stiicke, for do. (4 hands),
op. 12 ; Tanze, for do., op. 22 ; Zwei Novel-
letten, Priiludium und Fuge, for do., op.
29 ; Regeulied, for mixed chorus, op. 10 ;
Friihlingsnetz, for four male voices, with
pianoforte and four horns, op. 15 ; Meeres-
stille und gliickliche Fahrt, for male chorus
and horns, op. 16 ; 4 choruses for male
voices, op. 1-t and 17 ; Im Fuscherthale, G
songs for mixed voices, op. 24 ; Friihlings-
hymne, for chorus, contralto solo, and or-
chestra, op. 23 ; Songs, op. 18, 20, 21, 32,
34.— niustr. Zeitg. (1878), ii. 250; Mus.
Wochenblatt, i. G, 277, 441 ; ii. 500 ; viii.
2G9 ; X. 519 ; N. Zeitschr. f. Mus. (1866),
209, 218 ; (1867), 269, 279 ; (1868), 452 ;
(1870), 295 ; (1886), 533 ; Siguale (1886),
1073, 1089, 1121.
GOLDSCHanDT, ADALBERT VON,
born in Vienna in 1853, still living, 1889.
Dramatic composer, pupil at the Vienna
Conservatorium. He belongs to a family of
wealthy financiers and follows music only
' as an amateur. Ho is, however, notable as
virtually' the only composer who has thor-
oughly followed out the princij)les of Wag-
nerianisni, applying them practically, with-
out stint. The immense notoriety of his
Todsiinden and Heliauthus seems to have
been merely ephemeral, and since 1885, lit-
tle, or nothing, has been heard from him.
Works : Die Sleben Todsiinden, oratorio,
text by Robert Hamerling ; Heliantlins, op-
' era, given in Leipsie, 1884 ; Music for piano-
forte and orchestra ; Songs. — Mendel.
GOLDSCHMmT, OTTO, born in Ham-
burg, Aug. 21,
1829, still living,
1889. Pianist,
pupil of Jacob
Schmitt and Fried-
rich W'. Grand,
and in 1843-46 at
the Leij)sic Con-
servatorium of
Mendelssohn. Ho
went to Paris in
1848 and studied
with Chopin. In 1849 he played in Lon-
don at a concert with Jenny Lind, and
in 1851 went with her to America as con-
ductor of her concerts. He married her
in Boston, Feb. 5, 1852, and the couple
lived in Dresden in 1852-55 and in or
near London from 1858 until her decease
in 1887. He conducted festivals in Dii.s-
seldorf and Hamburg in 1863 and 1866,
was vice-jjrincipal of the London Royal
Academy of Music in 1863, and formed the
Bach Choir in 1875. He became an honor-
ary member of the London Philliarmonic
Society in 1861 and member of the Swedish
Royal Academy of Music in 1864, and re-
ceived the royal Order of Vasa in 1876.
Works : liiifh, oratorio, first jjerformed at
the Hereford Festival, 1867, and afterwards
in London, Dilsseldorf, and Hamburg ; Trio
j for pianoforte, violin, and violoncello, op.
12 ; Concerto for pianoforte and orchestra,
op. 10 ; 12 studies for pianoforte, op. 13 ;
12 songs with jsianoforte accompaniment,
GOLDSCJIMIDT
op. 8 and 9 ; Part-sougs, etc. — Grove ; Men-
del ; Fetis.
GOLDSCHMIDT, SIGISMUND, born in
Prague, Sept. 28, 1818, died in Vienna in
October, 1877. Pianist, pupil in Prague of
Tomascbek, Dionj's Weber, and Joseph
Triebensee, and in Paris of Dreyscbock.
He lived in the latter city in 1845-49, then
returned to Prague. He composed over-
tures, sonatas, and songs. — Wurzbacb, v.
260 ; Fotis ; Mendel, iv. 294 ; do., Ergauz.,
130.
GOLD SONG. See Fidelio.
GOLDWIX, JOHN, boru (?), died at
Windsor, Nov. 7, 1719. Organist, pupil of
Dr. William Child, whom he succeeded as
organist of St. George's Chapel, Windsor,
in 1697 ; became also master of the choris-
ters in 1703. His service in F is printed in
Arnold's "Cathedral Music." Boyce and
Page also printed some of his anthems, and
others remain in MS. in Tud way's collection
and at Ely Cathedral, where he is entered as
Golding. — Grove ; Fi'tis ; Mendel.
GOLINELLI, STEF.VNO, boru at Bo-
logna, Italy, Oct. 26, 1818, still living 1889.
Pianist, whoso reputation is very great in
Italy ; is professor in the Licco at Bologna,
which has adopted his Ai giovaui j)ianisti,
24 preludes, op. 177, as a study. Works :
5 sonatas, op. 30, 53, .54, 70, 40 ; 3 toccatas,
op. 38, 48, 186 ; 2 fautaisies romantiques,
op. 58, 76 ; Album, op. 11 ; 12 etudes, op.
15 ; 24 preludes, op. 23 ; do., op. 69 ; 2
etudes de concert, op. 47 ; Esquisses pian-
istiques, op. 120 ; Peusieri, op. 155 ; Fan-
tasia lirica, op. 163 ; etc. — Fetis, Supple-
ment, i. 398 ; Mendel, Erganz., 130.
GOLLER, MARTIN, born at Layeu, Ty-
rol, Feb. 20, 1764, died in Innspruck, Jan.
13, 1836. Church composer, son and pupil of
Daniel Goller, an organist ; at the age of six-
teen he entered the Benedictine monastery
of St. Georgenberg, near Fiecht. In 1811
he became music teacher to a new Musik-
vereiu at Innspruck, and directed the choir
of the university church there. His church
music was favourably judged by Michael
Haydn. — Bernsdorf ; Mendel ; Schilling,
Supplement, 167 ; Staffler, Das deutsche
Tyrol, etc. (Innsinuick, 1847), i. 678.
GOLLMICK, ADOLF, boru at Fraukfort-
on-the-Maiu, Feb. 5, 1825, died in Loudon,
March 7, 1883. Pianist, sou and pupil of
Karl Gollmick and pupil of Riefstahl, H.
Wolff, and Kessler ; went to London in
1844. Works : Dona Constanza, comic op-
era ; The Oracle, do.; Balthasar, do.; Blind
Beggar's Daughter of Bethnal Green, oper-
atic cantata ; The Heir of Linne, do. ; Sym-
phony for orchestra ; Overture and marches
for do. ; Pianoforte music and songs.
GOLL:\nCK, KARL, born at Dessau,
March 19, 1790, died in Frankfort-on-the
Main, Oct. 3, 1866. Sou of the tenor singer
Friedrich Karl GoUmick (1774-1852), and
jjupil of SiJiudler in Strasburg, where he
began studying theology, but left the uni-
versity and settled in Frankfort as a teacher
of music and languages. Spohr engaged
him to play the kettledrums of the Frank-
fort theatre orchestra iu 1818 ; later he be-
came Correpetitor, and was pensioned in
1855. He wrote songs and pianoforte
music, oj)eratic librettos, educational and
critical musical works, articles iu musical
journals, a musical dictionary, and his au-
tobiographj'. — Allgem. d. Biogr., ix. 345 ;
Mendel ; Fi'tis, iv. 50 ; do., Supplement, i.
398 ; Riemann.
GOLTERM.VNN, GEORG (EDUARD),
born at Hanover, Aug. 19, 1824, still living,
1889. Violoncellist, jnipil of Prell and
Menter on the violoncello and of Lachner
in composition. He made concert tours in
1850-52, became in 1852 musical director
in W^iirzburg, and in 1853 second, and iu
1874 first. Kapellmeister of the Stadttheater
in Frankfort-ou-the-Main. He is one of the
best of modern violoncellists, and an emi-
nent conductor. Works : 6 concertos for
violoncello and orchestra, op. 14, 30, 51, 65,
76, 100 ; Symphony for orchestra in A
minor, op. 20 ; 2 Festspiel-Ouvertiiren, op.
24 and 94 ; Sonatas for pianoforte and vio-
loncello ; Dauses allemandes for violoncello
GOMBERT
anil pianoforte, op. 42 ; Adagio for violon-
cello and orchestra, op. 83 ; Morceaux ca-
racteristiques for violoncello and pianoforte,
op. 41, 48, 53 ; jSlegie iu C minor for do.,
op. 88 ; Songs, etc. — Riemann ; Mendel ;
Fotis, iv. 51 ; do., Suijplement, i. 399 ;
Grove.
GOMBERT, NICOLAS, born in Bruges
about 1495, died after 1570. One of the
most important composers of the Flemish
school, pupil of Josquin Des2)rcs. Educat-
ed for the church, he remained true to his
priestly vows, although he entered the ser-
vice of the Emperor Charles V., and resided
at Madrid in 1530-34 as musicus impera-
torius. Through that sovereign's favour he
was given a sinecure oifice iu the Nether-
lauds, which enabled him to speud his last
days in peace in his native country'. Gom-
bert was Josquin 's best pupil and the lead-
ing master of his time, Pctis saj's he was
a precursor of the style of Palestriua, and
Ambros that he was gifted with such musi-
cal prescience as should ever make his name
respected. He was particularly renowned
for his fugues (canons), though his style is
more inclined to the sentimental than to
that of the severe contrapuntists of his
time, and he excelled in chamber and sec-
ular music. He delighted especially in
secular music, and chose pastoral subjects,
treating them much as Haydu and Mozart
did in later times. His music is descrip-
tive and his style delightfully fresh and sim-
jile. His love of nature is apparent iu the
titles of his songs : Eu ce mois delicieux,
joyeux verger ; Le chant des oiseaux ;
Leto chaud bouilloit ; Je m'en vois au vert
bois ; etc. His music is found in all the
collections of the time. Eitner's Biblio-
graphie der Musik-Sammelwerke (Berlin,
1877) gives a list of nearly 250 of his com-
positions, printed iu ninety different col-
lections between 1529 and 1573. Fetis
also gives a long list of his works, with the
names of the collections in which they are
found, such as Motetti del Trutto (1538-
39) ; Fior di Motetti (Venice, 1539) ; Ec-
clesiasticfe cantionum (AntwerjJ, 1553) ;
Sacrarum cantiones (ib., 1554-55) ; Mo-
tetti della Simla (1539) ; Attaignant's col-
lection of motets (1529) ; Moderuo's (1532-
42) ; etc. His Grande Messe a quatre voix,
Je suis desheritoe, is iu a collection of
Masses printed by Le Roy and Ballard ; the
Eler collection, iu the Library of the Paris
Conservatoire, contains nineteen of his
motets iu MS. His chansons are in the
collections of chansons published by At-
taignaut and others ; his Allejuja me faut
chanter is in the 7th book of Attaignant's
Sis galliards, etc. (1529) ; and the Com-
plaint of Gerard Avidius, set to music by
Gombert, with the title. In losquinium a
Prato, etc., is in the 7th volume of Chansons
a 4, 5, 6 et 8 parties (Susato, Autwerji,
1543-50).— Grove ; Fc'tis ; Buruey, Hist,
of Music, iii. 302 ; Neues hist, biogr. Lex.
der Touk, ii., Art. Gombertus, col. 357 ;
Die Verd der Niedl. in die Tonk., 35 ;
Geschicht der Europ. abendltind., etc., 56 ;
Cat. der Samml. alter Mus., 30 ; Naumann
(Ouseley), i. 343, 300.
GOjMEZ, ANTONIO CARLOS, born, of
Portuguese parents, at
Campiuas, Brazil, July
11, 1839, still living,
1889. Dramatic com-
poser, sent to Europe
by the Emjseror, and
received his musical ed-
ucation at the Conser-
vatorio of Milan, under
Rossi. Though he had
previously produced in Rio Janeiro, iu 1861,
a Portuguese operetta iu three acts entitled
A noite de castello, his first success was a
little piece entitled Se sa miuga, in the Mi-
lanese patois, given at the Teatro Fossati iu
1807. Its popularity was largely due to a
song on the ueedle-gun, which had an im-
mense success, coming as it did immedi-
ately after the Sadowa campaign. His next
opera, II Guaranij, produced at La Scala
March 19, 1870, was also very successful,
and was afterwards played in Genoa, Flor-
GOMEZ
ence, Komc, and in London in 1872. His
works since then have not had any success,
being obviously iudebted for their inspira-
tion to Verdi and Meyerbeer, and having
little of the original flavour of II Guaranij.
Later works : Fosca, Milan, 1873 ; Salvator
Rosa, Genoa, 1871: ; ]\Iaria Tudor, four acts,
text by Braga, Rome, Dec. 8, 1877 ; II saluto
del Brasile, ode, performed at the Centen-
ni:d Exhibition, Philadeljihia, 187G. — Fetis,
Supplement, i. 31)9 ; Grove.
GOMEZ, EUGENIO, born at Alcaniz,
Spain, in 1802, still living, 1880. Pianist
and organist, chorister in the cathedral, jiu-
pil of Luis Blasco and Manuel Dancha.
When twelve years old he was second organ-
ist, and subsecjueutly organist, of the Cathe-
dral of SevUlc. Works : Pianoforte music ;
Organ music ; Repertorio de organistas (3
vols.). — Ft'tis, Supplement, i. 300 ; Mendel,
Ei-gauz., 130.
GOmS, JOSEPH MELCHIOR, born at
Auteniente, Valencia, in 1703, died in Paris,
July 26, 183G. He became professor of
vocal music, when sixteen years old, in the
religious house where he was educated, and
when twenty-one chef of an artillery baud
in Valencia. In 1817 he went to Madrid,
brought out several ojieras, and was made
band master in the royal guards. In 1823
he went to Paris, and in 182G to Loudon,
where he taught singing. Works — Ope-
ras : La aldcana, Madrid, about 1818 ; Le
diable a Seville, Opera Comique, Paris,
1831 ; Le revenant, ib., 1833 ; Le portefais,
ib., 183.5 ; Rock-le-Barbu, ib., 183G. L'in-
verno, quartet for voices, with orchestral
accompaniment, given at the Philharmonic
concerts, London ; Songs ; Boleros. — Fetis ;
Larousse ; Mendel, iv. 207 ; do., Ergiiuz,
130.
GOMOLKA, NICOLAS, born at Jas-
lowiec, Poland, died in Chorawla, March 5,
IGOO. Church composer, studied in Italy,
it is supposed under Palestrina. He wrote
music for the psalms translated into Polish
b_v Kochanowski, a celebrated poet (1580).
A copy of these psalms is preserved in the
library of the University of Cracow ; they
have been arranged in modern notation by
Zandmann, and Sowinski gives five of them
in Les Musiciens polouais. Other works by
this comjjoser jaerished, as printing was
then unknown, and there were few maitrises
or collections of musical works in the
churches of Poland. — Fetis ; Sowinski, Mus.
pol., 221 ; Mendel, iv. 299.
GONZ.iLEZ Y RODRIGUEZ, JOSlfi
MARIA, born at Alcala, Spain, Feb. 5, 1822,
still living, 1880. Organist, j)upil in Ma-
drid of Roman Jimeno ; an organist at the
age of eighteen, and professor in 1844-67
in the Madrid Conservatorio. Works :
Masses ; Motets ; Litanies ; Organ music.
— Fetis, Supplement, i. 400 ; Mendel, Er-
giiuz., 130.
GOODGROOME, JOHN, born in Eng-
land about 1G30, died, June 27, 1704. A
chorister of St. George's Chapel, Windsor,
he was appointed in IGGO gentleman of the
Chapel Royal, and in 1GG4 became musician
in ordinary to the king. Some of his songs
apjseared in the Treasury of Music (IGGO).
— Grove ; Hawkins, History, v. 18 ; Men-
del.
GOOD SHEPHERD, THE, cantata, mu-
sic bj' William Smyth Roekstro, composed
in 1885.
GOPFERT, KARL ANDREAS, born at
Rimpar, near Wiirzburg, Jan. 16, 1768,
died in Meiuingen, April 11, 1818. After
studying the j^ianoforte, organ, and singing,
he took up the clarinet under Meissner, and
in 1788 became fir.st clarinetist in the court
orchestra of Meiuingen and soon after mu-
sic director of the military corps there. He
wrote an opera, Der Stern des Nordens,
songs, and much music for clariuet and
other wind instruments. — Mendel ; Fetis ;
Schilling ; Riemaun.
GOPFERT, KARL GOTTLIEB, born at
Weesenstein, near Dresden, in 1733, died
in Weimar, Oct. 3, 1708. Violiu virtuoso,
puj)il at the Kreuzschule and a choir-boy
in Dresden ; studied the violin while at
Leipsic University, and was intlueuced in
170
GORDIGIANI
1764 in Frankfort-on-the-Maiu by Ditters-
dorf. After playing in concerts in Leipaic
in 17G5-69, he remained in Berlin a year,
and settled in Weimar as chamber musi-
cian, becoming later orchestral director and
Conzertmeister. His best pupil was J. F.
Kranz. He published six polonaises for
violin. — Mendel ; Schilling.
GORDIGIANI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA,
born in Mantua, Italy, in July, 1795, died
in Prague, March 2, 1871. Dramatic com-
poser, son and pupil of Antonio Gordigiani,
and pupil also at the Milan Conservatorio.
After serving in orchestras in Florence and
teaching in Ratisbou he went in 1822 to
Prague, where he was maestro of the Coii-
servatorium until his death. Works : Pim-
maglione, opera, given in Prague, 18-45 ;
Consuelo, opera, Prague, 1846 ; Cluirch mu-
sic ; Canzonets ; 12 cavalry marches ; Songs,
etc. — Fetis, iv. 58 ; do.. Supplement, i. 401 ;
Mendel.
GORDIGIANI, LUIGI, born in Florence,
June 12, 1806, died there, April 30, 1860.
Dramatic composer, brother of the preced-
ing ; sometimes called the Italian Schubert.
After travelling and singing with his father
he studied the pianoforte iu Brescia with
Gara, in Rome with Sirletti, in Pisa with
Benvenuti, and learned accompaniment un-
der Romani and composition under Ugolini.
At the age of thirteen ho comjiosed a can-
tata, II ratto d' Etruria, which he dedicated
to the Emperor of Austria. After the death
of his father, in 1820, ho made a living by
writing pianoforte pieces, under such pseu-
donyms as Zeuner and von Fiir.stenberger.
He devoted himself next to dramatic com-
position and wrote several operas, some of
which were produced at difleront theatres
in Florence. But he is best known for his
Canti popolari and his Canzonette for voice
and pianoforte, melodies of a sentimental
and usually a mournful cast, in the style of
or actually founded on old Italian national
tunes, and sometimes set to words of his
own. These, of which there are more than
three hundred, have been translated into
other languages. They were published iu
parts of eight or ten each, with characteris-
tic titles, such as : In cima al monte ; Le far-
falle di Firenze ; In rival al Aruo ; Mosaico
Etrusco, etc. He published also a collec-
tion of Tuscan airs with accompaniment, in
three books. His romances : L' innamo-
rata, L' esule, La gondoliera, La selva ; his
ariettas : L' amor tranquillo and La danza,
are perfect of their kind and have enjoyed
a wide celebrity. His stornelli are full of
a joyous originality, which also found vent
in his clever parodies of Norma, Parisina,
Sonnambula, etc. Works — Operas : Faus-
to, given at the Pergola, Florence, 1837 ;
Filippo, text by Prince Poniatowski, and
performed by him and his family, privately,
Florence, 1840 ; Gli Aragonesi in Napoli,
Pergola, ib., 1841 ; I ciarlatani, Teatro Leo-
poldo, Florence, 1843 ; Una vendetta corsa,
Florence, 1847 ; Un eredita in Cor.sica, ib.,
1847.— Fetis, iv. 58 ; do.. Supplement, i.
401 ; Grove ; Larousse.
GORIA, ALEXANDRE I^:D0UARD, born
in Paris, Jan. 21, 1823, died there, July 6,
1860. Pianist, pupil at the Conservatoire
in 1830-39, on the pianoforte of Laurent and
Zimmerman, and in harmony of Dourlen.
He won the 2d prize for pianoforte in 1834,
and the 1st prize in 1835. After leaving
the Conservatoire he taught the pianoforte
and comjiosed for it about one hundred
pieces, such as caprices, nocturnes, solos de
concert, etc. One of his best compositions
is a fautaisie on Schubert's Des Miidchen's
Klage.— Fetis ; Larousse.
GOSS, Sir JOHN, born at Fareham,
Hants, England, December, 1800, died iu
London, ]May 10, 1880. Organist, son of
Joseph Goss, organist of Fareham ; one of
the children of the Chajjel Royal under John
Stafford Smith, iu 1811, and subsequently a
pupil of Atwood. In 1824 he became or-
ganist of the new Church of St. Luke, Chel-
sea, and in 1838 he succeeded Atwood as
organist of St. Paul's Cathedral. He was
appointed one of the composers of the
Chapel Royal to succeed Knyvett in 1856 ;
GOSSEC
was knighted in 1872, ancl resigned his ap-
pointment at St. Pauls shortly afterwards.
Mus. Doc, Cambridge, 187G. Works — An-
thems : If we believe that Jesus died (for
funeral of Duke of Wellington, Nov. 22,
1852) ; Bless the Lord, 0 my soul (bicen-
tenary festival of Sons of the Clergy) ; The
Lord is my strength, and a Te Deum (for
Thanksgiving in St. Paul's, Feb. 27, 1872,
for recovery of Prince of Wales) ; The Wil-
derness ; O give thanks unto the Lord ; Al-
mighty and merciful God ; Blessed is the
man ; Christ our Passover ; I heard a voice
from heaven ; And the king said to all the
people ; etc. Church service in A ; Burial
service in E minor ; Cantate Domino and
Deus misereatur in C ; Magnificat and Nunc
dimittis in E ; Overtures for orchestra ; Or-
gan music ; Glees and madrigals ; Songs,
etc. He published also Parochial Psalmody
(London, 1827) ; The Organist's Companion
(■4 vols.) ; Introduction to Harmony and
Thorough-Bass (18:53, many ed.) ; Chants,
ancient and modern (1811). — Grove ; Fi'tis;
Brown.
GOSSEC, FRANgOIS JOSEPH (prop-
erly Gosso), born at
Vergnies in the Hai-
naut, Jan. 17, 1733,
died at Passy, Feb.
1(5, 1829. The son
of a small farmer,
he became in 1740
a choir-boy at the
Antwei-j) Cathedral,
where he remained
until 1748. In 1751
where he became ac-
quainted with Rameau, and was apjiointed
by the fermier-gc-nural La Pojielinii're to di-
rect his private orchestra. Under the eyes
of Rameau, then at the height of his fame,
Gossec made his first appearance before the
Paris public. The low condition of instini-
mental music in France excited his am-
bition to lead it into higher paths, and he
may aptl}' be called the father of the sym-
phony in France. His first works in this
he went to Paris,
form were published in 1754, five years 1)0-
fore Haydn wrote his first symphonj'. The
value of Gossec's symj)honies was not appre-
ciated at first, but after several years his
vigorous harmony and orchestration found
approval in the ears of the public, and the
overtures of Lulli and Rameau were found
to be dull and tame by comparison. When
Rameau, in his old age, stopped writing for
the stage, Gossec entered the household of
the Prince de Conti as conductor of the
prince's orchestra, where he had much lei-
sure for composition. His first quartets ap-
peared in 1759, and his Requiem (probably
his most famous work) was given with over-
whelming success, and published in 1760.
In 1764 his first opera, Le Faux Lord, was
given at the Comedie Italienne. His Les
Pccheurs was given on April 8, 176G, and
ran for nearly the remainder of the year.
In 1770 Gossec founded the Concert des
Amateurs, the orchestra being conducted
by the famous Chevalier de Saint-Georges.
This, the first impulse given to fine orches-
tral playing in France, is to be ascribed
mainly to Gossec. But his greatest service
to the cause of music in France was his
founding of the £eole Royale de Chant (the
first beginning of the Conservatoire), in
1784. 'Wlien the Conservatoire itself was
founded, in 1795, Gossec was made one of
the inspectors. During the Revolution he
was conductor of the band of the Garde
Nationale, and wrote much music for the
public fetes. He was a member of the In-
stitut from its foundation (1795), and che-
valier of the Legion of Honour (1812). He
retired from his professorship at the Con-
servatoire in 1815, but continued to attend
the meetings of the Academic des Beaux-
Arts until 1823. Gossec was a man of great
talent, perseverance, insight, and enterprise
rather than a man of great genius. Bj' hard
and intelligent work he raised himself from
a position of absolute obscurity to the rank
of a classic comjjoser, and this, too, with
hardly any instruction. He enjoyed im-
mense i:)opularity, but had the misfortune
172
CtOSWIN
to see himself surpassed in almost every
dej)artment by his younger contemporaries.
Like most innovators who flourish at the
jjoiut of contact of two distinct periods in
art, he saw his original ideas laid hold of
and vastly improved upon by others. Thus
Haydn and Mozart far surjjassed him in the
sj-mphony and in sacred composition, as
Grt'try and Gluek did on the stage. His
popularity, fully deserved as it was, was
thus destined to be but short-lived. There
is an oil portrait of hiui in the Conservatoire
library at Paris, besides which there is a
small engraving by Fremy (after Brun), and
a bust by Caillouetc. A monument to his
memory was erected at Vergnies in 1877.
Works — Ojjeras : 1. Le faux lord, Paris,
Theatre Italien, 17C4 ; 2. Les pccheurs,
ib., 176G ; 3. Le double deguisemeut, ib.,
1707 ; 4. Toinon et Toinettc, ib., June 20,
1707 ; 5. Sabinus, Opera, Feb. 22, 1773 ;
C. Berthe (in collaboration with Philidor
and Botson), Brussels, Jan. IS, 1775 ; 7.
Alexis et Da^^hnr, Paris, Opera, Sept. 20,
1775 ; 8. FldU'inon et Baucis, ballet, ib.,
Sept. 2G, 1775; 9. Hylas et Sylvie, ib.,
1770 ; 10. La file de village, ib.. May 20,
1778 ; 11. Thesee, ib., Feb. 20, 1782 ; 12.
Clioruses to Rocheforfs "Electre," at court,
January, 1783 ; 13. liosine, ou IV'pouse aban-
donnoe, Opera, July 14, 1780 ; 14. Choruses
to Racine's " Athalie," Theatre Frau(;ais,
1791 ; 15. L'ofirande a la patrie. Opera,
Oct. 2, 1792 ; 10. Le camp de Grandpre, ou
le triomphe de la reisublique, ib., Jan. 27,
1793 ; 17. La reprise de Toulon, ib., 1790 ; 18.
Les sabots et le cerisier. Theatre des Jeunes
iSleves, Dec. 13, 1803 ; 19. Le Perigourdin,
at the palace of the Prince de Conti, (?) ;
20. Nitocris, unfinished. Oratorios : L'arche
dalliance; To, Natimte ; Saiil. Church mu-
sic : Masses with orchestra ; Mesxe des morts ;
Motets ; Te Deum ; O Salutaris. Music for
patriotic festivals : Chant du 14 juillet ;
Chant martial ; Hymne a I'Etre supreme ;
do. a la Nature ; do. a I'Humanite ; do. a la
Liberte ; and several others. Serment re-
publicaiu ; Chujurs et chants pour I'apothe-
ose de Voltaire ; do. do Rousseau ; etc. In-
strumental music : La chasse, and 25 other
symphonies for full orchestra ; 3 do. for
wind instruments ; Symphonic concertante
for eleven instruments ; Several overtures ;
0 serenades for violin, flute, horn, bassoon,
viola, and ba.ss ; Quartets, trios, and duos
for strings. — Pierre Hedouin, Gossec, sa vie,
etc. (Valenciennes, 1852) ; Notice by Edou-
ard Gregoire in ''La Fedt'ration " news-
paj)er (Brussels, Nov. 20, 1875) ; Charles
Plot, " Particularites inedites concernant les
ceuvres musicales de Gossec et Philidor,"
Bulletins de I'Acadomie Royale de Belgique,
2d series (1872), xl. No. 1 (also printed sep-
arately in pamphlet form) ; Clement, Mus.
ct'K'bres, 137 ; Gregoir, Notice sur G. (1878) ;
Fetis ; do., Sui3ijh'ment, i. 403.
GOSWIN, ANTON (Antonius Gostuinus),
German composer of the latter part of the
10th century. He was in the royal chapel
in ^Munich ; then became Kapellmeister suc-
cessively to the Bishoj)s of Liege, Hildes-
heim, and Freising, and finally to the Count
Palatine, Ernst bei Rhein. He composed
madrigals and sacred songs. — Mendel ; Fe-
tis ; Allgem. d. Biogr.
GOTT, BEI DEINEM STARKEN
SCHUTZEN, bass aria in G minor, with ac-
companiment of 2 oboes and continuo, in
Johanu Sebastian Bach's cantata for Dom.
IV. jjost Epij^h., " Wiir' Gott nicht mit uns
diese Zeit ; " published separately, with ad-
ditional accompaniments by Robert Franz,
by F. Whistling, Leipsic, 1800.
GOTTERDAMMERUNG (Dusk of the
Gods), music drama in a prologue and three
acts, by Richard Wagner, first represented
at Bayreuth, Aug. 17, 1870. The fourth
and last drama in Der Bing des Nibelungen.
The original cast was as follows :
1T3
GOTTERDAMMERUNG
Siegfried (T.) Hen- Unger.
Gunther (Bar.) Herr Gura.
Hagen (B.) Herr von Eeicheuberg.
Albericli (Bar.) Herr Hill.
Briiuubilde (S.). . .Fraii Friedrich-Materna.
Gutrune (S.) Frl. Weckerlin.
Waltraute (S.) Frau Ja'ida.
Siegfried who, at the close of the tliird
drama, Siegfried, Las wou Briiunbilde, leaves
Materna, as Bfunnhtlde.
her on tbe beigbts of tbe Bri'mnhildensteiu,
giving ber tbe Ring as a pledge of bis
fidelity, and goes out in searcb of new ex-
ploits. Arriving at tbe dwelling of Guntber,
tbe Gibicbung, be meets Gutrune, bis sister,
and Hagen, bis balf-brotber. Hagen is Al-
bericb'sson, and is bent ujwn regaining tbe
Ring, robbed from bis father (Rheingoki,
Scene 3). He prepares a potion which,
handed to Siegfried by Gnti'une, makes the
hero forget Briinnbilde, and love Gutrune.
Siegfried sues forthwith for Gutrune's
band ; Guntber promises ber to him, if be
will fii'st help him win Briinnbilde for his
wife. Siegfried consents, and, disguising
himself as Gunther, bj' means of tbe Tarn-
helm, repairs to tbe Briinubildenstein,
wrenches tbe Ring from Briinnbilde's fin-
ger, and brings ber captive to Gunther. In
the second act Siegfried, having doffed the
Tarnhelm, appears in his own shape ; Briinn-
bilde claims him as her husband, but he,
still under the spell of Hagen's potion, dis-
claims all knowledge of her. She espies the
Ring on bis finger, and sees that it was he,
and not Guntber, who brought her by force
from the Briinnbildenstein. Both Gunther
and Briinnbilde think that Siegfried has
wittingly islayed them false, and, stiU further
incited thereto by Hagen, they plot Sieg-
fried's death. In the tbinl act Siegfried,
one of a bunting party, comes to tbe banks
of the Rhine ; the Rhine-daughters beseech
him to restore tbe Ring to them, prophesy-
ing bis death if bo should keep it, but he
refuses to give it uji. He is joined by Gun-
ther, Hagen, and others, and during the
noontide rest Hagen asks him to tell the
story of his life. In the midst of the nar-
rative Hagen offers Siegfried a draught, a
counterpotion to the one given him in the
first act ; tbe young hero, bis memory now
restored, proceeds to tell how he first won
Briinnbilde on the heights of tbe Briinn-
bildenstein (Siegfried, Act iii., Sc. 3). Gun-
ther springs up in horror ; Wotan's ravens
fly up from a bush hard by, and as Sieg-
fried, startled by the whir of wings, turns
round to look after them, Hagen plunges
his spear into his back. Siegfried dies with
Briinnbilde's name on his lips ; the men
raise his body upon bis shield, and bear it
home in solemn jirocession. On reaching
Gunther's dwelling, Hagen and Gunther
quan-el, and the latter is killed ; Hagen
tries to take the Ring from Siegfried's fin-
ger, but the dead arm raises itself and warns
him off with threatening gesture. While
GOTT
Gutrune is bewailing lier hero's death,
Brilnubilde appears, and claims liim for her
owu ; she orders a funeral iJyre to be built,
and, as the men lift Siegfried's body njion
it, draws the Ring from his finger and jjuts
it on her owu. She lights the pyre with a
torch, and, mounting her horse Grane, leaps
into the flames. The Rhine overflows its
banks into the hall, bearing with it the
Rhine-daughters, who recover the Ring and
drag Hagen, plunging into the waves after
them in delirium, down to the depths. A
ruddy glow lights up the northern sky, be-
tokening the end of Valhalla, and the Dusk
of the Gods : the Ragnaruk of Northern
mythology.
Of the four Nibelungen dramas, GOtter-
diimmerung is the one in which there is the
most of incident and dramatic action. As
in all of the dramas of Wagner's third pe-
riod, the music is not divided into distinct
numbers, but is a continuous working out
of characteristic Leitmotivs, most of which
have already' appeared in the earlier parts of
the tetralogy. The music after Siegfried's
death has become familiar in the concert-
room under the misnomer of " Siegfried's
Funeral March," and Briinnhilde's last
speech over the hero's body, beginning,
"Schweigt eures Jammers jauchzenden
Swall !," is frequently given ajjart from the
rest of the work. The orchestral interlude
(scherzo) between the Prologue and Act i.,
known as Siegfried's Rheiufahrt " (S.'s trip
up the Rhine), which was written before the
rest of the music, is sometimes played also
at concerts. Gotterdilmmeruug was first
given in America at the Metropolitan Opera
House, New York, Jan. 25, 1888.— Krehbiel,
Review (1887-88), 87 ; for other bibliog-
raphy, see riiuij des Nibelungen.
GOTT ERHALTE FRANZ DEN KAI-
SER (God save Franz the Emperor), com-
monly called the Emperor's Hymn, the
national anthem of Austria. The words
were written by Lorenz Leopold Haschka,
in 1796, during the patriotic fervour caused
by the movements of the French army, were
set to music for four voices by Haydn, in
January, 1797, and were sung first on the
EmjJeror's birthday, Feb. 12, 1797. Haydn
subsequently used it as a theme for varia-
tions in his Kaiserquartet (op. 7G, No. 3).
— A. Schmid, J. Haydn vmd N. Zingarelli
(Venice, 1817).
GOTTES ZEIT 1ST DIE ALLERBESTE
ZEIT (God's Time is the best of all Time),
cantata for soli and chorus, with accomjJani-
ment of two flutes, two viole da gamba, and
continuo, otherwise called the Actus Tragi-
cus, by Johann Sebastian Bach, written at
Weimar, probably in memory of Magister
Philipp Grossgebauer, rector of the school
there, who died in 1711. It is sometimes
called also the Mourning Cantata. Though
one of the composer's j-outhful comi^ositions,
it has always been a favourite of the best mu-
sical critics. Published, edited by Robert
Franz, by Leuckhart (Leipsic, 1850). — Spit-
ta, i. 451 ; Upton, Standard Cantatas, 33.
GOTT F.IHRET AUF HOT JAUCHZEN,
cantata, festo Ascensionis Christi, for soli
and chorus, with accompaniment of three
trumi^ets, drums, two oboes, strings com-
plete, and continuo, by Johann Sebastian
Bach (Bachgesellschaft, No. 43). Publish-
ed in full and pianoforte score, with ad-
ditional accompaniments by Robert Franz,
Breslau, Leuckart. — Sjjitta, Bach, ii. 550.
GOTTH.mD, J. P. (real name Pazdirek),
born at Drahauowitz, Moravia, Jan. 19, 1839,
still living, 1889. He was a choir-boj' at
Altwasser, and finally solo so23rano at the
cathedral in Olmiitz. He attended the gym-
nasium in Vienna, where he was the pupil
of Simon Sechter in composition. He
founded a musical establishment in 18G8 in
Vienna. In his hall he established a series
of concerts, where young musicians ap-
j)eared. Works : Mass for soli, chorus and
orchestra, op. 6G ; 14:9th psalm, for do., op.
G3 ; Oft'ertorium, for do., ojj. G5 ; do. for
soprano and tenor, with strings, 2 horns
and organ, op. G7 ; Graduale, for tenor,
with flute, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 horns,
and double-bass, op. 64 ; Ave Maria, for
175
GOTT
Tenor solo and male chorus, with organ,
op. 39 ; Liebesgliick, song in dance form,
for a voice, with orchestra, op. 62 ; Con-
cert overture, for orchestra ; Quintet for
jiianoforte and strings, oji. GO ; Andante
ongarese, for string quartet, op. 68 ; Cho-
ruses for male voices, op. 10, 19, '2i, 32, Si,
35, 38, 41, 46, 69 ; Pianoforte music and
songs.
GOTT 1ST GERECHT, bass aria in B-
flat, with accompaniment of three oboes
and continuo, in Johauu Sebastian Bach's
cantata for Dom. I post Triuit., " O Ewig-
keit, du Dounerwort " (Bachgesellschaft,
No. 20) ; ijublished sejaarately, with addi-
tional accompaniments by Kobert Eranz, by
F. Whistling, Leipsic, 18(;0.
GOTTLOB! NUN GEHT D.LS J.IHR
ZU ENDE, soprano aria in A minor, with
accompaniment of 2 oboes, taille, strings
complete, and continue, in Johann Sebas-
tian Bach's cantata for Dom. post Nativ.
Christi, " Gottlob ! Nun gcht das Jahr zu
Ende " (Bachgesellschaft, No. 28) ; published
separately, with additional acconipaniinents
by Robert Franz, by F. AVhistling, Leij)sic,
1860.
GOTTSCHALK, LOUIS MOREAU, born
at New Orleans,
Louisiana, May 8,
1829, died at Rio
de Janeiro, Dec.
18, 18(19. Pianist,
I^upil in Paris of
Chai-les Halle and
of Stamaty on the
pianoforte, and of
M a 1 e d e n in har-
mony ; appeared
first in public in
184.5, then made a concert tour through
France, Switzerland, and Spain, meeting
everywhere with brilliant success. Li 1853
he returned to America, and made a suc-
cessful tour through the United States,
Cuba, and South America, whither he went
from San Francisco in 1865. Endowed
with a poetic imagination, he was equally
original as virtuoso and composer ; and his
music has a colour peculiar to itself. His
numerous compositions, if not deep, are full
of novel accents and unusual rhythmical
combinations, producing an indefinable
charm ; they are nearly all so-called charac-
ter-pieces, and mostly of a national, espe-
cially Spanish tinge, brilliant, and at times
melancholy. Works : Charles IX., Isaura
de Salerno, operas ; La unit des troisiques,
symphonj', for grand orchestra ; ]Monte-
video, do. ; Grand triumphal march, for
do. ; Gran marcha solemne, dedicated to
the Emperor of Brazil, for do. ; Finale con-
certante to the opera Charles IX., for do. ;
Escenas campestres cubanas, for do. ; Gran
Tarantella, for do. ; about 90 works for pi-
anoforte, a complete list of which is to be
I found in the monographs cited below, and
about a dozen songs. — Fors, Gottschalk
j (Havana, 1880) ; R. E. Peterson, Notes of a
I Pianist, etc. (Philadelphia, 1881) ; Octavia
I Hensel, Life and Letters of L. M. Gottschalk
(Boston, 1870).
GOTT SEI MIR GNADIG, bass air of
Paulus in Mendelssohn's J^aulus, Part I.
GOTTWALD, HEINRICH, born at
Reichenbach, Silesia, Oct. 24, 1821, died in
Breslau, Feb. 17, 1876. Pianist, pupil of
his father ; entered the seminary in Bres-
lau in 1839, but soon left to study under
Pixis at the Prague Conservatorium. He
became music director at Hohenelbe, Bo-
hemia, in 1844 ; was first horn in a theatre
orchestra in Vienna in 1846 ; retm-ned to
Hohenelbe in 1847 ; settled in Breslau as
pianist, teacher, and writer, in 1857. Works :
Symphonies ; Overtures ; Masses ; Music for
horn and pianoforte. — Mendel, iv. 310 ; Er-
giinz., 131 ; Fi'tis, Supplement, i. 404.
GOTTWALD, JOSEPH, born at Wil-
helmsthal, Glatz, Aug. 6, 1754, died in Bres-
lau, June 25, 1833. He became choir-boy
in the Dominican Church of Breslau in 1766,
organist of the sanie in 1769, organist of the
Kreuzkirche in 1783, and of the cathedral
in 1819. Works : -Masses ; Hj-mns ; Vespers,
and other church music. — Mendel ; Fetis.
ne
GOTZE
GOTZE, HEINKICH, born at AYaitba,
Silesia, April 7, 1836, still liviug, 1889. Li-
strumental composer, pujiil of Mosewius
and Baumgart, then at the Conservatoriuiu,
Leipsic, of Frauz Gutze iu singing ; losing
liis voice, be devoted himself to teaching
and composition, went first to Russia as
musical tutor, then lived for some years at
Breslau, and in 1871 became instructor
of music at the seminary at Liebenthal,
Silesia. Among his compositions are es-
pecially noteworthy two serenades, and
six sketches for string orchestra, and a
pianoforte trio. — Mendel, Ergiiuz., 129 ;
Riemann.
GOTZE, JOHANN NICOLAUS KON-
RAD, born at Weimar, Feb. 11, 1791, died
there, Dec. 5, 1861. Violinist, pujnl iu
Gotha of Spohr, iu Weimar of August Miil-
ler, and at the Paris Conservatoire iu 1813
of Kreutzer and Cherubini. After leaving
the Conservatoire he settled in Weimar,
making jjrofessional journeys to Vienna and
other cities. Iu 1826-18 he was director
of the Court Theatre at Weimar. Works —
Operas : Der Markt, Weimar, 1819 ; Alex-
ander iu Persieu, ib., 1820 ; Das Orakel iu
Delphi, three acts, ib., 1822 ; Der Gallego,
four acts, ib., 1834. He wrote also the
music for several vaudevilles and melo-
dramas ; Overtures for orchestra ; Quartet
for stringed instruments, op. 2 ; 3 other
quartets for do., op. 5 ; Variations for vio-
lin with accompaniment ; 3 trios for two
violins and %dolonceUo ; Pianoforte music ;
Songs, etc. — Fctis ; Larousse.
GOTZE, KARL, boru in Weimar iu 1836,
died at Magdeburg, Jan. 14, 1887. Dra-
matic composer, j)upil of TOpfer and Geb-
hardi, and later of Liszt. He became Cor-
repetitor of the Weimar Opera iu 1855,
then theatre Kapellmeister in Magdeburg,
iu Berlin in 1869, in Breslau in 1872, and
in Chemnitz from 1875. Works — Operas :
Eine AbschiedsroUe, Die Korseu, Weimar,
1866 ; Gustav Wasa, der Held des Nordens,
text by Rost, ib., 1868; Judith, Magde-
burg, 1887. Eine Sommernacht, sympho-
nic poem, op. 20 ; Orchestral, pianoforte,
and vocal music. — Riemann ; Mendel.
GOUDIMEL, CLAUDE, born at Vaison,
near Avignon, Frauce, probably about 1505,
killed at Lyons iu the massacre on St. Bar-
tholomew's Day, Aug. 24, 1572. Of his early
life nothing is known ; he went to Rome
and established a music school there, cer-
tainly before 1540. Li 1555 he had returned
to France, and was partner of Nicolas Du-
chemiu, book and music publisher in Paris.
The partnershijD was dissolved iu the follow-
ing year. Iu 1562 he jjublished his set-
ting of the Psalms in four-voice counter-
point on cantus firmi taken from Calviuistic
melodies. It is very doubtful, however, if
Goudimel was himself a Protestant. His
Psalms had the authorization of the Sor-
bonne (Oct. 16, 1561), and were actually
used iu Catholic public worship. His being
included iu the St. Bartholomew proscrip-
tion was probably due to the machinations
of envious rivals. Goudimel wrote almost
entirely for the church ; his works are nota-
ble for a peculiar charm and grace of style,
remindiug one more of Costanzo Festa than
of his other great coutemi^oraries Hobrecht
and Arcadelt. His fame as a teacher has,
somewhat unjustly, thrown his reputation
as a composer iuto the shade. Probably
no man ever formed so many great pupils,
among them being Palestrina, Giovanni
Animuccia, Steftano Bettiui, Giovanni Maria
Nanini, and Alessandro della Viola. — Am-
bros, iii. 578.
GOULD, NATHANIEL (DUREN), born
iu Chelmsford (now Bedford), Massachu-
setts, March 26, 1781, died in Boston, May
28, 1864. He studied vocal music under
Reuben Emerson, established his first sing-
ing school iu Stoddard, N. H., iu 1798, and
for twenty years conducted singing schools
in New Hampshire and Massachusetts. In
1806 his name was changed from Duren to
Gould. About 1807 was formed the Mid-
dlesex Musical Society, of which he was
' conductor for several years. In 1819 he
' removed to Boston, and taught vocal music
GOULLEY
there and in New York for ten years. He
then returned to Boston, where he jJassed
the rest of his Ufe as a professional penman.
He edited the following works : " Social
Harmony " (1823) ; " National Church Har-
mony " (1832) ; " Sacred Minstrel " (1839) ;
" Companion for the Psalmist " (1853). He
was the author also of a Look entitled
" Church Music in America."
GOULLEY (Goule), JACQUES NICO-
LAS, born at Saint-Jean du Cardonnay
about 1774, died at Rouen, May 30, 1818.
Church composer, pupil of Cordonnier and
Broche at the Maitrise of Rouen Cathedral,
where Boieldieu was his fellow pupil. Com-
posed his first mass, with orchestral accom-
paniment, at fifteen. His motet, lucipite
Domino, with full orchestra, was considered
a fine work. He excelled in romances for
3 or 4 voices ; one of these, O ma j)atrie, O
mon bonheur, was very popular. — Fctis,
Supplement, i. 405 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 131.
GOUNOD, CHARLES (FRANCOIS),
born in Paris, June
17, 1818, stm hving,
1889. Dramatic
composer ; g r a d u-
ated at the Lycc'e
Saint-Louis, and in
1836 entered the
C(jnservatoire, where
he became a pupil
of Haluvy in coun-
terpoint, and of Paer
and Lesueur in composition. In 1837 he
won the second prize for composition, and in
1839 the prix de Rome, with the cantata
Fernand. During his three years' residence
in Rome he studied the style of Palestrina,
brought out a mass in S. Luigi de' Francesi
in 1841, and a Requiem in Vienna, 1842, and
after his return to Paris became organist and
maitre de chapelle of the ^Missions etran-
n-eres. At that time he attended theologi-
cal lectures, and came near taking holy
orders ; but suddenly a change took place
in his musical aspirations, which led him to
dramatic composition. It was, however, a
religious work which first brought him
into universal notice, after one of Hullah's
concerts in London,
1851, in which parts
of his Messe so-
leunelle wei'e per-
formed. In the
same year he made
his debut at tlie
Opera with Sapho,
and in 1852 was
made director of
the Orpheon, the
great union of the
male singing societies and vocal schools of
Paris, which position he held for eight years.
In 1859 he won his greatest triumph with
Faust, Avhich bore his fame into all coun-
tries of Europe, and continues to be his
masterpiece, although his Romeo et Juliette
(1867) is ranked even higher in France.
The war of 1870 caused his removal to Lon-
don, where ho founded the choral union
Gounod's Choir, with whom he gave con-
certs ; in 1875 he returned to Paris, where,
after producing several new operas, the
success of which never equalled that of
Faust, he devoted himself almost exclu-
sively to sacred composition in the larger
forms. Gounod's genius is eminently ele-
giac and poetic, with a tinge of mysticism ;
he is a consummate master of the orchestra,
in his treatment of which he evinces consid-
erable individuality. Member of the Insti-
tute of France ; Commander of the L. of
Honour. "Works — Operas: Sapho, given at
the OiJcra, April IG, 1851 ; La nonne. san-
glante, Oct. 18, 1854 ; Le medecin malgre
lui, oiJcra-comique, Theilti-e Lyriquc, Jan.
15, 1858 ; FausI, ib., March 19, 1859, and
with considerable modifications. Opera,
March 3, 1809 ; Philemon et Baucis, The-
atre Lyi'ique, Feb. 18, 1860, Opera Co-
mique (reduced to 2 acts), 1876 ; La vo-
loinbe, opera-comique, Baden, 1860, Opera
Comique, June 7, 1866 ; La reine de Saba,
Opera, Feb. 29, 18()2 ; Mireilh; Theatre
Lyrique, March 19, 1804, Opera Comique
ITS
GOUVY
(reduced to 4 acts), November, 1874 ; Pio-
mk> et Juliette, Theatre Lyrique, April 27,
1867 ; Cinq-'Mars, Opera Comique, April
5, 1877; Pohjeude, Opera, Oct. 7, 1878;
Georges Dandin, not performed ; Le tribut
de Zamora, April 1, 1881. Other dramatic
music : Choruses to Ponsard's tragedy
Cli/sse, Comedie Frau^aise, June 18, 1852 ;
do., and incidental music to Legouve's
drama Les deux reines de France, Theatre
Ventadour, Nov. 27, 1872 ; do. to Barbier's
drama Jeanne d'Arc, Theatre de la Gaite,
Nov. 8, 1873. Sacred music : Mass for
3 voices and orchestra, Rome, 1841 ; Re-
quiem, Vienna, St. Charles's, 1842 ; Messe
solennelle, Paris, Saint-Eustache, 1849 ;
Missa brevis ; Second Requiem mass ; Two
masses ; Messe du Sacre-Coeur de Jesus,
for 4 voices, chorus, orchestra, and organ,
Paris, Saint-Eustaclie, 187G ; Stabat Jlatcr ;
Tubie, oratorio ; Lcs sept paroles du Christ ;
MasSj Angeli custodes ; Pater uoster ; I'res
du fleuve etranger, chorus with orchestra ;
Ji'sus de Nazareth ; Ave verum ; O saluta-
ris, for solo voice, with chorus and organ ;
Te Deum ; Jesus sur le lac de Tiberiade,
scene for baritone solo, chorus, and orches-
tra, Paris, 187G ; Magnificat ; Vexilla regis ;
Christus faetus est ; Sis cantiques, for solo
or chorus ; Messe solennelle, Sainte-Cecile,
Paris, 1882 ; La Redemption, oratorio,
Birmingham Festival, August, 1882 ; jl/b>-.s
et vita, do., ib., 1885. Cantatas : Fernand
(1839) ; A la frontiere, Paris, Opera, 1870 ;
OaUia, biblical elegy, for chorus, soli, and
orchestra, for the opening of the Interna-
tional Exhibition, London, Royal Albert
Hall, Maj' 1, 1871. Instrumental music :
Symphony in D ; do. in E-flat ; La reine
des Apotres, symphony ; Marche romaine ;
Prelude de Bach, orchestrated. Concert
populaire, Dec. 8, 18G7 ; Meditation sur le
ler prelude de Bach, for sojjrano, violin,
pianoforte, and organ ; Le calme, for violin
solo, with orchestra ; Romances sans pa-
roles, for pianoforte ; 10 morceaux ori-
ginaux, for do. ; Marche pontifieale, do. ;
Valses, do. ; Convoi funebre d'une mario-
nette, do. ; Dodelinette, berceuse for do.
(4 hands) ; Methode de cor a pistons.
Vocal : 12 choruses for 3-G voices ; Choeurs
orpheoniques, for 4 male voices ; Dans uue
etable, chorus with orchestra ; Les Gaulois,
do. ; En avant !, chanson militaire, for solo
and chorus, with orchestra ; Chants lyriques
de Saiil ; Pastorale sur un Noel du dix-
huitieme siecle, chorus with orchestra ;
Choruses dedicated to the Albert Hall Cho-
ral Society ; 20 melodies for voice and pi-
anoforte (Paris, Choudens) ; do., 2d col. ;
do., 3d col. ;
do., 4th col. \ ^ f ^
15 duets for ^ ^ - rZtu.rx^
do. (m o s 1 1 y
extracts from his operas) ; Biondina,
12 melodies to Italian f)oems by Zaf-
fira ; Many other French, English, and
Italian songs. — Autobiograjihie de Ch. Gou-
nod, etc. (London, W. Reeves, 1875) ; L'Art,
April 1 and 8, 1877 ; Claretie, Portraits
contemporains (Paris, 1875) ; Clement,
Mus. celebres, G24 ; Fetis ; do., Supple-
ment, i. 405 ; Mendel.
GOm'Y, (LOUIS) THEODORE, born,
of French parents, atGoffontaine, near Saar-
briick, Rlienish Prussia, July 2, 1819, still
living in Paris, 1889. Pianist ; after a
course of study at the Metz Gymnasium he
went in 1840 to Paris to study law, but
gave it up for music ; studied composition
under Elwart three years, then studied in
Berlin, and later in Italy fifteen months.
In 184G he returned to Paris, where he has
since resided as a teacher and composer.
He gave his first concert in Paris in 1847,
when the orchestra of the Theatre Italien
played his second symphony, op. 9. The
Societe des Concerts of the Union Musicale
played his music in 1848 and it had a warm
reception, and since 1850 the different mu-
sical societies of Paris, notably that of Sainte-
Cecile, and the society of the young stu-
dents of the Conservatoire h.ave played his
works every year. His puljlished and un-
published works extend to op. 75, and con-
tain more than 200 numbers. — Works : Cid,
1T9
GOW
opera, 1863 ; Aslega, lyric-dramatic scene ;
Golgotha, cantata ; Eequiem Mass ; Stabat
Mater ; Friihlings Erwacben, for male cho-
rus, soprano solo, and orchestra, op. 73 ; 6
symphonies for full orchestra ; 2 concert
overtures ; String quartets and a quintet ;
5 pianoforte trios and cue quintet ; 18 ser-
enades for pianoforte solo ; Sonatas for pi-
anoforte, choruses, songs, and other pieces
iu large numbers. — Fctis ; do., Sujjplement,
i. -110 ; Grove ; Mendel ; lliemann.
GOW, NEIL, born at luver, near Dun-
keld, Perthshire, Scotland, March 22, 1727,
died thei-e, March 1, 1807. Violinist, self-
taught until the age of thirteen, when he
received lessons from John Cameron, a
retainer of the Stewart family of Grand-
tull\'. He became noted for his i^erform-
ance of Scotch tunes, especially reels and
strathspeys, and he pei-formed at most of
the fashionable balls and assemblies of his
time, supported by his brother Donald on
the violoncello. He published six collec-
tions of strathspey reels, and A Complete
Repositoiy of the Original Scotch Slow
Tunes, Strathspeys, and Dances, many of
which were of his own composition. His
four sons, Nathaniel, Andrew, John, and
William, were all violinists, and noted in
their day. Nathaniel (17G6-1831), pupil
of his father, and also of E. M'Intosh,
M'Glashan, and J. Keinagle, edited The
Beauties of Neil Gow (Edinburgh), in six
books, comprising chiefly the comjDOsitions
of Neil Gow and his sons, and several otlier
collections of Scotch melodies. Among his
airs. Caller Hen-iu' is one of the most pop-
ular. Neil Gow, Jr. (1795-1823), son of
Nathaniel, was the composer of Cam' ye by
Athol ?, Flora Maedouald's Lament, and
Bonnie Prince Charlie. — Grove ; Brown.
GRABELER, PETER, born in Bonn, Aug.
10, 179G, died there, Dec. IG, 1830. Violin-
ist, ^slaved when ten years old in an orches-
tra of his native city ; learned several other
instruments, and in theory was the pupil of
Stegmann. He became a bandmaster in
the Prussian Army, and, after the battle of
Waterloo, directed German opera in Posen.
In 1821 he returned to Bonn, and took
charge of his dead father's brewery in 1824,
without giving up music entirely. He com-
posed the oratorio, Salomo's Urtheil, the
cantata, An die Hoffnung, to words by Lud-
wig, King of Bavaria, and other vocal and
instrumental music. — Mendel ; Fetis.
GRABEN-HOFFMANN ( H o ff m a n n ) ,
GUSTAV, born at
Bnin, near Posen,
March 7, 1820, still
living, 1889. After
studying at the semin-
ary of Bromberg, he
became a teacher near
and in Posen ; and in
1813 went to Berlin
and was a pupil of the
singer Stiimer. He
founded a ladies' singing academy in Pots-
dam, studied composition under Hauptmanu
in Leipsic, settled iu Dresden as teacher of
singing in 18.^)8, in Schwerin in 18G8, La
Berlin in 1870, and returned to Dresden in
1873 ; settled at Potsdam, 1885. He has
composed 95 books of songs and other mu-
sic, and has written several works on vocal
instruction. His ballad, 500,000 Teufel,
was veiy popular and often translated.
— I\Ieudel ; Brockhaus, ix. 300 ; Riemann,
327 ; Fi'tis, Supplement, i. 411.
GR.YBU (Grabut), LOUIS, French com-
poser, living in London about 1680. He
wrote the music for Drvden's Albion and
Albinus, 1G85, printed in London (1GS7).
Choron calls him chapel-master to Charles
H. and director of Covent Garden Theatre,
and says that the first opera played in Lon-
don, Ariadne, or the Marriage of Bacchus
(1674), was by him, but this account has no
real foundation. — FOtis ; Burney, Hist., iv.
194 ; Mendel.
GRADEHAND, FRIEDRICH, born at
Brehna, Prussian Saxonj', Dec. 24, 1812,
died in Leipsic, June 2, 1842. Organist,
pupil at the Thomasschule, Leipsic, of
Weinlig ; organist of the Church of St.
GRADENER
Georg, Leijisic. Works : Symphony ; Mo-
tets ; Organ pieces. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GRADENER, HERMANN, born at Kiel,
Germany, May 8, 1844, still living, 1889.
Organist, son and pupil of Karl Griideuer,
and at the Conservatorium in Vienna ; or-
ganist at Gumpeudorf (Vienna), 1862, vio-
linist in the court orchestra, 1804, instructor
of harmony at Horak's jnanoforte school,
and for some years past at the Conservato-
rium. Works : Capriccio for orchestra, op.
4; Sinfonietta, for do., op. 14; Eiue Lusl-
s^jiW-Ouvertiire, for do., op. 28 ; Octet for
strings, op. 12 ; Quintet for do., op. 23 ;
do. for pianoforte and strings, op. 6 ; Trio
for do., op. 1 ; .5 impromptus for do., op.
11 ; 5 intermezzi for violin and pianoforte,
op. 9 ; Sonata for two pianofortes, op. 18 ;
Other pianoforte jaieces and songs.
GEADENER, KARL G. P., born at Ros-
tock, Jan. 14, 1812,
ilied in Hamburg,
June 10, 1883.
Studied at Halle
and GiJttingcn TJiii-
versities, and then
adopted music as a
profession. He was
violoncellist in Hel-
slugfors, and uni-
versity and society
music director in
Kiel for ten years ; then founded a singing
academy in Hamburg in 1851, and con-
ducted it another ten years. He taught
singing and theory at the Vienna Conser-
vatorium in 1802-0.5, when he settled in
Hamburg again as a teacher. His works
are distinguished by original harmony and
striking form. Works : 2 symphonies ;
Overture to Schiller's Fiesco, op. 30 ; Con-
certo for pianoforte, op. 20 ; 2 quintets for
do. and strings; 2 trios for do.; 1 sonata,
variations, fantastic studies, Fliegende Blat-
ter und Bliittchen, Triiumereien, for piano-
forte ; 3 sonatas for violin ; Sonata for vio-
loncello ; Octet for strings, op. 49 ; 3 string
quartets, op. 12, 17, 29 ; Trio, op. 48 ; Ro-
mance for violin with orchestra. — Mendel ;
Riemann.
GRADENTHALER (not Gnadenthaler),
HIERONYMUS, German composer of the
17th century. He was organist in Ratisbon,
and composed several collections of sacred
and secular songs. — Fetis; Gerber, N. Lex.;
Mendel.
GRADUS AD PARNASSUM, a series of
100 instructive studies for the pianoforte,
by Clementi, dedicated to the Princess
Wolkonska. Some of these exercises had
been published previously, and were revised
and extended for this collection. Three
sonatas, op. 50, are dedicated to Cherubini.
Published by Ricordi (Milan, 1817). Cle-
menti published an appendix to the Gradus,
containing 134 exercises, gavottes, gigues,
airs with variations, etc., chiefly by other
composers, to which he wrote preludes.
Selections from the Gradus, for advanced
students, have been edited, with modern
fingering, by Karl Tausig. Fux wrote, un-
der the same title, a treatise on composition
and counterpoint (Vienna, 1725), translated
into German by Mizler (Leipsic, 1742) ; Ital-
ian, by Manfredi (Carpi, 1761). An English
edition was published also, without date,
with a Kyrie and Amen from the Missa Vicis-
situdinis. — Grove, i. 610.
GRAESER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH
GOTTFRIED, born in Arnstadt in 1766,
died at the Castle of Erbach in 1790.
He chose the clerical profession, and at his
early death was a private tutor and a can-
didate for the ministry. His musical abil-
ities were demonstrated by pianoforte so-
natas and songs, which he published.
—Mendel, iv. 323 ; Schilling, iii. 285 ; Fe-
tis, iv. 77.
GRAF, CHRISTIAN ERNST, born at
Rudolstadt in 1723, died at The Hague in
1802 (?). Violinist, son and pupil of Johann
Graf, whom he succeeded as Kapellmeister
to the court of Rudolstadt ; in 1762 he was
called to The Hague as royal Kapellmeis-
ter. His name is sometimes set down in
catalogues as Christian Friedrich Graaf.
GRAF
Works : G- symplionies for orchestra ; 15
concertos for the vioUu ; Trios for 2 viohus
and bass ; Duo ecouomique, op. '27 ; G duos
for violiu and viola, op. 28 ; 2 sonatas for
pianoforte {i hands), op. 29 ; Pot-pourri,
for do., op. 31 ; Fables, for a voice and piano-
forte, op. 32 ; Sonata for violin and pianoforte,
op. 33 ; An oratorio, performed at The Hague,
July, 1802.— Fetis ; INIendel ; Schilling.
GRAF, FRIEDRICH HARTMANN (Her-
mann), born at Rudolstadt in 1727, died at
Augsburg, Aug. 19, 179.5. Flute player,
brother of the preceding, pupil of his father.
He entered a Dutch regiment, and was taken
prisoner by the English at Berg-op-Zoom ;
after regaining his liberty, he went to Ham-
burg in 1795, and during a stay of five years
won reputation as flutist and composer,
then made a concert tour through England,
Holland, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy ;
was first fiutist of the royal orchestra at The
Hague, under his brother's direction, from
17G9 until 1772, when he accepted a call to
Augsburg as director of music. In 1779 ho
was charged with the composition of a dra-
matic work by the director of the German
opera in Vienna, and while there was in-
vited to conduct the grand concerts of the
season of 1783-84 in London, whence ho re-
turned to Augsburg, to resume his office as
Kapellmeistei-. The University of Oxford
sent him, in 1789, the diploma of Mus. Doc,
waiving all usual formalities. Works : Die
Siindfluth, oratorio ; Der verlorene Sohn,
do. ; Die Hirten an der Krippe zu Bethle-
hem, do. ; The 29th Psalm ; Invocation of
Neptune and his attendant Nereids of Bri-
tannia, cantata, London, 1784 ; Andromeda,
heroic cantata ; 5 concertos for flute, violin,
violoncello, and orchestra ; 21 concertos for
the flute ; 2 do. for flute d'amour ; 2 sym-
phonies concertantes, for 2 flutes ; 18 quar-
tets for strings ; 12 do., for flute and strings ;
2 do., for 2 flutes, viola, and bass ; Quartet
for 4 flutes ; do. for oboe, violin, bassoon,
and violoncello ; Trios for 2 flutes and bass ;
G duos for flute ; 12 soli for do. — Fotis ;
Mendel ; SchiUiug.
GRAF, JOHANN, born in Nuremberg
towards the end of the 17th ceuturj', died in
Rudolstadt about 1745. Violinist ; went as
regimental bandmaster to Hungary, and
profited by several visits to Vienna. About
1718 he was court musician in Mainz and
Bamberg, and finally was called to Rudol-
stadt as Couzertmoister. Works : 12 Violin
sonatas ; String quartets. (Bamberg and
Rudolstadt ).^ — Fotis ; Mendel.
GR.\FE, JOHANN FRIEDRICH, born
at Brunswick in 1711, died there, Fob. 7,
1787. Vocal composer, amateur, lived in
Halle and Leipsic, and afterwards returned
to his native city as chamber and post-office
councillor. Works : Sammlungen von Oden
mit Melodien (Halle, 1737) ; Odcu und
Schilfergedichte (Leipsic, 1744) ; Sonnet
(ib., 1755) ; Fiinfzig Psalme, Oden und
geistliche Lieder (Brunswick, 17G0) ; LA-
mour, cantata (Berlin, 17G5) ; Seeks geist-
liche Oden und Lieder (Leipsic, 1762) ;
Oden und Lieder (17G7-G8) ; and many
single pieces in Rich's Musikalisches Vieler-
lei (Hamburg, 1770). — AUgom. d. Biogr., ix.
557 ; Fotis ; Gerber ; Meudek
GRAFF, CARL, born at Also For, Hun-
gary, ]V[ay 20, 1833, still living, 1889. Vio-
linist, studied at the Vienna Conservatori-
um ; then solo violinist at the Theater an
der Wien, and pupil of BOhm in violin and of
Sechter in composition. Ho made a concert
trip in Austria, Hungary, and Turkey ;
after studying under Vieuxtemjjs in Paris,
he accompanied his master on a professional
tour ; appeared in London and Paris ; was
engaged by Spolir as first solo violinist in
Cassel in 1858 ; was afterwards in Mar-
seilles, and in 1870 in Mentone. Works :
Hercule, operetta ; Overture to Don Carlos ;
Conzertstiick for violiu and orchestra ; Fan-
taisie dx'amatique, for violin and pianoforte ;
3 string quartets ; Mass for 2 voices and or-
gan ; Motets for 4 voices and organ ; 2 grand
fugues for organ ; Tantum ergo, for piano-
forte ; Sonata for violin and pianoforte ; 2
Hungarian dances fordo. ; Several fantasias
for violin ; G morceaux de salon, for piano-
las
GEAFFIGXA
forte ; Romances, songs, and clioruses. — Fu-
tis. Supplement, i. 412 ; Mendel, Ergiinz.,
132.
GRAFFIGNA, ACHILLE, bom in Lom-
bardy about 1817, still living, 1880. Dra-
matic composer, j'upil at the Conservatorio,
Milan ; became director of the opera at Odessa
in 1845 ; visited Paris in 1SG5, to bring out
an oj^era, and in 1872 as impresario and or-
chestra conductor of an opera troui)e, which
failed ; maestro coucertatore at the Teatro
Goldoni, in Florence, in 1875. Works : Un
lampo d' infedelta, Lodi, 1838 ; La conquista
di Grauata, ballet, Milan, Scala, 1839 ; Ilde-
gonda e Riccardo, Milan, 1841 ; Eleonora
di San Bouifazio, Verona, 1842 : Mignoni e
Fanfau, Florence, 1844 ; Gli ultimi giorui
di Suli, Ester d' Eiigaddi, Odessa, 1845 ;
L' assedio di Malta, Udine, 1854 ; La dii-
chessadiSan Giuliano, Paris, Theatre Italien,
18G5 (formerly in Italy under the title Ve-
ronica Cibo) ; Romances. — Fctis ; do., Sujj-
ploment, i. 413.
GRAGNANI, FILIPPO, born in Leghorn
in 17G7. Distinguished guitarist and com-
jioser ; studied counterpoint under Luchesi,
intending to devote himself to church com-
position, but chance placing a guitar in his
liands, he adopted it as his instrument.
His music for guitar, alone or with other
instruments, was published in Milan, Augs-
burg, Paris. — Fetis, iv. 79 ; Mendel, iv.
32G.
GRAMMANN, CARL, born at Liibeck,
March 3, 1844, still
living, 1889. Dramatic
composer, pupil at the
L e i p s i c Couserva-
torium in 1867-71,
then lived in Vienna,
where he devoted him-
self to composition.
Works — Operas : Der
Schatzgrilber ; Die Eis-
jungfrau ; MeJusine, op.
24, Wiesbaden, 1875
Dresden, 1881 ; Das Andreasfest , op. 35,
ib., 1882. Two symphonies ; Cantata for
Thusnelda, op. 29'
chorus, soli, and orchestra ; Chamber music.
— Riemann ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 133 ; Fetis,
Supplement, i. 413.
GRANARA, ANTONIO, born in Genoa,
Italy, in 1809. Dramatic composer, pupil
of Generali at Novara. Works — Operas :
Elisa de' Montaltieri, given in Genoa, 1832 ;
Giovanni di Napoli ; Un' avventura teatrale,
oi^era biifta, Venice, 1836.— Fetis ; Mendel.
GRAN CID, IL. See Cid.
GRANCINI, anCHELE ANGELO, Ital-
ian composer of the 17th century. Organ-
ist of the Church del Paradiso and subse-
quently organist and maestro di cajipella of
the catliedral, Milan. When a decree of
Carlo Borromeo, in 156G, excluded all mar-
ried men from these oiBces, he obtained a
dispensation in recognition of his talent as
a composer. His masses, psalms, and mo-
tets, i^ublished during his life, are in 23
volumes. — Fetis, iv. 81 ; do. Supplement, i.
413 ; Mendel.
GRANDE-DUCHESSE DE Gl^ROL-
STEIN, LA, opera-boulib in three acts and
four tableaux, text by Henri Meilhac and
Ludovic Halevy, music by Otfenbach, first
represented at the Varietes, Paris, Ajiril 12,
1867. This grotesque parody, produced at
the time of the Exposition universelle, had
an immense success and obtained a Euro-
pean celebrity. The Grande-Duchesse, re-
viewing her army, under the command of
General Boum, notices Fritz, a soldier of fine
presence, and makes him her favouiite. He
becomes almost at once sergeant, count, and
general in chief, and succeeds Boum. A
conspiracy is organized again.st him, but he
destroys his own good fortune by preferring
to marry the little peasant Wanda rather
than accept the favours of the Grande-
Duchesse, and after a funny series of ad-
ventures is succeeded by Baron Grog, who
in turn gives up the command again to
General Boum. The role of the Grande-
Duchesse was filled by Mile Schneider ;
the other parts were sung by Dupuis, Cou-
derc, Grenier, Kopp, Baron, Gardel, and
Miles Garait, Legrand, Morosini, Verou,
183
GRANDE
and Maucourt. An Italian opera buffa, en-
titled II grauduca di Gerolstein, by Eurico
Bernardi, was given in Milan, 1871. — Cle-
ment and Larousse.
GRANDE SYAIPHONIE FUN^BRE.
See Symphonie fuuebre et triompbale.
GRANDFOND, EUGENE, born at Com-
pii'gne, France, in February, 1786. Com-
poser, pupil at the Conservatoire, under
Kreutzer for violin, Berton for harmony;
became second chef d'orchestre at the Ver-
sailles Theatre in 1809. He -nTote an opera,
Monsieur Desbosquets, given at the Opera
Comique, 1810 ; concertos for violin, and
several romances, with pianoforte. — Fetis ;
Mendel.
GRANDI, ALESSANDRO DE'. born in
Venice, 16th century, died at Bergamo in
1630. Church composer, pupil of Giovanni
Gabrieli. He was maestro di cappella, in
1597, at the Accademia della Morte, Fer-
rara, subsequently at San Marco, Venice,
1617, and in 1618 maestro cantatore of the
Ducal Seminary. Vice maestro di cappella
of San Marco in 1620, he resigned this posi-
tion to become maestro di cappella of S. M.
Maggiore at Bergamo in 1627. Works:
Madrigali concertati (Venice, 1G19, 'M ed.) ;
Salmi pur i Vespri, etc., Te Deum e Tan turn
ergo, op. 2 (Bologna, 1607) ; 6 books of mo-
tets for 2-8 voices (1619-40) ; Messe con-
certate a otto voci ; 3 books of motets (Ven-
ice, 1621) ; Messa e Salmi (Venice, 1623) ;
Celesti tiori ; Salmi brevi (1623) ; Messa e
salmi concertati (ib., 1630) ; Motetti con-
certati (ib., 1632).— Fetis ; Mendel ; Rie-
mann.
GRANDIS, VINCENZO DE, born at
Monte Albotto, Pontifical States, died (?).
Church composer, maestro di cappella to the
Duke of Modena in 1682-83, where he pro-
duced the following oratorios : II nasci-
mento di Mosi-, 1682 ; La caduta di Adamo ;
II matrimonio di Mose. — Fetis ; do.. Supple-
ment, i. 413 ; Schilling.
GRANDTANTE, LA, opera-comique,
text by Adenis and Grandvalet, music by
Jules Massenet, represented at the Opera
Comique, Paris, April 3, 1867. This, the
composer's iirst dramatic work, showed him
to be the skilled and graceful musician
which he has since proved himself.
GR.iNDVAL, M.AltlE FELICIE CLE-
MENCE DE REISET, Vicomtesse DE, born
at the Chateau de la Cour-du-Bois (Sarthe),
France, Jan. 21, 1830, still hviug, 1889.
Dramatic composer, studied composition
under Flotow and Saint Saens. Her operas
have been given in Paris under difi'ereut
pseudonyms : Caroline Blangay, Clemence
Valgrand, etc. Some of her church music,
notably a Stabat Mater for soli, chorus, and
orchestra, was i)layed at the Conservatoire
concerts. Her chansons have also been very
popular in France. Works — Operas : Le
sou de Lise, operetta, Paris, Bouffes Pari-
siens, 1859 ; Les fiances de Rosa, ib.. Thea-
tre LjTique, 1863 ; La comtesse £va, Baden,
1864 ; La penitente, Paris, Opera Comique,
1868 ; PiccoHno, ib.. Theatre Italien, 1869 ;
La foret, lyric scene for soli, chorus, and or-
chestra, ib., Salle Ventadour, 1875 ; Sainte-
Agnes, oratorio, ib., Odeon, 1876 ; 2 masses ;
Stabat Mater ; Pater noster, for soprano,
with organ ; Esquisses symphoniques, for
orchestra ; Suite for flute and pianoforte ;
Trio, op. 7 ; Sonata for violin and piano-
forte, op. 8 ; Concertino for violin ; Noc-
turnes for pianoforte ; Arias, chansons, and
duets. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 414.
GRANDVAL, NICOLAS RAGOT DE,
born in Paris in 1676, died there, Nov. 16,
1753. He wrote music for all the popular
comedies played in Paris at the Comedie
Franyaise from 1694 to 1751 ; became or-
ganist of a church. His cantatas were pub-
lished in 1729. — Fetis ; do.. Supplement, i.
414.
GRANET (Grenet), , born in Lyons,
France, in 1707, died in Paris in 1761. Lit-
tle is known of him, and his name has been
preserved only because certain detractors of
Jean Jacques Rousseau have accused him of
stealing from Granet the music of his Devin
du Village. Granet was a director of con-
certs in Lyons. Works : Le triomphe de
184
GRANIER
I'harmonie, opera-ballet, test by Lefrauc
de Pompignau, represented at the Aca-
dt-mie Royale de Musique, May 9, 1737 ;
ApoUon, berger d'Admete, ojiera iu one
act, Opera, Paris, 1759. — Fetis, Supplement,
i. 420.
GRANIER, LOUIS, born at Toulouse in
1740, died there in 1800. Violinist and
dramatic composer ; studied music in his
native city, whence he went to Bordeaux,
and, although a mere j'outh, was made mai-
tre de musique at the Opera ; a few years
later he entered the service of Prince Charles
of Lorraine as first violin, was in Brussels,
and in 1766 went to Paris, where he was
2d violin at the Opera for twenty years, re-
tiring to his native town in 1787. He was
made inspector of the Opera in 1780.
Works : Choruses to Racine's Athalie ; The-
onis, ou le toucher, opera (with Berton and
Trial), given in Paris, Academic Roj'ale de
Musique, 1767 ; Bellerophon, do. (with Ber-
ton), ib., 1773 ; Music to several divertisse-
ments, and ballets ; Sonatas and other
pieces for violin. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Schil-
ling.
GRANZIN, LOUIS, born at Halle, Prus-
sian Saxony, about 1810, still living, 1889 (?).
Organist, pujiil of Naue and Niemeyer. He
was cantor and professor of music at Mari-
enwerder, and iu 1840 went as organist to
Dantzic. His oratorio of Tobias was played
there in 1845. Other works : Te Deum ;
Crucifixus, for 6 voices and organ ; Domine
salvum fac regem ; Organ music, and songs.
—Fetis ; Mendel.
GRASSET, JEAN JACQUES, born in
Paris about 1769, died there, Aug. 25,
1839. Violinist, pupil of Berthaume ; served
in the campaigns in Germany and Italy, but
gave all his spare time to the study of mu-
sic. On his return to Paris he gave con-
certs, and in 1800 was appointed professor
of the violin at the Conservatoire. In 1801-
29 he was chef d'orchestre at the Italian
Opera. Works : 3 concertos for violin, op.
1, 2, 4 ; Duos pour deux violons, liv. 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, op. 9 ; Sonate pour piano et violin, op.
3. — Fetis ; Grove ; Wasielewski, Die Vio-
line, 258.
GRASSI, FRANCESCO, church com-
poser, maestro di cappella of San Giacomo
degli Spagnuoli, Rome, about the end of
the 17th century. His oratorio, II trionfo
de' Giusti, was given at the Church della
Pieta iu 1701. He left music in MS. : Masses
for 4 voices ; Couiitebor, Dixit, and Mis-
erere, for 8 voices, and several other pieces
of church music. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GRASSI, GIUSEPPE, born at Palmi,
Calabria, Feb. 26, 1825, still hving, 1889.
Pianist and dramatic composer, pupil of
Rosa Savoia, of Carmelo Jonita, and at
Naples of a German master, and in har-
mony and composition of Gaetano Rotondo.
Works — Operas : La vergine del Castello,
given at Naples, Teatro Nuovo, 1845 ; Don
Procopio a Carditiello, ossia n' asciuta a Iu
Fusaro, ib., 1849 ; I tre matrimonii, ib.,
1852 ; Melodramma in onore di S. Rocco,
cantata, Palmi, 1840 ; Cantata in onore della
Madoiuia della Montagna, Radicena, 1850 ;
La guida e il solitario, cantata, Semiuaria,
1857. His son Pietro is a distinguished
pianist. — Feti.s, Supplement, i. 416.
GRASSONI, GIOVANNI, born at An-
cona about 1819, died there, July 13, 1882.
Composer, was professor of singing in the
normal school of Ancona ; brought out a
successful opera, Matilda di Valdelmo, at
Ancona, about 1850. Has been maestro di
canto in many Italian theatres ; in 1875 at
Mantua. — Fetis ; Supplement, i. 417.
GRATZ, JOSEPH, born at Vohburg, Ba-
varia, Dec. 2, 17G0, died iu Munich, July
17, 1826. Dramatic and church composer,
pupil of Michael Haydn at Salzburg, and
of Bertoni in Venice, whence he visited
the principal cities of North Italy, and re-
turned to Bavaria in 1788, settling in Mu-
nich. He was esteemed as a theoretician,
his instruction being sought by such men
as Cannabich, Ett, Lindpaintner, and others,
when they were already ripened artists ;
but as a composer he was exceedingly dry,
to which his operas Das Gespenst mit der
1S5
GEAUN
Trommel, and Adelheid von Veltlieini, de-
cidedly rejected at their first performance,
his oratorio, Der Tod Jesu, and his masses,
bear witness, while among his chorals, jjrel-
udes and other church music are works
of acknowledged merit. — Fetis ; Meudel ;
Schilling.
GRAUN, JOHANN GOTTLIEB, born at
Wahreubruck, Merseburg, about 1698, died
in Berlin, Oct. 27, 1771. Violinist, pupil
at the Kreuzschule, Dresden, with his
brother, Karl Heiurich Graun, of Grundig,
in singing and of Petzold on the organ and
pianoforte ; studied the violin under Piseu-
del, and in Padua under Tartiui. In 1720
he was in the service of the court at Merse-
burg, in 1727 of the Prince of Waldeck,
and in 1728 was Conzertmeister to the
Crown Prince of Prussia (Frederick the
Great) at llheiusberg, and in 17-40 occupied
the same position in the I'oyal chapel.
Works : 40 symphonies ; 20 violin con-
certos ; 24 string quartets ; String trios, etc.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., ix. GOG ; "Wasielewski,
Die Violine, 165 ; Dubourg, The VioHn,
228 ; Mendel ; Fetis.
GRVrX, K.mL HEINRICH, born at
AVahrenbriick, Prus-
sian Saxony, May 7,
1701, died in Ber-
lin, Aug. 8, 1759.
Church and dra-
matic c o ni po s e r .
Gifted as a boy with
a remarkable so-
prano voice, he was
instructed in singing
by Cantor Grundig,
and on tlie organ and pianoforte by Chris-
tian Petzold, at the Kreuzschule in Dres-
den, where he obtained a position in the
city choir. While his voice was changing
into a tenor he studied composition under
Johann Christoph Schmidt, and formed his
taste by frequent attendance at the opera,
then under the direction of Lotti. In 1725
he was engaged for the opera at Brunswick,
where within one year he won success as a
_.*-^v-^
dramatic composer, was appointed Vice-Ka-
pellmeister, and comjjosed in rajoid succes-
sion five operas, which sjjread his reputa-
tion throughout Germany. On a visit to
Brunswick, the Crown Prince of Prussia,
afterwards Frederick II. , persuaded the duke
to release Graun, whose services he wished
to secure for his chapel at Rheinsberg,
whither he went in 1735, and devoted him-
self for some time to the composition of
cantatas, for which the Crown Prince wrote
the text in French verse. On the accession
I of Frederick 11. he was sent to Italy to en-
gage singers for the king's favourite project
of establishing Italian opera in Berlin.
Having acquitted himself of this task, and
also having earned great applause as a
singer in the principal cities of Italy, he
was ajipointed Kapellmeister, and during
his long service composed 28 operas, which,
with those of Hasse, were peiformed almost
exclusively at that time in Berlin. Inti-
mately as his life is connected with the his-
tory of the opera, his importance increases
in his church compositions, among which
the Passion oratorio, Der Tod Jesu, has kept
his fame alive to this day, and although
somewhat overrated, in sjjite of its high
merit, will probably continue so to do for fu-
ture generations. His harmony was singu-
larly pure, and in all his works prevailed the
most perfect system of modulation ; in melo-
dious effects he has few equals, and while
his vocal compositions lack fire they never
fail in pleasing and tender exi^ression,
stamijing especially his adagios as master-
pieces, which perfectly correspond to his
aflable and loving character. Works — Op-
eras : Pollido)X>, given at Brunswick, 1726 ;
Sancio e Sinilda, ib., 1727 ; Ifigenia in
Aulide (in German), ib., 1729 ; Scipio Afri-
canns (do.), ib., 1730 ; Timareta, ib., 1733 ;
Faraone (with German recitatives and Ital-
ian arias), ib. ; Lo specchio della fedelta,
Potsdam, 1733 ; Roddinda, Berlin, 1741 ;
Cleopatra, ib., 1742; Artaserse, ib., 1743;
' Catone in Utica, ib., 1744; Alessandro uell'
I Indie, Lucio Papirio, ib., 1745 ; Adriano in
186
GRAUPKER
Siria, Dcmofoonte, ib., 174G ; Cajo Ffibrizio,
ib., 174:7 ; Le feste galante, Galatea, pastor-
al (with Frederick II., Quautz, and Niscbel-
mann), Cinna, ib., 17-48 ; Eiiropa galaute,
ib., 1749 ; Angelica e Medoro, Coriolano,
ib., 1750; Medonte, Mitridate, ib., 1751;
Armida, Britannico, ib., 1752 ; Orfeo, II
giudizio di Paride, Silla (text by Fi-ederic
II.), ib., 1753 ; Semiramide, ib., 1754 ;
Montezuma, Ezio, il)., 1755 ; I fratelli ne-
mici, Merope, ib., 175G. Der Tod .Jesu, ora-
torio, first 2>erforined in Berlin Cathedral,
March 2G, 1755 ; Lavinia e Turno, cantata ;
Te Deuni, with chorus and orchestra, on
the victory near Prague, 175G ; About 25
church cantatas, with orchestra ; 2 passion
cantatas ; Mass ; About 20 Latin motets,
for 4 voices a capjjella ; church melodies
for every day in the year (two years) ; Col-
lection of odes ; 3 collections of concertos
for the flute, with other instruments ; 12
concertos for harpsichord, with string in-
struments ; etc. — AUgem. d. Biogr., ix. G07 ;
Allgem. mus. Zeitg., i. seq. ; Hiller, Lebens-
bcschreibungen berilhmter Musikgelehrten,
etc. (Leipsic, 1784).
GRAUPNER, CHRISTOPH, born at
Kirchberg, Saxony, January', 1G83, died at
Darmstadt, May 10, 17G0. Dramatic com-
poser, pupil at the Thomasschule in Leipsic
of Kulinau ; then studied law, but was
driven by the Swedish invasion of 1706 to
Hamburg, where he acted as accompanist
to the opera under Reiser. He was ap-
pointed Vice-Kapellmeister at Darmstadt in
1710, Kapellmeister in 1711, and did much
to elevate musical taste. During the last
ten years of his life he was blind. He was
wonderfully industrious in composition,
working sometimes days and nights, and
he engraved some of his own pieces. He
devoted himself later almost exclusively to
church music. Works — Operas : Dido,
Hamburg, 1707 ; Die lustige Hochzeit
(with Keiser), ib., 1708 ; Herkules und
Theseus, Aniiochiis und Stratonice, Bellero-
phon, ib., 1708 ; Simson, ib., 1709 ; Bere-
nice und Lucio, Darmstadt, 1710; Tele-
mach, ib., 1711; Bestiindigkeit besiegt Be-
trug, ib., 1719. Eight Parthien fiirKlavier
(1718) ; Monatliche Klavierfriichte (1722) ;
8 Parthien fiir das Klavier (172G) ; Die vier
Jahreszeiten (1733) ; Hessen-Darmstadti-
sches Choralbuch. In manuscript: About
1,300 figured chorals and pieces for the
Schlosskirchc in Darmstadt ; 194 Tafelmu-
siken, 144 symphonies, and 80 overtures for
pianoforte and other instruments ; 50 con-
certos for various instruments ; trios and
sonatas for pianoforte, strings, and wind in-
struments. His manuscripts are in the court
musical library of Darmstadt.— Allgem. d.
Biogr., ix. GOO ; Mendel; Mattheson, Ehren-
pforte, 410, autobiographical ; Fetis ; "Win-
terfeld, Der evang. Kirchengesang, iii. 502.
GRAVRAND (Graveraud), JACQUES
FRANCOIS URBAIN, born at Caen, France,
April 2, 1770, died there, July IG, 1854.
Violinist, pupil of Queru, then in Paris of
Baillot ; after having been violinist in the
theatre orchestra at Caen for several years,
he became chef d'orehestre. Works : 7 col-
lections of duos for violin, op. 1-5, 7, 8 ; 3
trios for 2 violins and violoncello, op. G.
—Fetis.
GR.\ZIANI (Gratiani), BONIFACIO,
born at Marino, near Rome, in 1C05, died
there, June 15, 1CG4. Church composer,
maestro di cappella of the Jesuit church in
Rome. He left a quantity of church music,
published after his death by his brother,
consisting of motets for one, two, and six
voices ; Salmi for five voices, etc. ; Masses ;
Litanies ; etc., in all twenty-four works, from
1G52 to 1G78.— Fetis ; Riemann ; Mendel.
GRAZIANI, Padre TOMMASO, born at
Bagnacavallo, near Ravenna, Italy ; lived in
the latter part of the 16th and beginning
of the 17th centurj'. He was a Franciscan
monk, and became maestro di cappella of
the convent of his order in Milan. Works :
Five-part masses (1569) ; Four-part vesper
psalms (1587) ; Five-part madrigals (1588) ;
Eight-part do. (1601) ; Sinfouie pertinaci,
litanie a 4, 5, 6 e 8 voci (1617) ; Responses
(1627).— Mendel ; Riemann ; Fetis.
GEAZIOLI
GRAZIOLI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA,
born ill Venice about 1755, died there iu
1820. Organist, pupil of Bertoni, whom he
assisted in 1778. He succeeded Domenico
Bettoui at San Marco iu 1 782. His sonatas
for harpsichord and violiu, etc., were pub-
lished in German}'. — Ft'tis ; Mendel.
GRAZZINI, REGIN.ALDO, born at Flor-
ence, Italy, Oct. 15, 1848, still living, 1889.
Instrumental and vocal composer, pupil of
Teodulo Mabellini nt the Conservatorio,
Florence ; became director of the Conserva-
torio, and maestro di cappella of the theatre
at Reggio d' Emilio in 1881, and professor
and artistic director of the Liceo Benedetto
Marcello, at Venice, in 1882. Works : Can-
tata biblica, 1875 ; Mass for 3 voices, 1882 ;
Symphonies ; Pianoforte music ; Opera
(MS.). — Riemann.
GREAT DAGON HAS SUBDUED OUR
FOE, tenor air and chorus in G major, in
Handel's Sainsoi), Part IH.
GREATHEED, SAMUEL STEPHEN-
SON, boi'n near Weston-super-Mare, Eng-
land, Feb. 22, 1813, still living, 1889.
Church coraijosei", rector of Corringham,
Sussex. B.A. Cambridge, 1835 ; M.A.
1838. Works : Enoch's Pro^jhecy, oratorio,
1852 ; Communion services ; Anthems, etc.
GREATOREX, THOMAS, born at North
Wingfield, Derbyshire, England, Oct. 5,
1758, died in London, July 18, 1831. Or-
ganist, pupil of Dr. Benjamin Cooke in
1772. He found a patron in the Earl of
Sandwich in 1774, and assisted at the ora-
torios given by Joah Bates at Hinchinbrook
House in 1774, 1775, 177G. In 1780-84 he
was organist of Carlisle Cathedral, and iu
178G-88 visited Italy and the Netherlands.
He established himself as a teacher in Lon^
don in 1789, and succeeded Bates on his re-
tirement, in 1793, as conductor of the Con-
cert of Ancient Music. In 1801 he joined
Knyvett, HaiTison, and Bartleman in reviv-
ing the Vocal Concerts, in 1819 succeeded
George Ebenezer Williams as organist of
Westminster Abbey, and was conductor '
many years of the triennial musical festivals I
at Birmingham, as well as those at York,
Derby, and elsewhere. Greatorex was the
foremost organist of his time, and of consid-
erable scientific attainments. He published
a collection of psalm tunes harmonized for
four voices, and a few harmonized airs ; and
composed orchestral accompaniments for
many pieces for the Ancient and Vocal Con-
certs which are still in MS. His son,
Henry Wellington Greatorex (born at Bur-
ton-on-Trent, 1811, died in Charleston,
South Carolina, Sept. 10, 1858), wont to
New York in 1839 and was organist of Cal-
vary Church, of St. Paul's Chapel, and later
of a church in Hartford, Connecticut. He
published some church music and compiled
The Greatorex Collection (Hartford, 1851).
He was the husband of Eliza Greatorex, the
artist. — Grove ; Brown ; Harmonicon, 1831,
231.
GREAVES, THOMAS, English lutist and
composer, beginning of the 17th century.
He published, in 1G04 : " Songs of Sundrie
Kindes ; first. Aires to be sung to the Lute
or Base Violl. Next, Songs of Sadnesse for
the Viols and Voyces. Lastly, Madrigalles
for five Voyces." It consists of 21 pieces, 15
songs, and 6 madrigals. Nothing is known
of his history. — Grove.
GREBER, JACOB, lived in the latter
part of the 17th and first part of the 18th
century. He went to Loudon about 1703,
and aided in the introduction of Italian
opera. Madame Pe^nisch was one of his
pupils. Works— Operas: The Loves of Er-
gasto, melodrama, given at the Haymarket
Theatre, London, 1705 ; The Temple of
Love, ib., 170G. — Mendel ; Fetis ; Burney,
Hist, of Music, iv. 200 ; Hawkins, Hist, of
Music, v. 154.
GREENE, MAURICE, born in London
about 1G9G, died there, Sept. 1, 1755. Or-
ganist, chorister in St. Paul's Cathedral
under Charles King, afterwards articled to
Richard Brind, organist of the cathedral.
He soon distinguished himself, and suc-
ceeded Daniel Pureell as organist of St.
Andrew's, Holborn, in 1717, being at the
188
GREEN SLEEVES
same time organist of St. Duustan's iu
the West, Fleet Street ; ou the death of
Brind, iu 1718, he became organist of St.
Paul's, and iu 1727 organist aud composer
to the Chapel Royal. He was intimate with
Handel aud Bononcini. When the latter
was expelled from the Academy, Greene,
believing or affecting to believe that his
friend had beeu unjustly treated, also with-
drew from it, and, in conjunction with Fest-
ing the violinist, established a rival concert
at the Apollo Rooms. In 1730 he was
elected professor of music in the University
of Cambridge to succeed Dr. Tudway, and
received the degree of Mus. Doc. He suc-
ceeded John Eccles as master of the king's
band in 1735, aud wrote many odes for the
king's birthdays and New Year's Day. His
reputation rests mainly on his Forty Select
Anthems (17-13), a work which places him
among the best of the Euglish church com-
posers. In 1750 he began the formation
of a collection of the best English cathedral
music in score, which, left unfinished at
his death, was completed by Dr. Boyce un-
der the title of " Cathedral Music." He
was one of the founders of the Society of
Musicians. Works : Music to Pope's Ode
on St. Cecilia's Day (1730) ; Odes for King's
Birthday and New Year's Day (1730) ; Par-
aphrase ou part of the Soug of Deborah and
Barak (1732); Jephthah, oratorio (1737);
Florimel, or Love's Revenge, dramatic pas-
toral (1737) ; Addison's ode. The Spacious
Firmament (1837) ; The Judgment of Her-
cules, masque (1710) ; The Force of Truth,
oratorio (17-lJ:) ; Phoebe, pastoral ofiera
(1748) ; Spencer's Amoretti, for voice, harp-
sichord, aud violin ; The Chaplet, collection
of twelve Euglish songs ; Catches and can-
ons for three and four voices ; 2 books,
each containing a cantata and four English
songs ; Church service in C (1737) ; Forty
select anthems in score for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
and 8 voices (2 vols., Loudon, 1743) ; Te
Deum in D (1745) ; Anthems, many in MS.;
Organ voluntaries ; Harpsichord lessons,
etc. — Grove ; Fetis ; Burney, History, iv.
G67 ; Barrett, English Church Composers,
117.
GREENSLEEVES, English ballad and
tune of the IGth century, probably as old as
the reigu of Henry VIH. The tune is still to
be heard in London streets with the old bur-
den, " Which nobody can deny." It is the air
also of ■■ Christmas comes but once a year,"
aud many other songs. In the civil wars it
was one of the party tuues of the Cavaliers,
who had many songs to it, esjjecially "The
Blacksmith," aud "The Brewer," or "Old
Noll, the Brewer of Huntingdon," referring
to Cromwell. Shakespeare mentions it in
the "Merry Wives of Windsor" (ii.. Scene
1 ; v.. Scene 7), Beaumont and Fletcher iu
" The Loyal Subject," aud it was introduced
in " The Beggars' OiJera." — Chappell, Music
of Olden Time, 227.
GREGOIR, fiDOUARD GEORGES
JACyUES, born at Turnhout, Belgium,
Nov. 27, 1822, still living, 1889. Pianist,
brother of Jacques Mathieu Joseph Gregoir,
pupil in Bieberich of Rummel on the piano-
forte. He gave concerts iu London in 1841
with the violinists Teresa aud Maria Mila-
nollo ; went to Amsterdam in 1847, to Paris
in 1849, aud in the same year became profes-
sor at Lierre, and later at Antwerp, where he
undertook the task of reforming the meth-
ods for teaching music iu the government
schools and institutions of Belgium. Works :
Les Croisades, symphouie historique, Ant-
werp, 1846 ; La vie, drame lyrique, Ant-
werp, 1848 ; Le Deluge, oratorio sympho-
uique, Antwerp, 1849 ; Marguerite d'Au-
triche, grand opera, Antwerp, 1850 ; De
Belgen in 1848, drame national avec ouver-
ture, airs, duos, chceurs, Brussels, 1851 ;
La derniere nuit du comte d'Egmont,
Brussels, 1851 ; Leicester, drame mele de
musique, Brussels, 1854 ; Willem Beukels,
opera-comique flamand, Brussels, 185G ;
Willem de Zwyger, opura-comique, 185G ;
La belle Bourbonuaise, opera-comique,
about 1860. He has published also a Me-
thode theorique d'orgue aud two Jlethodes
de Musiques, besides more than a hundred
189
GREGOm
choruses for male voices ; organ and piano-
forte music ; collections of songs ; a collec-
tion of pieces for the harmonium ; violin
music, and several verj' popular songs. He
is also a contributor to musical periodicals
and the author of historical works, among
which are : Essai historique sur la musique
et les musiciens dans les Pays-Bas (Brussels,
18G1) ; Galerie biographique des artistes-
musicieus beiges du xviii. et du xix. siecle
(18G2, new ed., 1885) ; Notice sur I'origine
du celebi'e compositeur Louis van Beetho-
ven (18G3) ; Les artistes-musicieus ueerlan-
dais (1864); Histoire de I'orgue (1865);
Notice biographique d'Adrian Willaert ;
Documents historiques relatifs u I'art mu-
sical et aux artistcs-musiciens (4 vols., 1872-
76) ; Phantln'on musical populaire (6 vols.,
1876-77) ; Bibliotheque musicale populaire
(3 vols., 1877-79) ; Notice biographique sur
F. J. Gosse dit Gossec (1878) ; L'art musical
en Belgique sous les ri'gnes de Leopold
L et Leopold U. (1879) ; Des gloires de
rOpe-ra et la musique a Paris (3 vols., 1880-
8-). — Fi'tis, Sujjplument, i. 418 ; Riemann ;
Larousse.
GREGOIR, JACQUES MATHIEU JO-
SEPH, born in Antwerp, Jan. 18, 1817,
died in Brussels, Oct. 29, 1876. Pianist,
showed a precocious taste for music, and
played a difficult concerto by Dussek in
public at the age of eight. He studied the
organ under Horaans and after the Revolu-
tion of 1830 became a pupil at the Paris
Conservatoire of Henri Herz, and subse-
quently went to Germany with his brother
Edouard, and studied under Ruinmcl. On
his return to Antwerp, in 1837, he played at
several concerts, and became widely known
for his compositions. At this period he
brought out a Lauda Sioii, for chorus and
orchestra, a musical jjoem, Faust (1847) ;
and an opera, Le gondolier de Venise,
Antwerp, 1848. He was at that time chef
d'orchestre of the royal theatre, and di-
rector of a German choral society. He
went to Brussels in 1848, became professor
in an English school at Bruges in 1849, and
finally settled in Brussels in 1850, making
occasional professional journeys to other
countries. Among his best works are his
pianoforte compositions, which number
more than one hundred. Works : Marche
solennelle, for the 25th anniversary of Leo-
pold's reign ; Marche triomphale, for the
marriage festivities of the Due de Brabant ;
Aux manes de IMeyerbeer, marche funebre ;
Concerto, op. 10 ; Poesies musicales ; Com-
positions nouvelles en forme d'etudes, op.
66 ; L'etude du diable ; Etudes de moyenne
force ; 24 etudes de style et d'expression, 4
books, oj). 101 ; Etudes de style et de meca-
nisme, 4 books, op. 99 ; Six morceaux de
salon, OJ). 98 ; etc. — Fetis, Supplement, i.
418.
GREGOR, CHRISTIAN, born at Dirs-
dorf, Silesia, Jan. 1, 1723, died at Berthels-
dorf, Nov. 6, 1801. Organist, joined the
Jloravian Brotherhood in 1742, and was ap-
pointed Bishop of the Briiderkirche at Ber-
thelsdorf. He was organist, teacher, and
music director for the order, and composed
many songs for them, besides editing a
Choralbuch.— Mendel, iv. 343.
GREGORIO, ANNIBALE, born at Siena
about the end of the 16th century. He
was maestro di cappella of the cathedral of
that city and member of the Accademia
degli Intronati. Works : Madrigals (Venice,
1617) ; Church music (Siena, 1620).— Fe-
tis ; Mendel.
GREISEN, ALBERT, born in Frankfort-
on-the-Oder, April 24, 1814, died in Ber-
lin, April 11, 1836. His compositions at-
tracted the notice of Zelter, who took him
to Berlin ; after his master's death he be-
came the pupil of Rungenhagen at the mu-
sic school of the Academy. He composed
an oratorio, a symphony, and some chamber
music. — MeudeL
GREITH, IvARL, born at Aarau, Swit-
zerland, Feb. 21, 1828, died in Munich, Nov.
17, 1887. Son and pupil of Joseph Greith ;
studied in Munich under C. Ett and in
Augsburg under C. L. Drobisch. He be-
came music teacher of schools and director
190
GRELL
of singing societies in St. Gall, taught in
Frankfort-on-tlie-Main for several years
from 185-i, and was professor in the College
of Maria Hilf in Scbwjtz. In 1861 be took
bis father's jjlace as choirmaster of the St.
Gall Cathedral, and after ten j-ears settled
as a composer and critic in Munich, where
be subsequently became Kapellmeister of
the cathedral. Works : Der beilige Gallus,
oratorio, Winterthur, 1849 ; Frauenberz,
melodrama. Die Waise aus Genf, do., both
at St. Gall, about 1850 ; Symphony, ib.,
and Basel ; Requiem (Winterthur, 1857) ;
7 vocal masses ; 5 instrumental masses ;
Litanies ; Motets ; Many songs to the Holy
Virgin, etc. (since 18G2) ; 3 Singspiele ;
Jung Rubens, Der Mutter Lied, Der verzau-
berte Frosch (Munich, since 1871) ; Two-
part songs for female chorus (ib.). — Men-
del.
GRELL, EDUARD (AUGUST), born in
Berlin, Nov. G, 1800, died at Steglitz, near
Berlin, Aug. 10, 188G. Organist, jjupil of bis
father, of Kaufmann, Ritsehl, and Zelter ;
became organist of the Nikolaikirche in
Berlin' in 181G ; entered the Singakademie
in 1817, and was made vice-director of it
in 1832. In 1839 be was appointed court
organist of the cathedral, in 1811 a mem-
ber of the Berlin Acadenij', in 1813
teacher of the cathedral choir, and, after
Rungenhagen's death in 1851, teacher of
the composition school of the Academy.
He was also a member of the senate of the
Academy, and first director of the Sing-
akademie ; became professor in 1858, and
received the order pour le merite in 18G4.
He relinquished the direction of the Sing-
akademie in 187G. In 1883 the Berlin
University conferred on bim the honorary
degree of doctor of philosophy. Works :
Die Israelilen in der ^ ,
Wiiste, oratorio ; Mass ^^ ^J^^^-vjdf
for IC voices ; Over-
ture for orchestra ; Organ preludes ; Mo-
tets, cantatas, psalms, hymns, and many
songs ; Four-part arrangement of the cho-
ral melodies of the Evangelical Gesangbucb
(1833). — Riemann ; Mendel ; Broekhaus ;
Fetis, iV. 98 ; do., Sui^plement, i. 120.
GRENET. See Granet.
GRENIER, FELIX, born at Marseilles,
Sept. 27, 1841, still living, 1889. Amateur
instrumental and vocal composer, pupil of
Heckmauu, an Alsatian organist, became a
lawyer, but still studied music in Paris
under Labarre, Boely, and Franchomme.
He has lived in Nice since 18G9. His songs
and music are well known, and some of his
choruses have been very pojjular. He has
translated several German works on music,
and has published works on Sebastian
Bach, Mendelssohn, and other German
musicians. Principal works : La Roussalka,
opera (not performed) ; Trio for strings,
op. 1 ; do. for pianoforte and strings, oj).
3 ; (Quartet for pianoforte and strings, op.
4 ; 2 quartets for strings, op. 5 and 13 ;
3 preludes and fugues for pianoforte, op.
15 ; 12 songs for soprano, op. 2 ; G songs,
op. 7 ; 4 do., op. 8 ; Four-part songs ; Cho-
ruses for Racine's Esther, for 4 female
voices ; Mass for 4 voices ; The 49tb psalm
for double chorus, and orchestra. — Fotis,
Supplement, i. 421 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 135.
GRENIER, GABRIEL, lived in Paris,
last half of the 18th century. Harpist, pub-
lished romances with harp accompaniment,
1793 ; Harp sonatas, and harp and violin
music. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GRESNICH (not Gresnick), ANTOINE
FREDERIC, born in Liege, March 2, 1755,
died in Paris, Oct. 16, 1799. Dramatic
composer, pupil at the College Liegeois,
Rome, and subsequently in Naples of Sala ;
wrote operas for that city before 1780 ; went
to London some time before 1784, again in
1785, was chosen director of music by the
Prince of Wales in 1786, returned to Paris
in 1791, was in Lyons as chef d'orchestre
of the Grand Theatre in 1793 ; his L'Amour
a Cythore, brought out there in that year,
was played also at six of the Paris theatres
in the same year, and made him famous.
Works — Operas : D Fraucese bizzarro, opera
bufifa, Savona, 1784 ; Demetrio, Alessandro
GRESSLER
neir Indie, La donna di cattivo umore, Lon-
don, 1785 ; Alceste, ib., 1786 ; L' Amour :\
Cythure, Lj'ous, 1793 ; Le savoir-faire, Les
petits commissionnaires, Paris, Theatre de
la rue de Louvois, 1795 ; fiponine et Sa-
binus, Les faux mendiauts, Le baiser donne
et rendu, ib., 179G ; Les extravagances de
la vieillesse. Theatre Moutansier, 1796 ; La
Foret de Sicile, Le petit page, ou la prison
d'etat, Les faux mounojem-s, ou la ven-
geance, Le tuteur original, ib., 1797 ; La
grotte des Cevennes, ib., 1798 ; L'heureux
proces, ou Alphonse et Leonore, Theatre
Feydeau, 1798 ; La tourterelle dans les
bois, Rencontres sur rencontres. Theatre
Moutansier, 1799 ; Le reve. Theatre Favart,
1799 ; Leonidas, ou les Spartiates (with Per-
suis). Opera, 1799 ; Symphonic concertante
for clarinet and bassoon, with orchestra,
Paris, Concerts de Feydeau, 1797 ; Ariet-
tas, i-omances, duos, etc. — Pougin, Gresnick
(Paris, 1862) ; Fetis ; do., Sujiplement, i.
421; Mendel; Schilling.
GRESSLEE, FRANZ ALBERT, born at
Suiza, Thuringia, Dec. 14, 1804, still living,
1889. Son of Friedrich Salomon Grcssler ;
finished his musical education in the Erfurt
Seminar}' under M. G. Fischer, L. E. Geb-
hardi, and J. J. Miiller ; became teacher in
a family in 1826, and from 1827 taught in
schools in Erfurt. Composed pianoforte
and organ music and songs. — Mendel ;
Ersch und Gruber, i. Section, xc. 246.
GRESSLER, FRIEDRICH SALOJION,
organist at Triptis, near Meissen, in 1780.
From 1791 he was cantor, organist, and
teacher at Suiza in Thimngia. Composed
pianoforte pieces and songs. — Mendel, iv.
355 ; Ersch und Gruber, i. Section, xc. 246.
GRETRY, ANDRE (ERNEST MO-
DESTE), born at Liege, Feb. 8, 1741, died
at " I'Ermitage " (formerly Rousseau's coun-
try house), near Montmorency, Sept. 24,
1813. The son of a poor violinist, he en-
tered the choir of Saint-Denis at the age
of six, but was dismissed as incapable, and
put under one Leclerc, who made him a
proficient reader of music. Inspired by
his time in composing.
the arrival in Liege of an Italian opera com-
pany, he took to composing, and showed
such talent that his
family procured him
good instruction. He
studied harmony un-
der Rcnekin the or-
ganist, and counter-
point under Moreau ;
but it was too late to
expect jjatient study,
and he spent most of
Six little symphonies
by him wore produced at Liege in 1758, and
a four-voice mass in 1759, with such success
that the Chanoine du Harlez sent him to
Rome, where he studied counterpoint four
or five j'ears under Casali, but he never be-
came a good harmonist, nor a contrapuntist.
His genius was purely dramatic and expres-
sive. Some smaller compositions, notably
an intermezzo, Le Veudemmiatrici, met
with success at Rome, but when he saw the
score of Monsigny's Rose et Colas, he be-
gan to feel that French opcra-comique was
to be his real vocation. In 1767 he went to
Geneva, and, failing to get Voltaire to write
him a libretto, set to work to write new mu-
sic to Favart's Isabelle et Gertrude, which
he brought out with great success the same
year at Geneva. By Voltaire's advice he
then went to Paris, where two years were
thrown away in vain solicitations for a li-
bretto, until at last Du Rosoy confided to
him his Les mariages Samnites. The first
rehearsals of the music at the house of the
Prince de Conti, in presence of the court,
persuaded almost everyone that the com-
poser had no talent for dramatic composi-
tion ; but Count Creutz, the Swedish min-
ister, thought otherwise, and, taking Gretry
under his protection, prevailed upon Mar-
montel to confide to him his comedy, Le
Huron. This work was given, Aug. 20,
1768, with the most overwhelming success.
Lucile ajspeared a few months later, and
with Le tableau jiarlant (1769) Gretry's po-
sition in the foremost rank of French com-
192
GENTRY
posers was establislied. He continued pro-
ducing opera after opera, until very near the
time of Lis death. The most famous of his
works are Le tableau parlaut, Zemire et
Azor, L'amant jaloux, L'upreuvc village-
oise, and Richard Caau- de Lion, which last
must be accounted as his masterpiece. In
1784 the Prince-Bishop of Lioge made him
privj^-couucillor. In 1795 he was admitted
to the lustitut, and in 1802 Napoleon made
him chevalier of the Legion of Honour.
He was appointed also one of the inspectors
of the Conservatoire ou its foundation, but
held the office for only a year. His funeral
at Paris (Sept. 27, 1813) was splendid, and
Bouilly and Mehul pronounced eulogies
over his grave. Gretry's genius, which was
epoch-making in the annals of French comic
opera, was essentially melodic and dramatic.
He was little of a harmonist, as he himself
knew very well, and was wholly at a loss
when he tried to step out of the limited
frame of opera-comique. His accompani-
ments were in general very meagre, and
although he showed that, when he aimed
at orchestral effects, he knew how to handle
the orchestra intelligently and cleverly, he
rarely attempted anything of the sort.
Graceful melody and, especially, expressive
and dramatic declamation were his forte.
His theatrical sense was of the keenest, and
he has rarely been surpassed as a delineator
of character ; his comic power was also very
remarkable, and his admirers have called
hiiu the " Molicre of music." Works — Op-
eras : 1. Le Vendemmiatrici, intermezzo,
Rome, Teatro Aliberti, 17G5 ; 2. Isabelle et
Gertrude, Geneva, 17G7 ; 3. Le Huron,
Paris, Theatre Italien, 1768 ; 4. Lucile,
ib., 1769 ; 5. Le tableau parlant, ib., 1769 ;
6. Sylvain, ib., 1770 ; 7. Les <hutx Avares,
Fontainebleau, 1770, Paris, Comcdie Ita-
lienne, 1770 ; 8. L'amitie a IVpreuve, 2
acts, Fontainebleau, 1770, Paris, Theatre
Itahen, 1771 ; do., 3 acts, Fontainebleau,
Oct. 24, and Paris, Oct. 30, 1783 ; 9. L'nmi
de la maison, Fontainebleau, Oct. 26, 1771,
Paris, March 14, 1772 ; 10. Zemtre et Azor,
Fontainebleau, 1771, Paris, Theatre Italien,
1771 ; 11. Le magnifique, Paris, Theatre
Italien, 1773 ; 12. Cephale et Procris, lyric
tragedy, Versailles, 1773, Paris, Academic,
177.5 ; 13. La roslire de Salency, Theatre
Itahen, 1774 ; 14. La fausse Magie, Come-
die Italienne ; do., 1 act, ib., 1776 ; 15.
Tjbs mariagei^ Samnites, ib., 1776 ; 16. Ma-
troco, Fontainebleau, 1777, Paris, Theatre
Italien, 1778 ; 17. Les troisagesde I'Opera,
prologue in 1 act, Paris, Academic Royale
de Musique, 1778 ; 18. Le jugement de
Midas, Comedie Italienne, 1778 ; 19. Les
fausses apparences, ou Vamant jaloux, Ver-
sailles, Nov. 20, Paris, Dec. 23, 1778 ;
20. Les evenements imprevus, Versailles,
Nov. 11, Paris, Theatre Italien, Nov. 13,
1779 ; 21. Andromaque, Paris, Aeademie
Royale de Musique, 1780 ; 22. Emilie, ib.,
1781 ; 23. CoUnelle a la cour, ou la double
epreuve, ib., 1782 ; 24. L'embarras des
richesses, ib., 1782 ; 25. Thalie au nouveau
theatre, Comedie Italienne, 1783 ; 26. La
caravane du Caire, Fontainebleau, Oct. 30,
1783, Paris, Acadeniie Royale de Musique,
Jan. 15, 1784 ; 27. Theodore et Paulin,
Theatre Italien, March 18, 1784; do., as
Jji'preuve villageoise, ib., June 24, 1784 ;
28. Richard Cceur de Lion, Paris, by the
comediens ordinaires du roi, Oct. 21, 1784 ;
do., 4 acts, Dec. 21, 1785 ; do., 3 acts,
Dec. 29, 1786 ; 29. Panurge dans I'lle des
Lanternes, Oj)L'ra, 1785 ; 30. La nouvelle
amitie a I'epreuve, Comedie Italienne,
1786 ; 31. Les meprises par ressemblance,
Fontainebleau, Paris, Comedie Italienne,
Nov. 16, 1786 ; 32. Le comte d'Albert,
Fontainebleau, Nov. 13, 1786, Paris, Come-
die Italienne, Feb. 8, 1787 ; 33. La suite
du comte d'Albert, Paris, Comedie Italienne,
1787 ; 34. Le prisonnier anglais, ib., 1787 ;
35. Le rival confident, ib., 1788 ; 36. Ain-
phytrion, Academie Roj'ale de Musique,
1788 ; 37. Raoul Barbe-Bleue, Comedie
Italienne, 1789 ; 38. Aspasie, Opera, 1789 ;
39. Pi<;>TeleGrand, Comedie Italienne, 1790;
40. Guillaume Tell, ib., 1791; 41. Cecile
et Dermance, ib., 1792 ; 42. Basile, ou it
ma
GREULICII
trompeur, trompeur et demi, Opc'ra Co-
mique, 1792 ; 43. Clarice et Belton (altered
version of Le prisonnier anglais), ib., 1793 ;
44. La rosiere republicaine, Opera, 1793 ;
45. Joseph Barra, Comedie Italieuue, 1794 ;
46. Denys le t3-ran maltre d'ecole a Co-
rintbe, Opera, 1794 ; 47. Callias, ou nature
et patrie, Opera Comique, 1794 ; 48. Lis-
helh, Comedie Italienne, 1797 ; 49. Anacreon
chez Polycrate, 1797 ; 50. Le harhier de
village, ou le revenant, Theatre Feydeau,
1797 ; 51. Elisca, ou I'amour maternel,
ib., 1799 ; 52. La casque et les colombes,
Opera, 1801 ; 53. Delphis et Mopsa, ib.,
1803. Also the following : Le congre.s
des rois (in collaboration with Berton,
Blasius, Cherubini, Dalayrac, Deshayes,
Devienne, Jadin, Kreutzer, Mehul, Solie,
and Trial fils), Theatre Favart, Feb. 2G,
1793 ; and the following, which were never
performed : Alcindor et Zaide ; Zimeo, 3
acts ; Zelmar, ou I'asile, 1 act ; £lectre, 3
acts ; Diogene et Alexandre, 3 acts ; Les
llaures d'Espagne, 3 acts. Church music :
Messe solennelle, Liege, 1759 ; Confiteor,
for 4 voices and orchestra, Rome, 1762 ; 6
motets for 2
<i«rVJ /n /? A j' ^^'^ ^ voices ;
y // ci^L/^^^ Deprofundis;
f ^y^ Requiem. In-
Req
strumen tal
music : 6 sym-
phonies for orchestra ; 2 quartets for harpsi-
chord and strings ; 6 do. for strings ; 6 so-
natas for harpsichord. — Le Breton, Notice
sur la vie, etc. (Paris, 1814) ; Andre Joseph
Grotry, Gretry en famille (ib., 1815) ; Ger-
lache, Essai sur G. (Liege, 1821) ; Fetis,
Galerie de musiciens celebres (Paris, 1828) ;
Van Hulst, Gretry (Liege, 1842); L. de
Saegher, Notice biographique (Brussels,
1869) ; Clement, Mus. celebres, 150 ; Jal,
Diet, critique, 657 ; Liny, Kecueil de let-
tres i'crites a Gretrv (Paris, 1809).
GREULICH, ADOLPH, born in Posen
in 1819, died in Moscow in 1868. Pia-
nist, self-taught at first, then studied under
W. Fischer in Brieg, and became private
tutor in a noble family of Warsaw. He
visited Weimar, where he was influenced by
Liszt, and in 1858 was teacher of music in
Schitomir, Southern Russia ; and later ap-
pointed pianoforte jjrofessor at the Catha-
rine Institute in Moscow. Works : Piano-
forte music. — Mendel ; Fetis, Supplement,
i. 422.
GRIEF AND PMN. See Bms und
Reu'.
GRIEG, EDVARD (HAGERUP), bom
at Bergen, Norway,
June 15, 1843, still liv-
ing there, 1889. In-
strumental and vocal
c o m J) o s e r, first in-
structed on the piano-
forte by his mother,
then at the Conserva-
torium in Leijjsic
(whither he was sent by
Ole Bull's advice in
1858), pupil of Richter and Hauptmann in
harmony and counterpoint, of Rietz and
Reinecke in composition, and of Wenzel
and Moscheles on the pianoforte. Illness
forced him to return home in the spring
of 1860, but he resumed his studies at
Leipsic in the autumn, and remained there
until 1862. He went to Copenhagen in
the spring of 1863, principally to make the
acquaintance of Gade, and, although in-
fluenced by him and by Emil Hartraann, he
was most decidedly affected by Rikard Nor-
drank, an ingenious Norwegian tone-poet
(died shortly afterwards), who sang and
played to him his melodies to BjOrnson's
songs. As Gi'ieg himself relates : " The
scales fell from my eyes ; it was only
through him that I learned to know the
Norse melodies and my own nature. We
made a compact against the weakly Gade-
Meudelssohn Scandinavism, and entered
with enthusiasm upon the new path on
which the Northern school is now progress-
ing." In 1867 he settled at Christiania,
where he founded a musical society and con-
ducted it until 1880, when he returned to
191
GRIESBACH
Bergen. As the Norwegian Diet awarded
him a liberal pension, be has had nothing
to do since but to devote himself to his
art. In 1865 and 1870 be visited Italy,
cultivating Liszt's society in Rome ; and
was repeatedly in Germany, especially at
Leipsic, to bring out his compositions.
Grieg may be said to dispute with Svendsen
the foremost place among living Norwegian
composers. As yet he has devoted himself
chieiiy to the higher forms of chamber
music. His talent, strongly imbued with
the Scandinavian folk-song spirit, has
marked individuality, and his comjjositions
are noted for their brilliant and effective
local coloring. His inspiration is vigorous
and spontaneous, and if his workmanship is
not invariably of the very best, and be often
shows a considerable disregard for euishony,
as well as a certain incapacity for organic
thematic develo23ment, in the highest sense
of the term, he only shares these short-
comings with many of his contemjjoraries,
while the freshness of his melodic invention,
the piquancy of his harmouj', and the auda-
cious brilliancy of his style have won him
hosts of warm admirers. His best works
are his A minor pianoforte concerto, and
his sonata for pianoforte and violin in F
major. Works: Concerto for pianoforte
and orchestra, in A minor, op. 16 (2 ver-
sions) ; Sonata for violin and pianoforte, in
F, op. 8 ; do. in G minor, op. 13 ; do. in C
minor, op. 45 ; do. for violoncello, op. 36 ;
String quartet, op. 27 ; Zwei Melodien, for
string orchestra, op. 34 ; Foran Sydens Klos-
ter, for soprano solo, female chorus, and or-
chestra, op. 20 ; Landkjeudiug, for baritone,
male chorus, and orchestra, op. 31 ; Der Bei'g-
entriickte, for baritone, with string orches-
tra and 2 horns, op. 32 ; Bergliot (by BjOrn-
son), for declamation with orchestra, op. 42 ;
Music to BjOrnson's Sigur Jorsalfar, op. 22 ;
do. to Ibsen's Peer Gynt, op. 23. For
pianoforte : 4 Clavierstiicke, op. 1 ; Poe-
tische Tonbilder, op. 3 ; Ballade, op. 4 ; 4
Humoresken, op. 6 ; Sonata, op. 7 ; Ro-
manzeu und Balladen, op. 9 ; Kleine Roman-
zen, op. 10 ; Im Herbst, Phantasie (2 piano-
fortes), op. 11 ; Lyrische kleine Stiicke, op.
12 ; 2 symphonische Stiicke (2 pianofortes),
op. 14 ; Romanzen, op. 15 ; 25 Norwegische
Volkslieder und Tiinze, op. 17 ; Bilder aus
dem Volksleben, Drei Humoresken, ojj. 19 ;
Ballade, op. 24 ; Albumbliitter, oji. 28 ; Im-
provisata fiber 2 norwegische Volksweisen,
op. 29 ; Norwegische Tiinze, op. 35 ; Wal-
zer-Capricen, op. 37 ; Neue lyrische Stilck-
chen, op. 38 ; Aus Holberg's Zeit, Suite im
alteu Style, op. 40. Songs : 4 Lieder for
contralto, op. 2 ; 6 Lieder, op. 4 ; Melodien
des Herzens, op. 5 ; 4 Romanzen, op. 10 ;
Romanzen und Lieder, oj). 18 ; 4 Gedichte,
op. 21. — Mendel ; Riemann ; Mus. Wochen-
blatt, iv. 161, 195 ; v. 7 ; vii. 348 ; viii. 226 ;
xiii. 134 ; XV. 511, 522.
GRIESBACH, JOHN HENRY, born at
Windsor, England, June 20, 1798, died in
London, Jan. 9, 1875. Dramatic composer,
son of Justin Christian Griesbach, violon-
cellist in Queen Charlotte's band, and
nephew to Friedrich Griesbach, the oboe
player ; pupil of his uncle, George Leopold
Jacob Griesbach, and of Kalkbreuner. On
the breaking up of the Queen's band, in
which he was violoncellist, he settled in
London as a pianist, composer, and teacher.
He was fourteen times a director of the
Philharmonic Society. Works : Belshaz-
zar's Feast, oratorio, written in 1835, re-
modelled and performed as Daniel, at the
195
GRIEVE
Harmonic Society, in 1854 ; Overture and
music to Shakespeare's "Tempest ;" James
I., or the Eoj'al Captive, operetta ; The
Goldsmith of Westcheap, opera ; Eblis,
uufiiiished opera ; Kaby Ruins, musical
drama ; Overtures, symphonies, anthems,
songs, etc. — Grove ; Fetis.
GRIEVE, JOHN CHARLES, bom in
Edinburgh, Aug. 29, 1842, stUl living, 1889.
He is lecturer on musical theory in Heriot-
Watt College, and conductor of the Phreuix
Musical Association, Edinburgh. Works :
Benjamin, oratorio, Edinburgh, 1877 ; The
Sower and the Seed, Scriptui-e parable for
soli and chorus ; The Good Samaritan, do. ;
Julia's Birthday, musical sketch ; Kinder-
spiel, do. for juveniles ; Glees, songs, and
part-songs. His Stars of the Summer
Night is popular.
GRIFFIN, GEORGE EUGENE, born
Jan. 8, 1781, died in London, May, 1863.
Pianist, one of the original members of the
Philharmonic Society. Works : 2 concertos
for pianoforte and orchestra ; Ode to Char-
ity, 1806 ; 4 sonatas for pianoforte ; 3 string
quartets ; Rondos, variations, etc. ; Songs,
glees, etc. — Grove ; Fetis.
GRILL, FR.INZ, died at Oedeuburg,
Hungary, about 1795. Chamber musician
to a Hungarian nobleman, and known
through the following compositions in the
style of Haydn : 15 sonatas for pianoforte
and violin, op. 1, 2, 4, 6 ; 12 string quar-
tets, op. 3 (dedicated to Haydn), 5, 7 ; 89
caprices for pianoforte (1791) ; 6 duos con-
certants for pianoforte and violin (1791) ;
2 do. (1792) ; 3 quartets (1792) ; Quartet
(1795).— Mendel ; Schilling.
GRIMM, HEINRICH, born (?), died in
Brunswick, July 10, 1637. He was a pupil
of Michael Priitorius, and was cantor in
Magdeburg and later in Brunswick. He
wrote church music and theoretical works.
— Allgem. d, Biogr., ix. 678 ; Mendel, iv. 386 ;
do., Ergiinz., 136 ; F6tis, iv. 412 ; Schilling, iii.
360 ; Gerber (1790), i. 548 ; (1812), ii. 411.
GRDIM, JULIUS OTTO, born in Per-
uau, Russia, March 6, 1827, still living, 1889.
Pianist, pupil at the Leipsic Conservatorium
and influenced by Schumann, Joachim, and
Brahms. He settled in 1855 in Gottingen
as a teacher, and in 1860 became musical
director in Miinster. Works : 2 orchestral
suites in canon-form (much played in Ger-
many) ; An die Musik, for solo, chorus, and
orchestra ; Symphony ; Sonata for piano-
forte and violin ; 12 Lieder for voice and
pianoforte, op. 1, 3 ; 6 Lieder for four male
voices, op. 13, etc. — Mendel ; Riemann ;
Fetis. Supplement, i. 423.
GRISAR, ALBERT, born in Antwerp,
Dec. 26, 1808, died
at Asniores, near
Paris, June 15,
1869. Dramatic
composer, pupil in
Paris of Reicha.
Placed by his fam-
ily in a commercial
house in Liverpool,
he ran away to Par-
is during the rev-
and began to study under
Reicha, but the revolution spreading to Bel-
gium, he joined his family in Antwerii, and
wrote there during the siege his first ro-
mance, La folle, which had quite a success
in Belgium and France. His first important
dramatic work, Le mariage impossible,
opera-comique, given in Brussels in 1833,
procured him a grant from the government
of 1,200 francs to aid his musical education.
He returned to Paris, and devoted himself
to dramatic composition, but, dissatisfied
with his work, went to Naples in 1840 and
studied under Mercadante. In 1848 he re-
turned to Paris, produced many works, and
became a pojiular favourite. Nineteen of
his operas were represented, and he left
others in MS. He published also more than
fifty melodies and romances. Works — Op-
eras : Sarah, Paris, Opera Comique, 1836 ;
L'an mil, ib., 1837 ; La Suisse a Trianon,
Theatre des Varietes, 1837 ; Lady Melvil,
Theatre de la Renaissance, 1838 ; L'eau
merveilleuse, ib., 1839 ; Le naufrage de la
196
GRISELDA
Moduse (with Flotow and Pilati, ib., 1839 ;
Les travestissemeuts, Opora Coinique, 1839 ;
L'opera a la Cour (with Boieldieu), ib.,
1840 ; Gille ravisseur, ib., 1848 ; Les por-
cherous, ib., 1850 ; Bonsoii-, monsieur Pau-
talou, ib., 1851 ; Le carillvimeur de Bruges,
ib., 1852 ; Les amours du diable, Theatre
Lyrique, 1853 ; Le chien du jardinier, Opura
Comique, 1855 ; Voyage autour de ma cham-
bre, ib., 1859 ; Le joaiUier de St. James (a
revision of Lady Melvil), ib., 1862 ; La
chatte merveilleuse, Theatre Lyrique, 18G2 ;
Begaiements d'aiuour, ib., 1804 ; Douze
iunoceutes, Bouffes Parisieus, 1865. He
left 12 operas in MS., some complete, some
only sketched ; more than fifty melodies,
romances, dramatic scenes, etc. — Pougin,
Albert Grisar (Paris, 1870) ; Clument, Mus.
culobres, 517 ; Fetis, Supplement, i. 424 ;
Mendel ; Riemanu.
GRISELDA, Italian opera in three acts,
text by Apostolo Zeno, rewritten by Rolli,
music by Giovanni Battista Bououcini, rep-
resented at the Academy of Music, London,
Feb. 22, 1722. The libretto is founded on
the story of Griseldis, Griselda, or Grisla,
called by English writers Patient Grissel, a
subject popularized by Boccaccio, Petrarch,
and by Chaucer iu "The Clerk's Tale."
In the original legend, Griselda, daughter
of a Piedmoutese labourer, is married by
the Marquis de Saluces and has by him two
children. Wishing to prove her constancy
and the strength of her love, he puts her to
the most cruel tests and subjects her to a
thousand humiliations, all of which she
bears patiently. When he considers the
proof of her devotion complete he brings
her back iu triumph to his castle. The
principal parts in Bononciui's opera, which
is regarded as his best dramatic production,
were sung by Seuesino, Boschi, and Mrs.
Anastasia Robinson, whose admirable per-
formance of the character of Griselda is
said to have completed her conquest of the
Earl of Peterborough. There seems to
have been some slight resemblance between
this beautiful woman's career and that of
the patient heroine, for, though married to
the Earl of Peterborough, she consented to
appear to the world as his mistress only, un-
til he chose to own her as his wife and to
invest her with the honours of his position.
The libretto of Zeno has been set to music
also by the following : PoUarolo, Venice,
1701 ; Chelleri, Piacenza, 1707 ; Predieri,
Bologna, 1711 ; Capelli, Rovigo, about
1710 ; Orlandini, Bologna, 1720 ; Scarlatti,
Rome, 1721 ; Conti, Vienna, 1725 ; Caldara,
Vienna, 1725 ; Albinoni, Rome, 1728 ; Vi-
Anastasia Robinson.
valdi, Venice, 1735 ; Latilla, Rome, 1747 ;
Picciuni, Venice, 1793 ; Paer, Parma, 1796,
Paris, 1803.— Burney, iv. 284 ; Hogarth, ii.
18.
GROLL, EVERMODUS, born at Wit-
tenau in the Upper Palatinate in 1756, died
at Allershausen in 1809. He was educated
iu the Benedictine monastery at Reichen-
bach and in Ratisbon. He entered the Pre-
monstraut Abbey at Scheftlarn, and was
music director and leader of the choir.
After the abolition of the monastery, he
was appointed to the Parish of Allershausen
\m
geo:n'lakd
in 1807. He composed sympliouies and
masses. — Fetis, Gerber, Schilling.
GRONLAND, JOHANN FEIEDRICH,
born about 1760 in Sleswick, died iu Altona
in November, 1834 He studied in Kiel in
1780-82, and assisted Cramer in his Maga-
ziu der Musik ; after being secretary iu the
German Government office in Copenhagen
and director of the royal porcelain factor}'
there, he became organist and music teacher
in Altona. He comijosed songs and piano-
forte music. — Fotis, iv. 116 ; Mendel, iv.
390 ; Gerber, ii. 412 ; Schilling, iii. 362.
GROOS, KARL AUGUST, born at Sass-
mannshauseu, Wittgenstein, Feb. 16, 1789,
died iu Coblentz, Nov. 20, 1861. He stud-
ied theology ; while in Berlin in 1817-18,
he edited, with Bernhard Klein, Deutsche
Lieder fiir Jung uud Alt, containing many
songs of his own composition. He was jjas-
tor in Coblentz. Some of his songs have
become virtually Volkslieder. — Mendel.
GROOT, DAVID EDU.iRD DE, born in
Amsterdam, April 8, 1795, died in Paris,
March 29, 1874. Clarinetist, made success-
ful concert toui-s in Holland, Belgium, and
Germany. From 1830 he lived in France ;
was dii'ector of a theatre orchestra in Mar-
seilles for some time ; spent the last years
of his life in Paiis. He composed a great
deal of music for the clarinet, of a high ar-
tistic order. — Mendel ; Tiotta.
GROSE, mCHAEL EHREGOTT (TI-
MOTHEUS), German organ virtuoso, died
after 1824. He was organist until 1786 at
St. Gottliardt's-Kirche, Brandenburg, then
at Christiansund in Sweden, and finally
in Copenhagen. Works : 24 Lieder, with
clavier accompaniment (Leipsic, 1780) ; 6
Bonatas for clavier (Berlin, 1785). — Mendel ;
F.'tis.
GROSHEIM, GEORG CHRISTOPH,
born iu Cassel, July 1, 1764, died there in
1847. He became music director in 1800,
for a short time, of the new theatre of Laud-
grave Friedrich Wilhelm H. of Hesse, and
later was teacher to the children of the
Queen of Westphalia, after which his ^wpu-
larity as an instructor of music was great.
In 1819 he received the degree of Ph.D.
from the Wittenberg University. Works :
Titauia, opera, given at Cassel, 1801 ; Das
heilige Kleeblatt, do., ib., about 1801 ; Pas-
sion oratorio ; Six psalms for 4 voices ; Six
symphonies for orchestra ; Several gi-and
pieces of church music, with orchestra ;
Three concertos for pianoforte ; One con-
certo for flute ; One do. for clarinet ; One
do. for 2 oboes ; 12 sonatas for pianoforte
and violiu ; 3 fantasias for ijianoforte ; 6
little do. ; Theme and variations ; jMarche
de Bonaparte a Marengo ; Anglaises for
pianoforte ; Preludes for organ ; The Ten
Commandments for 1—4 voices and organ ;
Choralbuch for the reformed church of
Hesse ; Hektor's Abschied, by Schiller, for
2 voices and orchestra ; Collections of songs.
— Fc'tis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
GROSJEAN, JEAN RO^IARY, born at
Rochesson (Vosges), Jan. 12, 1815, died at
Saint-Die (ib.), Feb. 13, 1888. Organist,
son of a poor artisan. When twelve years
old he was organist of his native place, then
at Padoux, in 1837 of the princijjal church
in Remiremont, and iu 1839 of the Cathe-
dral of Saint-Dio. Later he was a pu^Dil in
Paris of Stamaty. He devoted much time
to the study of the German organists, and
published a work containing selections from
their music, with some of his own, entitled,
.\lbum d'un organiste catholique (2 vols.).
He published also a collection of the Noels
and popular melodies of Lorraine (1861). —
Fotis ; Mendel ; Riemann.
GROSS, GEORG AUGUST, born in Ko-
nigsberg, Sept. 28, 1801, died in Hamburg
iu 1853. Pianist and violinist, studied
composition uuder Urban. He was Con-
zertmeister in Memel iu 1820, made a con-
cert tour iu 1830, then officiated as teacher
in Liibeck, and was soon called to Hildes-
heim as music director. Iu 1837 he re-
moved to Hamburg, and founded and edit-
ed the Hamburger musikalische Zeitung.
He published psalms and songs, and left
pianoforte and violin music in manuscript.
198
GROSS
— Mendel ; F(Jtis, iv. 119; do., Snpplt'ment,
i. 426.
GROSS, HEINinCH, born in the 18tli
century, died in Berlin in 1806. Violoncel-
list, pupil of Duport. As a boj' lie played
publicly in Berlin ; about 1793 lie entered
the service of the Swedish Count de Geer,
and some two years later became first yio-
loucello in the royal Prussian orchestra.
He published a sonata and variations for
violoncello. — Mendel.
GROSS, JOHANN BENJAJMIN, born in
Elbing. Prussia, Sept. 12, 1809, died in St.
Petersburg, Sept. 1, 1848. Violoncellist,
brother of Georg August Gross, and pupil
of Hausmann. He was in the orchestra of
the Konigstadtisches Theater of Berlin in
182-1-29 ; then lived in Leijjsic, playing solo
often in the Gewandhaus concerts ; joined
the theatre orchestra of ]\Iagdeburg in 1833,
but soon returned to Berlin ; next played
in a private quartet in Dorpat, with Ferdi-
nand David as first violin, and became first
violoncello of the imj)erial orchestra of St.
Petersburg in 1835. He died of cholera.
He published string quartets, songs, and
many violoncello compositions. — Mendel ;
Riemann ; Fetis.
. GROSSE, SAMUEL DIETRICH, born
in Berlin in 1757, died there in 1789. Vio-
linist, pupil of Lolli. In 1779 he was in the
orchestra of Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm
of Prussia. He made a concert tour to Paris
in 1780-82, and joined the royal orchestra of
Berlin in 1786. Works : Le retour desire,
comic opera, Berlin, 1784 ; Cantata ; Violin
concertos, and other music. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GROSSER, JOHANN EMANUEL, born
at Warmbrunn, Silesia, Jan. 30, 1799, died
('?). Organist, son and pupil of Joseph Aloys
Grosser. He was cantor and organist in
Friedeberg-on-the-Queis in 1822, organist
in Hirschberg in 1823, and rector in Polk-
witz from 1826. He composed masses,
offertories, church and pianoforte music,
edited a musical weekly, and wrote biog-
raphies of Haydn, Mozart, and J. S. Bach.
— Mendel ; Schilling ; Fetis.
GROSSI, Cavaliere CARLO, lived in Ve-
nice in the latter part of the 17th century.
He was a singer in the Chapel of S. Marco,
and was pensioned in 1685. Works — Operas:
Giocaste, regina d'Armenia, given in Venice,
1676 ; II Nicomede in Bitinia, ib., 1677 ;
Artaserse, ib., 1669. Church music, can-
zoni, and madrigali. — Caffi, Storia. . . .
di S. Marco in Venezia, L 308, H. 34 ; Fetis ;
Mendel.
GROSS VATERTANZ (Grandfather's
Dance), a German family-dance of the 17tli
ceuturjf, greatlj' in vogue at weddings. As
it usually concluded the entertainment,
it was called also the Kehraus (Clear-out).
The ail-, called Grossvater-Lied, was very
popular. Spohr introduces it into the Fes-
tival March written for the marriage of
Princess Marie of Hesse with the Duke of
Saxe-Meiningen in 1825, and Schumann
uses it in the Davidsbiindler March and in
the finale of his Papillons, op. 2. — Grove.
GROTTE, NICOLAS DE LA, lived in
Paris from about 1565 to 1587. He was
valet de chambre and organist to Heni-i IH.
of France, and one of the best players of his
time on the organ and spinet. He set Ron-
sard's chansons to music. Works : Chan-
sons a trois, quatre, cinq et six parties
(Paris, 1553).— F6tis.
GRUA, FRANZ PAUL, born in Mann-
heim, Feb. 2, 1754, died in Munich, July 5,
1833. Son and pupil of Karl Ludwig Peter
Grua ; studied also under Holzbauer and
in Italy under Padre Martini and Traetta.
In 1779 he became Kapellmeister to the
Elector Palatine, whose court was then in
Munich, and was pensioned in 1831. Mo-
zart thought it was easy enough to write
half a dozen such masses as his in a daj-.
Works : Telemacco, opera, Munich, 1780 ;
31 masses for orchestra ; 39 oft'ertories and
motets ; 6 Miserere ; 3 Stabat Mater ; 3
Requiem ; 3 Te Deum ; Concerto for piano-
forte, clarinet, etc. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GRUA, KARL LUDWIG PETER, born
in Milan, died after 1714. He is erro-
neously called Wilhelm Grua in the older
19U
GEUA
lexicons. After receiving a musical educa-
tion in Slilan, and visiting several Italian
cities, he went to Germany and was for a
short time attached to the electoral chapel
in Dresden. In 1G97 he settled in Dussel-
dorf as Kapellmeister, and in 1714 went to
Mannheim. Works : Masses, and MS. mu-
sic in Dresden and Berlin libraries. — All-
gem, d. Biogr., ix. 785 ; Mendel ; Fetis.
GRUA, KARL LUDWIG PETER, born
in Milan in 1700, died in Mannheim in
1775. He finished his musical education
under his uncle Karl Ludwig Peter Grua,
and became Kapellmeister to the court of
Mannheim, and in 1712 also director of
the opera. Works : Cambise, Italian opera,
represented in Mannheim, Jan. 17, 1742.
— Fi'tis; Mendel ; Allgem. d. Biogr., ix. 785.
GRUBER, FRANZ, born at Hochburg,
Upper Austria, Nov. 25, 1787, died in Hal-
lein, June 7, 1863. Organist in Arnsdorf,
Berndorf, and Hallein. He composed the
Christmas song, Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht,
long ascribed to Haydn. — Mendel.
GRUBER, FRANZ, born in Arnsdorf,
Nov. 27, 1820, died in Hallein, April 27,
1871. Son and pupil of Franz Gruber ;
studied also theory under Taux and the
violin under Stummer. He was a school-
teacher in Mauterndorf, Salzburg, and Hal-
lein, and founded two musical societies in
the latter place. His compositions number
about sixty, and comprise church and piano-
forte music, overtures, and songs. Only six
of his woi'ks have been printed. — Mendel.
GRUBER, GEORG WILHEL^M, born in
Nuremberg, Sept. 22, 1720, died there,
Sept. 22, 1796. Violinist, pupil on the
pianoforte and in composition of Dretzel
and Siebenkees, and on the violin of Hem-
merich. Before he was eighteen j-ears old
he made a concert tour ; took lessons in
counterpoint in Dresden from Umstadt ;
and about 1750 entered the orchestra of
Nuremberg, w'here Ferrari's presence in-
fluenced him gi-eatly. He succeeded Agrell
as Kapellmeister in 1765, and held also
honorary municipal offices. Works : Ora-
torios ; Church, chamber, and other instru-
mental music. — Allgem. d. Biogr., x. 1 ;
Mendel ; Fetis.
GRUNBAUM, JOHANN CHRISTOPH,
born at Haslau, near Eger, Oct. 28, 1785,
died in Berlin, Jan. 10, 1870. He studied
music in a convent and in the choir of Rat-
isbon Cathedral ; tlien became tenor in the
Ratisbon theatre in 1804, and in the Prague
theatre in 1807. Having married the
singer, Therese Miiller, in 1813, he went
^yith her to the court opera of Vienna in
1818, but settled in Berlin from 1832 as
teacher of singing and writer for music pub-
lishers. He wrote vocal music and trans-
lated many operas and songs. — Mendel.
GRUNBERGER, LUDWIG, born in
Prague, April 24, 1839, still living, 1889.
Pianist, pupil of Franz Skraup and Josef
Kisch, then in Dresden of Rictz and Rei-
chel. Works : 2 symphonies ; Music to
Lowe's Kindertraum (1885) ; Dithyrambe
by Schiller ; 2 string quartets ; Pianoforte
music, and songs.
GRUNBERGER, THEODOR, German
composer of the latter part of the 18th cen-
tury. He was a monk in a monastery in
Suabia, and composed masses and organ
music. — Gerber ; Fetis ; Mendel.
GRUND, FRIEDRICH WILHELM, born
in Hamburg, Oct. 7, 1791, died there, Nov.
I 24, 1874. Pupil of his father, founded the
i Singakademie in his native city in 1819,
and led the Philharmonic concerts in 1828-
62. He was popular as a teacher. Works :
Die Burg Falkenstein, Mathilde, operas, not
performed ; Die Auferstehung und Him-
melfahrt Christi, cantata ; Mass for 8 voices
a cappella ; Symphonies ; Overtures ; Octet
for pianoforte and wind instruments ; Quin-
tet for do., op. 8 ; Quartet for pianoforte
and strings, op. 5 ; Sonatas for pianoforte,
violin, and violoncello, op. 9, 11, 13 ; do.,
for pianoforte, four hands, op. 10 ; Sona-
tinas for pianoforte, op. 14 ; Hymn by
Krummacher ; Six collections of songs.
— Mendel, Ergiinz., 137 ; Riemann ; Fetis,
do., Suj)plement, i. 426.
GEUNER
GRUNEE, NATHANAEL GOTTFRIED,
lived in the latter part of the IStli century,
died in 1794 at Gera, ^yhere he was cantor
and music director. He seems also to have
lived at Lyons, as some of his music was pub-
lished there. Works : Dein Ziou streut dir
Palmeu, cantata ; Psalms 8, 27, 51, 81, and
113 for chorus and orchestra ; Motets ;
About 15 chorals in form of cantatas, for
do. ; Concertos for pianoforte ; Six sonatas
for pianoforte, oix 1 (Leipsic, Breitkopf &
Hilrtel, 1781) ; Ten do., op. 2 (ib., 1783) ;
Four-part songs for church choii-s and
schools, 1st and 2d book (Leipsic, Koll-
mann). — FiHis ; Mendel.
GRUNEWALD, KARL HE IN RICH,
singer and composer, lived in the first part
of the 18th century, died at Darmstadt in
1739. He was singing in the Hamburg ' Drechsler on the vio
brothers on the violin and in harmony. In
1815 he was violinist in the orchestra of the
united theatres of Presburg and Baden, and
in 181G of a Vienna theatre. In 1830 he be-
came second director of the Kiirntnerthor
Theater, and in 1831 member of the im-
perial chapel. Works : Der Nachtwilchter,
opera, Vienna, 1835 ; Der Liebhaber als
Contrebande, do., ib., 1838; 2 masses;
Graduale and offertory ; Duos, trios, and
quartets for violin ; Vocal quartets ; Songs.
— AVurzbach ; Mendel ; Schilling ; Fetis.
GRUTZMACHER, FRIEDRICH (WIL-
HELM LUDWIG),
born in Dessau, March
1, 1832, still living,
1889. Violoncellist, pu-
pil of his father, of
Theatre in 1703 ; was court singer in Ber-
lin about 1708 ; later he became Viceka-
pellmeister in Darmstadt. He is said to
have composed several operas, of which,
however, only one is still known : Germani-
cus, oder die gerettete Unschuld, given suc-
cessfully in Hamburg, 170G. — Gerber ;
Mendel ; Schilling.
GRliNFELD, ALFRED, born in Prague,
July 4, 1852, still liv-
ing, 1889. Pianist,
pupil of Julius Theo-
dore Hiiger, and at
the Conservatorium
of Krejfi, then in
Berlin at Kullak's
Academy; in 1837 he
settled in Vienna,
where he at once
made for himself a
prominent position as a concert player, and
whence he has undertaken successful con-
cert tours abroad, especially in 1883 to St.
Petersburg and IMoscow. As a composer
he is known by songs and pianoforte music.
— Mus. Wochenblatt, siv. 343.
GRUTSCH, FRANZ SERAPH, born in
Vienna, Oct. 24, 1800, died there, April 5,
18G7. Violinist, pupil of the Blumenthal
loncello, and of F.
Schneider in theory.
He went to Leijjsic in
1848, attracted the at-
tention of David, and in 1849 became first
violoncellist of the Gewandhaus orchestra,
and teaclier in the Conservatorium. In
ISfiO ho was appointed chamber virtuoso in
Dresden ; he has made many concert tours
and formed many distinguished pujiils.
Works : Concertos for violoncello and or-
chestra ; Variations, for do. ; IMusic and ex-
ercises for violoncello ; Chamber and or-
chestral music ; Pianoforte pieces ; Songs.
He has published also many editions of
standard works. His brother, Leojjold
Griitzmacher (born at Dessau, Sept. 4,
1835), is a violoncellist virtuoso at Weimar,
and a composer for his instrument. — IMen-
del ; Grove ; Riemann, 34G ; Fetis, Supple-
ment, i. 427 ; Mus. Wochenblatt, i. 599.
GUAITOLI, FRANCESCO MARIA, born
at Carpi in 15G3, died there, Jan. 3, 1G28.
Church composer, canon and maestro di
capi^ella of the cathedral of his native place,
also of the confraternity of San Rocco from
1G02. Works: Salmi per vespri a 5 voci
(Venice, 1G04) ; Libro primo di madrigali
(ib., IGOO) ; Canzonette a tre e quattro voci
201
-^
GUAMI
(ib., IGOC) ; Psalmi ad tertiam quinis Toci-
bus, etc. (ib., 1618) ; Messe e Motetti .a otto
voci, 1st auj 2d book (ib., 1G18).— Fctis ;
Mendel.
GUAm, GIUSEPPE, bom in Lucca,
about 1.540, died in 1626. Organist of the
ro_yal chapel at Municli in 1.57.5, second or-
ganist of S. Marco, Venice, in 1.588, and or-
ganist to the cathedi-al of Lucca in 1591.
He was celebrated also as a violinist.
Works : JIadrigals and motets ; Church
music, found in the collections of the time.
— Fctis, iv. 127 ; Supplement, i. 427 ; Bur-
ney, Hist. Music, iii. 545 ; Mendel, iv.
428 ; do., Ergiinz., 187.
GUAEANY, Hj, Italian opera seria in four
acts, text by Sealvini, music by Carlos Go-
mez, first represented at La Scala, Milan,
March 19, 1870. Spanish adventurers sur-
round with suares a noble Portuguese,
whose daughter and treasures they intend
to carry off. An Indian chief of the tribe
of the Guarany, protects the family and tri-
umphs over the iilibustcrs. The work,
which was interpreted by Mme Marie Sass,
Maurel, and Villani, was fairly successful.
It was given soon after in Rome, and at
Covent Garden, London, July 13, 1872.
GUAZZONI, FEDERIGO, born near
IMilan in the 18th century, died in Rome in
1787. He studied music in Naples ; was
maestro di cappclla in several small Ital-
ian cities, and finally in Rome in 1770. Of
his masses, otYertories, litanies, etc., some
are still in use in Italy. His operas are for-
gotten.— ^Mendel ; Schilling, Supplement,
176.
GUDRUN, opera, in three acts, text and
music by Felix Driiseke, first given in Han-
over, Nov. 5, 1884. Great success. Pub-
lished by Kistner (Leipsic, 1884). Same ti-
tle, by Amand Mangold, Darmstadt, 1851 ;
August Reissmann, Leipsic, 1871 ; August
Klughardt, Neustrelitz, 1882, Leipsic, 1884.
GUl^DRON, PIERRE, born in Paris,
about 1565, died (?). He was a singer in
the King's music from 1590 and succeeded
Claude Lejeune as composer to the king. ,
Under Louis XHI. he was superintendent of
church music and wrote many of the court
ballets. He was also a favorite composer
of chansons for one voice, which began to
take the jslace of those for three, four, or
more voices, in the reign of Henri IV. — Fc-
tis ; Larousse ; Mendel.
GUEIT, MARIUS, born in Paris, about
1810, still living, 1889 (?). Blind organist
and composer, whose improvisations on the
organ were remarkable ; was also a finished
violoncellist, pupil of Benazet. Organist of
the Church of Saint-Paterne, Orleans, 1831-
1840, of Saint-Denis au Marais, Paris, 1841.
Works : L'indicateur de I'organiste, 60
jjieces for anthems, Kyrie, Gloria, etc. ; 12
pieces for the organ ; 3 oifertories for do.,
op. 25 ; Fantaisies, divertissement, romances,
serenades, etc., for organ and harmonium ;
Motets for several voices, and organ ; Can-
ticles ; Method for the organ. — Fetis ; Men-
del.
GUENEE, LUC, born at Cadiz, Aug. 19,
1781, died in Paris, in 1847. Dramatic com-
poser, pupil at the Paris Conservatoire under
Gavinies and Rode, and later of Mazas and
Reicha. He entered in 1829 the orchestra of
the Opera, of which he was a member twentj--
five years. He was also chef d'orchestre
at the Palais Royal Theatre. Works— Op-
eras : La chambre a coucher, Paris, Opera-
Comique, 1813 ; La comtesse de Troun,
ib., 1816 ; Une visite a la campagne, Gym-
nase Dramatique ; Concerto for violin and
orchestra ; Trios for 2 violins and bass, op.
5 ; Three duos concertants for violins, op.
1 ; Thi-ee do., op. 2 ; Six caprices for violin,
with bass ; Thi-ee quartets for strings, oj).
4. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GUltlNIN, MARIE ALEXANDRE, born
at Maubeuge (Nord), Feb. 20, 1744, died in
Paris in 1819. Violinist, pupil of Capron
on the violin and of Gossec in composition.
He played a concerto of his own at the Con-
certs Spirituels in 1775 ; was intendant of the
Prince de Conde's music in 1777 ; member
of the royal chapel in 1778, and solo violin
at the Oi^cra iu 1780-1800. In 1810-14 he
202
GUERCIA
was second violin to Charles IV. of Sj)ain.
Works : U sj'inplionies ; G string quartets ;
18 violin duets ; G sonatas for two violins ;
3 sonatas for j^ianoforte and violin ; 3 vio-
loncello duets. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Eiemauu ;
Wasielewski, Die Violine, 251.
GUEKCIA, ALFONSO, born in Naples,
Nov. 13, 1831, still living, 1889. Composer,
professor of singing at the Naples Conserva-
torio. His opera, Rita, was represented in
Naples, Dec. 11, 1875. He is the author also
of many songs, and of a theoretical work,
L' Arte del canto italiano. — Fetis, Supple-
ment, i. 428 ; Mendel, ErgUuz., 137.
GUEEIN, EjSIJMANUEL, born in Ver-
sailles in 1779, died (?). Yioloucellist, pupil
at the Paris Conservatoire of Levasseur. He
was a member of the orchestra at the Thea-
tre Feydeau in 1799-1824. Works : Sona-
tas, duets, and variations for the violoncello.
■ — Fetis ; Eiemann.
GUERRA, GUERRA. See Norma.
GUERRERO (Guerreiro), FRANCISCO,
born at Beja, Portugal, in 1528, died at
Seville, Jan. 15, 1600. Church composer,
jiupil of his elder brother, Pedro, a pro-
fessor of music, and later of Morales. In
1546 he became maestro de capilla of the
Cathedral of Jaen, and in 1550 a singer in
the Cathedral of Seville, where he was asso-
ciated with and tiually succeeded Fernandez
as maestro. In 1588 he undertook a jour-
ney to Jerusalem, passing through Italy,
wliere he left with Zarlino his compositions
for revision. Some of his earlier composi-
tions had been already published in Paris,
Louvain, and Rome, which would seem to
imply that he had previously visited those
cities. His works are known throughout
Spain, in every cathedral towu, but are ex-
tremely rare in the rest of Europe. His
most important works were published im-
der the title. Liber primus Missarum, F.
Guerrero, Hispalensis Odei phonasco au-
thore (Paris, 1566) ; this contains 4 masses
in 5 parts and 5 in 4 parts, and some mo-
tets in 5, 6, and 8 parts. This work and a
collection of Magnificats, printed at Lou-
vain in 1563, are now in the Vienna library.
Eslava's Lira sacro-hispana has the Passion
according to St. Matthew, for 4 voices, for
Palm Sunday, and that according to St.
John, 5 voices, for Good Friday ; also 3
motets for 5 voices and a 4-j)art mass. Si-
mile est reguum ccelorum. His Psalmo-
rum quat. voc, etc., Missarum defunctorum
(Rome, 1559), and Primo lib. di salmi (ib.,
1584), are in the same work. Besides these,
II secoudo libro di messe (Rome, 1584), and
Libro di motetti a quattro, etc. (Venice),
are given in Fetis' list. — Fetis, iv. 136 ;
Supplement, i. 429 ; Mendel.
GUEST, GEORGE, born at Bury St. Ed-
mund's, England, in 1771, died at Wisbeach,
Cambridgeshire, Sept. 10, 1831. Organist,
son and pupil of Ralph Guest ; chorister in
the Chapel Royal under Dr. Nares and Dr.
Ayrton, organist at Eye, Suffolk, in 1787-
89, then at Wisbeach until his decease.
Works : Anthems ; Hymns ; Glees ; Duets ;
Organ music ; Military baud music. — Grove ;
Fetis ; Mendel.
GUEST, RALPH, born at Basely, Shrop-
shire, England, in 1742, died at Bury St.
Ednunid's, June, 1830. Organist, member
of the Portland Chapel choir, London, 1763 ;
pupil in organ playing at Bury St. Ednuuid's
of Ford, organist of St. James's Church ;
choir-master and organist of St. Mary's,
Bury St. Edmund's, in 1805-22. He pub-
lished " The Psalms of David," a collection
of old psalm tunes with about sixty new
ones, and a supplement, "Hymns and
Psalms," with music composed and adapt-
ed by himself. He was author of many
popular songs. — Grove ; Fetis ; Mendel.
GUGL, IMATTHAUS, lived in the first
part of the 18th century. Organist of the
cathedral in Salzburg, composed music of
great popularity at the time, and wrote an
instruction book. — Mendel ; Schilling ; Fetis.
GUGLIELMI, PIETEO, born at Massa-
Carrara, Italy, May, 1727, died in Rome,
Nov. 19, 1804. Dramatic composer, son
and pupil of an accomplished musician who
was maestro di cappella to the Duke of
203
GUGLIELMI
Modena ; pupil at tlie Conservatorio of San
Loreto, Naples, of Durante. On leaviug
the Conservatorio, be made a tour through
Italy and brought out -his first ojJera in
Turin, in 1755. From that time the prin-
cipal cities of Italy disi^uted the privi-
lege of producing his operas, of which he
wrote nearly two buudi'ed. In 1762 be
■went to Venice, soon after to Dresden and
Brunswick, and in 1772 to London, where
he was not very successful, as Piccinni
w'as then the reigning favourite. When he
returned to Naples after an absence of
fifteen years, be found that Cimarosa and
Paisiello bad taken his place iu pojjular
favour ; but, notwithstanding the efforts
made by their followers, be eventually di-
vided the favours of the Neapolitan public
with them. The three subsequently formed
themselves into a mutual protective society
to keep out intruders, and agreed upon a
common jjrice of sis hundred ducats for
each opera that the}' should produce. Gu-
glielmi finally gave up dramatic composi-
tion, and in 1793 accepted the position of
maestro at the Vatican, and composed
church music. Most of his operas are for-
gotten, but those that remain arc wortliy of
a place in the history of music. Some of his
opere buffs are stiU played in Italy. Prin-
cipal works : I viaggiatori ridicoli (1772) ;
La serva iunaniorata (1778) ; La bella pesca-
trice (1779) ; I fi-atelli Papjja IMosca (Milan,
1783) ; La pastorella nobile (1783) ; La Di-
done (Venice, 1785) ; Enea e Lavinia (Na-
ples, 1785) ; I due gemelU (Rome, 1787).
His church compositions are mostly ora-
torios. La morte d' Abele ; Betulia liberata ;
La distruzione di Gerusalenime ; Debora
e Sisera, considered his masterpiece by
Zingarelli, written for the Vatican iu 1794 ;
Le lagrime di San Pietro ; besides masses,
motets, etc. — Fetis ; Grove ; Mendel ; Eie-
mann ; Schilling ; Hogartli, Hist, of Miis.
Drama, 160 ; Burnej', Hist, of Music, iv.
493.
GUGLIELMI, PIETRO CARLO, born
in Naples in 1763, died iu Massa-Carrara,
! Feb. 28, 1817. Dramatic composer, son of
Pietro Guglielmi ; pupil at the Conserva-
torio of Loreto, Naples. He produced his
first opera in Naples when only twenty
years old. After visiting several Italian
cities as a composer, and London in 1810,
he became maestro di cappella to the arch-
duchess Beatrice of Massa-Carrara. Works
— Operas : Asteria e Teseo, Naples, about
1783 ; La fiera, ib., about 1785 ; II nau-
fragio fortunato, ib., about 1787 ; L' equivo-
co degli sposi, ib., about 1789 ; La serva
I bizzarra, ib., about 1790 ; L' erede di Bel
j Prato, about 1799 ; L' isola di Calipso,
Milan, 1813 ; La persuasione corretta, Na-
ples, about 1814 ; Ernesto e Palmira, Italy,
about 1814 ; La moglie giudice del marito,
Naples, about 1815 ; Romeo e Giulietta,
about 1816. — Fotis ; Mendel.
GUHR, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH
FLORIAN, born at Militsch, Prussian Sile-
sia, April 17, 1791, died (?). Pupil of bis
father ; was in the orchestra of the Count
von Maltzahn in his native town in 1807-10 ;
then continued his studies at the seminary
in Breslau. On bis return he assisted his
father as cantor, and later succeeded him
iu that position. He composed some songs,
and wrote an elementary book on music.
' —Fetis ; Mendel.
GUHR, KARL FRIEDRICH WIL-
HELM, born at Militsch, Prussian Silesia,
Oct. 30, 1787, died in Frankfort-on-the-
Main, July 22, 1848. Pianist and violinist,
son and pupil of Karl Christoph Guhr, and
pupil of Faust, Jauitschek, Berner, Wolfl,
Schnabel, and Vogler. At fourteen he had
I been a member of Count von Maltzalin's
' orchestra in Militsch, and after finishing
his studies he joined it again in 1804. In
1807 he became chamber musician in Wiirz-
burg, soon after musical du'cctor of the
Nuremberg theatre, and in 1813 of Wies-
baden. He went to Cassel as Hofkapell-
' meister, and in 1821 as director of music at
; Frankfort-on-the-Main. Works — Operas :
Feodora, Die Vestalin, Cassel, 1814 ; Deo-
data, ib., 1815 ; KOnig Siegmar, ib., 1819 ;
204
GUICHARD
Aladdin, oder die Wunderlampe, Frankfort,
1830 ; A mass ; A symphony ; Pianoforte
rondo for four hands ; Sonata for jjiauo-
forte ; Violin concerto ; etc. He wrote also :
" Paganini's Kunst die Violine zu spieleu "
(Mainz, 1831).— Gollmick, Carl Guhr, Nek-
rolog. (Frankfort-on-the-Main, 18i8) ; Men-
del ; Fetis ; Riehl, Mus. Charakterkupfe,
iii. 189 ; Dubourg, The Violin, 2i5.
GUICHARD, Abbe FRANgOIS, born
at Mans, France, Aug. 26, IHB, died in
Paris, Feb. 2i, 1807. He was counter-
tenor and later sous-maitre at Notre Dame,
Paris. During the Revolution he taught
the guitar and published music for that in-
strument. He published Essais de Psalmo-
die, containing Magnificats (1783). His
chansons were popular. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GUIDO ET GINEVRA, ou la peste de
Florence (The Plague of Florence), ojiera
in five acts, text by Scribe, music by Halevy,
represented at the Academic Royale de Mn-
sique, Paris, March 9, 1838. The libretto
is founded on an ejjisode in Delecluze's
"Histoire de Florence." Ginevra, daughter
of Cosmo de' Medici, falls in a swoon during
the celebration of her marriage with the
Duke of Ferrara. Believed to be a victim
of the plague then prevailing, she is en-
tombed, but, as in Romeo and Juliet,
awakes and escapes from the vault. Re-
pulsed everywhere in the terrified and al-
most deserted city, she is received into the
house of Guido, a young sculjDtor who had
long loved her. Cosmo de' Medici at last
finds his daughter and consents to her mar-
riage with Guido. Although the work con-
tains many musical gems, its lugubrious
plot interfered with its success. It was
revived, however, in four acts, Oct. 23,
1810.
GIHGNON, JEAN PIERRE, born in
Turin, Feb. 10, 1702, died in Versailles,
Jan. 30, 1775. Violinist, the last " Roi des
Violons et des Menetriers." At first a vio-
loncellist in Paris, he relinquished that in-
strument for the violin, on which he is said
to have rivalled Leclair. He entered the
king's service in 1733, was appointed teach-
er to the dauphin, and in 1741 had revived
in his favor the extinct title of Roi des vio-
ons ; but his at-
tempt to levy taxes
ou other musicians
led to an acrimoni-
lous dispute and to
the revocation of his
powers in 1750,
though he did not
resign the title until
1773. He was an
excellent orchestra
leader, and published several books of Con-
certos, Sonatas, Duos, etc. — Fetis; Grove;
Fayolle, Hist, du Violon ; Dubourg, The
Violin, 189.
GUILLAUiAIE DE MACHAU (de Bla-
chaut, Guillermusde Mascaudio, Guiglielmo
di Francia), born at Machau, Champagne,
about 1284, died after 1370. He was in
the service of Jeanne de Navarre, wife of
Philippe le Bel, and in 1307-14 was valet
to that king. After that he was clerk to
Jean de Luxembourg, King of Bohemia,
where he lived thirty years, returning to
France after the death of his master at
Crecy in 1346. He then entered the ser-
vice of the Duchess of Normandy, was sec-
retary to the Duke Jean le Bon, afterwards
King of France, and served his successor
Charles V. in the same capacity. His com-
positions consist of motets, ballads, ron-
deaux, and a mass said to have been used
at the coronation of Charles V., preserved
in the MS. collections in the National Li-
brary, Paris. His masses and motets were
long used as models. One of his poems gives
a curious account of the musical instru-
ments in use at that time. — Fetis ; La-
rousse ; Mendel.
GUILLAU.AIE TELL, lyrical drama in
three acts, text by Sedaine, music by Gretry,
first represented at the Italiens, Paris, Ai^ril
9, 1791. The subject, which had previously
been treated musically by Lemiere, was be-
j'oud the composer's range. The opera was
205
GITILLAUME
reinstrumented bj- Berton and Eifaut in
1828.
GUILLAUME TELL, grand opera, in
tliree acts, text by litienne Join-, Hippolyte
Bis, and Ai-mand Mai-ast, music by Rossini,
Duprez. as Arnold.
first represented at the Aeademie Royale de
Musique, Paris, Aug. 3, 1829. Tlic compos-
er's thirty-seventh and last oijera, and his
masterpiece. The libretto, derived from
Schiller's drama, " Wilhelm Tell " (1804), was
written originally in five acts by Jouy, but,
proving unsatisfactorj', was largely rewritten
by Bis, and lastly worked over by Marast,
to whom belongs the conspiracy scene, the
best in the opera. In 1831 the third act
was omitted and the fourth and fifth acts
were condensed into one, and the opera is
now jjlayed everywhere in its three-act
form ; but in 1856 it was performed entire
in Paris, and lasted from seven until one
o'clock. An English version, entitled Hofer,
the Tell of the Tyrol, text by Planche, mu-
sic arranged by Bishop, was given in Lon-
don, at Drury Lane, May 1, 1830 ; it was
given also as Guillaume Tell, at the same
house, Dec. 3, 1838 ; and an Italian version,
Guglielmo Tell, was produced at Her Maj-
esty's, July 11, 1839. The scene is laid
in Switzerland in the thirteenth century.
Original cast in Paris, 1829 :
Arnold INI. Adolphe Nourrit.
Walter M. Levasseur.
TeU M. Dabadie.
Ruodi M. A. Dupont.
Rodolphe M. Massol.
Gessler M. Prevost.
Leuthold M. Prcvot.
Jemmy Mme Dabadie.
Mathilde Mme Cinti-Damoreau.
Hedwige Mile Mori.
Each of these roles has since been filled by
famous singers, among whom Gilbert Du-
prez (born in 1806), has been among the
most noted. His novel and stirring reading
of the part of Arnold contributed greatly to
the success of the oisera on its revival in
1837 at the Opera. The plot is briefly as
follows : One of the followers of Gessler,
Austrian bailiff in Kiissnacht, having at-
tempted an outrage upon the daughter of
the herdsman Leuthold, is slain by the fa-
ther, who flies for refuge to Tell and is pro-
tected by him. Tliis excites the rage of
Gessler, and Mclclital, the father of Arnold,
is accused of inciting people to insurrection
and put to death. Ai'nold, enamoured of Ma-
thilde, Gessler's daughter, has long vacillated
between love and duty, but now renounces
his love and devotes himself to avenging
his father's death. He joins Tell in the
mountains, where the second act closes
with the grand conspiracy scene, the secret
banding together of the cantons under the
leadership of Tell, who promises to lead
them to victory or death. In the third act
Gessler, to discover who is and who is not
loyal, commands everybody to do homage
to his hat, which he places upon a pole in
the public square at Altorf. Tell refus-
ing, he is ordered to shoot an apple from his
son's head. When about to retire after ac-
S06
GUILLON
oomplisliiiig this feat, Gessler demands of
him why he had concealed another arrow
under his cloak. Tell defiantly answers
that it was intended for him in case be had
slain his son. On this he is thrown into
l^rison. Mathilde, outraged by her father's
cruel acts, deserts him and joins the pa-
triots with the purpose of procuring Tell's
rescue ; but she is anticipated by Arnold.
Gessler is slain, Tell returns in triumph to
his family, and Arnold and Mathilde are
united. The overture is Kossini's master-
piece in this form. Among the noteworthy
numbers in the opera are, in the first act,
the quartet between Tell, Hedwige, Jemmy,
and a fisherman, " Accours dans ma nacelle,"
and the recitative of Arnold, " Le mien,
dit-il." In the second act are the romance
by Mathilde, "Sombre forct," the passion-
ate duet between Mathilde and Arnold,
" Oui, vous I'arrachez :\ mon Ame," the trio,
" Tu nV-tais pas seul en ees lieux," and the
fine chorus at the gathering of the Cantons.
The third act contains the air of Tell, in the
famous scene of the shooting of the apple,
" Sois immobile," and a passionate aria by-
Arnold, "Asile hereditaire." — Clement and
Larousse, 331 ; Hanslick, Moderne Oper,
118 ; Upton, Standard Operas, 202.
GUILLON, ALBERT, born at Meaux
(Seine-et-Marne), France, in 1801, died in
Venice, Ajiril, 1854. Dramatic composer ;
made his first musical studies at the Cathedral
of Paris, then at the Conservatoire pupil of
Fctis and of Berton ; won the prix de Rome
in 1825 with his cantata Ariaue a Naxos,
and lived several years in Rome, whence he
sent some sacred compositions to the lu-
stitut de France. He then went to Venice,
and in 1830 wrote for the Teatro della Fen-
ice his opera Maria di Brabante, which was
well received. Patronized by a noble family,
who intrusted him with the administration
of their estates, he abandoned music, and
devoted himself to agriculture. — Fetis.
GXJILLOU, JOSEPH, born in Paris in
1786, died at St. Petersburg, Sejitember,
1853. Virtuoso on the flute, pupil at the
Conservatoire of Devieune and of Wunder-
lich ; won the second prize in 1798, and the
first in 1808, but had to wait until 1815 be-
fore obtaining a position as second flute
in the orchestra of the Opera, and in the
royal chapel. In 181G he became professor
at the Conservatoire, and in 1830 started
on a concert tour through Belgium, Ger-
many, Sweden, etc., and settled at St.
Petersburg. Works : 2 concertos for flute
and orchestra ; Concertino ; Themes vai-ius
for do. ; Themes for flute and quartet ;
Duos, fantaisies, etc. — Fetis ; Mendel.
GUILMANT, FELIX ALEXANDRE,
born at Boulogne, France, March 12, 1837,
still living, 1889. Organist, son and pupil
of the organist of the Church of Saint-
Nicolas, Boulogne ; pupil of Gustave Ca-
rulli, and later (1860) of Lemmens. In
1857 he became organist of the church of
S.aint-Joseph, Boulogne, and maitre de cha-
pelle of Saint-Nicolas, and soon after pro-
fessor of solfege in the Ecole Communale.
He was also director and organizer of the
Boulogne Societo Orpheonique and a mem-
ber of the Societe Philharmonique. In 1871
he removed to Paris, where he became or-
ganist of the Church of La Trinite, a posi-
tion which he still occupies. He has made
concert tours in England, Italy, and Russia.
Guilmant is one of the best organists of
modern times, and is unexcelled for bril-
liancy of execution. Works : i masses with
orchesti'a or organ ; Motets for 4 voices,
with do. ; 12 motets for 1-4 voices, with or-
gan ; Echos du mois de Marie, canticles ;
Quam dilecta (83d psalm), for soli and
chorus, with organ, op. 8 ; Sonatas for or-
gan ; Symphony for do., and orchestra ;
Many other pieces for organ ; L'organiste
pratique. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 435 ; Men-
del, Ergiinz., 138 ; Riemann.
GUIMET, EMILE, born in Lyons, France,
in 1836, still living, 1889. Pianist, pupil of
Debillemont, Lindau, and Luigini. The son
of a wealth}- chemical manufacturer, he has
given much attention as an amateur to music.
He has been at the head of the great musical
S07
GUIRAUD
societies of Lj-ons, and is a member of the
Academy. Works : L'cBuf blanc et I'oeuf
rouge, ballet, Lyons, Grand Tlu'utre, 1867 ;
Le feu du ciel, oratorio, Loudon, 1872,
Paris, 1873. He published a collection of
melodies and pianoforte pieces (1859), be-
sides several orpheonic choruses. — Fetis,
Supplument, i. 435.
GUIRAUD, ERNEST, born, of French
parents, in New Orleans, Louisiana, June 23,
1837, still living, 1889. Dramatic composer,
son and pupil of Jean Baptiste Guiraud, who
won in 1827 the grand prix de Rome. He
visited Paris at the age of twelve and on his
return to New Orleans brought out an oi^era
Le roi David. Soon after he went again to
Paris, and studied, at the Conservatoire, the
pianoforte under Marmontel (2d prize,
1857 ; 1st prize, 1858), harmony under
Barbereau, and composition under Hak'vj' ;
grand prix de Rome, 1859, for his cantata,
Bajazet et le joueur defiilte. Was in Rome
18G0-G3, served during the war of 1870-71,
and when it was ended played at the Concerts
Populaires, bringing out at one of them in
1872 a suite for orchestra which secured
him a recognized position among the leaders
of the French school of composers. Ap-
pointed professor of harmony and accom-
paniment at the Conservatoire in 187G.
Works — Operas : Sylvie, Paris, Oi)rra Co-
mique, 18G4 ; En prison, Tlu'atrc Lyrique,
18G9 ; Le Kobold, Opura Comique," 1870 ;
Madame Turlupin, Thuiitre de I'Athunee,
1872 ; Gretna-Green, ballet, Opera, 1873 ;
Piccolino, Opera Comique, 1876 ; La galante
aveuture, ib., 1882 ; Gli avveuturieri, opera
buffa ; Messe solennelle ; Concert overture,
etc. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 437 ; Riemann.
GULISTAN, OU LE HULLA DE SA]M-
ARCANDE, opera- comique in three acts,
text by La Chabeaussiere, music bj' Dalaj'-
rac, first represented at the Opera Comique,
Paris, Sept. 20, 1805. The subject is from
the "Arabian Nights."
GULNARE, OU L'ESCLAVE PER-
SANE, opera-comique in one act, text by
Marsollier, music by Dalayrac, first repre-
j sented at the Opera Comique, Paris, Jan. 9,
1798. Same title, German opera by Siiss-
mayer, represented in Vienna in 1800. Ital-
I ian ojieras by Libani, Rome, 1869, and Flor-
ence, 1870, and by Guarneri, Genoa, 1877.
GUMBEET, FERDINAND, born in Ber-
lin, April 21, 1818, still
living, 1889. Dramatic
composer ; studied first
the violin, then sing-
ing under Fischer and
composition under Clii-
pius. Destined to be
a bookseller, he pre-
ferred the stage, and
secured a theatrical en-
gagement at Sonders-
hausen in 1839, and another as baritone
in Cologne in 1840-42. Then, taking
Kreutzer's advice, he settled in his native
city as a teacher and composer. His songs
are very popular. Works — Operettas : Die
scliiine Schusterin, given in Berlin, 1844 ;
Die Kunst geliebt zu werden, 1850 ; Der
kleine Ziegenhirt, 1854 ; Bis der Rechte
kommt, 185G ; Karolina, and others ; More
than 400 songs. He has published also
German translations of songs, and of Offen-
bach's and other French ojjeras ; articles for
musical journals, and the book, Musik, Ge-
lesenes und Gesammeltes (Berlin, 1860).
— Mendel ; Riemann ; Fetis, iv. 161 ; Sup-
jilement, i. 438.
GUMPELTZH AIMER, ADA:\r, born at
Trostberg, Bava-
ria, in 1559, died
in Augsburg,
1625. Church
composer, pupil
in Augsburg of
the monk Jodo-
cus Euzm idler ;
in 1575 he en-
tered the service
of the Duke of
Wurtemberg ; in 1581 he became cantor
in Augsburg. His church music is of a
high order. Works : Erster Theil des Lust-
GUNG'L
giirtleins teutscli imtl lateiuischer Lieder
von 3 Stimmeu (AuL;sbiirg', 1591) ; Zwei-
ter Theil (ib., IGll) ; Erster des Wiirtzgilrt-
leius J:-stimmiger geistliclier Lieder (ib.,
1594) ; Zweiter Theil, do. (ib., 1G19) ; Psal-
mus 1. octo vocum (ib., 1G04) ; Partitio sa-
croruin conceutuum, etc. (ib., 1G14) ; Pars
ii., do. (ib., 1G19) ; Zebu geistliche Lieder
mit 4 stimmen ; Fiiuf do. ; Newe teutsche
geistliche Lieder (ib., 1591-92); Motets.
He also rearranged and edited the famous
Coiupeiidium musica; of Heiurich Faber,
vinder the title, Coiupeudiuiu musica; pro
illius artis tirouibus, etc. (Augsburg, 1591-
1G75, 12 editions). — Allgem. d. Biogr., x.
119 ; Futis ; Mendel ; lliemanu ; Ambros,
iii. 559 ; Mouatshefte filr Musikgeschichte
(1870), 27 ; (1872), 51, 122 ; Wiuterfeld, Der
evaiig. Kirchengesang, i. 498.
GUNG'L, JOSEPH, born at Zsambek,
Hungary, Dec. 1,
1810, died at Wei-
mar, Jan. 31, 1889.
Bandmaster, jj u -
pil of Semaun. He
entered the Aus-
trian army as an
oboist, and sooji
became band-
master. With his
baud gave concerts
in the German cit-
ies until 1843, when he collected an orches-
tra of his own in Berlin. In 1849 he took
this orchestra to the United States, but was
not very successful. He was ai^pointed
royal Prussian musical director in 1850,
Kapellmeister to an Austrian infantry regi-
ment in 1858 ; settled in Munich in 1864,
and moved to Frankfort-on-the-Main in
1876. W'ith his orchestra he has visited
almost all the larger cities of Europe, and
played chiefly light music of his own com-
position. His dances have been almost as
popular as those of Strauss. Works : Hun-
garian march, op. 1, and other marches and
dances, numbering altogether more than
300 pieces. His nephew, Johanu Gung'l
(born, 1828, died in 1883), was also a fa-
vourite composer of dance music, gave con-
certs in Berlin, 1843-45, and St. Peters-
burg, 1845-54, and retired to Fiinfkirchen,
Hungary, in 1862. — Mendel ; Fetis ; Eie-
maun, 351.
GURLITT, COENELIUS, born at Al-
tona in 1820, still living there, 1889. Dra-
matic composer, jDupil of Eeinecke the el-
der ; professor at the Conservatoriiim, Ham-
burg ; was appointed royal music director
in 1874. Works : Scheik Hassan, oijcra ;
Die rOmische Mauer, operetta ; Rafael San-
zio, do. ; Quartet for strings ; 3 sonatas
for violin ; Sonata for violoncello ; 2 sona-
tinas for do. ; Sonatas for pianoforte ; In-
structive pieces for do.; Songs and duets.
— Riemann ; Mendel.
GURRLICH, JOSEPH AUGUSTIN, born
at MCuisterberg, Silesia, in 17G1, died in
Berlin, June 27, 1817. He studied the-
ology in the Jesuit Latin school in Breslau.
In 1784 he became organist at the Hed-
wigskirche, Berlin, in 1790 entered the
court orchestra there, in 1811 was ap-
pointed assistant conductor of the ojiera,
and in 181G court Kapellmeister. Works
— Operas : Das Incognito, Berlin, 1797 ;
Der Opernschneider, ib., 1801 ; Hans Max
Giesbrecht von Humpenburg, ib., 1815 ;
Alfred der Grosse (unfinished). Ballets :
Das Opfer vor der Bildsilule des Amor, Ver-
tumnus und Pomona, 1804 ; Die Einschif-
fung nach Cythera, Die Schwesteru als Ne-
beubuhlerinuen, Der Dorfschulmeister, Die
Verwandlungeu aus Liebe, 1805 ; Der un-
terbrochene Dorfjahrmarkt, 1806 ; Echo
und Narcissus, 1813 ; Lucas und Laui'ette,
1815 ; Die Ruckkehr des Mars, 1815 ; Die
deutschen Frauen, Alexander und Campas-
pe, Der Maler, 1817 ; Music to Goethe's
Die Lauue des VerUeben ; do. to several
dramas ; L' Obedienza di Giouata, oratorio ;
4 cantatas ; Pianoforte music and songs.
— Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
GUST AVE HI., ou le bal masque (The
Masked Ball), opera in five acts, text by
Scribe, music by Auber, first represented
GUTE
at tlie Academie Koyale tie IMusique, Paris,
Feb. 27, 1833. The' libretto deals with the
story of Gustavus III. of Sweden, who was
shot at a masked ball iu 1792, by Ankar-
stroiu, the iustrumeut of a couspiracj' of uo-
bles ; but Scribe has taken liberties with
history by making the kiug the victim of
au outraged husband. The scene of the
masked ball iu the last act is magnificent,
and is often rej)resented singly. The galojs
from Gustave is famous.
GUTE NACHT, DU "U'ELTGETUiM-
]MEL, bass aria in G minor, with accompa-
niment of strings complete, and coutinuo,
in Johann Sebastian Bach's cantata for
Dom. xvi post Trinit., " Wer weiss, wic
nahe mir meiu Ende " (Bachgesellsehaft,
No. 27) ; 2)ublished separately, with addi-
tional accompaniments by Robert Franz, by
F. Whistling, Leipsic, 18G0.
GYPSY BARON,THE. See Zigeunerbaron.
GYPSY'S WARNING, THE, English ro-
mantic opera iu three acts, text by Lindley
and Peake, music by Julius Benedict, first
represented at Drury Lane, London, April
19, 1838. It was performed many times iu
Germany. " Rage, rage, thou angry storm,"
and " Blest be the home," were frequently
sung in concerts.
GYROWETZ, ADALBERT, born at Bud-
weis, Bohemia, Feb. 19, 17G3, died in Vi-
enna, March 19, 1850. Dramatic composer,
j)upil of his father, a choirmaster. He be-
gan the study of law at Prague University,
but poverty compelled him to accep)t the
post of secretary to Count von Fiinfkirchen.
He went to Vienna, where Mozart intro-
duced his compositions to the public ; he
then visited Italy and studied two years
under Sala in Naples. In 1789 he travelled
in France, and proved himself the comijoser
of symphonies that had been performed as
Haydn's ; but the troubles of the Revolu-
tion soon drove him to London, where he
was well received by the Prince of Wales
and others, and found liberal publishers.
He was engaged to write an opera, but the
opera-house and the score of Semiramide
were burned. In 1793 he returned to Vi-
enna after an absence of seven years. Un-
derstanding six languages, he acted as sec-
retary of legation in several German cities,
and in 1S0J;-31 was KaiJellmeister of the
court theatre in Vienna, from which he re-
tired on a slender pension. His fertility
was remarkable, and his compositions were
very popidar iu their time, though they are
now forgotten. His style is often an imita-
tion of Haydn's. W^orks — Operas : Selico,
1801 ; Ar/nex Sorel, ISOO ; Der Augenai'zt,
1811 ; Die Priifung, 1813, approved by
Beethoven; Helene, 1816 ; Felix und Adele,
1831 ; Ida, die Biissende ; Emerike ; Semi-
ramide ; U finto Stanislao ; Federiea e Adol-
fo ; Mirina, melodrama. Opei'ettas : Der
betrogene Betriiger; Der dreizehute Man-
tel ; Der blinde Harfuer ; Der Sammtrock ;
Wiuterquartier in Amerika ; Gemahl von
Ungefiihr ; Das zugemauerte Fenster ; Die
Junggesellenwirthschaft ; Das Stilndehen ;
Aladin ; Die Pagen dea Herzogs von Ven-
dome. Forty ballets ; Cantatas, choruses,
and songs ; 19 masses ; GO symphonies ; 21:
trios ; 41 quai'tets ; 3 quintets ; 12 sere-
nades ; 3G i^ianoforte sonatas ; 12 nocturnes ;
Overtures, dances, marches, and other mu-
sic.— Biogi'aphie des Adalbert Gyrowetz (Vi-
enna, 1818) ; Wurzbach, vi. 62 ; Allgem. d.
Biogr., X. 247 ; Riehl, ]\Ius. CharakterkOpfe,
i. 211 ; Mendel ; Fetis ; Grove.
HAACK, FRIEDRICH, born iu Pots-
dam in 17G0, died (?). Violinist,
brother of Karl Haack ; at an early
age he joined the orchestra of the Prince of
Prussia as violinist, but studied the piano-
forte and the organ, and composition imder
Fasch. He became organist at Stargard,
Pomerania, in 1779, and later music direc-
tor and organist in Stettin, where he con-
ducted amateur concerts from 1793. He
composed the opera. Die Geisterinsel, an
oratorio, S}-mf)honies, pianoforte concerto
and trios, and a violin concerto. — Mendel ;
Fetis : Schilling.
210
HAACK
HAACK, IvARL, born in Potsdam, Feb.
18, 1757, died there, Sept. 28, 1819. Vio-
linist, pupil of Franz Benda. He entered
the orchestra of the Prince of Prussia and
was Conzerlmeister before 1782 ; on the ac-
cession of Friedrich Wilhelm II. he became
royal chamber musician and in 1796 Con-
zertmeister. He was pensioned about 1811.
He was also a good pianist. Works : G vioHn
concertos ; 3 sonatas for pianoforte ; Cham-
ber music, songs, etc. — Mendel ; Schilling ;
Fc'tis ; Gerber(1790), i. 567 ; (1812), ii. 453.
HAAS, Pater ILDEPHONS, born at Of-
fenburg, April 23, 1735, died May 30, 1791.
Singer and violinist, pupil of Wolbrecht ;
entered the Benedictine Monastery of Et-
tenheimmiinster in 1751, and became a jjriest
in 1759. He then studied composition, and
the violin, on which he had already been
much advanced by Wenzel Stamitz. Cor-
resp)ondence with Kaiser, Vogler, and Port-
mann, and the study of Mattheson's and
Marpurg's works, but especially Fax's
Gradus ad Parnassum completed his musi-
cal education. He was librarian of his con-
vent, and his exertions in studying mathe-
matics hastened his end. He com2DOsed
masses, vespers, and other church music.
— Schilling ; Mendel ; Gerber.
HABENECK, FRANgOIS ANTOINE,
born at Mt'zi-
eres, June 1,
1781, died in
Paris, Feb. 8,
1849. Violinist,
son of a Ger-
man musician in
a French mili-
t a r y band;
Ijlayed in pub-
lic at the age of ten. He studied at the
Paris Conservatoire under Baillot, won the
first violin prize in 1801, and developed
a talent for conducting in the Conservatoire
concerts in 1806-15. He became first vio-
linist of the Opera in 1818, director in 1821-
24, conductor of the orchestra in 1824-46.
He received the cross of the Legion of
Honour in 1822, and after the Revolution of
July, 1830, became first violinist to the king.
From 1828 he conducted for twenty years
the new Societe des Concerts du Conserva-
toire, and was the first to introduce Bee-
thoven's symphonies into I'rance. Works :
Several numbers for the opera of Aladin,
given in 1822 ; Le page inconstant, ballet,
1823 ; Compositions for violin and piano-
forte or orchestra ; Church music ; Songs,
etc. — Fetis, Wasielewski, Die Violine und
ihre Meister, 372-375 ; Hart, The Violin,
304 ; Dubourg, The Violin, 209.
HABERBIER, ERNST, born in Konigs-
berg, Oct. 5, 1813, died at Bergen, Norway,
March 12, 1869. In 1832 he went to St.
Petersburg ; where he became court pianist
in 1847 ; gave concerts in London in 1850 ;
then retired for six months to Cliristiania,
Norwaj', and elaborated a system of finger-
ing rapid pianoforte jjassages by alter-
nately using both hands. This system, which
bears his name, was not, however, of his
inventing, as J. S. Bach and others had ap-
2)lied it long before him. He plaj'ed in
concerts at Paris in 1852 ; later visited
Germany, Russia, and Denmark, and set-
tled as teacher in Bergen in 18GG. Com-
posed numerous brilliant pieces for piano-
forte.— Fetis, iv. 173 ; do., Supplement, i.
440 ; Mendel, iv. 467.
HABERMANN, FRANZ JOHANN, born
at KOuigswarth, Bohemia, in 170G, died at
Eger, April 7, 1783. He studied music in
Italy ; then travelled in Spain and France ; in
Paris entered the service of Prince de Condc
in 1731 ; later was made maestro di cajspella
to the ducal court of Florence. He com-
posed an opera for Maria Theresa's corona-
tion in Prague, had many pujails, and con-
ducted music in two churches there ; and
in 1773 went to Eger as music director of
a church. Published 12 masses (Prague,
1746) and 6 litanies (ib., 1747), and left in
manuscript the oratorios Conversio pecca-
toris and Deodatus, symphonies, sonatas,
and many works of church music. — Mendel ;
Fetis : Wurzbach ; Schilling.
IIABERT
HABEItT, JOHANN EVANDER, horn
at Oberplan, Boliemia, Oct. 18, 1833, still
living, 1889. After being a school-teaclier
for nine years, he was appointed, in 18(51,
organist at Gmunden, Upper Austria. He
has composed masses, other church music,
and some pianoforte pieces and songs.
—Mendel.
HACKEL, ANTON, bom in Vienna, April
17, 1799, died there, July 1. 1846. Amateur
vocal composer, pupil of Franz Freystildter
and Emanuel Alois Forster ; was a govern-
ment official in the department of build-
ings, but found time to produce many com-
positions, chiefly songs, and church and
military music. His ballad, Die nilchtliche
Heerschau, was very j)opular. — Wurzbach ;
Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
HACKENSOELLNER, LEOPOLD, Aus-
trian pianist and composer, contemporaiy.
He settled in Florence, where he is director
of the Philharmonic Society ; has composed
several French operettas, produced in Flor-
ence, of which Le do obtained considerable
success ; also a comic opera. La villa du
spirite. — Fotis, Supph'meut, i. 440.
HACKER, BENEDICT, born at Metten,
near Deggendorf, Nether Bavaria, May 30,
17C0, died (?). Composer, pu2iil of ^Michael
Haydn and Leopold Mozart ; was violinist in
a convent choir, and from 1780 to 1802 a
clerk in book-shops at Salzburg ; then set
wTp for himself there as a dealer in music.
He wrote a comic opera, List gegen List, for
male voices, 7 masses, a Requiem, and other
church music, and songs. — Fetis ■ Mendel ;
Schilling.
HADRI.YN. See Adriaxo in Siria.
HADRLYNIUS. See Adrim.-^eu.
HAENEL DE CRONENTHALL, LOU-
ISE AUGUSTA MARIE JULIA, Marquise
d'Hericourt de Valincourt, born iu Saxony
in 1839, still living, 1889. Compose!", pu-
pil successively of Tariot, Frauchomme,
Stamaty, Prevost, and Demersseman. She
has iiublished nearly 100 works, sympho-
nies, sonatas, quartets for strings, varso-
viennes for orchestra, songs, etc. She tran-
scribes Chinese national airs and songs,
for which she gained a medal at the Ex-
position, and one from the Chinese Com-
mission ; one of these pieces, La descente
de I'hiroudelle, is taken from the collection
of popular songs by Confucius. La chan-
son du the is by a Chinese emperor of the
18th century. — Fotis, Suj^plement, i. 440 ;
Mendel, Ergiinz., 140.
HAFFNER, JOHANN CHRISTIAN
FRIEDRICH, born at Obersclii.nau, near
Suhl, March 2, 1759, died at Upsal, Sweden,
May 28, 1833. Organist, pupil of Vierling
at Schmalkalden, and from 1776 student at
Leipsic University, where he suj^ported
himself by proof-reading for Breitkopf &
Hiirtel. After travelling with opera com-
panies as music director, he became in 1780
organist of the German church in Stock-
holm and accompanist at the opera there,
receiving in 1787 the title and in 1793 the
office of court Kapellmeister; removed to
Upsal iu 1808, and was made organist of
the cathedral and musical director of the
university in 1820. He wrote three operas,
Elektra, Alcides, and Rinaldo, in the style
of Gluck ; Swedish songs, organ, and other
music. — Fetis ; Schilling ; Mendel ; Rie-
manu.
H.iFFNER SYMPHONIE, a name some-
times given to Mozart's Symphony in D
(KOchcl, No. 385), to distinguish it from
his 13 others in the same key. It was com-
posed in 1782, for the wedding of a daugh-
ter of the HafTners, one of the wealthy mer-
chant families of Germany, and was first
l^erformed at her marriage in Salzburg, in
the same year.
HAGEMAN, HERMAN, bom at Neer-
bosch, Holland, in 1812, still Uviug, 1889.
Organist, piupil of Courbois ; was for twenty-
five j'ears organist of his native town. He
went in 1859 to Nymwegcn, and was or-
ganist in 1864 at Grave. He has published
a treatise on plain-chauut and a collection of
plain-chauut pieces harmonized with organ
accompaniment. — Fetis, Supplement, i. 442 ;
Mendel.
S12
IIAGEMAN
HAGEMAN, MAURITS LEONAED,
born at Zutpheii, Holland, Sept. 25, 1829,
still living, 1889. Pianist and. violinist,
pupil of yioot and Vrugtman, and at the
Eoyal School of Music at The Hague of
Liibeck, Van der Does, Tommassiui, and
Baeteus ; finally, at the Brussels Conserva-
toire, of de Bt'riot. He entered the orches-
tra of the Italian Opera at Brussels as first
violinist, became musical dii-ector and organ-
ist at Grouingen, and in 1SG5 director of
the Maatschappij van Toonkunst at Batavia.
Ten years later he returned to Holland,
lived for a year in Brussels, and settled at
Leeuwardeu, where he assumed the direc-
tion of a great music scliool and a singing
society. He has composed a few cantatas,
j)ianoforte music, and songs. — Eiemann ;
Viotta.
HAGER, JOHANNES, born in Vienna,
Feb. 24, 1822, still living there, 1889. Real
name, Johana von Hassliuger-Hassiugen ;
lie is an aulic councillor in the Minis-
try of Foreign Affairs. Dramatic composer,
pupil of A. J. Becker, Fischhof, J. Hauser,
Moritz Hauf)tmann, and Mendelssolin ; has
published also a series of excellent works
of chamber music. Works : Jolantha, opera,
given in Vienna, 1819 ; Marfa, do., ib.,
1886 (composed iu 18G1) ; Johannes der
Tiiufer, oratorio ; Symjihony ; Mass ; Con-
certo for violoncello ; Sextet for strings ;
Quartets, trios, etc. ; Songs and ballads.
— Riemann.
HAGIUS, JOHANN, German composer
of the last half of the IGth century. He
was a preacher in Eger and an able musi-
cian. He had the original idea of setting
the sayings of celebrated men to music and
publishing them under the title of Symbola.
The Emperor Maximilian XL, Luther, and
Melanchthou were among the celebrities
thus symbolized. — AUgem. d. Biogr., x.
351 ; Fetis ; Gerber.
HAGHJS, KONRAD, born at Rinteln,
Schaumburg-Hesse, in 1559, died (?). He
lived iu Poland iu his youth, and afterwards
became chamber musician to the Count of
Holsteiu-Schaumburg. Of his numerous
compositions the best known are some
Magnificats for 1-6 voices (Dilliugeu, 1606),
and German songs for 2-8 voices (Lauiugen,
1614) ; besides, he has written intrades, gal-
liardes, courantes, etc., for instruments, and
fantasias, and fugues. — Gerber (1790), i.
578 ; (1812), ii. 480 ; Ft'tis ; Schilling ;
Mendel.
HAGUE, CHARLES, born at Tadcaster,
England, in 1769, died at Cambridge, June
18, 1821. Composer, pujjil at Cambridge
of Manini on the violin, Hellendaal, senior,
in thorough-bass and composition, and
studied also under Salomon and Dr. Cook.
He settled in Cambridge, where he became
Mus. Bac. iu 1794 ; professor of music in
the university in 1799, and Mus. Doc. in
1801. His anthem, "By the Waters of
Babylon," published in score, and an ode
(1811) were great favourites. He arranged
Haydn's 12 symphonies as quintets, and
jniblished two collections of glees. — Grove ;
Fctis ; Mendel.
HAHN, BERNHARD, born at Leubus,
Silesia, Dec. 17, 1780, died in Breslau in
1852. Pupil of his father in singing and
violin ; was cLoir-boy in Breslau, then
played the violin in the private quartet of
Count Matuschka in Pitschen, where FOrs-
ter instructed him further. He was influ-
enced by Tiirk in Halle in 1804, then re-
turned to Breslau, where he sang in the
cathedral and taught singing in the Catholic
gymnasium in 1815, and later succeeded
Schnabel as Kapellmeister of the cathedral.
He wrote songs, church music, and vocal
instruction books. — Mendel ; Fetis ; Schil-
ling ; Eiemann.
H.AHN, GEORG JOACHBI JOSEPH,
German comjjoser of the 18tli century. He
was senator and music director at Miinner-
stildt, Francouia, and wrote masses, psalms,
arias, pianoforte pieces, and works on
theory.— Mendel ; Schilling ; Gerber (1790),
i. 579 ; (1812), ii. 482 ; Fetis.
HAHN, THEODOR, born at Dobers,
Silesia, Sept. 3, 1809, died in Berlin in
213
HAllNEL
1865. Organist, pupil of Klein at Schmiede-
berg, of Rink and Gottfried Weber in
Darmstadt, and of B. Klein and Zelter in
Bei-lin. He went to Paris in 1838, and re-
ceived advice from Bordogni and Lablacbe ;
then visited Italy and Austria, and on re-
turning to Berlin became organist of St.
Peter's and in 1840 singing teacher and
Repetitor of the royal opera school. Works :
Cantatas, motets, psalms, songs, and organ
music. — Mendel ; Fctis ; Viotta.
H.IHNEL, JACOB. See Gallus.
HAIBEL (Haibl), JACOB, born in Gratz
in 17G1, died in Deakovar iu 182G. After
j)laying in the provinces, he became tenor
singer and actor at Schikaneder's theatre
in Vienna from 1789, and there composed
about ten light operettas. In 1804 he be-
came church Kapellmeister to the Bishop
of Bosnia iu Deakovar. The most po2:)ular
of his operettas were : Der Tj-roler Wastel,
Der Landsturm (sequel), Das medieiuischc
Collegium, Papagei uud Gaus, Der Ein-
zug in das Friedens-Quartier, Tschiug !
Tschiug !. He wrote also the music to sev-
eral ballets. — Allgem. d. Biogr., x. 379 ;
Wurzbaeh ; Mendel ; Fetis.
HAIGH, THOMAS, born in London
about 17G9, died there, April, 1808. Pian-
ist and violinist, studied composition iu
1791-92 under Haydn, some of whose sym-
phonies he arranged. In 1793 he removed
to Manchester, and returned to London in
1801. Works : 12 sonatas for pianoforte
and violin ; Sonatas for pianoforte, four
hands ; do., for pianoforte and flute ; 3 ca-
priccios, op. 38 ; 3 serenatas, op. 40 ; 12
preludes ; Songs, glees, etc. — Fetis ; Grove.
HAIL COLUMBIA, a popular American
song, music from the President's March by
Feyles, words by Judge Joseph Hopkinson,
written in 1798 for an actor, Fox, and first
sung by him in a theatre in Philadelphia in
that year. It became at once a national
song. Hail Columbia, a Fest-Ouvertiire hj
Karl Hahnstock, op. 5, written for the Phil-
harmonic Society of New York, published
by Schuberth (Leii^sic and New York).
HAIL! GENTLE SLEEP. See Furi-
lan!< Daughter.
HAINE, IvARL, born in Augsburg, Jan.
2, 1830, stm living, 1889. The son of an
opera singer, he played the pianoforte in
public at the age of eight, made concert tours
with his father, and when sixteen years old
was music director of a travelling company
in Westphalia, and in 1847 entered the
theatre orchestra of Mainz. After vLsiting
Hanau and Worms, he taught iu Bocholt in
1849-51 ; was theatrical music director in
Aurich and Emden ; became organist of the
cathedral iu Worms iu 1852 and of the sj'u-
agogue there iu 18G8, founding an orches-
tral society in 1872. He wrote an opera,
Der Graf von Burgund, an operetta, and
jiianoforte and vocal music. — Mendel.
H.UNL, GEORGES FRANCOIS, born
at Issoire, France, Nov. 19, 1807, died iu
Paris, June 2, 1873. Violoncellist, studied
at the Paris Conservatoire vmder Norblin,
and gained the first violoncello prize in 1830.
He was conductor of the orchestra at the
Grand Theatre of Lyons from 1840 ; went
to Paris in 18G3 as conductor of the Acado-
mie de Musique, and was conductor of the
Societo des Concerts da Conservatoire in
1SG4-73. Works : Fantasias for violon-
cello, one on Guillaume Tell. He jJublished
a book entitled "De la musique a Lyon"
(1852). — Fetis ; Larousse.
H.iKART (Hacquart), CAROLO, born at
Bruges (or at Huy ?) about 1G40, died in
Holland, 1730. Viola di gamba j^layer ;
seems to have lived at The Hague about
1G8G in the service of the Prince of Orange.
— Works : Cantiouessacne(lG74) ; Harmonia
parnassia (1G8G) ; Motetti (1700) ; Prpeludia
(170G) ; 10 sonatas for 2 viole di gamba
and bass (1700) ; lilusic to Dirk Buysero's
comedy De triomfeerende Min (1G80). — Vi-
otta.
HAKENBERGER (Hackenberger), AN-
DRE.\S, church composer of the 17th cen-
tury. In lGlO-28 he was Kaj^ellmeister in
the Marienkirche of Dantzic. Possibly a pu-
pil of his ijredecessor Johannes Wanningus,
214
HAKING
he was a worthy representative of the tend-
eucy jirevailing at the end of the IGth cen-
tury, and ranks among the best masters of
his time. — Works : Newe teutsche Gesaenge
mit 5 Stimmen, etc. (Dantzic, 1610) ; Odaria
suavissima, etc. (Leipsic, 1G12) ; Harmonia
sacra, sen G motetti C-12 voc. (Frankfort,
1617) ; Motets for 6-12 voices (Leipsic,
1612-19) ; Sacri modulorum concentus, for
8 voices (Stettin, 1G15, Frankfort, 161G,
Wittenberg, 1619) ; Od;c sacnc Christo in-
fantulo, etc. (Leipsic, 1619). — Allgem. d.
Biogr., X. 397 ; Fctis.
HAKING, Rev. KICHARD, born in Eng-
land in 1830, still living, 1889. He took
holy orders in 1861, became rector of Eas-
tou Grey, Malmesbury, in 1873, and of Cong-
ham, Norfolk, in 1882. In 18G4 he was
made ]\Ius. Doc, Oxford. Works : Canta-
tas ; 2 lyrical legends ; Orchestral pieces ;
Solos for violin, violoncello, flute, etc. ; An-
thems ; Part-songs.
HAKON JAEL, cantata for solos and
male chorus, with orchestra, text by Hein-
rich Carsten, music by Carl Reinecke, op.
142, lirst performed in 1877. Published
by Breitkopf <fc Hiirtel (Leipsic, 1877). The
subject is from Ohleuschlilger's tragedy of
"Hakon Jarl." He has used the same
theme for a sjanphonic poem in C minor,
first jierformed at the Gewandhaus, Leipsic,
Feb. 23, 1880. I. Allegro, Hakon Jarl ; H.
Andante, Thora ; HI. Intermezzo, Allegretto
moderato, in Odin's Grove ; IV. Olaf's Vic-
tory (1880). Frederik Smetana also wrote
a symphonic poem on this subject. — Upton,
Standard Symphonies, 30-t.
HALJ^VY, (JACQUES FRANgOIS) FRO-
MENTAL (ELIE), born in Paris, May 27,
1799, died at Nice, March 17, 1862. The
family name was Levy, but was changed by
Fromental's father in compliance with a
proposal made in 1807 by the French gov-
ernment, in concert with a decree of the
Sanhedrim convoked at Paris, to all Jews
in France to modify their surnames, to
avoid the confusion in the government reg-
isters arising from many families having
the same name. He entered Cazot's solfege
class at the Conservatoire in 1809 ; iu 1810
he began to study
the pianoforte un-
der Charles Lam-
bert, and in 1811
harmony under Ber-
ton. He then stud-
ied counterpoint for
five years under
Cherubini. He took
the Prix de Rome in
181G with his canta-
ta, Herminie, and set out for Rome the year
after. While in Italy he worked hard at an
opera and other music. On his return to
Paris, after many disappointments, he suc-
ceeded in having L'artisan brought out at
the Theatre Feydeau in 1827, but with de-
servedly little success ; yet, for several years
he continued to produce operas, which
showed a steady advance iu his art. His
reputation with musicians was sufKeient to
induce the management of the 023era Co-
mique to entrust to him the completion of
Herold's unfinished opera, Ludovic, and this
work was brought out with great success
in 1834. But Halevy's first definite triumph
was in 1835, with La Juive, with which his
second manner began. Six months later
he won fresh laurels with L'eclair. His
reputation was now most brilliant, yet it
was not until 1838 that he produced Guido
et Giuevra, a work which, though full of
beauties of a high order, failed to catch the
popular taste. Les treize (1839) and Le
drapier (184:0) had no better luck, but La
reine de Chyjire, Opera, 1841, again placed
him upon the pinnacle of success, although
the work, as a whole, was hardly up to the
level of his two master-woi'ks, La juive and
L'eclair. It has been susjjected that the
resounding success of Mej'erbeer's Les Hu-
guenots, in 1836, overstimulated his ambi-
tion, and led him to attempt tasks not con-
genial to his cast of genius ; but it is more
probable that he often worked on subjects
which diel not iusjjire him. As it is, there
215
lIALfiVY
are few of bis operas wbicb do not con-
tain beauties of a very bigb order, and
be bas always been ratber undervalued by
tbe Freneb pubUc. Meyerbeer's reputation
reacbed its beigbt just in time to tbrow
Halcvy's into tbe sbade at tbe very turning-
point of tbe latter's career. He bad far
greater deptb of sentiment tbau bis more
successful rival, and was more prone to be
true to a bigb ideal ; but be bad not so acute
a perception of wbat would be effective witb
tbe public, and was not always careful to
make bis style perfectly clear. Tbe suc-
cess of La Juive j'rocuretl bim tbe succes-
sion to Iteicba at tbe Inslitut, in 183G. ,
In 1816 be bad already begun to teacb sol-
iCge at tbe Conservatoire, and was made
professor of barmony in 1827, being 23ro-
moted to tbe professorsbip of counterpoint
iu 1833, and to tbat of composition in 1840.
Gounod, Victor Masse, Bazin, Henri Duver-
uoy, Bizet, and many otbers of note were
among bis pupils. In 1827 be was accom-
panying pianist at tbe Tbeatre Italien, and
in 1829 be became cbef du cbant at tbe
O^jera. He was cbosen jjermanent secre-
tary of tbe Academic des Beaux-Arts in
1854. He died of consumption at Nice,
but was buried iu Paris, Marcb 24, 18G2.
AVorks : I. Operas : Les bobemiennes, never
performed ; Pygmalion, do. ; Les deux pa-
vilions, do. ; L'artisan, Paris, Opera Co-
mi(jue, Jan. 1827 ; Le roi et le batelier (iu
collaboration witb Ilifaut), ib., Nov. 3, 1828 ;
Clari, Tbeatre Italien, Dec. 9, 1828 ; Le di-
lettante d'Avignon, Ojsera Comique, Nov. 7,
1829 ; Atteudre et courir (in collaboration
witb H. de Ruoltz), ib.. May 29, 1830 ; La
lungue musicale, ib., Dec. 11, 1830 ; Yella,
never performed ; La tentation, ballet-opera
(iu collaboration witb Gide), Paris, Opera,
June 20, 1832 ; Les souvenirs de Lafleur,
Opera Comique, ]\Iarcb 4, 1833 ; Ludouic
(begun by HOrold), ib., May 10, 1833 ; La
Juice, Opera, Feb. 23, 1835 ; JJeclair, Ope-
ra Comique, Dec. 30, 1835 ; Guido et Gi-
nevra, ou la peste de Florence, Ojsera, Marcb
!), 1838 ; Les treize. Opera Comique, Ajsril
15, 1839 ; Le sberif, ib., Sept. 2, 1839 ; Le
drapier, Opera, Jan. 0, 1840 ; Le r/uilarrero,
Opera Comique, Jan. 21, 1841 ; La reine de
Cbypre, Opera, Dec. 22, 1841 ; Charles VL,
ib., Marcb 15, 1843 ; Le lazzaroue, ou le
bien vient en dormant, ib., Marcb 29, 1844 ;
Les mousquetaires de la reine. Opera Co-
mique, Feb. 3, 184G ; Les premiers pas (in
collaboration witb Adam, Auber, and Cara-
fa). Opera National, Nov. 15, 1847 ; Le Val
d'Andorre, Opera Comique, Nov. 11, 1848 ;
La fee aux roses, ib., Oct. 1, 1849 ; La tem-
pesta, London, Her Majesty's Tbeatre, Jime
8, 1850 ; La dame de pique, Paris, Opera
Comique, Dec. 28, 1850 ; Le Juif errant,
Opera, April 23, 1852 ; Le Nabab, Opera
Comique, Sept. 1, 1853 ; Ju<juarUa I'lndi-
enne, Tbeatre Lyrique, May 14, 1855 ;
L'inconsolable (given under tbe pseudonym
Alberti, but attributed to HalOvy), ib., June
13, 1855 ; Valentine d'Aubiguy, Opera Co-
mique, April 2G, 185G ; La magicienne, Oi)e-
ra, Blarcb 17, 1858 ; Valentine d'Oruano,
unfiuisbed ; Noo, ou le Deluge, unfinisbed.
n. Cantatas, Ballets, etc.: Les derniers mo-
ments du Tasse, cantata (2d prize, Conser-
vatoire, 1816) ; La mort d' Adonis, cantata
(2d grand prix, Conservatoire, 1817) ; Her-
minie, cantata (prix de Rome, 1819) ; De
profundis for 3 voices and orcbestra, to a
Hebrew text, for tbe deatb of tbe due de
Berry, given at tbe synagogue in tbe rue
Saint-Avoye, Paris, Marcb 24, 1820 ; Mauon
Lescaut, ballet. Opera, May 3, 1830 ; Over-
ture and incidental music to Prometbee
encbaine (translated from JSscbylus by bis
brotber, Leon Hak'vj-), Tbeatre Franjais,
Marcb 18, 1849 ; Italic, cantata. Opera Co-
mique, June
. 7, 1849 ; Les
plages du Nil,
cantata ; Sev-
eral cboruses for male
,'oices. HI. Pianoforte
music, etc. : Sonata for
four bauds ; Rondo, or capriccio, and otber
fugitive pieces ; Many songs and duets.
— Leon Halevy, F. Halevy, sa vie, ses ojuvres
■~— "^ 11111
216
HALL
(Paris, Paul Dupont, 1862 ; 2d ed., enlarged,
with portrait and autograph, Paris, Heugel,
18G3) ; Edouard Monuais, F. Halcvy, etc.
(Paris, Chaix, 1863); Arthur Pougiu, F.
Halovy, ]5crivain (Paris, Claudiii, 18G5).
HALL, HENRY, boru at Windsor, Eng-
land, about 1655, died March 30, 1707.
Organist, said to have studied under Dr'.
Blow ; became organist of Exeter Cathedral
in 1074, and later organist and vicar-choral
of Hereford Cathedral. Works : Te Deum
in E-flat ; Benedicite in C minor ; Cantata
Domino and Deus Misereatur in B-Hat ;
Five anthems ; Songs and duets. His son
Henry was also organist and vicar-choral of
Hereford Cathedral, and his sou William
was a member of the king's band. — Grove.
HALLE, CHARLES (Karl HaUe), boru at
Hagen, Westjjhalia,
April, 11, 1819, stiU
living, 1889. Pianist,
studied with Rink in
Darmstadt in 1835.
He went in 1840 to
Paris, where he as-
sociated with Cheru-
bini, Chopin, and
Liszt. In 1848 he
went to London,
wiiere he first appeared at the orchestral con-
certs at Covent Garden, May 12, 1848, and at
the Philharmonic, March 15, 1852. Li 1857
he began his orchestral subscription con-
certs at Manchester, and in 1861 his annual
series of recitals, in which lie performed
all Beethoven's sonatas in eight matinees.
He has written a limited number of com-
positions, and a method for the pianoforte.
— Fetis ; Mendel.
HALLELUJAH CHORUS, the closing
chorus in the second part of Handel's ora-
torio of The Messiah. When the oratorio
was first given at Covent Garden Theatre,
March 23, 1743, the whole audience, includ-
ing King George H., arose and remained
standing until its conclusion — a custom
still observed. Other Hallelujahs by Han-
del are in Judas Maccabasus, Athalia, the
Occasional Oratorio, and the Coronation
Anthems. — Sckt-lcher, Handel, 253 ; Rock-
stro, 239.
HALLEN, ANDERS, born at Goteu-
burg, Sweden, Deo. 22, 1846, still living,
1889. Dramatic composer, pupil of Rei-
necke at Leipsic (1866-68), of Rheinberger
in Munich (1869), and of Rietz in Dresden
(1870-71). In 1872-78, and again from
1883, conductor of the concerts of the mu-
sical union at Gotenburg ; in the mean-
while he lived mostly in Berlin. Works :
Harald der Viking, opera, given at Leipsic,
1881, and Stockholm, 1883 ; 2 Swedish
rhapsodies, op. 17 and 23 ; Vom Pagen
und der Konigstochtei', Balladencyclus for
chorus, solo, and orchestra ; TraumkOnig
und sein Lieb, do. ; Das Ahrenfeld, for fe-
male chorus, with pianoforte ; Viueta, cho-
ral rhapsody with pianoforte ; Romance for
violin, with orchestra ; German and Swed-
ish songs. — Riemann.
HALLSTROM, IVAR, born in Stock-
holm, 1826, still living, 1889. Dramatic
comiDoser ; studied law and became private
librarian to the Crown Prince, the present
King ; in 1861 he was appointed director
of the school of music, as successor to
Lindblad. Works — Operas : Hertig Mag-
nus, given in Stockholm, 1867 ; The Rape
of the Mountain Maid, ib., 1874 ; Der Berg-
kOuig, ib., 1875, Munich, 1876 ; The Vik-
ings, Stockholm, 1877 ; Nyaga, 1885 ; The
Flowers, idyl for solos, chorus, and orches-
tra (prize, Stockholm, 1860). — Riemann.
HALM, ANTON, born at Altenmarkt,
Styria, June 4, 1789, died in Vienna, April
6, 1872. After having served in the Aus-
trian army as lieutenant until 1811, he set-
tled down in Vienna to teaching pianoforte
and composing, and was for many years an
esteemed friend of Beethoven. Works :
Solemn Mass ; 6 Trios for pianoforte and
strings, op. 12, 21, 23, 42, 57, 58 ; 3 Quar-
tets for strings, op. 38-40 ; 3 Sonatas for
pianoforte and violoncello, op. 13, 24, 25 ;
do. for pianoforte solo, op. 15, 43, 51 ; Ron-
deaux brilliants, for do., op. 4, 14, 17, 20, 49 ;
HALTER
Themes varies, for do., op. 33, 37, 4G, 47,
50 ; Grautles Etudes de coucert, op. 59 ;
Etudes melodieuses, op. 60 ; Etudes patlie-
tiques, op. 61 ; Etudes heroiques, op. 62 ;
Souatas, roudos, marclies, etc., for j^iano-
forte (-4 Lands), op. 41, 44, 45, 48, 54, 56 ;
Die KrOuungsfeier M. der Kaiseriu Karoline
Augusta, op. 55. — Fetis ; Gassuer, Univ.
Lex. (Stuttgart, 1849) ; Wurzbach.
HALTEE, WILHELM FERDINAND,
born in the last half of the 18th century,
died at Konigsberg, April 10, 180G. While
secretary of Konigsberg, be was an amateur
musician, and later became organist of the
reformed cliurcli there. His oi^eretta Die
Cantons-Revision, was given at Konigsberg
in 1792, and won him much local fame.
He composed also sonatas (1788), and
songs. — Mendel ; Fetis ; Schilling, iii. 428.
HAMAL, HENRI GUILLAUIME, born at
Liege in 1685, died there, Dec. 3, 1752.
Organist, pupil of Lambert Pietkin. He
became in 1708 maitre de musique at the
jjarochiid church of Saint-Trond, whence he
was called to Liege to be master of the
sous-maitrise of Saint-Lambert. He intro-
duced Italian music into Belgium. "Works :
Motets ; Italian and French cantatas ; Songs
in the Liege patois. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Yi-
otta.
H.\MAL, JEAN NOEL, born at Liege,
Dec. 23, 1709, died there, Nov. 26, 1778.
He studied counterpoint at Rome with Giu-
seppe Amadori, became maitre de chapelle
at Saint-Lambert in 1738,, and again visited
Italy in 1749. He used the f)atois of Liege
in his operas. Works — Oratorios : Jona-
than, Judith. Operas : Li voegge di Cho-
fontaine, written in 1757 ; Li Ligeois egagi,
1757 ; Li Fiess di houte si jjlau, 1758 ; Les
Ypocontes, burlesque opera, 1758. Other
works : In esitu Israel, for two choruses
and two orchestras ; 6 quartets for strings ;
3 symj)honicpieces for four jjarts. — Mendel ;
Fetis ; do.. Supplement, i. 446.
HAMERIK, ASGER, born at Copenha-
gen, Aprd 8, 1843, still living, 1889. Dra-
matic composer, j)upil of Gade, Matthisou-
Hansen, and Haberbier, then in Berlin
(1862) of von Billow on the pianoforte, and in
Paris (1864-68) of Ber-
lioz, whose only pupil
he was, and with whom
he went to Vienna iu
1866-67 ; during the
exhibition in Paris he
was a member of the
musical jury, anil re-
ceived a gold medal
for his Hymne de la
paix. In 1869 he vis-
ited Italy, and in 1871
became director of the Conservatory of the
Peabodj' Institute, and of the Peabody
symphony concerts at Baltimore, where he
has done much toward the improvement
of musical life. Works — Operas : Tovelille,
ojx 12 (1863-65), performed in fragments
in Paris and Copenhagen ; Hjalmar and
Ingeboi-g, op. 18 (1868), do., ib., and Stock-
holm ; La vendetta, op. 20, given iu Jlilan,
1870 ; The Traveller, op. 21 (Vienna, 1871) ;
Suites for orchestra : Nordische Suite, op.
22(1871-72) ; Second do., op. 23 (1872-73) ;
Third do., op. 24 (1873-74) ; Fourth do., op.
25 (1875-76) ; Fifth do., op. 26 (1877-78).
Symphonies : Symphouie poetique, op. 29
(1879-80) ; Symphonie tragique, op. 32
(1882-83) ; Symphouie lyrique, op. 33
(1884-85) ; Symphonic majestueuse, op. 35
(1888). Various works : Jiidaische Trilogie
for orchestra, op. 19 (1866-67) ; Christian
Trilogy, for do., baritone solo, mixed
chorus, and organ, oji. 31 (1881-82) ; Re-
quiem, for alto solo, chorus in 6 parts, and
orchestra, op. 34 (1886-87) ; May-dance,
for female voices, and small orchestra, op.
28 (1879) ; Opera without words, ui 3 parts
for orchesti'a, or pianoforte, op. 30 (1881) ;
Concert romance for violoncello, with or-
chestra, op. 27 (1878) ; Cantatas, chamber
music, and songs.
HAMLET, opera in five acts, text by
Michel Carre and Jules Barbier, after
Shakespeare, music by Ambroise Thomas,
first represented at the Opera, Paris, March
SI8
HAMLET
9, 18G8 ; produced in London in Italian, as ] mard, and the others by Belval, CoHn, Da-
Amleto, at Covent Garden, June 19, 18G9. vid, Grisy, Castelmary, Ponsard, Gaspard,
The success of this work, written next after : and Mermant. The pianoforte score is by
Mignon, and which passed its 200th repre-
sentation at the Opera, Feb. 16, 1883, won
for the composer in 1871 the position of di-
rector of tlie Conservatoire. Among the
prominent numbers are : The duet in tlie
first act between Oijhelie and Hamlet,
"Doute de la lumiere;" the aria of the
Queen, " Dans sou regard plus sombre,"
and the chorus of the comedians, "Princes
sans apanages," in the second act ; the trio
in the third act, with the baritone jjhrase,
"AUez dans un cloitre, Oi^helie," and the
grand scene between Hamlet and his mother
in the same act ; the andante sung by Opho-
lie in the fourth act, with the waltz-rhythm,
" Partagez-vous mes lleurs," the melody of
which is continued by an invisible chorus of
Willis, while Ophelie disappears in the wa-
ters of the blue lake ; and lastlv, the aria of
mi^
V7 ^.rm
{'■W^^-h
Faure as Hamlet.
Hamlet, "Comme une pale fleur," the fu
neral march, and the concluding chorus of
j'ouug girls. The rule of Hamlet was sung
in Paris by Faure, those of Ophelie and of
the Queen by Mile Nilssou and Mme Guey-
Nilsson as Oph&lie.
Vauthrot. Hamlet had been previously set
to music, as Amleto, by Gasparini, Itome,
1705 ; Domenico Scarlatti, ib., 1715 ; G.
Carcano, Venice, 1790 ; Andreozzi, Genoa,
1793 ; Mercadante, Milan, 1822 ; Buzzola.
Venice, 1848 ; L. Moroni, Rome, 1860 ; and
Franco Faccio, text by Boito, Genoa, 1865.
It has also been musically treated in Ger-
many by Abt Vogler, about 1791 (published
at Spires) ; by Mareczek, Briiun, 1810 ; and
by Alexander Stadtfeld, Darmstadt, 1857,
and Weimar, 1882.— Lajarte, ii. 242 ; Am-
bros, Buute Blatter, ii. 53.
HAMLET, overture for orchestra in C
minor, by Niels W. Gade, op. 37, dedicated
to F. L. HiJedt. Andante, Allegro con f uoco,
Marcia funebre. Performed by the Phil-
harmonic Society of New York, in the sea-
son of 1868-69. Published by Breitkopf &
Hiirtel (Leipsic, 1865). Ai-ranged for piauo-
S19
HAMLET
forte by Franz Brissler. Overtures to Ham-
let, for orchestra, have been written also by
Josef Joachim, op. 4, and by George Alex-
ander Macfarren.
HAMLET, symphonic poem for orcliestra,
by Liszt, op. 4, No. 10. "Written in 1859.
Date of first performance unknown.
HAMLET, symphonic poem for orchestra,
by E. A. Macdowell, first performed at
Chickering Hall, New York, Nov. 15, 1887.
HAMM, JOH.\NN VALENTIN, boru at
Winterhausen, Bavaria, May 11, 1811, died
at Wiirzburg, Dec. 21, 1875. Violinist and
pianist, pupil at the FrOhlicli Institute at
Wiirzburg ; entered the theatre orchestra
there, as viola player in 1831, and became
later Conzertmeister and music director.
His opera Die Grilfin Plater, was w'ell re-
ceived at Wiirzburg, 1832. He composed
also symphonies, overtures, quintets, quar-
tets, marches, dances, and part-songs. — Men-
del ; do., Ergiinz., Hi ; Fctis, Sujiplement,
i. 447.
HA:\ni.\, BENJAMIN, born at Fried-
ingen, Wiii'temberg, Oct. 10, 1831, still liv-
ing, 1889. Brother of Fridolin and Franz
Hanuna, pupil at Stuttgart of Lindpaintncr ;
then lived in Paris and Kome. He directed
concert and singing societies in Kimigsberg
until after the war of 1870, then devoted
himself to teaching, and later became di-
rector of the new luusic school in Stuttgart.
He composed the opera, Zarrisco, many
songs and part songs, and pianoforte pieces.
— Mendel ; Ft'tis, Supph'nient, i. 447.
HAMMA, FBANZ, boru at Friedingen,
Wiirtemberg, Oct. 4, 1835, still living, 1889.
Organist and pianist, brother of Fridolin
and Benjamin Hamma. He was organist of
the church of St. Anna and director of the
CilcUienverein in Basel, and later became
organist at Oberstadion, Wiirtemberg. He
has written songs, a vocal method, and organ
music. — Mendel ; Fetis, Supplement, i.
447.
HAlVniA, FRIDOLIN, born at Fried-
ingen, Wiirtemberg, Dec. 1(1, 1818, still liv-
ing, 1889. Organist, brother of Benjamin
and Franz Hamma. Became music director
in Schaffhauseu in 1840, organist of Meer.s-
burg on the Lake of Constance in 1842 ;
took part in revolutions in Italy and Baden ;
lived in Switzerland and Badeu ; taught in
Burgdorf, Geneva, and Stuttgart ; was or-
ganist at Ettliugen, and later teacher in Neu-
stadt on the Haardt. He claimed to have
discovered the original melody of the Mar-
seillaise in a mass by Holtzmann. W'orks :
Operettas ; Ballets ; Songs. — Mendel ; do.,
Ergiinz., 144 ; Fc'tis, Supplement, i. 447.
HAMilEL, STEPHAN, born at Gissig-
heira, Baden, Dec. 21, 1756, died at Veits-
hochheim, Feb. 1, 1S30. Organist, ed-
ucated in the Benedictine monastery of St.
Stephen's at Wiirzburg, he entered the
order, and became pastor at Veitshochheim.
He composed much church and instru-
mental music, of which httle has been pub-
lished.— Schilling ; do.. Supplement, 183 ;
Mendel ; Fetis.
HA:MMER, GEOEG, bom at Herlheim,
Francouia, May 1, 1811, still living, 1889.
Organist, pupil in Wiirzburg at Frohlich's
Institute, where he became assistant in 1830,
and of the seminary church of St. Michael
in 1837. He is the author of church mu-
sic, cantatas, songs, dances, and marches.
— Mendel ; Schilling, Supplement, 184 ;
Fetis.
HA:\IMERSCHinDT, ANDREAS, born
at Briix, Bohe-
mia, 1611, died
at Zittau, Oct.
29, 1675. Or-
ganist, studied
counterpoint at
Schandau, under
the cantor, Ste-
phan Otto ; be-
came organist
at Freiberg in
1635, and at Zit-
tau in 1639. Works : Instrumentaliseher
erster Fleiss (1636) ; Geistliche Concerte
von 2, 3, und 4 Stiramen (1838) ; Geistliche
Concerte von 4, 5, und 6 Stimmeu (Frei-
HAMPE
burg, 1G41) ; Dialogi spirituali, oder Ge-
spriicbe zwiscbeii Gott uud eiuer gUiubigen
Seele, -vou 2 und -i Stimiueii (Dresden, 1G45
aiid 1(J52) ; XVII. Missw s:icr;e, 5 ad 12
usque vocibus et iustruiueutis (Dresden,
1633) ; Paduanen, Gaillarden, Balleteu, etc.
(1st part, Freiberg, 1G18, 2d part, ib.,
1G50) ; Die niusilialiscbe Andachten, geist-
liche Motetteu uud Coucerte, von 5, G, 12
und nielir Stimmen (Freiberg, 1G48) ; Welt-
licbe Oden (Freiberg, IGIO) ; Die niusilca-
liscbe Audacbteu (3d part, Freiberg, 1G52) ;
Cbor-Musiek (Leipsie, 1GG2) ; Die musika-
liscbeu Gesprilcbe iiber die Evangelien, von
4, 5, 6 und 7 Stimmen (Dresden, IGSS) ;
Fast-, Buss- uud Dank-Lieder (Zittau, 1G51)) ;
Kireb- uud Tai'el-Musick (Zittau, 1GG2) ;
Missen vou 5, G, 12, uud uiolir stiiuuiige
(Dresden, IGGl) ; Die Fest uud Zeit Au-
dacbteu, etc. (Dresden, 1G71). — Gerber ;
Mendel ; Fetis ; Scbilling ; Allgem. d.
Biogr., X. 488 ; Winterfeld, Der evaiig. Kir-
cbeugesaug, ii. 219, 381.
HA^MPE, JOHANN SAMUEL, born at
Lucine, Silesia, Nov. 11, 1770, died at Op-
pelu, June 9, 1823. Organist and pianist,
pupil of bis fatlier, tben studied in Breslau.
For six years tutor in a private family, be
obtained a government appointment at
Tarnowitz, and in 179G at Glogau, wbere
bo founded a vocal institute ; from it sprang,
in 1807, a standard concert enterprise, for
wbicb be composed several works, and often
appeared successfully as a pianist. In 1809
be went to Liegnitz, and in 181G as coun-
cillor to Oppelu. He composed tbe opera
Die Kiickkebr (181G), cantatas, and festival
bymus, and instrumental nuisic. — Fetis ;
Mendel.
HAJIPEL, HANS, born in Prague, Oct.
5, 1822, died tbere, Marcb 30, 1881. Pian-
ist, finisbed bis musical studies under Wen-
zel Tomascbek, and wrote a Requiem, and
pianoforte compositions mostly of a melan-
cbolycbaracter, but of decided merit. Among
tbem are : Das Entziicken, op. 8 ; Clavier-
fuge, op. 21 ; Lieb-Anncben ; Fantasiestiick
in vier Bildern, op. 10. — Mendel.
HAMPELN, KAKL VON, born iu Mauu-
beim, Jan. 30, 17G5, died iu Stuttgart, Nov.
23, 1834. Violinist, became Kapellmeister
to Prince von Fiirstenberg in Douauesebin-
gen, and later at tbe court in Hecbingen ;
was court musical director in Stuttgart
from 1811, being pensioned in 1825. A
mjibouie concertante for 4 violins, and
violin concerto were bis only compo-
sitions publislied besides waltzes. — Fctis ;
Scbilling ; Mendel.
HANDEL, GEORGE FRIDERIC (Georg
Friedrieb Hiin-
del), born in
Halle, Feb. 23,
1685, died in
London, April
14, 1759. Tbe
name was va-
riously spelt
by different
brancbes of tbe
family : Hiiudel,
Heudel, Hendeler, Hiindeler, Hendtler ; it
was first spelt Hendel in England, after-
ward Handel ; in Germany tbe great com-
poser is universally known as Handel ; in
Fi-ance, until quite recently, as Hoendel or
Hsendel. Handel's fatber was a surgeon, a
man of no artistic tastes, and wbo, being
sixty-five wben bis son was born, bad sucb
fixed ideas on tbe subject tbat, in spite of
tbe cbild's evident talent for music, be did
everytbing to prevent bis studying it, even
superficially. Handel's boyhood was one
determined struggle against parental au-
tbority in tbis matter, until, on tbe inter-
vention of tbe Duke of Saxe Weissenfels,
be was reluctantly allowed to follow bis
natural bent. In 1G92 be began to study
counterpoint, canon, and fugue under Za-
cbau, and to practise on tbe organ, tbe
barpsicbord, tbe spinet, and tbe oboe. In
1695 be was sent to Berlin, wbere be met
Bononciui and Ariosti, exciting tbe admira-
HANDEL
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HANDEL
tiou of the one, find the dislike, find finally
the jealousy, of the other by his already
wonderful imjirovisatious on the organ and
harpsichord. The Elector wished to send
liim to Italy, and then attach him to his
court ; but nothing came of it, and the boy
was ordered back to Zachau in Halle. On
his father's death he went to Hamburg, en-
tering the orchestra of the German Operji,
then under Keiser's direction, as violino di
ripieno ; but on Keiser's being forced to
hide from his creditors, Handel took the
Birthplace of Handel.
harpsichord, and was soon jjermaneutly en-
gaged as clavecinist and conductor. In
Hamburg began his intimacy with Tele-
maun and Miittheson. His first opera, Al-
mira, was given in January, 1705. In 170G
Handel went to Italy, producing both operas
and sacred works with unvarying success in
Florence, Venice, Rome, and Naples. Here
the works of Alessandro Scarlatti made au
indelible impression upon him ; indeed, of
all the outside influences ever exerted upon
his genius, Scarlatti's was unquestionably
the strongest. In 1709 the post of Kapell-
meister to the Elector of Hanover (txfter-
ward George I., of England) was offered
him by the advice of Steftaui, who then
held it ; Handel accepted, on the condition
of being allowed to visit England, whither
he went in the latter part of 1710. His
Rinaldo, written in a fortnight, was brought
out at the King's Theatre, Haymarket, Feb.
24, 1711, with such success that his reputa-
tion in England was at once secured. At the
expiration of six mouths he was forced to
return to Hanover ; but London attracted
him so, that in January, 1712, he went back
thither, apparently without leave ; for when
his master, the Elector, came to London as
King of England, it took the intervention
of Baron Kilmanseck and the IFater-Music
episode to effect a reconciliation between
His Majesty and his quondam truant Ka-
pellmeister. Handel, however, soon ob-
tained his pardon and an annuity of £200.
In 171G he followed the King to Hanover,
where he brought out his Brockes-Passion.
On his return to London, in 1718, he suc-
ceeded Dr. Pejiusch as chapel-master to the
Duke of Chaudos, which post he hekl three
years, during which time he jjroduced the
Chandos Te Deums and Anthems, the Eng-
lish Acis and Galatea, and his first oratorio,
Esther. He gave lessons also to the daugh-
ters of the Prince of "Wales, for whom he
wrote the first volume of his Suites de
pieces pour le Clavecin, known in England
as The Lessons. In addition, he assumed
the direction of the Italian opera for the
Royal Academy of Music in 1720, engaging
a company of Italian singers, Senesino and
Durastanti among them, and bringing out
Radamisto with great success. From this
production of Radamisto dates the famous
rivalry between Handel and Bononcini.
The latter and Ariosti had been drawn to
London by the Royal Academy, each one
of them had his supporters among the no-
bility, and neither was inclined to acknowl-
edge Handel's supremacy. After Muzio
Scevola, in which each of the three com-
posers was engaged to write an act, as a
conciliatory measure, Ai-iosti was virtually
2S3
HAXDEL
out of the race. But, altbougli Handel's
act was prouounced the finest of tlie thi-ee,
Bouonciui would not succumb, and the
rivali-y continued for several years, Bouou-
Handel's Harpsichord.
cini's popularitj- steadily increasing, wbile
Handel, whose rather haughty beanng did
not conciliate the nobility, kept losing
ground in popular favor, blatters came to
a climax in 1788, when Handel quarrelled
with Senesiuo, who went over to the enemies'
camji ; Bononciui would probably have held
the field alone, had not his foolishly try-
ing to pass off a madrigal by Lotti as his
own given rise to a scandal which forced
him to quit England. The Bononcini party
immediately rallied round Senesino, and
soon a business competition ensued (in lieu
of the old artistic rivalry between Handel
and Bononcini) between Handel and his
company, at Coveut Garden, and a com-
pany at Lincoln's Inn Fields, with Senesino
as chief attraction, and Porpora as composer
and conductor. Neither enterprise thrived ;
the taste for Italian opera was on the wane ;
Senesino left England in 1735, and two
years later Handel became bankrupt ; both
houses were closed. Handel's health was
severely impaired, and an attack of paralysis
sent him to Aix-la-Chapelle. When he re-
turned, in November, 1737, his health was
not much improved, and the few operas he
brought out were failures with the public.
After Deidamia (17tll) he ceased writing
for the stage, and turned his powers almost
exclusively to the oratorio. Saul and Israel
in Egypt were written and given in 1740,
the Messiah in 171:2, Jephtha, his last, in
1752. While writing it, he was attacked
by the disease which ended in his losing
his sight. He was couched three times for
cataract, but unsuccessfully, and remained
' nearly or totally blind until his death.
Still, after a brief period of mental depres-
sion, he kept up his active professional
life, conducting his own oratorios, and even
playing organ concertos in public. During
the last years of his life the violent oppo-
sition to him, on the part of the aristocratic
faction, which had been kept up even after
his retirement from the operatic field by
his persistent refusals to write anything fur
Senesino, sensibly declined. His last public
appearance was at a performance of the
Messiah, on April 6, 1759. He was buried
in the south transept of Westminster Ab-
bey, a monument by Roubiliac being raised
over his tomb in 17G2. Handel's immense
posthumous fame has been due almost en-
tirelj' to his oratorios ; indeed it was long
Oeath-Mask of Handel.
the opinion of critics that, in the oratorios
written between 1740 and 1752, his genius
found its finest and culminating expression.
! But a careful study of his operas, recently
' made easily obtainable through the pub-
! lications of the Handelgesellschaf t, must
224
HANDEL
show that the general snpei-iority of the
oratorios is mainly imaginary, and that the
operas do not suffer in the comparison.
His most popular, if not indisputably his
greatest, work is the Messiah. What most
stands in the way of bringing the greater
part of his vocal works face to face with the
musical public of to-day, as is also the case
with those of his equally great contempo-
rary, Sebastian Bach, is the incomplete
condition in which he left his scores, the
full instrumental accom23animent being rare-
Handel Statue at Halle.
ly written out, and, in many cases, only
sjjaringly indicated by a figured basso con-
tinuo. Several of the oratorios, many of
the oi^era airs, and the chamber-duets have
been supplied with additional accompani-
ments, in a more or less adequate way, by
Mozart, Johaun Adam Hiller, Mosel, Men-
delssohn, Robert Franz, Johannes Brahms,
and others ; but much still remains to be
done in this way, both for Handel and
Bach. (On this subject see Franz, Offener
Brief an Eduard Hanslick, Leipsic, 1871 ;
August Saran, Eobert Franz und das
deutsche Volks- und Kirchenlied, Leip.sie,
Leuckart ; Julius Schilffer, Eobert Franz in
seinen Bearbeituugen iilterer Vocalwerke,
Leipsic, Naumann ; do., Philipp Spitta und
sein Schlusswort in Sachen des Accompa-
gnements, Allg. deutsche Musikzeitg., 187G,
No. 2 ; do., Friedrich Chrysauder in .seinen
Clavierausziigen zur deutscheu Hilndel-
Ausgabe, Leuckart, 1876 ; do., Seb. Bach's
Cantate, " Sie werden aus Saba Alle kom-
men," etc., 3-24, Leuckart, 1877 ; Atlantic
Monthly, xlii., 321 ; Grove, i. 30 ; Fr. Chry-
sander, Jahrbiicher fiir mus. Wissenschaft,
i. 408, ii. 249, passim ; Ph. Spitta, Allg. Mu-
sikztg., 1875, No. 20). The etched portrait
of Handel given in this volume, is from the
frontispiece to the original edition of Alex-
ander's Feast. The death-mask is from an
engraving of the cast of his face, taken after
death by Roubiliac, from which the head of
the statue on his monument in Westminster
Abbey, erected in 1762, was modelled. The
" Commemoration of Handel," with the pro-
file portrait, is a facsimile of the plate at-
tached to the handbook of the commemor-
ation of the centenary of Handel's birthday,
held in W^estminster Abbey, in 1784.
W'orks — Oratorios. I. German : 1st Pas-
siov, Hamburg, 1704 ; 2d Passion, ib., 1716.
H. Italian : La rcsurrezione, Rome, 1708 ; II
trionfo del tempo e del disinganno, ib., 1708.
m. English : Esther, Cannons, 1720 ; De-
borah, London, 1733 ; Athalia, Oxford, 1733 ;
Saul, London, 1739 ; Israel in Egypt, ib.,
1739 ; The llessiah, Dublin, 1742 ; Samson,
London, 1743 ; Joseph, ib., 1744 ; Hercules,
ib., 1745 ; Belshazzar, ib., 1745 ; Occasional,
ib., 1746 ; J^urfas Maccabseus, ib., 1747 ; Alex-
ander Balus, ib., 1748 ; Joshua, ib., 1748 ;
Solomon, ib., 1749 ; Susanna, ib., 1749 ; Hwo-
dora, ib., 1750 ; Jephtha, ib., 1752 ; and The
Triumph of Time and Truth, ib., 1757.
Anthems, Hymns, etc.: Utrecht Te Deum,
London, 1713 ; Utrecht Jubilate, ib., 1713 ;
12 Ghandos Anthems, Cannons, 1718-20 ;
1st Chandos Te Deum, ib., 1718-20; 2d
Chandos Te Deum, ib., 1718-20 ; Short Te
Deum, ib., 1718-20; 4 Coronation Kuihevas,
225
HANDEL
Loudon, 1727 ; 1st Wedding Anthem, ib.,
1731 ; 2d Wedding Anthem, ib, 1736 ;
Queen Caroline's Te Deum, ib, 1737 ;
Funeral Anthem, ib, 1737 ; Dellingen Te
Deum, ib, 174:3 ; Dellingen Anthem, ib,
1713 ; Foundhng Anthem, ib, 1719 ; 3 Eng-
glish Hymns ; Laudate j)ueri in F, Halle ;
Dixit Dominus, Rome ; Nisi Domiuus ; Lau-
date pueri in D, Rome ; Silete veuti, ib. ;
Kyrie ; Gloria ; Magnificat.
Operas. L German : Ahnira, Hamburg,
Handbook-Plate, Commemoration, 1784.
170o ; Nero, ib., 1705 ; Florindo und Daphne,
ib., 1706. n. Italian : Boderigo, Florence,
1707 ; Agrippiiia, Venice, 1708 ; Hinaldo,
London, 1711 ; Pa4or Fido, ib., 1712 ; Te-
■leo, ib., 1713 ; SUIa, 1711, not performed in
public; Amadigi,'London,ni5; Badamhlo,
ib., 1720 : Mnzio Scevola, ib., 1721 ; Flori-
danle, ib, 1721 ; Ottone, ib., 1723 ; F/avio, ib.,
1723 ; .Glulio Cesare, ib., 1721 ; Tamerlano,
ib., 1721; Rodelinda, ib., 1725; Scipione,
ib, 1726 ; Alessandro, ib., 1726 ; Admeto,
ib., 1727 ; Riccardo V, ib., 1727 ; Siroe, ib.,
1728; Tolomeo, ih., 1128 ; Zoiario, ib., 1729,
Parlenope. ib., 1730 ; Poro, ib., 1731 ; Ezlo,
ib., 1732 ; Sosarnw, ib., 1732 ; Orlando, ib.,
1732 ; Arianyia, ib., 1731 ; AriodanUi, ib.,
1735 ; Alcina, ib, 1735 ; Alalanla, ib., 1736 ;
Giustino, ib, 1737 ; Arminio, ib., 1737 ;
Berenice, ib., 1737 ; Farainondo, ib., 1738,
and Serse, ib., 1738 ; Jupiter in Argos (1739),
not performed ; Imeneo, London, 1710 ; Dei-
damia, ib., 1711. Parts of operas: Tito,
1732 ; Alfonso Primo, 1732 ; Flavio Olibrio
and Houorius. Pasticcios : Ormisda, Lon-
don, 1730 ; Lucio Papirio, ib., 1732 ; II
Catone, ib., 1732 ; Semiramide, ib., 1733 ;
Cajo Fabrieeio, ib., 1733 ; Arbace, ib., 1731 ;
Orestes, ib., 1731 ; Alesr^andro Severe, ib.,
1738 ; Roxana, ib., 1713 ; Lucio Voro, ib.,
1717 ; Ernelinda, and fragments of an
opera without name or date. Dramatic
Pieces : The Alchymist, London, 1732 ;
Tcrpftichore, ib., 1731 ; Semele, ib., 1711 ;
The Choice of Hercules (Alceste), ib., 1751.
Serenatas and Odes : Aci, Galatea e Poli-
femo, Naples, 1708 ; Queen Anne's Birth-
day Ode, London, 1713 ; Acis and Galatea,
Cannons, 1720 ; Parna^ao in Festa, London,
1731 ; Alexander's Feast, ib., 1736 ; Ode for
Saint Cecilia's Day, ib., 1739 ; L' Allegro, il
penseroso, ed il moderato, ib., 1710. Many
Italian cantatas, duets, and trios ; 7 French
songs ; 9 Gorman songs ; 16 Italian airs
and canzonets ; and 1 English air. For ever
let his sacred raptures, unpublished.
Instrumental : Water Musick (on the
Thames, 1715) ; Fireworks Musick (Lon-
don, 1719) ; 6 sonatas (trios), (lost), 1691 ;
12 sonatas, solo.s, op. 1 (Walsh, 1732) ; 6 so-
natas (trios), op. 2 (Walsh, 1733) ; 6 hautboy
concertos, op. 3 (Walsh, 1729) ; 6 organ
concertos, op. 1 (Walsh, 1738) ; 2d set
(Walsh, 1710) ; 3d set, posthumous (Walsh,
1760) ; 7 trios, op. 5 (Walsh, 1739) ; 12 grand
concertos, op. 6 (Walsh, 1710) ; 6 organ
concertos, op. 7 (1761) ; 3 oi'gan concertos
(Arnold, 1797) ; Concertone (or concer-
tante) in nine parts, for 2 solo violins,
violoncello, hautboy, and stringed band
(Walsh, 1711) ; Coucei'to for trumiJets and
IIANISCH
lioriis (Birchall) ; Concerto for horns and
skle-drums (unpublished) ; HornjiiiJe (1740) ;
Sonata for 2 violins (1736) ; Sonata in five
l)arts (173G) ; and Sonatas for violin, viola,
and hautboy. For harpsichord : Forest
Musick (Dublin, 1742) ; The Lessons, or
Suites de Pieces, containing the Harmonious
Blacksmith (Cluer 1720 ; Wdsli, 1733) ; 2d
set of nine Lessons (Walsh, 1733) ; 3d set
of Lessons (Aruould, 1793) ; G Fugues for
oeo'y^t
organ or harpsichord, op. 3 (Walsh, 1735) ;
4 Minuets and March (1720) ; and short
pieces. — Fr. Chrysander, G. F. Handel
(Leipsic, 1858-60) ; Victor Schoelcher, Life
of H. (London, 1857) ; Maiuwaring, Me-
moirs of G. F. H. (London, 1700) ; W. S.
Rockstro (London, 1883) ; G. G. Gervinus,
Handel iind Shakespeare (Leipsic, 18GS) ;
Kretschmar, in Samml. mus. Vortriige, V.
ino ; Naumaini, Deutsche Tondicliter, 25.
H.INISCH, JOSEPH, born at Katisbon
in the 19th century. Organist, sou and
pupil of Anton Haniseh, whoiu he suc-
ceeded in 183G as organist. He was the
assistant of Proske in his first visit to Italy,
and in 1840 became organist of the cathe-
dral of Ratisbon. Works : Missa auxilium
Christianorum ; Quatuor hyiinii pro festo
corporis Christi ; Fiinf lateinische Pre-
digtgesiinge. — ^Mendel.
HANKE, KARL, born at Rosswalde,
Schleswig, in 1754, died in Hamburg in 1835.
Dramatic composer, directed the chapel
of Count von Haditz in his native place ;
married the singer Stormkin, and accom-
panied her as conductor to different cities.
In 1786 he was called to the court theatre at
Schleswig ; on his wife's death he married
another singer, Berwald, and with her went.
in 1791, to Flensburg, where he founded
a singing school and concert institute, and
became cantor, and music director. Finally
he was city music director in Hamburg.
Works — Operas : Robert und Hannchen,
Warsaw, 1781 ; Haphire, Flensburg, about
1793 ; Huon und Amande, ib., 1794 ; Doc-
tor Faust's Leibgiirtel, ib., 179G ; Cassandra
abbandonata, Italian intermezzo. Ballets :
Pygmalion ; Die Jiiger ; Die Wassergotter ;
Phobus und
aphne ; Die
Dorf sch u 1 e ;
several others.
Choruses to
Rolla's Tod ;
Prologues, ep-
ilogues, and
incidental
music for comedies and dramas ; 7 German
cantatas ; 5 Italian do. ; Sj-mphouies for or-
chestra ; Concertos for violin, oboe, trum-
pet, and horn ; 4 symphonies concertantes
for 2 horns ; Sextets and serenades for dif-
ferent instruments ; Quartets for do. ; Trios
for 2 violins and bass ; do. for oboes and
bassoon ; do. for 2 horns and trumpet ;
Duets for different instruments, of which
about 300 for 2 horns ; Solos for violin and
for tlute ; Church music, and songs. — F6-
tis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
HANNIBAL. See Annihale.
HANSEN, GOTFRIED MATTHISON,
born at Roeskilde, Denmark, Nov. 1, 1832,
still living, 1889. Organist, son of Hans
Matthison Hansen. Renounced the study
of law, and taught himself music. Was ap-
pointed organist of the German Friedrichs-
Kirche in Copenhagen in 1859 ; studied in
Leipsic in 1862-63 ; became organ teacher
of the Cojienhagen Couservatorium in 18G7 ;
secured the position of organist of St.
John's Church in 1871 ; gave concerts in
Denmark in 1874-77 ; and often visited
Germany. Works : Trios for pianoforte
and strings, ojj. 5 ; Drei Characterstiicke,
for pianoforte, op. 1 ; Drei Mazurkas, for
do., op. 2 ; Vom nordischen Mythenkonig
HANSEN'
Frocle Fredegod, Ballade for do., op. 14 ;
Souata for do. and violin, op. 11 ; do. for
isiauoforte and violoncello, op. 16 ; Fan-
tasie, for organ, op. 15 ; Conzert-Tonstucke,
for do., op. 19. — Mendel, Ergiinz., 146.
HANSEN, HANS HIATTHISON, born at
Flensburg, Feb. 6, 1807, still living, 1889.
Organist. After making considerable prog-
ress in the study of art and teaching him-
self music, he became the pupil of C. F. E.
Weyse on the organ, and in 1832 was ap-
pointed oi-ganist of the Cathedral at Eoes-
kilde. He gave concerts in Norway in
1861, in Sweden in 1862, and in London in
1864. He is considered one of the best or-
ganists living, and highly esteemed as a
church composer. Order of Danebrog,
1857 ; professor', 1869. Works : Preludes
and postludes, for the organ ; 2 Kyrie elei-
son ; Cycle of church music for Christmas,
Easter, and Pentecost ; 130th psalm ; The
Lord's Prayer ; Introductions and variations
on vai'ious themes. In manuscript : Jo-
hanues, oratorio ; 100th, 121st, and 150th
psalm, with orchestra ; 6 symphonies, 6
fantasias, variations, etc., for organ. — Men-
del, Ergiinz., 144.
HANSER, WILHEL:\I, born at Tnter-
zeil, Swabia, Sept. 12, 1738, died (?). Or-
ganist, entered the order of the Premon-
stratensians and studied the pianoforte, or-
gan, violin, and violoncello at the Abbey of
Scheusseuried. In 1775 he went to the
Abbey of Lavaldieu in the Ardennes and
founded there a school of music. Woi'ks :
Psalmodia vesjiertina quatuor vocibus (Augs-
burg, 17G7) ; Dixit, Magnificat, and Nunc
dimittis, quatuor voc. cum organo (Augs-
burg, 1767) ; 4 sonatas for pianoforte with
violin accompaniment (Paris, 1777) ; Grad-
ual and autiphonary (Nancy, 1789) ; Masses
and fugues for organ. — Fetis ; Mendel.
HANS HEnjNG, romantic opera in
three acts, text by Eduard Dcvrient, music
by Heinrich Marschner, first represented at
Hanover, May 24, 1833. The libretto of
this opera, which is Marschner's master-
piece, had been offered to Mendelssohn in
1827 (Devrient's " Recollections," 40). The
success of the work was instantaneous and
universal, and it still retains an honoui'able
place in all the German theatres. Its pro-
duction in Copenhagen, under the com-
poser's own direction, in 1836, was so suc-
cessful that he was offered the post of Gen-
eral Miisik-Director in Denmark, an honour
which his enthusiastic reception in Ger-
many obliged him to decline. Among the
best impersonators of the title role is Eugen
Eugen Gura.
Gura (born at Pressern, Bohemia, Nov. 8,
1842), whose jsortrait is given herewith.
— Hanslick, Moderne Oper, 83.
HANSL, PETER, born at Leppe, Prus-
sian Silesia, Nov. 29, 1770, died in Vienna,
Sept. 18, 1831. Violinist, educated by an
uncle in Warsaw. In 1787 he entered the
orchestra of Prince Potemkin in St. Peters-
burg ; in 1791 was Conzertmeister in the
orchestra of Prince Lubomirski in Vienna,
where he studied composition under Haydn.
Visited Paris in 1802, and after remaining
there a year returned to Vienna. He died
of cholera. Works : 55 string quartets ; 3
quartets with flute and clarinet ; 4 quintets ;
9 duets for violins ; variations, rondos, polo-
naises, marches, etc., for various instru-
ments.— Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
HANS SACHS, German comic o-pera, in
four acts, text by Regei", music by Albert
HANSSENS
Lortzing, represented at Leipsic, June 23,
ISiO. An unperformed opera of the same
title was written also by Gyrowetz (died
1850). Hans Sachs is the hero of Wagner's
Die Meidfrxinger von Niirnberg.
HANSSENS, CHAELES LOUIS, born at
Ghent, July 12, 1802, died at Brussels,
April 8, 1871. Violoncellist, entered the or-
chestra of the National Theatre at Amster-
dam in 1812, became leader in 1822, and
in 1824; violoncellist, and later leader of the
orchestra in the theatre at Brussels. In
1827 he was made professor of harmony in
the royal school of music, but returned to
Holland in 1830, and in 1831: became solo
violoncellist at the Theatre Ventadour in
Paris, and later second leader of the or-
chestra and composer. In 1835 he was di-
rector of the French opera at the Hague ;
then at Brussels professor at the Conserva-
toire, director of the Societe de la Grande
Harmonic, and chef d'orchestre of the The-
atre Eoyal. Member of the Royal Acad-
emy of Belgium ; Order of Leopold. Works
— Operas : Le siege de Calais, given at
Brussels, 1861 ; Marie de Brabant, frag-
ments of which were performed in concerts ;
6 others ; ballets : Sylla ; Le pied de mou-
ton ; La lamps merveilleuse ; Le conscrit ;
L'enchanteresse ; Mahieux ; part of Gar-
gantua ; Bizzarre, not given ; Robinson ;
Fleurette ; Le 5 juillet (with Snel), Brus-
sels, 1825 ; Un dimanche a Poutoise, ib.,
1833 ; Valentine ; Le chateau de Kenil-
worth ; Le paradis du diable ; Music to
Gustave VaOz's drama Agneessens, Brussels,
1819 ; Le sabbat, cantata-oratorio, ib., 1870 ;
4 cantatas with orchestra; Requiem, ib.,
1837 ; 2 solemn masses ; several sympho-
nies for full orchestra ; do., overtures ; do.,
fautaisies ; Concerto for violoncello ; do. for
violin ; do. for pianoforte ; 2 concertos for
clarinet; Symphouie concertante for clari-
net and violin ; Quartets for strings ; Cho-
ruses a cappella ; etc. — Futis ; do.. Supple-
ment, i. 419 ; Mendel ; Viotta.
HANSSENS, CHARLES LOUIS JO-
SEPH, the elder, born at Ghent, May 4,
1777, died at Brussels, May G, 1852. Dra-
matic composer, first instructed by Vauthier
and Verheym, then pupil in Paris of Ber-
ton, and in Ghent of his elder brother, Jo-
seph Hanssens, and of the violinist Ambroise
Ferny. He began as chef d'orchestre of an
amateur theatre at Ghent, then was con-
nected in the same caf)acity with a troupe
performing alternately in Amsterdam, Ut-
recht, and Rotterdam ; in 1804 he went to
Autwerj^, thence to Ghent, and in 1825 to
Brussels as chef d'orchestre of the Theatre
de la Monnaie ; in 1827 he was apj^ointed di-
rector of the royal orchestra, and in 1828 in-
sjsector of the Conservatoire. Compromised
in the iJolitical events of 1830 he lost both
positions, but conducted the opera again
in 1835-38, and in 1840, when he also as-
sumed a partnership in the enterprise, there-
by ruining himself financially. Works :
Les dots, comic opera, given at Ghent in
1804 ; Le solitaire de Formentera, drama,
Ghent and Lille, 1807 ; La partie de tric-
trac, ou la belle-mere, comic opera, Ghent,
1812 ; Alcibiade, grand opera, Brussels,
1829 ; Cantata ; 6 masses with orchestra ;
Beatus vir, for four voices and orchestra ; 2
Deus Dixit ; 3 Te Deum ; Album. — Fetis ;
Mendel.
HARANC (Harreuc), LOUIS ANDRE,
born in Paris, June 12, 1738, died there in
1805. Violinist, played Tartiui's difficult
sonatas at the age of six. Travelled in Italy,
1758-Gl, then was admitted to the royal
chapel, and in 1770 became first violinist to
the king. He taught the violin to the dau-
phin, father of Louis XVI., from 1763 till
that prince's death. In 1775 he was ap-
pointed director of the queen's concerts,
and in 1790 became first violinist at the
Theatre Montansier. Works : 6 sonatas for
violin and basso continue, 12 duos for 2 vio-
lins.— Fetis.
HARDER, AUGUST, born at SchOner-
stildt, near Leisnig, Saxony, in 1774, died
in Leipsic, Oct. 29, 1813. Song composer,
pupil of his father ; gave up theology for
music, and settled in Leipsic as a teacher.
IIARDOUIN
He wrote about 50 books of songs, -wbich
became uuiversally popular, and guitar and
pianoforte music. — Fctis ; Gerber ; Schil-
ling.
HARDOUm, Abbe HENRI, born at
Grandprc (Ardeuues), France, in 172-4, died
at Eheims, Aug. 13, 1808. Church com-
poser, educated at the maitrise of the Cathe-
dral of Rheims, became a priest and canon,
and was maltre de chapelle rmtil the Revo-
lution ; on Robespierre's death several
priests who had remained in hiding, re-
stored the cathedral services and reinstated
him. He was entrusted with the revision
of the breviary of the diocese of Rheims,
and set its hymns and proses to new music.
Works : Solemn mass, for the coronation of
Louis XVI. ; 12 masses for 4 voices a cap-
pella (17G4) ; over -kO masses for 4-5 voices,
with orchestra ; about SO motets ; several
Requiems ; 4 Te Deum ; De profundis ; etc.
He published also Methode nouvelle de
Plain-clKUint (1762). — Fotis, Larousse.
HAKFENQUARTETT, for two violins,
viola, and violoncello, in Eflat, by Beetho-
ven, op. 74, composed in 1801), and dedi-
cated to the Fiirst von Lobkowitz. The
MS. is in the possession of Paul Mendels-
sohn. It is named from the pizzicati arpeg-
gios that it contains, and which give the '
effect of the harp. I. Poco adagio, iUlegro ;
n. Adagio ; IH. Presto ; IV. Allegretto con
variazioni. Published by Breitkopf & Hiir-
tel (Leipsic, 1810) ; do., Beethoven Werke,
Serie G, No. 10. — Lenz, Beethoven, ii. 166 ;
Thayer, Verzeichniss, 79.
HARGITT, CH.ARLES JOHN, born in
Edinburgh in 1833, still living, 1889. Or-
ganist and conductor, pupil of his father,
Halle, Sir G. A. Macfarren, and Ferdinand
Hiller. He has been, since 1862, conductor
in London, where he organized the Royal
Albert Hall Choral Society, of which he
was sub-conductor to Gounod. Works :
Coronet or Crown, opera ; 2 operettas ;
The Harvest Queen, cantata ; Orchestral
overtures, marches, music to plays, songs,
part-songs, etc.
HARMONIES POETIQUES ET RELI-
GIEUSES, 10 2)ieces for pianoforte solo, by
Liszt, op. 33. I. Invocation ; H. Ave Ma-
ria ; HI. Benediction de Dieu dans la soli-
tude ; rV. Pensee des morts ; V. Pater nos-
ter ; VI. Hymue de I'enfaut a son reveil ;
VII. Funerailles ; VHI. Miserere d'apres
Palestrina ; IX. Andante lagrimoso, Tom-
bez, larmes ; X. Cantique d'amour. — Pub-
lished by Kistner (Leipsic, 1853). — Ramann,
Liszt, 212.
HARMONIOUS BLACKS:\IITH, THE,
air with variations for pianoforte, by Handel,
included in his First set of Lessons for the
Harpsichord, published by Cluer under the
title : Suites de Pieces pour le Clavecin
(1720). It closes the fifth lesson in E ma-
jor, and in the early editions was called
Air ct Doubles. This was arranged for the
orchestra, and was jjerformed bj' the Acad-
emy of Ancient Music in London. Tradi-
tion says that Handel used as his theme a
tune which he heard sung in a smithy,
where he had taken refuge from the rain,
by a blacksmith, who beat time to his song
with his hammer on the anvil. It has been
alleged that this air was written by Wagen-
seil, or some older composer. A version of
the tune was published in Paris to words by
Clement Marot. — Scho^lcher, Handel, 65,
401 ; Rockstro, 117 ; Chrysaiider, iii. 187 ;
Richard Clark, Reminiscences of Handel
(London, 1836).
H.ARK, THE BONNY CHRIST
CHURCH BELLS, catch for three voices
bj' Henry Aldrich. He wrote also a Greek
version of this catch.
HARNISCH, JOHANN JACOB, German
church composer of the 17th century. He
published at Worms in 1G52 a collection of
motets, psalms, and other compositions un-
der the title Calliope mi.xta. — Fetis ; Men-
del ; Schilling.
HARNISCH, OTTO SIEGFRIED, born
in the IGth century, died in 1630. He was
cantor in the chui'ch of St. Blasius, Bruns-
wick, about 1588, cantor at Gottingen
in 1603-21, and Kajjellmeister at Celle.
IIAEOLD
Works : Neue lustige, teutscbe Liedlein
(HelmstiuU, 1588, 1591; Hamburg, 1591,
1G51 ; Nuremberg, 1601) ; Fasciculus se-
lectissimarum cantionum (Hehnstildt, 1592) ;
Artis musicffi tlelineatio (Frankfort, 1G08) ;
Kosetum Musicum (Rostock, 1G17) ; Psal-
moilia iiova (Goslar, 1G21) ; Passio Domiuica
(Goslar, 1G21) ; Resurrectio Dominica (Gos-
lar, 1G22) ; Cantiones Gregoriamo (Goslar,
1G2J:). — Gerber, ii. 504 ; Mendel, v. G7 ;
Ergiinz., 150 ; Fctis, iv. 22 ; Scbilliug, iii.
475 ; Allgem. d. Biog., x. G14.
HAROLD, dramatic opera in five acts and
nine tableaux, by Eduord Napravnik, repre-
sented in St. Petersburg, Nov. 23, 188G. It
is said to have won great applause. Harold,
German opera, text by Paul Krone, music
by Karl Pfeffer, given in Vienna, April 3,
1887, was well received.
HAROLD EN ITALIE, symphony in four
j)arts, by Hector Berlioz, op. IG, for full
orchestra, with solo viola, composed in 1834
and first performed at the Conservatoire,
Paris, Nov. 23, 1834. Dedicated to Hum-
bert Ferraud. I. Harold aux montagnes.
Scenes de melancolie, de bonheur, et de
joie, (Adagio and Allegro) in G. H.
Marche de pelerins chantant la priere du
soir, (Allegretto) in E. III. Serenade d'un
montaguard des Abbruzes a sa maitresse,
(Allegro assai) in C. IV. Orgie de brigands,
souvenirs des scenes precedeutes, (Allegi-o
frenetico) in G. The work, the idea of
which is based on " Childe Harold," origin-
ated in a request of Pagauini's that Berlioz
should write a solo to display the qualities
of liis Stradivarius viola. It has been much
altered since its first production. It was
first played in England at the New Philhar-
monic Concert, London, July 4, 1855, under
the direction of the composer. First per-
formed in Boston by Theodore Thomas's
orchestra, Oct. 28, 1874. The score and
parts are i^ublished by Schlesinger. Ar-
ranged for pianoforte by Liszt (Brandus
et Cie., Paris, 1880).— Jullien, H. Berlioz,
140 ; Berlioz, Memoires, Cli. 45 ; Grove ;
Upton, Standard Symphonies, 105 ; Jul-
lien (1888), 89 ; Liszt, Ges. Schr. (Ramann),
iv. 3.
HARRER, GOTTLOB, died at Carlsbad
in 1755. Church composer, studied coun-
terpoint in Italy ; accompanied Frederick
the Great on the harpsichord in 1745 at
Leipsic, where he was cantor of the Tho-
masschule in 1750-55. Left in manuscriiot
the oratorios Der Tod Abels, Gioas re di
Giuda ; 3 Passion-oratorios ; Symphonies ;
Concertos for various instruments ; Duos for
flutes ; Sonatas for pianoforte, etc. — Allgem.
d. Biogr., X. G50 ; Fetis ; Schilling ; Mendel.
HARRINGTON, HENRY, born at Kel-
ston, Somersetshire, England, in 1727, died
at Bath, Jan. 15, 181G. He was graduated
at Queen's College, Oxford, in 1748, settled
as a physician in Bath, of which he became
mayor. He founded there the Harmonic
Society. Works : 3 books of glees and
songs (1770, 1785, 1797) ; Eloi ! Eloi ! or
The Death of Christ, a dirge for Passion
Week (1800) ; Anthems ; Songs. — Grove ;
Fetis ; Harmonicon, 1830, 225.
HARTEL, BENNO, born at Jauer, Si-
lesia, May 1, 184G, still living, 1889. Pu-
pil of E. Hoppe on the piianof orte, of P. Jap-
sen on the violin, and of P. Kiel in comjjo-
sition. In 1870 he became instructor of
theory at the roj-al school for music in Ber-
lin. He has composed an opera, orchestral
music, over 300 canons, and other vocal mu-
sic, but has published only pianoforte pieces
and an Andante religioso for contralto.
—Mendel, iv. 484.
HARTKAS, FRIEDRICH WILHELM,
born at Bennuugeu, Thuringia, March 10,
1805, still living, 1889. Organist, pupil of
Weissenborn at Frankenhausen ; studied at
the Royal Institute for Church Music in
Berlin, and at the same time took lessons
of Kelz on the violoncello. Taught vocal
music in several schools of Berlin ; became
oi-ganist of the Paulskirche there in 1835,
and of the Elizabethkirche in 1839. Com-
posed vocal and organ music. — Mendel.
HARTaiANN, CHRISTIAN KARL, born
in Alteuburg about 1750, died in Paris
HARTMANN
about 1804. Virtuoso on the flute. Lived
in Hamburg (1786), Russia, ami in 1790 at
Erlangeu, whence he went to Paris ami be-
came professor at the Conservatoire in
1794, ami flutist at the Opera. Works : 4
Concertos ; Duos ; Variations ; Fantasias
for flute and orchestra (1784-85) ; G Duos
for flutes, op. 6 ; do., op. 7 ; 2 Aira varies
for flute, violin and orchestra ; 6 French and
Russian airs, for flute with violin or vio-
loncello ; 126 Cadenzas for flute in all
keys ; Collection of preludes for do. ; 8 Airs
varies, with bass. — Fctis ; Mendel ; Schil-
ling.
HART.MANN, CHRISTOPH HEINRICH,
born at Rudisleben, Thuringia, about 1750,
died at Eimbeck, Hanover, in 182G. He
was organist at Eimbeck, and composed an
oi^era Das Zauberschloss, sonatas for piano-
forte and violin, pianoforte pieces, and
songs. — Fetis ; Schilling.
HARTMANN, ElMIL, born at Copenha-
gen, Feb. 21, 18.36, still
living, 1889. Son and
pupil of Johann Peder
Emil Hartmann ; stud-
ied also under his
brother-in-law, Gade,
visiting Lcijssic in 1860.
In 1861 he became or-
ganist of a church in
Coi)enliagen, and in
1871 of the royal chapel of Christiansborg
there, but on account of his health retired
in 1873 to SOlleriid, near Copenhagen, and
devoted himself to composition. Works:
Fjeldstuen, ballet, given at Copenhagen ;
The Nixie, operetta, ib. ; Elverpigen (The
alder-maid), opera, given at Copenhagen,
1867 ; The Corsicans, comic opera ; A ballet ;
2 symphonies, in E-flat, op. 29, and A minor
(Aus der Ritterzeit, op. 34) ; Eine nordische
Heerfahrt, overture ; Nordische Volkstiinze,
for orchestra, op. 18 ; Winter und Lenz,
for chorus and orchestra, op. 13 ; Concerto
for violin, op. 19 ; do., for violoncello, op.
27 ; Trio for pianoforte ; op. 10 ; Serenade
for pianoforte, violoncello, and clarinet, op.
24.— Meyer, Conv. Lex. (1888) ; Mendel,
Ergiiuz., 151 ; Riemanu.
HARTJIANN, JOHANN, born at Gross-
glogau, Silesia, about 1735, died in Copen-
hagen in 1791. Violinist, was a member of
the Prince Bishop's chapel of Breslau in
1754, and Conzertmeister at the court of
Rudolstadt about 1760 ; entered the ser-
vice of the Duke of Ploen, with whom he
removed to Copenhagen in 1768, and there
composed many works for the cliurch and
theatre, highly esteemed in Denmark, but
all of which were lost at the burning of
Christiansborg Castle. His opera Raider's
Dijid was written in the style of Gluck ;
from another opera, The Fisherman, the
popular "Kong Christian stod ved hojen
Mast " still survives as a national song.
—Mendel ; Schilling ; Gerber (1790), i. 587,
(1812) ii. 511.
HARTMANN, (JOHANN PEDER) EMIL,
born at Cojienhagen,
May 14, 1805, still
living, 1889. Dra-
matic composer, son
and puj)il on the
pianoforte and violin
of August Wilhelm
Hartmann, who was
organist at Copenha-
/,,'-.' ^ W - o*^" ^^ 1800-50, and
in his turn a son of
Johann Hartmann. While he studied juris-
jirudence and held a government ofiice for
a time, he was much influenced and advised
by Weyse, assisted his father as organist of
the Garrison church, was teacher in the
Copenhagen Conservatory, and brought out
his first opera in 1832. In 1836 he visited
Germany, France, and Switzerland, in 1840
became director of Copenhagen Conserva-
toiy, and in 1849 was made royal chapel-
master. On the fiftieth anniversary of his
musical life, in 1874, he received the Dane-
brog Oi'der, and in 1879 was made a Ph.D.
by the university of Copenhagen. He de-
servedly ranks among the greatest musi-
cians of Denmark. Gade married his
23a
HAETMANN
daughter. Works — Operas : Kavnen, oder
Broderproven (The Raven, or Brotherly
Proof), given at Copenhagen, 1832 ; The
Golden Horns, ib., 1834: ; The Corsairs, ib.,
1835 ; Liden Kirsten (Little Christina), ib.,
184G ; Music to Bournouville's classical
ballets, and to Oehleuschliiger's, Heiberg's,
and Andersen's dramas ; Concerto for violin ;
Pianoforte pieces, and song-cycles (Salomon
and Sulamith, Hjortens Flugt, etc.). — Fetis,
Supplement, i. -151 ; Mendel ; Meyer, Conv.
Lex. (1888), VHI. 185 ; Riemann.
HARTMANN, LUDWIG, born at Neuss
on the Rhine in 183G,
still living, 1889. Pi-
anist, son and j^upilof
Friedrich Hartmanu
(vocal composer,
born 1805), then at
the Conservatorium,
L e i p s i c , pupil of
Moscheles and Haupt-
mann, and in Weimar
(185G-7) of Liszt ; in ' '
1859 he ajipeared with great success in a
concert at Dresden, where he settled and
made for himself an exclusive position as a
literary champion of the Wagner tendency.
Works : KOnig Helge, oj^era (MS.) ; Piano-
forte music, and songs. — Mendel.
HARTOG, EDOUARD DE, born in Am-
sterdam, Aug. 15, 1826, still living, 1889.
Dramatic composer, pupil of Mme Dulcken,
Dohler, Hoch, and Bartelmann, then in
Paris under Elwart and Litolti', and finally
(1849-52) under Heiuze and Damcke. He
settled in Paris in 1852, produced his music
to Portia at the Societe de Sainte-Cecile,
and taught composition, harmony, and
pianoforte. He is a member of the Nether-
land Society for the Encouragement of
Music, and was one of the collaborators of
Pougin's Supplement to the Biographie
Universelle des Musiciens. Orders of the
Oaken Crown, and of Leojiold. Works —
Operas : Le mariage de Don Lope, comic
opera, given at the Theatre Lyrique, 1865 ;
L'amour et son bote, do., Brussels, 1873 ;
Lorenzo Aldini, and Portici, grand operas,
not yet produced ; Music to Augier's drama
Portia, Paris, 1853 ; The 43d psalm, for
soli, chorus, and orchestra ; La foret, for
do. ; Prologue symjihonique to Schiller's
Maid of Orleans ; Mass with orchestra ;
Symphony for full orchestra ; 2 concert
overtures (Macbeth and Pompee) ; 2 suites
for string quartet ; 2 quartets for strings ;
Scherzo for do. ; Six duets for female
voices. — Fetis ; do., Supplement, i. 451 ;
Riemann.
HASENBALG, JOHANN FRIEDRICH,
born at Werna, Hohenheim, in 1771, dietl
at Brunswick, July 28, 1859. Pupil of his
father. Taught in Brunswick, where he
was music director of the Martineum and
gymnasium, and founded and conducted
the Singakademie. In youth he studied
the harp, but later gave it up. Works : So-
natas for harp and violin ; Fantasias and va-
riations for harp ; Church music ; Songs,
etc.— Mendel ; Fetis ; Schilling.
HASER, AUGUST FERDINAND, born
at Leipsic, Oct. 15, 1779, died in Weimar,
Nov. 1, 1844. He was educated at the
Thomasschule, and studied theology at the
University of Leij^sic ; became teacher and
cantor in Lemgo in 1797, and director of
music in 1800. In 1800-13 he visited Italy ;
taught mathematics and Italian in Lemgo
in 1815, and from 1817 lived in Weimar as
music master to the ducal family, and mu-
sical director of the principal church.
Works: Der Triumph des Glaubens, ora-
torio, words by Klopstock, performed in
Birmingham, 1837 ; two oj^eras, Die Neger
auf St. Domingo, and Alphonsiue, oder der
Thurm im Walde ; Church music, over-
tures, songs, and pianoforte music ; Versuch
einer systematischen Uebersicht der Gesang-
lehre(1820) ; Lehrbuch des Gesanges(1831).
— Fctis ; Mendel ; Gerber.
HASLER. See Hassler.
HASLINGER, KARL, born in Vienna,
June 11, 1816, died there, Dec. 26, 1868.
Pianist, son of Tobias Haslinger, the founder
of the publishing house ; pupil of Czerny
IIASSE
on the pianoforte, and of Seyfried in com-
position. He succeeded to Ins father's ex-
tensive publishing business, and as an artist
deserved well of musical life in Vienna by
his musical soirees, continued for thirtj'
years, in which, with the assistance of emi-
nent artists, he presented to the public the
best works of old and new classical com-
posers. Works : Wanda, das Miidchen von
Californien, opera ; Napoleon I, symphony-
cantata, given at Weimar, 1853 ; Die Glocke,
cantata for 4 solo voices, chorus, and or-
chestra ; Masses, and other church music ;
Voyage sur le Rhin, for pianoforte with or-
chestra, op. 1 ; Quartets ; Trios for piano-
forte and strings ; Sonata for violin and
pianoforte, op. 35 ; do. for pianoforte and
violoncello, op. 39 ; many pianoforte pieces,
and songs. — Mendel ; do., Ergiinz., 152 ;
Futis ; do., .Sui)pU'ment, i. -t52 ; Wurzbach.
HASSE, JOHANN ADOLPH (known in
Italy as H Sassone,
the Saxon), born at
liergedorf, iieai"
Hamburg, March 25,
1 G99, died in Venice,
Dec. IG, 1783. He
was taught until his
nineteenth year, by
bis father, who was
organist and school-
' ' master in his native
village. lu 1717 he went to Hamburg,
where he made the acquaintance of Ul-
rich Kiinig, a jjoet attached to the Polish
court at Dresden, who recommended him
to the notice of Keiser, the manager of the
Hamburg theatre. He was engaged as
tenor for four years, after which he got an
engagement at the theatre in Brunswick,
where his first opera, Antigonus, the only
one he ever wrote to a German text, was
brought out with fair success in 1723. In
1724 he went to Italy to study composition.
He began under Porpora in Naples, but
soon left him for Alessandro Scarlatti, who
was his true teacher in compoisition, al-
though his eminence as a singer was prob-
ably lai'gely due to Porpora's instruction.
His first Italian opera, Sesostrate, given in
Naples in 172(), spread his fame all over
Italy. Next year he was made professor at
the Scuola degl' lucurabUi, Venice, where
he wrote his long-famous Miserere. In
1728 he returned to Naples, but was back
in Venice again in 1729, where he married
the great singer, Faustina Bordoni. He
was then the most popular composer in
Italy, and ec^ually a favorite in society, his
personal beauty, fine voice and singing,
conspicuous mastery on the clavecin, and
engaging manners all contributing to his
success. In 1731 he was called by August
H. as Kapellmeister and director of the
Court Oi)era at Dresden, where his Ales-
sandro neir Indie, with Faustina in the
leading pai't, had a phenomenal success.
But Porpora, and his famous pupil, Regiua
Miugotti, were estabUshed there in high
favor with a part of the royal family.
Hasse's relations with Porpora had never
been friendly, and neither Porpora nor the
Miugotti were pleased to see the success of
Faustina, who had been a pupil of Gaspa-
rini. Hasse tried to throw discredit upon
the Miugotti by writiug an air for her, in
Demofoonte, calculated to show her voice
and style at a disadvantage. This trick failed,
but the noise of it led Hasse to quit Dres-
den for a while, leaving his wife behind
him. He went to Milan, Venice, and Na-
ples, and finally to London, where his wife's
singing in Handel's company (172G-27) had
not been forgotten. He was induced to ac-
cept the direction of the opera in opposition
to Handel, but although his Artaserse had
an unquestioned success, he did not care to
cope further with his greater rival ; and
heartily disliking England, he returned to
Dresden in 1739. August IH. was then
on the throne, and Porpora and the Min-
gotti had left the city. Except for a visit
to Venice in 1740, Hasse and Faustina re-
mained in Dresden, enjoying the greatest
popularity, uj) to 17G3. At the siege of the
city, in 17G0, most of his accumulated prop-
334
IIASSE
erty was lost, and the greater part of his
MSS., preimred for a complete edition of
his works, to be published at the expense
of the King of Poland, was destroyed.
After the war, both the opera and the
King's chamber music were suppressed,
Hasse and Faustina were pensioned, and
retired to Vienna. There he met a new
rival, in the shape of Gluclr, whose Orfeo
had been brought out the year before. But
Hasse, in collaboration with Metastasio,
still made a good stand with several operas,
the more so that Gluck's new manner was
not at first appreciated by the public.
Hasse's last opera, Ruggiero, was brought
out in Milan in 1774, simultaneously with
the young Mozart's Ascanio in Alba. (Mozart
was then only thirteen, and Hasse seventy-
five ; but the older composer predicted :
"This boy will throw us all into the
shade.") The remaining ten years of Hasse's
life were passed iu Venice. His fertility as
a composer was remarkable ; he set nearly
all of Metastasio's dramas to music, some
of them three or four times over. Works :
I. Oratorios : La virtvi al pie della Croce ;
La dejiosizione della Croce ; La caduta di
Gerico ; Maddalena ; II cantico de' tre fan-
ciulli ; La conversione di S. Agostino,
written for the Electoral Princess Marie-
Antoinette ; Giuseppe riconosciuto ; I
peUt'cjrini al sepolcro di Nostro Signore, in
score, edited by Hillcr, Leijjsic ; Sant' Elena
al Calvario, two versions ; Die Busse des
Heiligen Petrus. H. Church Music : Te
Deum, 4 voices and orchestra, Dresden ;
do., id., ib. ; Grand Te Deum, id., ib. ; 4tli
Te Deum, Venice, 1780 ; Miserere, female
voices and strings, ib., 1727 ; Solemn mass,
4 voices and orchestra ; Missa dedicat. Tem-
pli, id. ; Solemn mass, in C ; Kyrie and
Gloria, in D ; do., in C ; Credo in F ; Li-
tanire Laurentinre, iu G, Venice, 1727 ; Li-
tanie per 2 soprani con accompagnamento ;
Salve Eegina, soprano solo and strings ;
do., 2 soprani ; Grand Requiem for the ob-
sequies of August in., of Poland ; About
1.50 motets, x^salms, and anthems ; Many
airs, duets, and choruses. The following are
in the Royal Library of Berlin : Magnifi-
cat, 4 voices and orchestra ; Eegina coeli, 4
voices and instruments, in D ; Ora pro no-
bis, id., in G ; do., for contralto solo and
instruments, in G ; Salve regina, for id., iu
A ; do., for soprano solo and instruments,
in B-flat ; do., id., iu G ; Solemn mass for
the electoral princess of Saxony ; Mass, 4
voices and instruments, in D minor ; do.,
id., in G ; do., id., in D ; do., id., iu F ; do.,
id., in D ; do., id., in C ; do., id., in G mi-
nor ; do., id., in E-flat ; Litanies for female
voices and instruments ; Miserere for female
voices ; do., 4 voices and instruments, iu
D minor ; do., 4 voices a cappella, iu C mi-
nor ; Te Deum, 4 voices and orchestra, iu
D ; do., id., iu G ; Dixit Dominus, Confite-
bor, and Mihi autem, 4 voices and orches-
tra, in. Operas : Antigonus, Brunswick,
1723 ; Sesostrate, Naples, 172G ; Altalo, re
di Bitinia, ib., 1728 ; Dalisa (his first opera
written for Faustina Bordoni), Venice, 1730 ;
Artai<erxe, ib., 1730; Arminio, Milan, 1731 ;
Cleofide, Dresden, 1731 ; Alessandro nell'
Indie, ib., 1731 ; Cajo Fabrizio, Rome, 1731,
Dresden, 1732 ; Demetrio, Venice, 1732 ;
Catone in Utica, Turin, 1732 ; Euristeo, War-
saw, 1733 ; Asteria, Dresden, 1734 ; Senocrita,
ib., 173G ; Atalanta, ib., 1737 ; La clemenza
di Tito, ib., 1737 ; Alfonso, ib., 1738 ; Ii-ene,
ib., 1738 ; Demetrio, ib., 1739 ; Arlascrse,
ib., 1740 ; Olimpia in Eruda, London, 1740 ;
Numa Pompilio, Dresden, 1741 ; Lucio Pa-
pirio, ib., 1742 ; TJidone abbandonata, ib.,
1743 ; L' asilo d' Amore, ib., 1743 ; Antigono,
ib., 1744 ; Ij^ermestra, ib., 1744 ; Arminio,
ib., 1745 ; La Spartana, ib., 1747 ; Semi-
ramide, ib., 1747 ; Demofoonte, ib., 1748 ; D
natale di Giove, ib., 1749 ; Attilio Regolo,
ib., 1750 ; Giro riconosciuto, ib., 1751 ; Iper-
mestra, ib., 1751 ; Leucippo, ib., 1751 ; Soli-
mauno, ib., 1752 ; Adriano iu Siria, ib.,
1753 ; L' eroe cinese, ib., 1753 ; Arminio,
ib., 1753 ; Ai-temisia, ib., 1754 ; II r!i pas-
tore, ib., 1755 ; Ezio, ib., 1755 ; Artemisia,
ib., 1755 ; L' Olimpiade, ib., 175G ; Nitteti,
ib., 1759 ; Achille iu Sciro, ib., 1759 ; Alcide
235
HASSLER
al bivio, cantata, Vienna, 1760 ; II trionfo
di Clelia, Dresden, 1761 ; Egeria, festa
teatrale, ib., 1762 ; Nitteti, Vienna, 1762 ;
Siroe, ib., 1763 ;Zenobia, ib., 1763 ; Jioniolo
ed Ersilia, Innspruck, 1765 ; Partenope, Vi-
enna, 1767 ; Piramo e Tisbe, intermezzo,
ib., 1769 ; Don Tabranno e Scintilla, id.,
Dresden ; II lluggiero, Milan, 1770. IV.
Concert and Chamber Music : 5 Italian
cantatas for soj)rano and strings, Leipsic ;
12 clavecin sonatas (the first 6, dedicated
to the Dauphin, Paris) ; 2 quartets for vio-
lin, flute, oboe, and bassoon ; 6 concertos
for 1 or 2 flutes, clavecin and strings, op. 1,
Leipsic ; 6 sonatas for 2 flutes, or violin,
violoncello, and clavecin, op. 2, ib. ; 6 sym-
^^^'^idi^^
phonies for 6 and 8 parts, op. 3 ; 4 clavecin
sonatas, op. 4 ; Concerto for liom, London ;
Favorite concertos for clavecin, ib. — Burney,
Hist., iv. 548 ; Hawkins, v. 323 ; Eiehl,
Mus. Charakter-K;>pfe, i. 109 : Grove ; Fo-
tis; Mendel ; Eiemann.
HASSLER (Hasler), H.VNS LEO (Leon-
hard), born in Nu-
remberg in 1564
(?), died in Frank-
f o r t-on-the-Main,
June 5, 1612.
Eldest and most
noteworthy son of
Isaac Hassler ; pu-
l)il of his father,
then for a year of
Andrea Gabrieli
in Venice, where he was a fellow-student of
the great Giovanni Gabrieli. He was the
fii'st German composer of note who studied
in Italy. After leaving Venice, he lived for
a while at the Fuggers' bouse in Augsburg,
and later, several years at the court of Ru-
dolph n., in Prague, where he was ennobled.
In 1608 he entered the service of Christian
n., Elector of Saxony. He died in Frank-
fort while on a journey. Hassler's style
resembled that of both the Gabrielis, his
canzonets and madrigals reminding one of
the elaboration of Andrea, while his larger
works recall the grander polychoric style of
Giovanni. His fame during his lifetime
was very great, and he is to be regarded
as one of the fathers of German music.
Those of his works that have been pre-
served are : 24 cauzonetti a 4 voci, Nurem-
berg, 1590 ; Cantiones sacra de fest. prse-
cip. totius anni, 4, 5, 8 et plurium voc,
Augsburg, 1591 ; Madrigali a 4-8 voci,
ib., 1596 ; Concentus ecclesiastici, ib., 1596 ;
Newe teutsche Gesang, etc., for 4-8 voices,
ib., 1596, 1004-09 ; Cantiones novje de
fest., etc., ib., 1597 ; Missse, 4-8 voc, ib.,
1599 ; Lustgarten newer deutscher Gesang,
etc., 4-8 voices, 1001-05-10 ; Sacri con-
centus, 5-12 voc, 1601-12 ; Psalmen und
clu-istliche Gesiinge, 4-stimmig, fugweis,
1007 (new ed. in score, 1777) ; Kirchen-
gesiinge, Psalmen und geistliche Lieder,
4-stimmig, simpliciter, 1608-37 ; Litaney
dcutsch Herrn Dr. Martini Lutheri, 7 voices
in double-chorus, 1619 ; Venusgarten, oder
neue lustige liebliche Tiiutze, etc., 1615 ;
Several motets in the collection, Sacra3 sym-
phoniaj diversorum auct., 2 parts, edited by
him, 1601 ; Motets in Bodenschatz's Flori-
Icgium Portense, and Scliad's Promptu-
arium musicum. — Monatsschr. fiir Mus.-
Gesch., 1874, Beilage ; Ambros, iii. 556 ;
Riemann.
HASSLER (Hasler), JACOB, born at
Nuremberg in 1566, died at Hechingen.
Organist to the Count of Hohenzollern,
and one of the great virtuosi of his time ;
brother of Hans Leo. He composed many
masses. Magnificats, psalms, and other
chui'ch music, among which the 51st psalm,
for eight voices, is especially valued. An-
other brother, Kaspar, born at Nuremberg
SS6
HASSLEE
about 1570, died there in 1G18, became or- 1 Thames, operetta, Drury Lane, 1844 ; Pas-
ganist there in 1587, and came next to his|cal Bruno, opera, given at Vienna, 1844-
Music for Macbeth and Sardan-
apalus, Princess's Theatre, 1853 ;
Faust and Marguerite, overture
and entr'actes, 1854 ; King Hen-
ry VIII., 1855 ; Pizarro, 185G ;
King Eichard II., 1857 ; King
Lear, The Merchant of Venice,
oldest brother as a master of his instrument I and Much Ado about Nothing, 1858 ; 2 Ca-
and on the harpsichord.— Fetis ; IMeudel ; ' thedral Services ; Anthems ; Eose, or Love's
Schilling ; Walther.
HASSLER, JOHANN WILHELM, born
at Erfurt, March 29,
1747, died in Mos-
cow, March 25, 1822.
Pianist, sou of a cajj-
maker, he learned
and long followed
his father's trade.
Nephew, and pupil
on the pianoforte
and organ, of Kittel,
who had been a pu-
pil of Johann Sebas-
tian Bach ; at the age of fourteen became
organist in Erfurt, and while leading a
wandering apprentice's life gave concerts.
He founded winter concerts in Erfurt in
1780, and a music business, but later trav-
elled to England and Russia, became impe-
rial Kapellmeister in St.Petersburg in 1792,
and settled in Moscow as a teacher in 1794.
Works : Concertos ; Fantasias ; Sonatas, and
variations for pianoforte ; Organ music ;
Songs. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xi. 20 ; Fetis ;
Mendel, iv. 487 ; Riemann.
HASSLINGER-HASSINGEN. See Ea-
ger.
HAT MAN NIGHT AUCH GELD. See
Fidelio.
HATTON, JOHN LIPHOT, born in Liv-
erpool in 1809, died at Margate, Sept. 20,
188G. Almost self-taught ; settled in Loudon
in 1832, engaged at Drury Lane Theatre in
1842 ; same year went to Vienna ; visited
America in 1848 ; director of music at Prin-
cess's Theatre. Works : The Queen of the I
237
1877.
Ransom, ojiera, Cov-
ent Garden, 1864;
Robin Hood, can-
tata, Bradford Musi-
cal Festival, 1856;
Books of jaart-sougs,
and about 150 songs
(Bid me to live, etc.);
Sacred drama, Hez-
ekiah. Crystal Palace,
— Grove.
HAUER, HERMANN, born at Dardes-
heim, near Halberstadt, August 18, 1812,
died at Wernigerode, Aug. 16, 1888.
Organist, pupil at Quedlinburg of Liebau,
then in Berlin of Rungenhagen, Marx,
Dehn, and A. W. Bach, and in 1845 became
organist of the Jacobikirche, Berlin. He
taught in several schools and founded two
singing societies, and was made roj-al mu-
sic director in 1870. Works : Cantata ;
Church music ; Lieder, etc. His brother
Karl (born 1824) is an organist and teacher
in Berlin. — Mendel.
HAUFF, JOHANN CHRISTIAN, born
at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Sept. 8, 1811,
still living, 1889. He has been director
and teacher of theory at the Frankfort Mu-
sic School since its foundation. Works :
Symphonies ; Quartets ; Motets ; Piano-
forte music, etc. He is author of Theorie
der Tonsetzkunst (Frankfort, 18G3-G9).
— Mendel ; Fetis, Supplement, i. 453.
HAUFF, WILHELM GOTTLIEB, born
at Gotha about 1755, died at Nymwegen,
May 14, 1817. Organist. After serving in
the army, he became organist of the prin-
IIAUFF
cipal cbui'cL at Nymwegen. His cantata,
De dood vim Jesus Christus, is his iirineipal
work. He wrote also other cantatas, con-
certos for pianoforte and for wind instru-
ments, violin music ; 6 symphonies (Paris,
1774, 1777) ; 6 sextets for brass instru-
ments (ib., 1776) ; 3 Clavier trios (Brussels,
1777) ; Chorals for voices (Amsterdam,
1810), etc. — Gregoir, Mus. uoerlandais, 85 ;
Van der Straeteii, iv. 414 ; Fotis.
HAUTF, WILHELII GOTTLIEB, the
younger, born at Nymwegen in 1793, died
at Groningen, Oct. 31, 1858. Organist,
son and pujsil of the preceding, whom he re-
placed at the organ when twelve years old.
He became organist of a church in his
native city, and in 1818 of St. Martin's at
Groningen. He frequently gave organ
concerts, and was much admired for his
talent of imjjrovising. "Works : 160 psalms ;
G preludes, etc., for organ ; 6 waltzes for
pianoforte ; 15 school songs, etc. — Gregoir,
Mus. noerlandais, 8G.
HAUPT, (CARL) AUGUST, bora at Cu-
nau, Silesia, Aug. 25, 1810, still living,
1889. Vu'tuoso on the organ, pupil of A.
W. Bach, Klein, Dehu, and the two Schnei-
ders ; became organist of the French con-
vent, Berlin, in 1832, of St. Elizabeth's in
1835, of St. Nicholas iu 1839, and of the
parish church, in 1849 ; and taught at the
Koyal Institute for church music, of which
be became director after A. W. Bach's death
in 1870. He was remarkable for his fine
extempore variations in the style of J. S.
Bach. Of his numerous compositions those
for the organ are still in JIS. His songs and
part-songs have been published in various
collections ; his Choralbuch (Berlin, 1869)
ranks very high among its kind. — Mendel ;
Fetis ; Mus. Wochenblatt, xiii. 407.
HAUPTMANN, LORENZ, born at Graf-
ensulz. Nether Austria, Jan. 15, 1802, died
in Vienna, May 25, 1870. Organist, pro-
ficient at the age of twelve ; taught school
until he was twenty-four years old ; then
went to Vienna, became organist of the
Theresianum and of the Paulanerkirche,
\jr' -?i
and later was choir-master of an Augustine
parish church, giving also singing lessons.
He composed church, pianoforte, violin, and
organ music, and good solfeggi and in-
structive vocal duets. His masses, gradu-
als, and other sacred compositions are still
much esteemed. — Wurzbach ; Mendel ; Fe-
tis ; do., Supplement, i. 453 ; Schilling.
HAUPTMANN, MOKITZ, born in Dres-
den, Oct. 13, 1792,
died in Leipsic, Jan.
4, 1868. Intended
for his father's j)ro-
fession, a r c h i t e e-
ture, he was allowed
i^fe^' '"^k to study music as
an accomplishment,
and became a pupil
on the violin of
Scholz, and in har-
mony and comjio-
sition of Morlacchi and others. When
seventeen he abandoned architecture for
music, and in 1811 he went to Gotha to
perfect himself on the violin, and to study
composition imder Spohr. This was the
beginning of a firm friendshijj between the
two men, which lasted imtil Spohr's death.
In 1812 he entered the royal orchestra
at Dresden, and then the household of
Prince Repniu, the Russian governor of
Dresden, whom he followed in 1815 to Rus-
sia, spending several years at St. Peters-
burg, Moscow, Poltava, and Odessa. Re-
turning to Germany in 1822, he entered
Spohr's orchestra at Cassel, where his
remarkable talent for teaching counter-
point and composition first manifested it-
self. Among his pupils at this period are
to be noted Ferdinand David, Norbert
Burgmiiller, Curschmann, Kufterath, Kiel,
and many others. In 1842 he was ap-
pointed cantor and Musikdircktor at the
Thomas-Schule, and professor of counter-
point and composition at the Conservato-
rium at Leipsic, where he lived until his
death. Hauptmaim's career, like his rejju-
tation, was unique. Of all contemporaiy
HAUPT^'EIi
musicians his name was the one which was
mentioned all over Germany (as it still is)
with the most loving veneration. Gifted
by nature with a musical ear of exceptional
delicacy, and with the purest musical j^er-
ceptions, he cultivated his talent to the
highest conceivable degree by prolonged
and arduous study and jiractice. The fun-
damental principle of all his teaching and
writing was that absolute unity of idea and
perfection of form were the two indisj^eu-
sable attributes of every work of art. In
Leipsic he represented the extreme classi-
cal i^arty in music ; but he always refrained
from attacking either the ideas or the work
of the younger generation of comj)Osers,
and, in turn, no one ever made him the ob-
ject of jsartisan polemical writing. As a
master of musical form he was absolute.
For j)erfection of style and finish of work-
manship his compositions can hardly be
surpassed. Yet he i3 hardly to be ac-
counted a man of great genius, and he has
alwaj'S been more famous as a teacher and
theorist than as a com230ser. Joachim, von
Billow, Sullivan, Coweu, and many other
noted men are among his pupils. His
great work, " Die Natur der Harmonik und
der Metrik," has had probably more influ-
ence upon the modern study of the philoso-
l)hy of music than any other book iu exist-
ence. He died loaded with about every hon-
our that could well fall to the lot of a famous
and universally revered musician. Works :
I. Church music : Salve Eegina for 4 voices
and organ or pianoforte, ad libitum, op. 13 ;
Offertorium for 4 voices and organ or pi-
anoforte, op. 15 ; Vocalmesse for soli and
chorus, op. 18 ; ]Mass for soli, chorus, and
orchestra, op. 30 ; 6 geistliche Gesilnge for
soli and 4-part chorus, op. 33 ; Motet, Nimm
von uns, Herr Gott, oyx 34 ; G geisthche
Gesiinge, for 2 S. and A., op. 35 ; Motets,
Komm', Heil'ger Geist, and another, op.
36 ; Cantata, Herr, Herr ! wende Dich, for
soli, chorus, organ, and 4 trombones, op. 38 ;
Hymn, Am Ciicilientage, for soli, 2 choruses,
and pianoforte, op. 39 ; 3 Motets for soli
and chorus, op. 40 ; 3 do., op. 41 ; 6 geist-
liche Gesiinge for chorus, op. 42 ; 3 Kirch-
enstiicke for chorus and orchestra, op. 43 ;
3 geistliche Chorgesiinge, op. 44 ; Psalm
LXXXIV., for soli and chorus, op. 45 ;
Motet for soli and chorus, op. 51 ; Do.
from Psalm CXI., op. 52 ; 3 geistliche Chor-
gesiinge for mixed chorus, op. 53 ; 12 do.
for 2 S. and A. (2 books), op. 54 ; 3 do. for
5. A. T. and B., op. 5(> ; Psalm, Sei mir
gnildig, Gott, for 4 solo voices, and 2 4-
Ijart choruses, op. 57. IL Secular vocal
music : Gretcheu vor dem Bilde der Mater
Dolorosa, for voice and pianoforte (the
accompaniment scored for orchestra by
Franz von Holsteiu), op. 3 ; Auf dem See,
text by Goethe, for 4 solo voices and
chorus, op. 21 ; Songs, j)art-songs, and
canons, with j^ianoforte, op. 1, 4, 9, 11, 19,
22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 37, 46, 50 ; Part-
songs without accompaniment, op. 32, 47,
49, 55. in. Chamber music : 2 string
quartets (E-flat, C), op. 7 ; Duos coucert-
auts for 2 violins, op. 2, 16, 17 ; Divertisse-
ment for violin and guitar, o]). 8 ; Concerto
facile in E-flat, for pianoforte with accom-
paniment of 2 violins, viola, and violoncello,
013. 20 ; Sonatas for pianoforte and violin,
in G minor, E-flat, D, op. 5 ; do. in F, op. 6 ;
do. in B-flat, G, D minor, ojj. 23 ; 12 pieces
for pianoforte, op. 12. IV. Orchestral :
Overture to Mathilde, oj). 60. V. Literary-
works : 1. " Erliluterungen zu Johann Se-
bastian Bach's Kunst der Fuge " (Leipsic,
Peters) ; 2. " Die Natur der Harmonik und
der Metrik " (ib., Breitkopf & Hiirtel) ; 3,
" Aufgaben fiir einfachen und doppelten Con-
trapunkt"(ib., Senfi") ; 4. "Briefe am Franz
Hauser " (ib., Breit-
kopf & Hartel) ; 5.
" Die Lehre von der
Harmonik" (ib., id.);
6. Briefe von Moritz
Hauptmann an Spohr und Andere, herausge-
geben von Dr. Ferdinand Hiller (ib., 1876).
— Grove ; Hiller, Aus dem Tonleben, iii. 79.
HAUPTNER, THUISKON, born in Ber-
lin in 1825, still living, 1889. Pupil at the
839
nAUSCHKA
Rsjal Academy of Berlin ; became con-
ductor of orchestra of the Vorstiidtisches
Theater iu 1850, and of the KOnigsstiidt-
isches Theater in 1852, in the meantime writ-
ing many operettas and farces. In 1854-58
he studied at the Paris Conservatoire, then
was a teacher in Berlin, Basel, and Potsdam,
where he directed the Singakademie. He
has published a singing method. — Mendel ;
Eiemann.
HAUSCHKA, VINCENZ, born at Mies,
Bohemia, Jan. 21, 17GG, died in Vienna,
Sept. 13, 1840. Violoncellist, son and pu-
pil of a school teacher ; he was choir boy iu
the Prague Cathedral ; then studied theory
under ZOger and the violoncello imder
Christ ; became violoncellist in the chapel of
Count Joseph von Thun, in Prague ; made a
concert tour through German}', and settled
in Vienna, where he obtained, in 1793, a
government office. He was also an excellent
player on the baryton, comi^osing much for
that instrument and the violoncello, besides
vocal music. — "Wurzbach ; Mendel ; Schil-
ling ; Gerber, ii. 522 ; Fetis.
HAUSER, MORITZ, born in Berlin in
1826, died in Konigslierg, May 31, 1857.
Son and pupil of Franz Himser (dramatic
singer, 1794-1870), aud studied at the
Leipsic Conservatorium under Mendelssohn
aud Hauptmann. He was music director
of the cdty theatre iu Konigsberg until his
early death. Works : Der Erbe von Hohe-
ueck, opera, given at Konigsberg, 1855 ; Lie-
der ; Instrumental music. — Mendel ; Fetis.
HAUSER, MISKA (:Michael), bom at
Presburg, Hungary,
in 1822, died in Vi-
enna, Dec. 8, 1887.
Violin virtuoso, pupil
of Joseph Matalay, of
Conradin Kreutzer,
and at the Conserva-
torium in Vienna, of
Mayseder, and Sech-
ter. In 1840-48, he
made a concert tour through Gei-many,
Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Russia ; iu
1 1848-49 visited France and England, and on
Jan. 1, 1850, landed in New York and trav-
elled throughout the United States for three
years. From San Francisco he went to
South America in 1853, then to Australia in
1854-58, and returned via India, Egypt,
Malta, and Marseilles to Vienna. After a
tour through the larger cities of the empire,
he went to Bukharest, and in 1861 to Con-
stantinople, where he played before Abdul
Medjid. Subsequently he lived compara-
tively retired, and only seldom ajjpeared in
public, the last time in Cologne, in 1874.
Works : Nocturne, op. 1 ; Introduction and
Rondo on Hungarian melodies, op. 2 ; Mes
adieux a Varsovie, op. 5 ; Introduction et
Variations de concert, op. 7 ; Bolero, op.
10 ; 12 Lieder ohne worte, op. 11 ; do., op.
16, op. 21, 23-28 ; La milancoUe, etude de
concert, op. 17 ; La sentimentale, do., op.
18 ; Tarentelle, op. 19 ; Scherzo, op. 22 ;
Das Voglein am Baume, op. 34 ; Fantasias,
rondos, variations, etc. He wrote also an
operetta, Der blinde Leiermann, about
1860. — Aus dem Wanderbuch eines oster-
reichischen Virtuosen (Leipsic, 1858-59) ;
Wurzbach.
HAUSLICHE KRIEG, DER (The Do-
mestic Struggle), German Singspiel in one
act, text adapted from the French by Cas-
telli, music by Franz Schubert, written for
the court theatre, Vienna, in 1823, but un-
performed during the composer's lifetime.
The original title was Die Verschworenen
(The Conspirators), but the licensers re-
garding it with suspicion, it was changed to
the present one. The libretto was sug-
gested by the " Lysistrata " of Aristoi^hanes.
It was first represented, under the direction
of Herbeck, by the Musikverein, Vienna,
March 1, 1861 ; at Frankfort, Aug. 29,
1861, and then in Munich, Salzburg, and
other German cities. It was given in Paris,
at the Fantaisies Parisiennes, Feb. 3, 1868,
in a French translation by Victor Wilder,
under the title La guerre domestique, ou
les conjures, which was afterward changed
to La croisade des dames ; aud in London,
340
HA
at tlie Crystal Palace, Sydenliaiii, March
2, 1872, as The Conspirators. The work
consists of an overture and eleven numbers.
Published by Spina (Vienna, 1SG2). — Life of
Schubert, i. 309 ; Atheiiteum (1872), i. 313.
HA! "WELCH EIN AUGENBLICK!
See Fidelia.
HAWES, WILLIAJI, born in London in
1785, died there,
Feb. 18, 1816. He
was chorister iu
the Chapel Eoyal
from 1793 to 1801,
violinist at Coveut
Garden iu 1802,
Gentleman of the
Chapel Eoyal iu
1805, master of
choristers and
vicar-choral at St. '
Paul's iu 1811, master of the children of the
Chapel Royal iu 1817, and lay vicar of West-
minster Abbey in 1817-20. He was the
first promoter of the Harmonic Institution,
then a music publisher, and later director
of music at the English Opera Lyceum ;
conductor of the Madrigal Society, and or-
ganist of the German Lutheran Church iu
the Savoy. He adapted many operas to the
English stage, aud composed or comjiiled
music for many of them. Works : Glees
and madrigals ; Chants, Sauctuses, and
Eesponses to the Commandments. — Grove.
HAYDEE, ou le secret, opcra-comique
iu three acts, text by Scribe, music by
Auber, first represented at the Opera Comi-
que, Paris, Dec. 28, 1817. Auber's best
work in his third style. The libretto,
adapted trom a Eussian novel translated by
Prosper Mt'rimee, is interesting, with poeti-
cal situations, and the music is dramatic aud
appropriate to the subject. The hero of
the work is Loredan, a young Venetian ad-
miral who returns home, after driving the
Turks from Cyprus, bringing with him
Haydee, a young Greek prisoner, who
turns out to be of royal descent, and whom
he finally marries when elevated to the
1818. — AtheuEeum
JOSEF, born at
dignity of Doge of Venice. Other charac-
ters are Andrea, son of Donate, a man whom
Loredan has ruined at play, whom the Ad-
miral makes his heir aud marries to Eafaela,
his ward, and jNIalipieri, a spy of the Coun-
cil of Ten. The role of Loredan was cre-
ated by Eoger; the other characters were
sustained by Hermann-Leon, Audrau, Eic-
quier, and Miles Lavoye and Grimm. The
opera was given in English at the Straud
Theatre, Loudon, April 3, 1818, and at Co-
vent Garden, Nov. 1,
(1848), 13 ; 1130.
HAYDN, (FEANZ)
Rohrau, Lower Aus-
tria, March 31 (April
1), 1732, died iu Vi-
enna, May 31, 1809.
He was the second
child of a wheel-
wright, Matthias
Haydn, and Maria
H. (born K o 1 1 e r),
daughter of Count
Harrach's cook and
Marktrichter, or steward. The family
came originally from Hainburg, a town four
leagues from Eohrau, near the Danube.
Both Josef's parents were nmsical ; his
first teacher was his step-grandfather, Jo-
hauu Mathias Frankh, a school-master in
Hainburg, to whose school he was sent
when six years old. Although his mother
would have preferred him to be brought up
for the j)riesthood, his musical education
was, from the first, conducted with a view to
his making music his profession. Frankh
was a severe but excelleut teacher, and
would doubtless have brought his pupil
farther ou than he did, had not Georg
Reutter, Hofcompositor, aud Kapellmeister
at St. Stephen's, in Vienna, been struck with
the boy's talent and voice, while on a visit
to Hainburg, and offered him a place as
chorister at St. Stephen's, two years after
he began his schooling. Haydn's j^arents
consented, and he left Hainburg and
Frankh, for Vienna, in 1710. His studies
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242
IIAYDN
were religion, Latin, writing, and aritlime-
tic, to which were added the viohu, the
clavier, and singing, prolialily under Gegen-
bauer and Fiusterbusch ; but nothing what-
Silhouelte of Haydn.
ever was done about instruction in har-
mony, counterpoint, or composition. He
was looked upon by von Reutter (ennobled
in 1740) merely as a boy singer, and even
when it was discovered that he had been
trying to compose on his
own account, the Kajjell- c ~\^ " "
meister gave him no en-
couragement or advice.
In 1745 he was joined at
the Cantorei by his broth-
er Michael, who soon suj:)-
islanted him in the favor
of von Keutter and Maria
Theresa, who had previ-
ously noted his singing
with pleasure ; for about
this time his voice began to
change, and he was prac-
tically useless as a singer. A practical joke,
played by him upon a fellow-chorister, and
found out by von Reutter, brought matters
to a head, and he was dismissed the Cantorei
with a sound caning. He was now thrown
upon his own resources, but one Spangler,
chorister at St. Michael's, and a Viennese
friend who lent him 150 florins, helped him,
and he got a few pupils. He was thus
enabled to hire a little room in the old
Michaelerhaus in the Kohlmarkt. He be-
gan to study composition by himself from
the works of P. Emanuel Bach, and to such
good purpose that Bach afterward said
that he alone fully understood his writings
and knew how to use them. About this
time he wrote his first mass, in F (No. 11,
Novello's ed.), and a musical farce, Der
neue Krumme Teufel, for the Stadttheater,
the latter bringing him in a good sum of
money. It became quite famous in its way,
and was given in several German cities.
Through Metastasio he was introduced to
a Spanish family, the de Martines, and was
engaged to give lessons to Marianne, the
elder daughter. This led to his meeting
Porpora, who engaged him as accompanist,
and gave him the only regular instruction
in composition he ever had, in return for
this and other more menial services. But
he mastered by himself all the important
theoretical musical literature of the day, es-
pecially Fax's Gradus. In 1755 he wrote
his first quartet, for Karl Joseph, Edler von
Birthplace of Haydn,
Fiirnberg, whose acquaintance he had made,
and who, in 1759, recommended him as
jMusikdirektor and Kammercompositor to
Count Ferdinand Maximilian Morzin, at his
country seat at Lukavec, near Pilsen. Here
he wrote his first symphony. His salary
243
HAYDN
was 200 florins, with board and lodging.
On Nov. 26, 17G0, be married Anna Maria
Keller, a woman three years older than him-
self, of quarrelsome temper, who did her
best to make his life wretched. Soon after.
Count Morzin gave uj) his baud, and Haydn
entered the service of Prince Paul Anton
Eszterhazy, as second Kajiellmeister imder
"Werner, at Eiseustadt. He continued to
hold this post, and, after "Werner's death,
that of first Kapellmeister, under Prince
Nicolaus Eszterhazy, both at Eiseustadt and
at Eszterhaz, the Prince's new summer place,
near Siittor, on the Neusiedler-See. Here
he composed most of his operas. Except
for some visits to Vienna, either alone, or
in company with the Prince and the whole
chapel, he continued living at Eszterhaz un-
til his patron's death, in 171)0. He retained
liis title of Kapellmeister, with a yearly pen-
sion of 1,000 florins, under his successor,
Prince Anton ; but as nearly the whole
chapel was disbanded, lie moved to Vienna.
But the news of Prince Nicolaus's death had
brought Salomon to Vienna, in hopes of en-
gaging Haydn for London. As Haydn was
now free, he consented, and the two set out
together, Dec. 15, 1700, going by Munich,
Bonn, and Brussels to Calais, crossing the
chanuel on Jan. 1, 1791, and arriving in
London without delay. Here Haydn found
himself the centre of a brilliant artistic cir-
cle, and every attention was heaped upon
him. In July he went to Oxford to receive
the honorary degree of Mus. Doc. His
symphonies, written at this period for Salo-
mon's concerts, and known as the " Salomon
symphonies," are accounted his greatest or-
chestral works. He left London in the lat-
ter part of June, 1792, returning to Vienna
by way of Bonn, where he met Beethoven
and passed judgment upon a cantata of his,
and Frankfort, and arriving at the end of
July. In December Beethoven came to Vi-
enna to studj^ under him. On Jan. 19, 1794,
Haydn set out again for Loudon, on the in-
vitation of Salomon to write six more sym-
phonies. His success and popularity dur-
ing this second visit quite equalled his
former exjierience in England, and he re-
turned home in August, 1795, with a com-
petence for the rest of his life. In January,
1797, he left his house in Vienna (now Neu-
markt. No. 2) for one he had bought in the
Mariahilf suburb (Windmiihle, 73 Kleine
Steingasse, now 19 Haydugasse), and went
to Eiseustadt only for the summer and fall.
The great works of the last ten years of his
life were Die SchOpfung, and Die Jahi'es-
Haydn's Tomb,
zeiten. Although his health was feeble dur-
ing the last few years, he coi\tinued com-
posing almost to the end. He died during
the siege of Vienna by the French. On
June 15, Mozart's Eequiem was sung in his
honour in the Schotteukirche, and he was
liiu'ied in the Hundsthurm churchyard, not
far from his own house ; but in 1820 his
body was transferred to the upper parish
church at Eiseustadt by order of Prince
Eszterhazy. Haydn has, with justice, been
called the father of modern orchestral
HAYDN
music ; to Lira the world owes the establish-
ment of the two finest phases of the sonata-
form : the orchestral symphony and the
string quartet. However, the generally ac-
ce25ted story that he and Boccherini set the
standard form for the quartet nearly at the
same time, and without collusion, seems to
be, in the main, true. (See Samml. Mus.
Vortrilg, IV. 105-110.) In the field of oratorio
he, Beethoven, and Mendelssohn are the only
composers after Handel whoso works have
lived to the present day in undiminished
favour with musicians and the public.
Works : I. Oratorios and Cantatas : Canta-
ta for the birthday of Prince Nicolaus Esz-
terhazy, Eiseustadt, 17G3 ; Deutschland's
Klage auf den Tod Friedrichs des Grossen ;
Applausus musicns, for the festival of a pre-
late, Vienna, 1708; II ritorno di Tobia, ib.,
1775 ; Arianna a Naxos, London, 1791 ;
The Slorm, ib.. Mar. 2G, 1791 ; The In-
vocation of Neptune (composed 1795, not
completed) ; Die sicben letzten Worte,
Eisenstadt, 1797 ; Die Erwilhlung eines
Kapellmeisters, Vienna, 1797-1802 ; Die
Schopfuiig, ib., Apr. 29, 1798 ; Die Jahres-
zeilen, ib., Apr. 24, 1801. H. Church Mu-
sic : 14: masses ; 1 Stabat Mater ; 2 Te
Deum ; 13 oflertories ; 4 motets ; 1 Tantum
ergo ; 4 Salve Kegina ; 1 Regina cceli ; 2
Ave Eegina ; Eesponsoria de Venerabili ; 1
cantilena pro Adventu (German) ; 6 sacred
arias ; 2 ditto, duets. HI. Dramatic : Der
neue krumme Teufcl, Singspiel, Vienna,
Stadttheater, 1752 ; Acide e Galatea, pas-
toral, Eisenstadt, Jan. 11, 17G3 ; La can-
terina, opera buifa, 177G ; Lo speziale, Vi-
enna, 17G9 ; II diavolo zoppo, ib., 1770; Le
pescatrici, dramma giocosa, 1770 ; L' infe-
deltadelusa, burletta, Eszterhaz, 1773 ; L' in-
contro improviso, dramma giocosa, 1775 ;
II mondo della Luna, do., 1777 ; La vera
costauza, Eszterhaz, 1779 ; La fedelta pre-
miata, ib., Nov. 18, 1779; L' infedelta fedele,
1780 (?) ; Orlando paladino, Eszterhaz, 1782 ;
Armida, ib., 1784 ; L' (sola disabitata, Vi-
enna, Hoftheater, 1785 ; Orfeo ed Euridice
(composed 1791, not completed) ; Die Apfel-
diebe, Berlin, 1791 ; Second act of II dls-
fmllo, Vienna, about 1794 (?) ; L' avaro, in-
termezzo, Paris, Opera Italien, Jan. 5, 1802 ;
Philemon und Baucis, marionette opera,
Eszterhaz, 1773 ; Der Gotterrath, do. ; Der
Hexenschabbes, do. ; Genoverfa, do. ; Dido,
do., Eszterhaz, Sep. 15, 1778 ; Incidental
music to Der Zerstreute (see II didrallo).
Die Feuersbrunst, Hamlet, Gotz von Ber-
lichingen, Konig Lear, Das abgebrannte
Haus, Alfred. IV. Miscellaneous Vocal
Works : 12 German Lieder, 1782 ; 12 do.,
1784 ; 12 separate do. (5 in IMS.) ; 6 origi-
nal canzonets, London, 179G ; G do. ; The
Sjiirit Song (Shakespeare) ; O tuneful voice ;
3 English songs in MS. ; 2 duets ; 3 three-
part and 10 four-part songs ; 3 choruses in
ilS. ; 1 do. from Alfred (Leipsic, Breitkopf
& H;irtel) ; Golt erhalte Franz den Kaiser,
for 1 and 4 voices ; 42 canons in 2 or more
parts ; 2 do. ; The Ten Commandments in
canons ; the same with other words. Die
zehn Gesetze der Kunst ; Accompaniments
for pianoforte, violin, and violincello to
247 Scotch songs (London, W. Napier, 3
vols.) ; Do. to 17 ditto (some by Thomas &
Whyte, Edinburgh) ; 41 Welsh airs in 3 parts
(London, Preston, 3 vols.). V. Instru-
mental : 125 symphonies, of which the fol-
lowing are the most noteworthy. (The
greatest confusion exists in the numbering
of Haydn's symphonies ; the numbers given
here refer respectively to the editions of
Breitkopf & Hiirtel, Peters, Andre, and
Eieter-Biedermann, and to the Catalogue of
the London Philharmonic Society. The
English, French, and Italian titles are current
in England and America, the German titles
are recognized in Germany. Those num-
bered 1-12 in the Lond. Philharmonic Soc.
catalogue are the so-called great " Salomon "
symphonies, written for Salomon's concerts
in London.) Mit dem Paul'emvirhel, in E-flat,
1795 ? (B. & H, No. 1 ; P., No, 1 ; Phil., No.
8) ; in D, London, 1795 (B. k H, No. 2 ; P.,
No. 2 ; Phil., No. 7) ; in E-flat, Vieima, 1793
(B. &H., No. 3 ; Phil., No. 10) ; The Clock,
in D, 1794 (B. k H, No. 4 ; P., No. 3 ; Phil.,
IIAYDK
No. 11) ; in D, Loudon, 1791 (B. &H., No. 5,
Pbil, No. 2) ; Surprifi', Mit dem Pauken-
scLlag, in G, 1791 (B. & H., No. G ; P., No.
4 ; Phil., No. 3) ; in C, 179- ? (B. & H.,
No. 7 ; P., No. 5 ; Phil., No. 1) ; in B-flat,
1792 ? (B. & H., No. 8 ; Phil., No. 4) ; in C
minor, 1791 (B. & H., No. 9 ; Phil., No. 5) ;
in D (B. & H., No. 10) ; Mililanj, in G,
1794 (B. & H., No. 11 ; P., No. 7 ; Phil.,
No. 12) ; in E-flat, 1795 (B. & H., No. 12 ;
P., No. 6 ; Phil, No. 9) ; in G (B. k H., No.
13 ; P., No. 8) ; in D, 1791 (B. & H., No.
14 ; Phil., No. 6) ; in E-flat, 1787 ?, for Paris
(Andre, No. 1 ; Phil., Letter T) ; L'oifrs in
C, 178G? (A., No. 2) ; Traucr, in E minor,
1772? (A., No. 3; Phil., Letter I) ; in B
(R.-Bied., No. 1); Oxford, in G, 1788?
(R.-B., No. 2 ; P., No. 9 ; Phil, Letter Q) ;
in C, 1788 ? (R.-B., No. 3 ; Phil., Letter R) ;
in E-flat (R.-B., No. 4) ; La chasse, in D
(R.-B., No. 5) ; in C minor (R.-B., No. G) ;
in B-flat, 1780 ? (Phil., Letter A) ; Farewell,
AbAchiedi<sii)fonie, in F-sharp minor, 1772
(Phil., Letter B) ; in D, 1774 (Phil., Letter
H) ; in G, 1772 (Phil., Letter L) ; in G,
1787?, for Paris (Phil., Letter V) ; in F,
1787 (Phil., Letter "\V) ; La rrinede France,
in G minor, 178G ?, for Paris (Simrock, in
parts) ; lio.relane, in C, 1777 ? (ib., id.) ;
Lia poule, in G minor, 1786?, for Paris (ib.,
id.) ; Bfaria Theresa, in C, 1773? (ib., id.) ;
Laiidon, in C, 1779 ? ; The Schoolmaster, in
E-flat, 1774 (Simrock, in parts) ; Le matin, in
D, 17G-? ; Le midi, in C, 17G1 ; Le xoir, in
G, 17G-? ; II dish-allo, in C, 177G ? ; Kinder-
siimphonie, in C, 178- ? (Andro) ; Mercury,
in E-flat, 1772 ? ; Der x>hilo><oph, in E-flat,
17G4 ; La pcuft^ione, in F minor, 1773 ? ;
/'('Her-Symphonie, in A, 1774 ; Concertante,
in B-flat, London, 1792 ; Lamentations, in
D minor, 1772 (the entire number of
symjjhonies, including overtures to ojjeras,
etc., published in parts, is 94 ; 40 are pub-
lished in score, and 29 are still in MS.) ; Die
siebea letzten "Worte, for strings, Artaria,
1785 ; 7 notturnos for lyre ; 7 marches ; 6
scherzandos ; 1 sextet ; several quintets ; 1
echo for 4 violins and 2 'ceHi ; several Feld-
parthien for wind instruments ; arrange-
ments of pieces for barytou ; 12 collections
of minuets and allemandes ; Divertimeuti,
etc., for strings, with and without wind ;
175 pieces for baryton ; 51 concertos (19,
including divertimeuti, for pianoforte, 1 for
pianoforte and violin, 9 for violin, G for vio-
loncello, 1 for double-bass, 5 for lyre, 3 for
baryton, 2 for flute, 3 for horn, 1 for 2 horns,
1 for clarino, 179G) ; G duets for violin and
viola ; 1 do. for 2 lutes ; 35 trios for piano-
forte, violin and violoncello ; 3 do., for pi-
anoforte, flute and violoncello ; 20 do. for
2 violins and bass ; 1 do. for violin, viola
and bass ; 2 do. for flute, violin and bass ;
3 do. for 3 flutes ; 1 do. for coruo di caccia,
violin and violoncello ; 2 do. for lute, violin
and violoncello ; 77 quartets for 2 violins,
viola and violoncello (Nos. 1-18 published
in 3 series, Nos. 21-74, with arrangement
of Sieben letzten Worte, in 9 series, Nos. 20,
75-7G, and 77 separately ; No. 19 is in
MS.) ; 53 sonatas and divertiincnti for pi-
anoforte ; 4 do. for jjianoforte and violin ;
1 do. for harp, flute and bass ; 9 smaller
pieces for pianoforte ; 1 for do., 4 hands ;
several pieces for musical clock ; 1 do. for
harmonica. For list of works spuriously or
conjecturally attributed to Haydn, see
Grove, i. 720.— C. F. Polil, Joseph Haydn
(Leipsic, Breitkopf k Hiirtel, 1875) ; C. F.
Pohl, Mozart und Haydn in London (Vi-
enna, 18G7) ; Grove.
HAYDN, (JOHANN) mCHAEL, born at
Rohrau, Germany, Sept. 14, 1737, died at
Salzburg, Aug. 10, ISOG. Organist, broth-
a^r.
HAYES
er of Josef Haydn. He became cborister
at St. Steijheu's, Vienua, at eight years of
age ; and later as-
sist aut organist ;
was Kapellmeister
at Grosswardeiu iu
1757, Couzertmeis-
ter and director to
Archbisboj) Sigis-
mund, at Salzburg,
and organist at
Holy Trinity and
St. Peter "s, Salzburg, in 1777. Having lost
liis in-operty through the destruction of
Salzburg by the French iu 1800, the Em-
press asked him to compose a mass for her,
iu which she sang the soprano solos, Oct.
4, 1801. Prince Eszterhazy twice ofiered
him the vice-Kaiiellmeistership of his chapel,
but he twice refused, hoping the chapel at
Salzburg would be reorganized. He was
a member of the Academy at Stockholm.
Joseph Haydn considered Michael's church
music better than his own. Works : 2
Eequiems ; 21: masses ; 4 German masses ;
114 graduals ; 67 olTertories ; 8 Responso-
rien ; 3 Tenebrse, Regiua Cadi, etc. ; 8 lit-
anies ; 11 vespers ; 5 Salve Regina ; sev-
eral German sacred songs ; 50 short organ
pieces, preludes, etc. (Linz) ; 30 .symphonies,
and Partiten ; 1 sextet ; 3 quintets ; 12
minuets (Augsburg, Gombart) ; 1 violin con-
certo ; quintets ; serenades ; marches ; orato-
rios ; cantatas ; ojjera, Andromeda e Perseo
(1770) ; operettas ; i)astoral. Die Hochzeit
auf der Aim ; four-part songs (Vienna,
1799 ; Salzburg, 1800) ; single songs, Karl
der Held, Erzherzog von Oesterreich, etc. ;
6 canons (Salzburg, 1800) ; Partitur Fun-
dament ; Anti25honarium romanum. — Men-
del ; Gerber ; Schilling ; Fetis.
HAYES, PHILIP, born at Oxford, April,
1738, died in London, March 10, 1797. Or-
ganist, son and pupil of William Hayes ;
Mus. Bac, Oxford, 1763 ; Gentleman of
the Chapel Royal, 1767 ; organist of New
College, Oxford, 1770, of Magdalen College,
and Professor of Music in the University,
1777 ; Mus. Doc, 1777 ; organist of St,
John's College, 1790. Works : Prophecy,
oratorio, 1781 ; Telemachus, a masque ; Ode
for St. Cecilia's Day, " Begin the Song "
(by John Oldham) ; Anthems ; Services,
psalms, glees, etc. He edited Harmonia
Wiccamica (London, 1780). — Grove.
HAYES, WILLIAjM, born at Gloucester
in 1707, died at Oxford, July 30, 1777. He
was chorister of Gloucester Cathedral, or-
ganist at St. Mary's, Shrewsbury, and, iu
1731-34, of Worcester Cathedral. In 1734
he became organist of Magdalen College,
Oxford, where he received the degree of
Mus. Bac. in 1735. He became professor
of music at the University in 1742, and
Doctor of Music iu 1749. He conducted
at the Gloucester Musical Festival in 1763.
Works : Twelve Arietta or Ballads and Two
Cantatas (1735) ; Collins's Ode on the Pas-
sions ; Vocal and Instrumental Music, con-
taining : I. The Overture and Songs in the
Masque of Circe, H. A Sonata or Trio and
Ballads, Airs, and Cantatas, IH. An Ode,
being part of an Exercise performed for a
Bachelor's Degree in Music (1742) ; Cathe-
dral Music ; Catches, glees, canons, etc.
— Grove ; Barrett, English Church Com-
posers, 130 ; Harmonicon (1833), 141.
HAYM (Hennius), GILLES, Belgian
church composer of the 17th century.
Canon and singer iu the collegiate church
of St. John, Liege ; subsequently Kajjell-
meister to Ferdinand, Elector Prince-bishop
of Cologne, and finally to the Duke of Pfalz-
Neuburg. His masses, motets, hymns, etc.,
were published in Cologne and Antwerp
(1620-1651).— Fetis ; do., Supiolement, i.
454 ; Riemann ; Van der Straeten, i. 215.
HAYM, NICOLO FRANCESCO, born in
Rome about 1G79, died in London, Aug. 11,
1729. Violoncellist, born of German par-
ents. He went in 1704 to England, and
attemj)ted to establish Italian op>era in Lou-
don ; altered operas, played in the orchestra,
and wrote many librettos. Works : Sona-
tas for two violins and bass. — Grove ; Men-
del ; Futis ; Hawkins, Hist, of Music, v. 163.
HAYOUL
HAYOUL, BAUDOUIN, French ecclesi-
astic and clnircli composer of the second
lialf of the Ifith ceuturj'. Maitre de mu-
sicjue at the church of Saiut-Nicolas-des-
Champs, Paris. He published a collection
of motets (Nuremberg, 1587). — Futis.
HAYS, WILLIAjM SHAKSPEAKE, born
of American parentage in Louisville, Ken-
tucky, July 19, 1837, still living, 1889.
Composer of popular songs, the first of
which was written when he was about six-
teen yeai's old. Since then he has pub-
lished nearly three hundred, which have
had a phenomenal sale of several millions
in the aggregate. Among the best known
are : Evangeline ; My Southern Sunny
Home ; Write me a Letter from Home ;
We parted by the River Side ; Driven from
Home ; Shamus O'Brien ; Mollie Darling ;
Tlie Moon is out to-night, Love ; Old-
fashioned Roses are Sweetest ; etc.
HE.y;', CHARLES SWINNERTON, born
in B i r m i n s h a m ,
England, Ajiril 10,
1847, still living,
1889. Pianist and
conductor, studied
at Leipsic ; Men-
delssohn scholar,
ISO.'') ; Mus. Bac,
Cambridge, 18 71,
Mus. Doc, 1872.
Conductor of Bii--
mingham Philhar-
monic Union, of
Stafiford and other Philharmonic Societies,
and of Wolverhamjjton Musical Festivals.
Works : The Captivity, oratorio ; The Maid
of Astolat, cantata, 1885 ; 3d Psalm, for
soli, chorus, and orchestra ; Voice of Spring,
chorus and orchestra ; Overture in F, or-
chestra, Birmingham Festival, 1879 ; do. in
C, ib., 1879 ; Sonata for clarinet and piano-
forte, 1880 ; do. for organ ; do. for violin
and pianoforte, 1884 ; Quintet for jjiano-
forte and wind instruments, 1882 ; Trios ;
Anthems and other sacred music ; Organ
music ; Songs, part-songs, etc.
HEBRIDEN, DIE, (The Hebrides), also
known as Fingal's HOhle (Fingal's Cave), 2d
concert overture, in B minor, for orchestra,
by Mendelssohn, op. 26, first played by the
Philharmonic Society, London, May 14,
1832. Mendelssohn and Klingemann vis-
ited StaiTa in 1829, and in the winter of the
followiiig year the overture was begun in
Rome. The original score, dedicated to
Franz Hauser, is dated Rome, Dec. IG,
1830, and entitled Die eiusame lusel (The
Lonely Isle). The MS. of this is in posses-
sion of Felix Moscheles, London. A sec-
ond setting, dated Loudon, June 20, 1832,
in possession of the family of Sir W. Stern-
dale Bennett, diflers greatly, chiefly in the
working out of the middle part. The
printed score (published by Breitkopf &
Hiirtel, Easter, 1834), is entitled Fingals
Hohle. The overture was given in New
York, by the Philharmonic Society, season
of 1852-53.— Grove, i. 724.
HECQUET (Huquet), CHARLES JO-
SEPH GUSTAVE, born at Bordeaux, Aug.
22, 1803, died in 18GG. Dramatic com-
poser, pupil of Paer. He wrote music for
vaudevilles, and composed several operas,
of which the best are : Le braconnier, given
at the O^Jera Comique, 1847, and Marinette
et Gros-Reue, operetta, Bouflfes Parisiens,
185G. He was musical critic on L'Rlus-
tration, the Revue et Gazette musicale,
and other Paris journals. — Fetis ; Mendel.
HECUBA, concert aria for alto and or-
chestra, in G minor, text by Dr. L. Gold-
ham, music by Rubinstein, op. 92, No. 1,
dedicated to Frau Caroline Gomperz-Bet-
tleheim. Published by Bartholf Seuflf (Leip-
sic, between 18G8 and 1873), and by No-
vollo, Ewer & Co. (London).
HEDA\1G, JOHANN LUCA, born at
Helsdorf, near Kronstadt, Transylvania, '
Aug. 5, 1802, died at Ki'onstadt, Jan. 8, j
1849. The cantor of his native place taught
him singing and violin, and his musical
studies wei-e finished under Drechsler and
Blumenthal, in Vienna, where he composed
overtures and other music for the theatres.
S48
HEGAPt
In 1840 he became cantor and claurcli mu-
sic director in Kronstadt. His best Avorks
were cantatas, motets, and songs. — Mendel.
HEGAE, FRIEDRICH, born at- Basel,
Oct. 11, 1811, still living, 1889. Violinist,
pupil at the Conservatorium, Leipsic
(1857-GO), for a short time Couzertmeister
of Eilso's orchestra, then at "Warsaw ; re-
turned to Leipsic to complete his studies,
and after a visit to Baden-Baden and Paris,
became director of music at Gebweiler,
Alsace. Since 18G3 he has lived at Ziirich,
where he was at tirst Conzertmei.stei-, then
conductor of the subscrijatiou concerts, and
from 18G8 of the Tonhalle orchestra. He
is also director of the school of music,
opened in 187G. Of his compositions the
oratorio Manassa deserves esjjecial notice.
—Mendel.
HEILANDS LETZTE STUNDEN, DES
(The Saviour's Last Hours), oratorio by
Spohr, text by Eochlitz, Urst performed at
Cassel, Good Friday, 1835. The libretto
had been previously declined by Mendels-
sohn, who was then at work on his St. Paul.
The oratoi'io is called Calvary in the Eng-
lish version by Edward Taylor, the tirst
performance of which was given, under
Spohr's own direction, at the Norwich Fes-
tival, 1839. It was given again, in Spohr's
presence, under the direction of Costa, by
the London Sacred Harmonic Society, Ex-
eter Hall, July 5, 1852. — Spohr, Autobiog-
raphy, ii. 217 ; Athenneum (1852), 75G.
HEIL DIR IM SIEGERKRANZ, a Ger-
man national song, words by Heinrich Har-
ries, adapted to the air "God save the King."
It was written originally for the birthday of
Christian VH., King of Denmark (Harries
being a clergyman of Ilolstein), and pub-
lished in the Flensburg Wochenblatt, Jan.
27, 1790 ; but it was modified later (1793)
for Prussian use by B. G. Schumacher. — W.
Tappert, in Musik. Wochenblatt, Aug. 31,
1877.
HEILIGE CACILIA, DIE (St. Cecilia),
cantata for mezzo-sojjrano, chorus, and or-
chestra, or pianoforte, harp, and harmon-
ium, text by Mme Emile de Girardin, mu-
sic by Franz Liszt, op. 15G, composed in
1875. Published, score, vocal score, and
parts, by Kahnt (Vienna, 187G).
HEILIGE NACHT, DIE, Couzertstiick
for alto solo, chorus, and orchestra, in A-
flat, by Niels W. Gade, op. 40. The text is
from the poem, "Die Christnacht," by Au-
gust von Platen. Published by Breitkopf
& Hilrtel (Leiijsic, 18G3). Allgemeine Mu-
sikalisehe Zeituiig (18G3), 33G."
HEILIG, HEILIG, HEILIG!, quartet
and chorus in C major, in Mendelssohn's
Elias, No. 35.
HEIL SACHS! HANS SACHS! See
Jlfeislersingrr von Niirnberg.
HEIL SEI EUCH GEWEIHTEN. See
Zauhertlijk'.
HEILUNG DES BLINDGEBORNEN,
DIE (The Blind restored to Sight), oratorio,
by Carl Loewe, for voices a cappella, a spe-
cies of oratorio composition peculiar to this
composer. Published without opus number
in ISGl.
HEBIKEHR AUS DER FEEMDE (Re-
turn from abroad), operetta, iu one act,
text by Carl Klingemanu, music hy Men-
delssohn, op. 89, written for the silver wed-
ding of his jjarents on Dec. 2G, 1829. It
was comijosed in London between Sejjt. 10
and Oct. 4, 1829. The words of the song.
No. 12, Die Blumenglocken, were written
by Mendelssohn, and the music by Kliuge-
mann. The parts were : Lisbeth, Rebecca ;
Kauz, Devrient ; Hermann, Mantius ; and
the Maj-or, Hensel, for whom the jiart was
written on one note, F. Performed at the
Opera, Berlin, in 1851. An English ver-
sion, entitled Son and the Stranger, by
Chorley, was jiroduced at the Haymarket
Theatre, London, July 7, 1851. A French
translation by Jules Barbier, entitled Lis-
beth, was represented at the Theatre Lyri-
que, Paris, June 9, 18G5. Published by
Breitkopf & Hiirtel, Mendelssohn's Werke,
Serie 15, No. 122. — Hensel, Mendelssohn, i.
247 ; Clement et Larousse, 404. ; Atlien-
?oum (1851), 744.
IlEINEMEYEE
HEINEMEYEIl, ERNST WILHELM,
boi'u at Hauover, Feb. 25, 1827, died iu
Vienna, Feb. 12, 1869. Virtuoso on tlie
flute, son and jjupil of Christiau Heiue-
mej'er (179G-1872, also a distinguished
flutist, and royal chamber musician), at whose
side he played in the royal orchestra, 1845
-1:7 ; then went to St. Petersburg as first
flutist iu the imperial orchestra, and was at
the time instructor at the theatre-school
there. Pensioned iu 1859, he returned
to Hanover, but in 186G settled in Vienna.
His concertos and solos for his instrument are
very brilliant, and much esteemed by flutists.
— Mendel ; Riemann.
HEINICHEN, (JOHANN) DAVID, born
at Crdssuln, near Weissenfels, April 17,
1G83, died in Dresden, July IG, 1729. Pu-
HEINLEIN, PAUL, born in Nuremberg,
April 11, 162G, died there, Aug. G, 1G8G.
Pianist and organist, studied music in his
native city, later in Linz, Munich, and
Italy. On returning to Nuremberg he be-
came musician to the council, organist of
the Egidienkirche in 1G55, musical director
of the Fraueuku'che iu 1G5G, and chief or-
ganist of St. Sebaldus iu 1658. He com-
posed pianoforte, organ, and church music.
—Mendel ; FOtis ; Schilling ; Gerber (1790),
i. 616 ; Wiuterfeld, Der evaug. Kirchenge-
sang, ii. 457.
HEESfROTH, JOHANN AUGUST GUN-
THEE, born at Nordhausen, June 19, 1780,
died at Gottingen, June 2, 1816. Vocal
composer, but more noted as a writer on
music ; son and pupil of Christoph Gottlieb
l>i\ at the Leipsic Thomasschule of Schelle Heinroth, who for sixty-two years was Gr-
and Kuhnau ; studied law and practised as ganist at Nordhausen. In 1818 he suc-
an advocate iu Weissenfels ; then returned ' ceeded Forkel as music director at the uni-
to Leipsic and began to compose operas, versity of GOttingen, where he was very
After living several years (1713-18) in Italy, active in promoting the musical life of the
he was appointed court Kapellmeister in i city by establishing the academical concerts.
Dresden in 1718. He published in 1711 a He composed 169 choral melodies for 4
large work on thorough bass, which at- voices (1829) ; 6 songs for three parts ; G
tracted much attention. Works : Helena choruses for male voices. — Fetis ; Mendel :
und Paris, opera, given at Leipsic, 1709 ;
Calpurnia, i pazzi per troppo amore, Venice,
Teatro S. Augelo, 1713 ; Several masses ;
Solos for violin ; Fugues for harpsicliord, and
other instrumental music. In the royal
library, Berlin, are : Requiem for 4 voices
and instruments ; 2 masses for do. ; Kyrie
and Gloria, do. ; Te Deum, do. ; 2 Pange
lingua, do. ; 4 Italian cantatas. In the royal
Riemann.
HEINZE, GUSTAV ADOLPH, born iu
Leipsic, Oct. 1, 1820, still living, 1889.
Dramatic composer, son and pupil on the
clarinet of Ferdinand Heiuze, and studied
the iDianoforte under W. Haake ; became a
member of the Gewandhaus orchestra at
the age of fifteen. In 1840 he took lessons
in composition of Kotte, in Dresden, made
concert tours, and was
influenced by Mendels-
sohn. In 1844 he be-
came second Kapell-
meister at the Breslau
theatre, and iu 1850
went as Kapellmeister
of the German opera to
library, Dresden, arc : the operas Flavio ' Amsterdam, where he was director of the
Crispo, and Mario, 5 serenades, and 57 Euterpe Society from 1853, of the Vincen-
cantatas. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xi. 367 ; Fetis ; j tius Concerts in 1857, and of the Excelsior
Mendel ; SchiUiug ; Riemann. | church music singing society in 1868.
sso
IIEISE
Works : Lorelei, opera, given at Breslau,
18i6 ; Die Riiiue iu Tliaraudt, ib., 1847 ;
Oratorios : Auferstehimg, Sankta Ciicilia,
Der Feenschleier ; Three masses ; Three
overtures ; many cantatas, hymns, songs,
and male choruses. — Mendel ; Kiemann.
HEISE, PEDER ARNOLD, born at Co-
penhagen, Feb. 11, 1830, died there, July
5, 1879. Dramatic comjwser, studied at
the university of his native city ; pupil on
the i^ianoforte of A. Lund, and in theory of
Berggreeu, HaujJtmann, and Gade. He was
music teacher at the Academy of SOrOe iu
1857-G5, then returned to Copenhagen,
where he produced successfully the operas :
The Pasha's Daughter, 18G9, and King and
Marshal, 1878.— Meyer, Konv. Lex. (1888) ;
Mendel, Ergilnz., 154 ; Riemann.
HEISER, WILHELJI, born in Berlin,
April 15, 1817, still living, 1889. Vocal
composer, was a choir-boy and later an ojj-
era singer ; then retired from the stage
and taught singing in Stralsuud, Berlin,
and Rostock. In 185.3 he became regimen-
tal bandmaster in Berlin, and after 1866
devoted himself again to vocal instruction.
He composed several hundred songs, of
which many have become very popular in
Germany, besides dances and marches for
pianoforte. — Mendel ; Riemann.
HELD, JACOB, born at Landshut, Nov.
11, 1770, died after 1812. Violinist, but
studied also the organ and pianoforte, and
at an early age became organist in his native
place ; went to Munich to study j^hilosophy,
and became the xaui^il of Hampeln and Eck
on the violin, and of Danzi in comijosition.
Made concert tours iu Germany, Switzer-
land, and France, and then settled down as
court musician and teacher iu Munich. He
composed overtures for orchestra, string
quartets, and concertos and variations for
the violin.— Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
HELDER (Helderus), BARTHOLO-
MAUS, born in Gotha about 1585, died in
Remstiidt, Oct. 28, 1635. Vocal composer,
was attendant in a school at Friemar, and
from 1616 pastor iu Remstadt. Works :
Cymbalum Genethliacum, containing 15 mo-
tets for Christmas and New Year, for i, 5,
and 6 voices (Erfurt, 1614) ; Symbolum Da-
vidicum, containing 25 German psalms, for
5, 6, and 8 voices (ib., 1620) ; Pater noster,
in contrapuncto colorato, for 4 voices (ib.,
1G21) ; The 103d and 123d psalms, do. ; 54
melodies by him are included in the Can-
tionale sacrum (Gotha, 1646-48). — Allgem.
d. Biogr., xi. 684 ; Fetis ; Mendel ; Winter-
feld, Der evang. Kirchengesang, ii. 87.
HE LED THEM THROUGH THE
DEEP, double chorus in E-llat major (end-
ing in G minor), iu Handel's I.'ii-ael in Egypt,
No. 13 ; often known as the "Wilderness
chorus."
H£LE, GEORGES DE LA, born iu the
Hainaut, about 1545, died 1591 (?). He
was conductor of music in the cathedral at
Tournay, and maestro de capilla at the
court of Philip H., at Madrid. Works : 8
masses for 5, 6, and 7 voices (Antwerp,
1578).— Mendel ; Gerber ; Schilling ; Fetis.
HELFER, CH.VRLES D", French church
composer of the 16th century. He was
canon and master of the children in the ca-
thedral of Soissons. He composed masses,
hymns, etc. (Paris, Robert Ballard, 1653,
1658, 1660, 1674).— Fc-tis.
HELIANTHUS, opera in three acts, text
and music by Adalbert von Goldschmidt,
represented in Leipsie, Stadttheater, March
26, 1884.— Signale (1884), 401.
HELLE, ANTOINE, French composer,
contemporary. He was educated at the
School for Sacred Music, Paris ; became
maitre de chapelle of the basilica of Saint-
Epvre, Nancy, for the consecration of which,
in 1875, he composed a cantata-oratorio,
entitled Les magnificences du culte catholi-
que. He is director of the Choral Society,
Alsace-Lorraine. Among his published
works are organ and church music, and Le
Trcsor des Maitrise.s, a collection of har-
monized plain chaunts. — Fetis, Supplement,
i. 45G.
HELLER, STEPHEN, born at Pestb,
May 15, 1815, died in Paris, Jan. 14, 1888.
251
HELLER
Pianist, pupil of F. Biiiiier, fippeared in
public at an eai'ly age, and when thirteen
years old went to Vien-
na, to study under An-
ton Halm ; made a con-
cert tour of the cities of
Germany in 182!), lived
for some years at Augs-
burg, and went iu 1838
to Paris, where he soon
entered into friendly
intercourse with Clio-
piu, Liszt, Berlioz, and
other celebrities, and acquired great repu-
tation as a concert player and teacher.
He visited England in 18G2, and played
at the Crystal Palace with Halle. He
began composing in Augsburg, where he
attracted the notice of Robert Schumann ;
l)ut in sjiite of his friendship, his works are
more marked by the influence of Mendels-
sohn and Chopin. Works : Trois morceaux
caracti'ristiques, op. 7 ; Grande t'tude en
forme de rondo-scherzo, o}!. 8 ; Trois mor-
ceaux brillants, op. 10 ; Rondo-valse, op.
11 ; Divertissement brillant sur Les Treize,
d'Halcvy, op. 13 ; Passe-temps, recueil de
compositions amusantes, op. 14 ; Six ca-
prices sur Le Shi'rif, d'Hak'vy, op. 17 ;
Quatre rondos sur La Favorite, op. 22 ; do.
sur Le Guitarrero, op. 23 ; Scherzo, op. 24 ;
Deux bagatelles sur Richard Ciwir-de-
Lion, op. 25 and 2G ; Caprice brillant, op.
27 ; Caprice symphonique, op. 28 ; La
Chasse, etude earactcristique, op. 29 ; Dix
pensees fugitives, op. 30 ; Petite fantaisie
et boh'ro sur La Juive, op. 31 and 32 ;
Fantaisie brillante et caprice sur Charles
\T;., op. 37 and 38 ; La Kermesse, danse
ncerlandaisc, op. 39 ; Miscellanees, op. 40 ;
Caprice sur Le Deserteur, op. 41 ; Valse
elegante, op. 42 ; Valse sentimentale, op.
43 ; Valse villageoise, op. 44 ; Chant na-
tional de Cliarles VI., op. 48 ; Pastorale, op.
48 bis ; Quatre arabesques, op. 49 ; Scenes
pastorales, op. 50 ; Venitienne, op. 52 ; Ta-
reutelle, op. 53 ; Fantaisie, op. 54 ; La fon-
taiue, caprice sur uuc melodie de Schubert,
op. 55 ; Serenade, op. 56 ; Scherzo fantas-
tique, op. 57 ; Reveries, op. 58 ; Valse bril-
lante, op. 59 ; Canzonetta, op. 60 ; Deux-
ieme tarentelle, op. 61 ; Deux valses, op.
62 ; Capriccio, op. 63 ; Presto capriccioso,
op. 64 ; Deuxieme sonate, op. 65 ; Caprice
brillant sur Le Val d'Andorre, op. 66 ; La
vallee d'amour, op. 67 ; L'alouette, caprice
sur une melodie de Schubert, op. 68 ; Chant
national de Mendelssohn, fantaisie en forme
de sonate, op. 69 ; Caprice briUant sur Le
Prophi'to, op. 70 ; Aux manes de Chopin,
elegie et marche funebre, op. 71 ; Le chant
du matin, Le chant du troubadour, Le
chant du dimanche, op. 72 ; Le chant du
chasseur, L'adieu du soldat, Le chaut du
bei'ceau, op. 73 ; Fantaisie et valse brillante
sur L'eufant prodigue, op. 74 ; Rondo-ca-
price sur La Dame de Pique et romance
variee, op. 75 ; Caprice caracteristique sur
deux themes de Mendelssohn, op. 76 ; Sal-
tarello surun theme de do., op. 77 ; Prome-
nades d'un solitaire, op. 78 ; do., nouvelle
suite, op. 80 ; do., troisieme suite, op. 89 ;
Quatre jireludes, op. 79 ; Nuits blanches,
18 morceaux Ij'riques, op. 82 ; Six Feuillets
d'album, op. 83 ; Impromptu, op. 84 ; Deux
Tarentelles, op. 85 ; Daus les bois, six re-
veries et finale, op. 86 ; Scenes italiennes,
fautaisie-tarentelle, op. 87 ; Troisieme so-
nate, op. 88 ; Nouvelles etudes, op. 90 ;
Deux nocturnes et nocturne-serenade, op.
91 ; Trois eglogue.s, op. 92 ; Deux valses
brillantes, op. 93 ; Tableau de genre, op.
94 ; Allegro, op. 95 ; Grande etude de con-
cert, oji. 96 ; Douze Landler et valses, op.
97 ; Improvisation sur une melodie de
Schumann, op. 98; Quatre Phantasie-Stiicke,
o]}. 99 ; Deuxieme canzonetta, op. 100 ;
Reverie d'un promeueur solitaire, oj). 101 ;
Morceau de chasse, op. 102 ; Troisieme
nocturne, op. 103 ; Polonaise, ojs. 104 ;
Trois Romances sans paroles, op. 105 ; Trois
bergeries, op. 106 ; Quatre Liindler, op.
107 ; Quatrieme scherzo, oj). 108 ; Feuilles
d'automne, oj). 109 ; Deux morceaux pour
un album, op. 110 ; INIorceaux de ballet,
op. Ill ; Caprice humoristique, op. 112;
HELLMESBERGER
Fantaisie caprice, op. 113 ; Deux cahiei'S,
op. Ill ; Trois ballades, op. 115 ; Pivludes
composes pour mademoiselle Lili, op. 119 ;
Lieder, op. 120 ; Trois morceaux, op. 121 ;
Valses-reveries, op. 122 ; Feuilles volantes,
op. 123 ; Scenes d'enfants, op. 124 ; Vingt-
quatre Etudes d'expressiou et de rliythme,
op. 125 ; Trois ouvertures, op. 12G ; Etudes
sur Le Freischtitz, de Weber, op. 127 ;
Dans les bois, nouvelle serie, op. 128 ; do.,
troisiome suite, op. 13G ; Deux inipronij)tus,
op. 129 ; 23 Variations sur un theme de
Beethoven, op. 130 ; 21 do., op. 133 ; Trois
nocturnes, op. 131 ; Deux Polonaises, op.
132 ; Petit Album, op. 131 ; Deux inter-
medes de concert, op. 135 ; Deux taren-
telles, 023. 137 ; Album dedie a la jeuuesse,
o\). 138 ; 3 Etudes pour piano, op. 139 ;
Voyage autour de ma chambre, op. 140 ; 4
Barcarolles, op. 141. — Barbedette, Stephen
Heller, sa vie, etc. (Paris, ISTG) ; Fetis ; do.,
Supplement, i. 45G ; Mendel ; N. Zeitschi-.
f. Mus. (1888), 73 ; Schumann, Ges. Scbrif-
ten, i. 218, 239, 247 ; ii. 132 ; 211, 314,
351 ; Wurzbach.
HELLMESBERGER, GEORG, the elder,
born in Vienna, April 24, 1800, died at
Neuwaldegg, near Vienna, Aug. IG, 1873.
Violinist, pupil at the Conservatorium of
Br)hm on the violin, of E. Fiirster in com2)o-
sition ; assistant instructor at the Conserva-
torium in 1821, titular professor in 1825,
and professor in 1833 ; conductor of the Im-
perial opera in 1829 ; member of the court
chapel in 1830 ; pensioned in 18G7. He
was the teacher of Ernst, Hauser, Joachim,
Auer, and of his sons Georg and Josejih.
Works : 2 concertos, besides solos and several
works of variations for violin ; string quartet.
— Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling ; Wurzbach.
HELLMESBERGER, GEORG, the
younger, born at Vienna in 1828, died at
Hanover, Nov. 12, 1852. Violinist, sou and
pupil of Georg, the elder ; won great suc-
cess on a concert tour through Germany
and England in 1847, and became Conzert-
meister of the royal orchestra at Hanover
in 1849. Works— Operas: Die Biirg.schaft,
given at Hanover ; Die beideu KOnigiunen,
ib. ; symphonies, and other music in MS.
—Mendel ; Wurzbach ; Mus. Wochenblatt,
i. 708.
HELLMESBERGER, JOSEPH, the el-
der, born in Vienna,
Nov. 3, 1829, still liv-
ing there, 1889. Vio-
linist, son and pupil of
Georg, the elder ; be-
came artistic director
of the Gesellschaft der
Musikfreunde and di-
rector of the Conser-
vatorium in 1851, Con-
zertmeister at the Imperial Opei'a in 18G0,
first violinist in the court orchestra in 18G3,
and Hof-Kapellmeister in 1877. He was
professor of violin at the Conservatorium
in 1850-77. With the concerts of the
string quartet founded by him in 1849,
and which has ever since sustained an
eminent reputation, a new era for chamber
music opened in Vienna. As a teacher of
his instrument, and as a conductor, he has
attained j)articular and well-deserved dis-
tinction. Austrian and foreign orders : L.
of Honour, 1855, when he was president of
the jury for musical instruments at the Paris
Exhibition ; freedom of the city of Vienna
on his 25th anniversary as director of the
Conservatorium. His compositions are only
of an instructive charactei-. — Wurzbach ; Fe-
tis; do.. Supplement, i. 457; Mendel; Mus.
Wochenblatt, i. 708.
HELLilESBERGER, JOSEPH, the
younger, born in Vienna, April 9, 1855, still
living, 1889. Violinist and dramatic com-
poser, son and pupil of Jose^jh, the elder,
whose quartet he joined as second violin in
1875 ; became solo violinist in the impe-
rial and in the opera orchestra, and jjro-
fessor at the Conservatorium in 1878.
253
HELLWIG
Works — Operettas : Kapitiin Ablstrom, Der
Graf von Gleichen, given iu Vienna, Theater
Konacher, 1880 ; Der schone Kurfurst, Mu-
nich, Theater am Giirtnerplatz, 1885 ; Ei-
kiki, Vienna, Carltheater, 1887 ; Harlekin
als Elektriker, iJautomime, Vienna Opera-
house, 1884 ; Fata Morgana, Iji-ic-choreo-
graphic drama, ib., 1885.
HELLWIG, (liAKL FRIEDRICH) LLT)-
WIG, born at Kunersdorf, near Wrietzen,
July 23, 1773, died in Berlin, Nov. 24, 1838.
Organist, learned the violin, pianoforte, and
organ almost without a teacher, and while
iu business studied theory under Giin-lich,
G. A. Schneider, and Zelter. Became vice-
director of the Singakademio of Berlin in
1803, organist of the cathedral in 1813, and
music teacher iu several public institutions.
Works : Die Bergknappen, opera given in
Berlin, 1822 ; Don Silvio, do.; Masses, mo-
tets, psalms, canons, chorals, and many
songs and male choruses. — Fotis ; Mendel ;
Schilling, Supjilement, 199.
HELMONT, ADRLUN JOSEPH VAN,
bom in Brussels, April 14, 1747, died there,
Dec. 28, 1830. Violinist and organist, son
and successor of Charles Joscjih van Hel-
mont, as du-ector and choir-master of SS.
Michel-et-Gudule, Brussels. He had en-
tered the royal chapel as a boy and re-
mained in it for forty years. He was at
one time chef d'orchestre of the Opera at
Amsterdam, and comjiosed an oj^era, L'a-
mant lugataire, 1808, but he wrote chiefly
for the church. — Fetis ; do.. Supplement, i.
459 ; Van der Straeten, v. 1 and 399 ; ii.
231.
HELMONT, CHARLES JOSEPH VAN,
born in Brussels, March 19, 1715, died
there, June 8, 1790. Organist, maitre de
musique of SS. Michel-et-Gudule, Brussels,
from the age of twenty-two, and director of
the royal chapel for many years. He was
the author of a famous divertissement, Le
retour desire, jjlayed at the triumphal en-
try of Charles of Lorraine, as governor of
the Netherlands, into Brussels (1749). He
composed a great deal of church music of
which Van der Straeten gives a detailed list.
— Van der Straeten, i. 75 ; Fctis, Supple-
ment, i. 459.
HELP, LORD ! See Hllf, Herr !
HEMELSOET, LOUIS, born in Ghent,
July 20, 1836, still living, 1889. Pianist, pu-
pil of his father, then studied at the Ghent
Consei-vatoire under Mengal, Henderickx,
and Andries ; won in 1853 2d prize for har-
mony and 1st prize for pianoforte ; became
professor of pianoforte in Brussels, 1856.
Works : De boereu-kermis, Flemish opera,
Ghent, 1861 ; Church music ; Vocal and in-
strumental music. — Futis, Supplement, i.
460 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 154 ; Gregoir, iii. 20.
HEiniERLEIN, JOSEPH, German pi-
anist of the 18th century. He was music
teacher in Fraukfort-ou-the-Main in 1780,
and to the Countess von Vorberg in 1786 ;
then lived in Paris until 1799, after which
nothing more is known of him. He jjub-
lished 6 concertos for pianoforte, with
strings, oboes, and horns, 24 sonatas for
pianoforte and violin, 6 do. for pianoforte
(4 hands), 6 trios, 12 menuets, 12 anglaises,
marches, etc. — Fetis ; Mendel.
HEMPEL, GEORG CHRISTOPH, born
in Gotha in 1715, died there, May 4, 1801.
Violinist, member of the ducal chapel of
Gotha. He wrote 11 symphonies, 2 con-
certos, and 12 solos for violin. — Fetis ; Ger-
bcr (1790), i. 021 (1812), ii. 633.
HENKEL, HEINRICH, bom at Fulda,
Feb. 14, 1822, still living, 1889. Pianist,
son and pupil of Michael Henkel ; studied
also under Aloys Schmitt, and theory under
Kessler and Anton Andre. After living in
Fulda and Leij)sic, he settled in Fi-ankfort-
on-the-Main in 1849 as a teacher, and be-
came one of the founders and directors
of the Musikschule there. He has jjublished
songs and choruses, i^ianoforte pieces, and
a method for pianoforte. — Mendel ; Fetis ;
Riemann.
HENKEL, GEORG ANDREAS, born at
Fulda, Feb. 4, 1805, died there, April 5, 1871.
Church and instrumental composer, son
and pupil of Michael Henkel ; began to
IlENKEL
comj)ose at the age of eleven, then studied
law at the university of Marburg, and in
1837 obtained an ajapointment as musical
instructor in the seminary at Fulda.
Works : Overture to Schiller's Wallen-
stein's Lager ; Sonata for pianoforte and
violin ; Choruses for male voices ; Piano-
forte and organ music. Symphonies, over-
tures, masses, motets, songs, and choruses
remain in MS. — FtHis ; Mendel.
HENKEL, MICHAEL, born at Fulda,
June 18, 1780, died there, March 4, 1851.
Church composer, puj^il of Vierling ; early
became chamber musician to the Prince
Bishop of his native place, and from 1805
was music teacher of schools. He com-
jjosed a large number of church, organ, and
jjiauoforte pieces, and published several
choral books. Works : Music to Ifliand's
drama Achmet und Zeuida, and to KOnig's
Bauernhochzeit ; 3 German masses for 4
voices, 2 horns, and organ ; 2 sonatas for
pianoforte and violoncello ; 100 versicles,
and other music for the organ ; duos for
flutes ; many pianoforte pieces, songs, and
choral melodies. — Mendel ; Futis ; SchilHng.
HENNEBERG, JOHANN BAPTIST,
born at Vienna, Dec. 6, 17G8, died there,
Nov. 27, 1822. Organist and pianist, was
conductor at the Theater an der Wien in
1790-1804, and having removed to Hof, on
the Hungarian frontier, became organist to
Prince Eszterhazy, at Eisenstadt, in 1805,
and also conducted the occasional operatic
performances there. Ou the disbanding of
the prince's orchestra he returned to Vi-
enna, where he afterward became choir-
master at the Stadtkirche am Hof, and in
1818 court organist. Works — Operettas :
Conrad Langbart von Friedburg ; Die
Waldmiinner, Vienna, 1793 ; Der Scheeren-
schleifer ; Die EisenkOuigin, ab. 1800 ; Die
Liebe macht kurzen Process, 1801 ; Die
Giganteu ; Symphonies ; Songs ; Overtures ;
Cantatas ; Church music. — Wurzbach ; Men-
del ; Gerber ; Schilling ; Ft'tis.
HENNEN, ARNOLD, born at Heerlen,
Netherlands, in 1820, still living, 1889. Pi-
anist, pupil at the LiOge Conservatoire,
where he won the first pianoforte prize,
1845. He went to Paris iu 1847, and set-
tled in London in 1850 ; now lives in Heer-
len. He has published concertos and other
pianoforte music. — Fetis, Suijplemeut, i.
4G1 ; Gregoir, Doc. hist., iii. 21 ; Viotta.
HENNEN, FEEDEKIK, born at Heer-
len, Holland, in 1830, still living, 1889.
Violinist, brother of Arnold and Mattheus
Hennen, pupil at the Liege Conservatoire,
of Dupont and Prume ; won first prize for
violin, 184G, and medal, 1847. With his
brother Arnold he went to Paris, and in
1850 settled in London, where he became
first violinist at Her Majesty's Theatre,
under Balfe. Obliged to retire iu 1855 on
account of his health, he made a concert
tour through Holland with his two brothers,
and after his return to London was solo vio-
linist at the English theatre and the Phil-
harmonic Society. Since 1872 he has lived
at his country seat at Strythageu, near
Heerlen. He has composed for his instru-
ment.— Fetis, Supplement, i. 461 ; Gregoir,
Doc. hist, iii. 22.
HENNEN, MATTHEUS, born at Heerlen,
in 1828, still living, 1889. Pianist, brother
of Arnold Hennen ; pupil of the Liege Con-
servatoire ; won first pianoforte jirize in
1852. He settled in 1860 as teacher in Ant-
werp), where he is professor in the school of
music. He has published music for jjiano-
forte, violin, and violoncello, and church and
orchestral music. — Fetis, Supj^k'ment, i.
461 ; Gregoii-, Doc. hist., iii. 21.
HENNIG, KARL, born in Berlin, April
23, 1819, died there, April, 18, 1873. He
was organist of St. Paul's in 1847, and of
the Soj)hieukirche from 1351 until his
death ; also directed the male chorus, Lyra,
and in 1863 received the title of royal music
directoi". His most impiortant compositions
are Die Sterneunacht, symphony-cantata,
1854 ; Konigspsalm (1849), and Friedens-
psalm (1854), for soli, chorus, and orches-
tra ; besides which he wrote songs, and many
quartets for male voices. — Mendel ; Riemann.
265
HENNING
HENNING, KAEL WILHEOI, born at
Berlin, Jan 31, ITS-l, died there, April,
18G7. He became violinist at the royal
tlieatre in 1807 ; chamber musician in the
court chapel in 1811 ; royal Conzertmeister
iu 1822 ; member Royal Academy in 1833 ;
made royal Kaix'llmcister by Friedrich
Wilhelm "iV. in 1810, and after fifty years'
service, was pensioned in 1818. Works :
Das Eoseumiidchen, comic opera, given in
Berlin, 1825 ; IMusic to 30 plays, melodra-
mas, 2 ballets ; Cantatas ; Songs ; sextet for
strings ; Quartet for violins, trios, duos, so-
natas, and solos for violin and violoncello.
— Mendel ; Fi'tis ; Schilling.
HENNRTS. See Haijm.
HENRION, PAUL, born iu Paris, July
20, 1819, still living, 1889. Vocal com-
poser, studied pianoforte under Henri
Karr, and harmony with the blind organist,
Moncouteau ; published over 1,000 ro-
mances and chausonnettes, many of which
have become very popular. His operettas,
Une rencontre dans le Danube (1851), Une
euvie de clarinette (1871), and La chan-
teuse par amour (1877), had but little suc-
cess.— Fi'tis ; do., SuppUauent, i. IGl.
HENRY Yin., King of England, born
June 28, 1491, at Greenwich, died at "White-
hall, Jan. 28, 1517-48. Originally intended
for the cluirch, ho was instructed in music,
and seems to have had some skill iu com-
position. He sang and played upon the
recorder, flute, and virginals. Works :
Latin motet for three voices, Quam jjul-
chra ; Anthem, O Lord, the Maker of all
things ; Passetyme with good cumpanj'c ;
The Kynge's balade ; Two masses for use
in the Royal Chapel. — Grove ; Mendel ; Fc-
tis ; North, Memoirs of Musick, 75.
HENRY Vni., grand opera iu four acts,
text by Leonce Detroyat and Ai-mand Syl-
vestre, music by Saint-SaOns, first repre-
sented at the Ojicra, Paris, March 5, 1883.
The libretto, which deals somewhat freely
with history, treats principally, like Doni-
zetti's Anna Bolena, with the story of Anne
Boleyn. The fii'st act opens in the palace
of the king in London, and ends with the
interruption of the i^resentation of Anne as
maid of honour by the funeral march of
Buckingham. The scene of the second act
is Richmond Park ; the third act deals
with the trial of the divorce suit in West-
minster Abbe}' ; and the last with the death
of Catherine and the downfall of Anne Bo-
leyn. The part of the king was sung by
Lasalle ; Don Gomez de Feria, the S^xanish
ambassador, by Dereims ; Catherine, by
Jllle Krauss ; and Anne, by jMlle Richard.
The opera was enthusiastically received.
Remodelled and cut to three acts by the
composer and performed in Paris, October,
1888. The liallet music was performed in
Boston by the Symphony Orchestra in 1885.
Published in Paris by Durand, Schoene-
werk & Cie ; Leipsic, Rieter-Biedermann
(1881).— Athenreum (1883), i. 118.
HENRY Yin., incidental music to Shake-
speare's play of, by Arthur S. Sullivan, pub-
lished by Metzler & Co. (London, 1879).
HENRY OF NAVARRE, ballad for male
voices and orchestra, by George E. Whit-
ing, first performed by the Apollo Club,
Boston, April 29, 1885.
HENSCHEL, (ISHDOR) GEORG, born in
Breslau, Germany,
Feb. 18, 1850, still
living, 1889. Bari-
tone singer and
composer, jjupil in
Breslau of Wandelt
and Schaefifer, and
in Leipsic from 1807
of Moscheles and
Wenzel on the pi-
anoforte, of Rei-
necke in theory and composition, and of
Gotze in singing. In 1870 he studied com-
position in Berlin under Kiel, and singing
under Adolf Scliulze. After singing several
years in concerts in Germany, Austria, Swit-
zerland, Russia, Holland, and Belgium, he
went iu 1877 to London, remained until
1880, and then went to America. In 1881-
81 he was conductor of the Boston Sym-
850
HENSEL
plionj' Orchestra. He then returuetl to
Englaml, a,ncl siuce 1885 has been settled iu
London, where, iu 188G, he was ajipoiuted
professor of singing in the Eojal College
of Music, and conductor of the London
Symphony Concerts. Works : Friedrich der
SclnJue, opera ; A Sea Change, or Love's
Castaway, comic oj^eretta, test by W. D.
Howells ; An oratorio ; Gipsy serenade for
orchestra ; Psalm iii., for soli and chorus ;
Psalm cxxs., for soli, chorus, and orchestra,
given iu Berlin in 1872, London iu 1879 ;
Serenade for string instruments, Berlin,
1872, Pesth, 187(], Loudon, 1878 ; Canon-
suite for string orchestra ; Canons for pi-
anoforte ; 10 Serbisches Liedersi^iel and
other songs. — Mendel ; Riemann.
HENSEL, FANNY (CACILIA), born at
Hamburg, Nov. 14, 1805, died May 14,
1847. Eldest sister of Mendelssohn, who
was tenderly attached to her, and who said
she played better than he at one time. She
married W. Heusel, a painter, iu 1829.
Works : Gartenlicder ; Part-songs ; Songs
for voice and jiiauoforte ; Trio for pianoforte
and strings. — Meudel ; Fetis ; Heusel, The
Mendelssohn Family.
HENSEL, JOHANN DANIEL, born at
Goldberg, Silesia, Dec. 31, 1757, died at
Hirschberg, Dec. 10, 1839. Dramatic com-
poser, studied at Kijuigsberg University
and became tutor at Halle, where he was
a pupil of Tiirk ; in 1792 he founded an
educational iustitutiou at Hirschberg, where
music was taught and concerts were occa-
sionally given. Works : Cyrus und Cas-
sandra, opera (1787) ; Daphne, do. (1799) ;
Die Geisterbeschwi'iruug, operetta ; Die
Geisterinsel, do. ; Jesus, oratorio ; Can-
tatas ; Method for pianoforte (1799-1800).
— Allgem. d. Biogr., xi. 789 ; Meudel ; Fe-
tis ; Schilling.
HENSELT, ADOLF VON, born in
Schwabach, Bavaria, May 12, 1814, still liv-
ing, 1889. Famous pianist and composer
for his instrument ; he was taken to Mu-
nich when three years old, and began to
take violin lessons, but soon gave uji that
instrument for the pianoforte, which he
studied, at first uuder Lasser, and then un-
der Geheimriithin
von Fladt, who also
gave him some in-
struction in har-
mony. In 18 3 1
King L u d w i g I.
made him an allow-
ance to enable him
to go to Weimar, and
study under Hum-
mel. He has always
been recognized as a pui^il of Hummel, al-
though he never succeeded in apijropiriat-
ing to himself Hummel's method of playing,
having develojied an original method of his
own before going to Weimar. After eight
months he left his teacher, returning to
Munich, whence he soon went to Vienna,
where he studied counterpoint for two
years under Sechter, and practised the pi-
anoforte. In 1836 he was ordered to Carls-
bad, and theuce to Berlin, for his health.
In Berlin, as also in Dresden, Weimar, and
Jena, his playing aroused the greatest en-
thusiasm iu private circles ; but the only
times he ever appeared before the general
public in Germany were on a short tour
through Dresden, Leipsic, and Berlin to
Breslau, in 1837. After marrying in Breslau
in this year, he went to St. Petersburg iu
1838. He was soon made chamber pianist
to the Emjiress, and also to the Prince vou
Oldenburg, and played much iu society,
but almost never in public. He adhered
strictly to this plan on the trips he made
to Germany, for recujieration, almost every
summer. He was later appointed inspector
of musical instruction in all the government
educational institutions for girls. Up to
the Crimean war he ajjpeared in public
from time to time in St. Petersburg and
other Russian cities, but since then he has
devoted all his time to composition and
teaching. His natural nervousness aud
shyness in face of a large audience made
it almost impossible for him to play at con-
as?
IIENTSCIIEL
certs ; he would Lave a piauoforte iu the
gi'eeii-room, aud while the orchestra on the
stage was playing the mtroductory ritor-
nello of a concerto he would play with them
up to the point when he had just time to
run to his place ou the platform and strike
the first chord of his solo jjart on the in-
strument that was ready for him, in sight
of the audience. Ou one such occasion, iu
St. Petersburg, he forgot to take the cigar
out of his mouth, and continued smoking
through the whole of the first movement of
a concerto, oblivious of Emperor and court.
Indeed, Henselt has been perhajis the only
great pianist of the first rank from whom
the general musical public has hardly
ever heard a note. Those who have heard
him report his playing to be of the most
poetic, inspired, and at the same time
wholly musical, character. He was espe-
cially noted for his playing of Hummel and,
above all, Weber. He excelIe^l in playing
widely extended chords and arpeggios ;
and a large hand is almost indispensable
to anyone who would play his compositions.
Of these the most important is his F minor
concerto, oj}. IG, which had for a long time
the reputation of being the most difficult
pianoforte piece in existence. Although it
has since been excelled in this respect by
some more recent works by other com-
posers, it still holds au honourable place
in the repertory of all great pianists. Next
to the concerto should be rated his two
sets of Studies, op. 2 and op. 5, which are
quite unique in their way. His melodious
accompaniments, for " first pianoforte,"
to several of Cramer's studies, are also of
great value. His transcriptions of works
by Beethoven and Weber have had their
day, as have also his pianoforte trio, and a
not very large number of fugitive pieces.
— Von Lenz, Die gi'ossen Piauoforte-Vir-
tuosen unserer Zeit, 85 ; Mendel.
HENTSCHEL, FRANZ, director and
composer, boru in Berlin, Nov. G, ISl-l,
still living, 1889. Pupil of Grell, A. W.
Bach, and Marx. He became musical di-
rector of the theatre at Erfurt in 1843, at
Altenburg in 1815 ; returnetl to Berlin,
where he directed the private theatre,
Urania, iu 1818-51, has taught music.
Works : Die Hexenreise, opera ; Operettas ;
Melodramatic music ; ^Marches and other
pieces for orchestra, and for military band ;
Concertos for flute, oboe, clarinet, and
horn ; Pianoforte music ; Songs. — Mendel.
HENTSCHEL, THEODOK, born at
Schirgiswalde, UiJper Lusatia, March 28,
1830, stm living, 1889. Dramatic com-
poser, was choir-boy in Dresden, where he
studied under Reissigerand Ciccarelli, then
pupil at the Conservatorium at Prague.
He played the pianoforte in concerts in
Leipsic, was appointed Kapellmeister of
the theatre there, aud iu 18G3 went to
Bremen iu the same capacity. Works —
Operas : Matrose und Sanger, given at
Leipsic, 1857 ; Der Kimigspage, Bremen,
1874 ; Die Braut vou Lusignan, oder die
schone Melusine, ib., 1875 ; Lancelot, ib.,
1878 ; Overtures, aud symphonic marches
for orchestra ; Mass for male voices ; Piano-
forte music, and sougs. — Fetis ; do.. Supple-
ment, i. 4G3 ; Mendel ; Riemann.
HERBAIN, Chevalier D', born in Paris
in 1734, died there in 17G9. Dramatic
composer, also captain in the army, cheva-
lier of St. Louis, aud member of the Acad-
emy of Corsica. He went to Italy at the
age of seventeen, and produced an inter-
mezzo, H geloso, Rome and Florence, 1751.
While iu Corsica with his regiment he wrote
several operettas. Works: II trionfo del
ciglio, Lavinia, given at Bastia, 1752, and
in several Italian cities, 1753 ; Cclimene,
Paris, Opi'ra, 175G ; Les deux talents, ib.,
Comedie Italienne, 17G3 ; Nanette et Lucas,
ib., 1764 ; 2 cantatas, and motets. — F^tis ;
Mendel.
HERBECK, JOHANN FRANZ VON,
boru iu Vienna, Dec. 25, 1831, died there,
258
HERGULANUM
Oct. 28, 1877. He studied harmony witli
Hotter a few mouths, but was almost en-
tirely self-educated ;
was choir-director to
the Piarists iu the
Josephstadt in 1853,
chorus-master to the
Vienna Milnnerge-
saugverein iu 1856 ;
jn-ofessor in the Con-
servatorium and
chorus-master of the
Singverein in 1858 ; director of tlie Gesell-
schaft der Musikfreunde iu 1859 ; chief
court Kaj)ellmeister in 18CG ; director of
the imjierial Opera iu 1871, but resigned
iu 1875, and resumed his former office in
the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde. Works :
Songs; Overtures ; Symphony in D minor;
String quartets ; Masses, in E and in F ;
Te Deum ; Graduals ; Tanzmomente ;
Kiinstlerfahrt ; Symphonische Variationen.
— Wurzbach ; Fetis, Supplement, i. 463 ;
Mendel ; Mus. Wochenblatt, viii. G40, 655.
HEKCULANUM, French opera iu four
acts, text by Mery and Hadot, music by Fe-
licieu David, first represented at the Aca-
demie Imperiale de Musique, Paris, March 4,
1859. This work won the lustitut's prize of
20,000 francs. It was first written as a
drama with vocal pieces, entitled La fin du
monde ; then as an opera for the Theatre
Lyrique, under the title of Le dernier
amour, and finally as above. The action
passes iu the reign of Titus, in the evening
of the destruction of Herculaueum and
Pompeii. The libretto, though somewhat
deficient in historic colour, its authors hav-
ing drawn some of their best material from
the history of Sodom and Gomorrah and
the prophecies concerning the end of the
world, contains many interesting and dra-
matic situations. The music is grand and
beautiful, and especially rich in the orches-
tration. The role of Helios, sung by Roger,
was one of the great tenor's finest creations.
The characters of Olympia and Lilia were
represented by Mmes Borghi-Mamo and
Gueymard-Lauters. — Lajarte, ii. 225.
HERCULES, musical drama in three
acts, test by Rev. Thomas Broughton,
music by Handel, first rej)resented at the
King's Theatre, Haymarket, London, Jan.
5, 171:5. The original score, in Bucking-
ham Palace, is dated at the beginning, July
19, 1744, and at the end, August 17, 1744.
Characters represented : Hercules, bass ;
Dejanira, soprano ; Hyllus, tenor ; lOle, so-
prano ; Lichas, alto ; Priest of Jupiter, bass ;
chorus of Trachinians, chorus of Oechalians.
Scene, Trachin, in Thessaly. Though an-
nounced as a " musical drama," it was pro-
duced and published as an " oratorio."
First published by Walsh ; published by
Arnold, 1785-86 ; by the Hilndelgesell-
schaft (Leipsic, 1859). Hercules was re-
vived at the Lower Rhine Festival, Diissel-
dorf, May 17, 1875, under direction of Joa-
chim, and in London, June 8, 1877, under
that of Henry Leslie. — Rockstro, 316.
HEREDIA (Herredia), PEDRO, Spanish
church composer of the first half of the 17th
century, died in Rome iu 1648. He was
maestro di cappella of St. Peter's, Rome,
from 1630 until his death. His masses and
359
IIEEING
other clmrcli music are iu the Santini col-
lection.— Fetis.
HERING, KARL EDU.\I?D, born at
Oschatz, Saxony, May 13, 1807, died at
Bautzen, Dec. 30, 1879. Son and pupil of
R G. Hering, and at Lei^ssic pupil of Wein-
lig ; in 1819 be became organist at Bautzen,
where he founded and conducted a singing
society. Works — Oratorios : Der Erloser,
given at Leipsic in 1834 ; Die heilige Nacbt,
David, Salomo, Christi Leid und Herrlich-
keit. Ojaeras : Conradin, der letzte Hohen-
staufe, Tordenskjold ; A mass given in
Prague iu 1835 ; Other masses ; Cantatas ;
Hymns ; Psalms, and ballads. — Mendel ;
Ft'^tis ; Schilling.
HERING, KARL (FRffiDRICH AU-
GUST), born iu Berlin, Sept. 2, 1819, still
living, 1889. Violinist, iKijnl of H. Ries and
Rungenhagen in Berlin, of Lipinski in Dres-
den, and of Tomaschek in Prague. After
making concert tours, he was for a short
time attached to the royal chapel of Berlin ;
founded the Sonateuverein there in 1818,
and a music school in 1851. Received the
title of royal music director. Works : Sym-
phonies ; Overtures ; Masses ; Chamber and
pianoforte music ; Songs. He was author
also of educational woi-ks. — Mendel ; Fctis,
Supplement, i. 4G3 ; Riemann.
HERITIER, JEAN L', church composer
of the French school, first half of the IGth
century. His motets are found in Motetti
della Corona (1519) ; in Fior di Motetti
(Rome) ; and in other French and Italian
collections of that time. — Fi'tis.
HER:MAN, REINHOLD LUDWIG, bom
at Prenzlau, Brandenburg, Sept. 21, 1819,
still living, 1889. Pianist, pujnl at Stern's
Couservatorium, Berlin, of Ehrlich on the
pianoforte, of Stern in vocal culture and
conduetorship, and of Kiel in composition.
In 1871 he went to New York, devoted him-
self to vocal instruction, and conducted
several singing societies there, in Brook-
lyn, and New Haven, until 1878, when he
was called to Berlin as director of Stern's
Conservatorium and ojsera school. In 1881
he returned to New York, resuming his
former activity ; in 1881 was elected con-
ductor of the
German Lieder-
kranz, and in
1887 apiJointed
professor of
Sacred History
at the Theologi-
cal S e m i u a rj' .
Works : Vineta,
romantic op era
(1872-73), r e -
written, 1888;
Lanzelot, heroic opera (1880), 1st act per-
formed at the Liederkranz Concert, Stein-
way Hall, April 22, 1888 ; Music to Schil-.
ler's Braut von Messina (1883-84) ; The
Bridge of Sighs (Hood), cantata for soli,
chorus, and orchestra, Berlin, Singakade-
mie, 1879 ; The Spirits of the Thay, do. ;
Sancta Ciicilia (Der Sanger von Gmiind),
do. (1885) ; The buried Song, do. (male
voices, 1888) ; Friihlingszug, overture for
orchestra, Berlin, Singakademie, 1879 ;
Concert Overture in D ; Dido, Concert aria
for soprano with orchestra ; Concerto for
pianoforte and orchestra ; Sonatas and suites
for various instruments ; Sextets, quintets,
quartets, etc., for male and mixed voices,
with and without accompaniment ; Terzets,
duets, and songs.
HERMANN. See Arminiiis.
HERSLiNN (CONSTANT HERMANT,
called), born at Douai, Aug. IG, 1823, still
hving, 1889. Violinist, pupil at the Paris
Conservatoire of Gucrin and Habeneek ;
won the first violin jirize in 1841, and stud-
ied later under Leborne. He has composed
for %'iolin and pianoforte. — Fi'tis.
HERMANN, FRIEDRICH, born in
Frankfort-on-the-!Main in 1828, still living,
1889. Violinist, pupil of Mohr, and at the
LeiiJsic Conservatorium of Ferdinand David,
Mendelssohn, and Hauptmann. In 1846
he became first viola player of the Gewand-
liaus and theatre orchestras of Leipsic, and
teacher of violin in the Conservatorium there, ,
HERMANN"
devoting himself to the latter from 1878.
Received the title of royal jjrofessor in 1883.
Works : Symphony ; Violin music. — Men-
del ; Meyer, Couv. Lex., ssi. 421.
HERMANN (HERMANN COHEN,
called), born in Hamburg, Nov. 10, 1821,
still living, 1889. Pianist, son of a rich
banker, studied music as an amateur, and
was a good performer at the age of twelve.
Reverses of fortune having obliged him to
adopt music as a profession, he gave con-
certs in Germany, but finally settled in
Paris (1831), where he became Liszt's fa-
vourite pu2)il, and was taken by him to
Geneva as professor at the Conservatoire,
which he founded there. Cohen subse-
quently returned to Paris, then travelled
through England, Germanj', and Italy, and
brought out an oi^era in Verona. When
twenty-five years old he returned to Paris,
abjured the Hebrew faith, became a Catho-
lic priest (1851), and entered the Order of
Barefooted Friars as Father Augustin Ma-
rie. He became celebrated for his preaching,
published a collection of canticles, and com-
posed a mass under his new name. — Fetis,
Supplement, i. Idl ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 155.
HERMANN, JOHANN DAVID, born in
Germany about 17(50, died in Paris in 1816.
Pianist, settled in Paris in 1785 ; was first
heard at the Concerts Spirituels, became
teacher to Marie Antoinette, but on the ar-
rival of Steibelt was obliged to give up that
position. Both musicians competed for
public favour and royal patronage at a per-
formance where Steibelt's new and spark-
ling style was greatly in contrast to that
of Hermann, who was a follower of Bach.
He remained in Paris through the Revo-
lution, and amassed a fortune by buying
up the royal properties at public sales.
He published concertos, sonatas, potpour-
ris, etc., for pianoforte. — Fctis ; Mendel;
Weitzmann, Geschichte des Clavier.spiels, 82.
HERMANN UND DOROTHEA, overture
for orchestra to Goethe's " Hermann und
Dorothea," in B minor, by Schumann, op.
13G, composed in 1851, and dedicated
[ " Seiner lieben Clara ; " first performed at
the Gewandhaus, Leipsic, Feb. 26, 1857.
It was Schumann's first intention to write
an opera on this subject. Arranged by the
composer for pianoforte for four, and for
two hands ; published by Breitkopf & Hiir-
tel (Leipsic, 1857).
HERiVLlNNSCHLACHT, DIE, overture
for orchestra in C minor, by Georg Vierling,
op. 81. Theme, Kleist's drama, "Die Her-
mannschlacht." Dedicated to Julius Riefz,
published by Breitkopf & Hiirtel (Leipsic,
between 1860 and 1867).
HERMIONE, German opera in four acts,
text by Emil Hopffer, music by Max Bruch,
op. 40 ; first represented in Berlin, March
21, 1872. The libretto is an adaptation
of Shakespeare's " Winter's Tale." — Mus.
Wochenblatt (1872), 222.
HERNANDEZ, PABLO, born in Sara-
gossa, Spain, Jan. 2.5, 1834, still living, 1889.
Organist, pupil of Valentin Moton ; became
organist of the parish church at the age of
fourteen ; entered the Madrid Conserva-
torio in 1856, as pupil of Hilarion Eslava,
and won, iu 1861, 1st prize for organ and
composition ; became organist of the royal
church of Nuestra Dama de Atocha, and pro-
fessor at the Conservatorio. Ho has pub-
lished a method for the organ, church mu-
sic, and composed several zarzuelas, besides
orchestral music. — Fetis, Supplement, i.
465 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 156 ; Riemaun.
HERNANDO, RAFAEL JOS ft MARIA,
born in Madrid, May 31, 1822, still living,
1889. Dramatic composer, jJupil of Ramon
Carnicer at the Madrid Conservatorio ; went
to Paris about 1843 ; became composer and
director for a Madrid theatre ; secretary, in
1852, and later professor of harmony at the
Madrid Conservatorio. Works — Zarzuelas :
Las sacerdotisas del sol ; Palo de ciego,
Colegiales y soldados. El duende, 1849 ;
Bertoldo y Comparsa ; El novio pasado por
agua ; Cosas de Juan ; Una noche en el
serallo ; El tambor ; Aurora ; Escenas de
Chamberi ; Por seguir a una mujer ; El
nacimiento ; Premios a la virtud ; and a
HERO
Proyecto, memoria jiara la creacion de una
Acadeniia espanola de musica y de fomento
del arte ; Mass, performed 18G7 ; Stabat
Mater ; Cantatas, Lymns, etc. — Fetis, Sup-
lilemeiit, i. 4GG ; Meudel, Ergiiuz., 15G ;
Ilieinanu.
HERO AND LEANDER, cantata, by
Charles Harford Lloyd, first performed at
the Three Choirs' Festival, Worcester (Eng-
land), Sept. 9, 1884. Published by Novello,
Ewer & Co. (Loudon, 1885). — Atheuseum
(1884), ii. 345.
HERO UND LEANDER, overture in A
major, for orchestra, by Julius Rietz, op. 11,
coraj)Osed in Diisseldorf between 1836 and
1848. Arranged for pianoforte for four
hands. Published by Breitkopf & Hiirtel
(Leijisic). — Schumann, Gcsamm. Schr., ii.
3-24.
HEROES, WHEN WITH GLORY BURN-
ING, contralto aria of Othniel, in F major,
"ATemj)o diGavotta," with accomj)animent
of 2 oboes, strings complete, and coutinuo,
in Handel's Joshua, Act II., scene 4.
HERO'IDE FL^fiBRE (Helden-Klage),
symj)honic poem, for orchestra, by Liszt,
op. 4, No. 8. Comjwsed in 1830 as the
first part of the Symphonie Revolutionnaire,
worked over in 1849. First jjcrformed in
Breslau, afterward in Berlin and Frankfort-
on-the-Oder. Published by Breitkoj^f &
Hiirtel (Leipsic, 1857).
HEROLD, FRANCOIS JOSEPH, born
at Soltz, Alsace, March 10, 1755, died in
Paris, Sept. 1, 1802. Pianist, studied mu-
sic in Hamljurg, where ho afterward be-
came a pupil of Car] Philipp Emanuel
Bach. He settled in Paris in 1781, as
teacher ; published sonatas for harp, and
for pianoforte with violin. — Fetis.
HEROLD, LOUIS (JOSEPH FERDI-
NAND), born in Paris, Jan. 28, 1791, died
there, Jan. 19, 1833. Son of Francois Jos-
ejih Herold, jiupil at the pensionnat Hix,
where he attracted the notice of Fetis, who
gave solfege lessons there, by his quickness
of musical perception. So rapid was his
jDrogress that, when his father died in 180G,
he determined to make music his profes-
sion, and entered Louis Adam's pianoforte
class at the Conser-
vatoire. In 1810 he
took the first prize ;
studied harmony
under Catel, in 1811
began lessons in
composition under
Mehul, and in 1812
took the Prix de
Rome with a can-
_ tata, Mademoiselle
de la Vallicre. After
working hard in Rome for nearly three
years, he went in 1814 to Naples, where he
became pianist to Queen Caroline. During
the last year of his stay at Rome he had
written an opera butYa, La gioventu di En-
rico Quinto, the libretto of which he com-
piled himself, with Landriani's assistance,
from Duval's comedy "La jeunesse de Henri
V." This work was given at the Teatro del
Fondo, Naples, 1815, with flattering suc-
I cess. On his return to Paris in 1815, Boiel-
dieu asked him to finish his uncompleted
! score of Charles de France. His work on
this score brought him into favorable no-
tice ; his own opera, Les rosieres, was
given at the Feydeau with success in 1817,
and followed nine months later by La clo-
ehette. Although he evinced in this ofiera
unmistakable dramatic force, it was some
time before he could get another libretto.
Meanwhile, he wrote manj' pianoforte fan-
tasias and other smaller works, which
never had quite the success they deserved.
From 1818 to 1825 he produced opera after
ojiera, not wanting in high musical merit,
but with texts so poor as to prevent them
from obtaining any real success. During
three years (1820-1823) of this time, how-
ever, Hc'rold filled the post of accompany-
ing pianist at the Theatre Italien, and
wrote nothing for the stage. The five
operas written during the two years follow-
ing showed the evil eflfects of the state of
discouragement into which he had fallen.
IIEROLD
The success of Eossiiii's 023eras, the re-
heai'sals of which he had accompanied at
tlie Tlu'atre Italien, induced him, as a last
resort, to copy tliat master's maimer, but
Rossini's style was in no way sympathetic
to his peculiar genius. lu 1826 he re-
turned to his own native manner, in Marie,
his finest work up to that time, as well as
his greatest success. But his career as a
dramatic composer was again interrupted.
In 1827 he became chef du chant at the
Opera, the duties of which left him little
leisure, and for the next two or three years
he wrote nothing but ballets (four in all),
an overtui'e, and some incidental music for
the drama of Missolonghi, at the Odeon.
These ballets were successful enough, and
gave Herold a good deal of useful experi-
ence, which was noticeable in the style
of his one-act ojieretta Illusion, Opera
Comique, 1829. Emmcliue, brought out
the year after, was a failure, but in 1831
Zan^pa placed him upon the pinnacle of
success. About this time Herold's health
began to fail, but no argument could pre-
vail upon him to seek repose and change of
climate, which, if taken in time, might
have saved his life. The mental agitation
accompanying his superintendence of the
rehearsals of Le pre aux clercs (his last im-
portant work), hastened the progress of
the disease of the chest from which lie suf-
fered, and he died less than a month after
the first performance of the work, which
has always been considered his masterpiece
in France, although in Germany the palm
is generally given to Zampa. At his death
he left an unfinished ojjera, Ludovic, which
was completed by Halevy and brought out
successfully iu 1834. Herold was buried
at Pere Lachaise, not far from Mehul's
tomb. In 1827 he married Adele Elise
Rollet, by whom he had three children :
Ferdinand, a lawyer, afterward senator ;
Adele, and Eugenie, a talented musician,
born 1832, died of consumption, 1852.
Herold was eminently one of the greatest
of French writers of oi:)era-comique ; he
was a man of large general culture, and his
native genius was made doubly efficient by
a careful and thorough technical education.
His early orchestral works show that, had
his bent not proclaimed itself determinedly
in the direction of the stage, he might have
occupied no mean position among modern
symphonists. The most marked features
of his dramatic music are great melodic
invention, warmth of feeling, dramatic fit-
ness, and finished elegance of style. His
handling of the orchestra is masterly.
Works — I. Ojieras : 1. La gioventii di
Enrico Quinto, Naples, Teatro del Fondo,
1815 ; 2. Charles de France, ou amour et
gloire (in collaboration with Boieldieu),
Paris, Ojx'ra Comique, June 18, 18 IG ; 3.
Les rosieres, ib., Jan. 27, 1817 ; 4 La
clochette, ou le diable page, ib., Oct. 18,
1817 ; 5. Le premier venu, ib., Sept. 28,
1818 ; G. Les traqueurs, ib., 1819 ; 7.
L'amour platonique, in rehearsal at the
Opera Comique in 1819, but never per-
formed ; 8. L'auteur mort et vivant, ib.,
Dec. 18, 1820 ; 9. Le mulellev, ib.. May
12, 1823 ; 10. Lasthenie, Opera, Sept. 8,
1823 ; 11. Vendome en Espagne (with
Auber), ib., 1823-24; 12. Le roi Rene,
Opera Comique, Aug. 24, 1824 ; 13. Le
lapiu blanc, ib.. May 21, 1825 ; 14. Marie,
ib., Aug. 12, 182G ; 15. Illusion, ib., July
18, 1829 ; IG. Emmeliue, ib., Nov. 28,
1829 ; 17. L'auberge d'Auray (with Cara-
fa), ib., May 11, 1830 ; 18. Zampa, ou la
fiancee de mai'bre, ib., May 3, 1831 ; 19.
La marquise de Briuvilliers (with Auber,
Batton, Berton, Blangini, Boieldieu, Carafa,
Cherubiui, and Paer), ib., Oct. 31, 1831 ;
20. La mklecine sans medecin, ib., Oct
18, 1832 ; 21. Le pre aux clercs, ib., Dec.
15, 1832 ; 22. Ludovic (left unfinished,
completed hy Halevy), ib.. May IG, 1833.
n. Cantatas, Ballets, etc. : 1. Mademoi-
selle de la Valliere, cantata (Prix de Rome,
1812) ; 2. Astolphe et Joconde, ballet.
Opera, 1827 ; 3. La somnambule, ballet,
ib., 1827 ; 4. Lydie, ballet, ib., 1828 ; 5.
La belle au bois dormant, ballet, ib., 1828 ;
iDai
IIERR
6. La fille mal garcloe, ballet, ib., Nov. 17,
1828. ni. Pianoforte music : Sonatas for
pianoforte, op. 1, 3, 5 ; Caprices for do.
with quartet, op. 8, S) ; liomlo for four
liamls, op. 17 ; Cajjrices for pianoforte, oj).
4, 6, 7, 12, 58 ; Rondos and divertissements
for do., op. 10, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 27, 31,
34, 37, 40, 41, 44, 47, 53, 55 ; Fantaisies
for do., op. 2, 15, 21, 28, 33, 43, 49 ; Varia-
tions for do., op. 19, 30, 35 ; Potpourris
for do., etc. IV. Unpublished works, sent
from Rome, and now in the library of the
Conservatoire : Symphony for grand or-
chestra, iu C ; Do., in D ; Hymn on the
Transfiguration (Latin text), for 4 voices
and orchestra ; Sceiia ed aria con cori (Ital-
ian text) ; 3 string quartets, iu D, C, and
G minor. — Jouvin, Herold, sa vie et ses
cEuvres (Paris, 18G8) ; Magasin pittoresque
(1873), 15G.
HERR, DEINE GUTE, soprano aria in
E, with accompaniment of 2 violins and
continuo, in Johann Sebastian Bach's can-
tata Dt)minica XIV. post Trinit., Wer Dank
opfert, der preisset mich (Bachgescllschaft,
No. 17). Published, with additional ac-
companiments by Robert Franz (Leipsic,
Whistling).
HERR, DEIN MITLEID, Duet for so-
prano and bass, in A, with accompaniment
of 2 oboes d' amore, organ, and continuo, in
Johann Sebastian Bach's cantata Feria III,
Nativ. Christi ( IFa/jiflf/i/ff-Oratorium, Part
III.), Herrscher des Himmels, erhijre das
Lallen (Bachgescllschaft, Vol. V, b.). Pub-
lished, with additional accompaniments by
Robert Franz (Breslau, Leuckart).
HERR, DER DU STARK, Soprano aria
in B-flat, with accompaniment of 2 oboes
in unison, strings complete, and continuo,
in Johann Sebastian Bach's cantata Festo
visitationis. Mariiv, Meine Seel' erhebes den
Herreu (Bachgesellschaft, No. 10). Pub-
lished, with additiou;il accompaniments, by
Robert Franz (Leijjsic, Whistling).
HERR GOTT ABRAHAM'S, bass aria of
Elias, iu E-flat major, in Mendelssohn's
E/ias, No. 14.
HERR GOTT, VATER, figured choral,
iu D major, for soprano and alto, with fig-
ured continuo, iu Johann Sebastian Bach's
cantata Festo ascensionis Christi, Wer da
glaubct und getauft wird. The melody is
"Wie schOn leuchtefc der Morgeustern,"
written by Philipp Nicolai (1598-99).
HERR, HORE UNSER GEBET, duet for
two soprani, with chorus, in A minor, in
Mendelssohn's £7ta.s. No. 2.
HERRERIUS, mCHAEL, boru in :\Iu-
nich, about 157G, died (?). Ecclesiastic,
and church composer. Kapellmeister of the
church of St. Nicholas, Strasbui-g, from 160G.
His church music was published in Augs-
burg (1G04, 1G08), and republished iu Pa-
dua (1()17). — Futis ; Gerber.
HERRilANN, GOTTFRIED, boru at
Soudershausen, May 15, 1808, died at Lii-
beck, June G, 1878. Violinist and pianist,
pupil of Spohr at Casscl, and of Hauptmann
iu composition ; was first vioUnist at Han-
over, and under the influence of Aloys
Schmitt developed into an excellent pianist.
With his brother Karl he founded a string
quartet in Frankfort-onthe-Main ; became
music dii-ector and organist of St. IMary's, at
Liibeck, in 1831, court Kapellmeister of Sou-
dershausen iu 1844, and city Kapellmeister
of Liibeck in 1852, directing at times the
theatre there and the Bach-Verein of Ham-
burg. Works — Operas : Toussaint Lou-
verture ; Barbarossa, given at Liibeck about
1856 ; Das Johannisfeuer, ib.; Die Walpur-
gisnacht ; Orchestra and chamber music,
and songs. — Mendel ; do., Ergiinz., 156 ;
Riemann.
HERTEL, JOHANN CHRISTIAN, born
at Oettingen, Suabia, in 1699, died in Octo-
ber, 1754. Virtuoso on the viola di gamba ;
HERTEL
destined for the church, and was taught only
singing and the gamba ; took lessons se-
cretly at Merseburg of the court organist,
Kaufmanu, on the pianoforte and violin,
and in composition ; went to Halle as a
theological student iu 1716, where he en-
tertained a lively intercourse with the famous
Kuhuau at Leipsic ; his father finally yield-
ing to his desire to be a musician, he stud-
ied at Darmstadt under Hesse ; first violin-
ist of court chajJel at Eisenach iu 1719 ;
Conzertmeister at the court of Mecklen-
burg-Strelitz about 17-42, until 1753, when
the orchestra was disbanded. Of his nu-
merous compositions for orchestra and
chamber music only six sonatas for violin
were published. — Mendel ; Futis ; Schilling.
HERTEL, JOHANN WHjHELM, born
at Eisenach, Oct. 9, 1727, died June 1-4,
1789. Violinist and pianist, son and pupil
of Johaim Christian H. ; court comjjoser at
Schwerin in 1757 ; later, Kapellmeister ;
private secretary to the Princess Ulrike in
Schwerin up to 1789. Works — Oratorios :
Der sterbcude Heyland ; Jesus in Bandeu
(1782) ; Jesus vor Gericht (1782) ; Jesus in
Purpur (1783 ;) Die Gabe des heiligen
Geistes (1787) ; Der Ruf zur Busse (1787) ;
Die Hinunclfahrt Christi (1789) ; Die Ge-
burt Jesu Christi (1789) ; Symphonies ; So-
natas for pianoforte. — Mendel ; Fetis ;
Schilling.
HERTEL, PETER LUDWIG, bom iu
Berlin, April 21, 1817, still living, 1889.
Son of the violinist Karl Hertel (1784-1868),
pupil of Greulicli on the pianoforte, of Rietz
on the violin, of J. Schneider aud Mars in
composition. Became court composer in
1858, aud director of court ballet in 1860.
He wrote symphonies, overtures, etc., but
devoted himself specially to ballet music.
His best works are : Die lustigeu Musketiere
(1852) ; Flick und Flock (1858) ; Ellinor
(1869) ; Sardanapal (1865) ; etc.— Mendel,
Ergiinz., 218 ; Fetis, Supplement, i. 468.
HERTZ, MICHAEL, born in Warsaw,
Sept. 28, 1844, still living, 1889. Pianist,
pupil of Plaidy, Reinecke, and Moscheles
in Leipsic, and later of Hans von Billow in
Munich. He was engaged as director of
the Ojiera in Warsaw for two years ; and
was appointed professor of jnanoforte iu
the Stern Conservatorium, Berlin, in 1872.
He has comj)osed for the pianoforte Po-
lish and German songs, which have been
very popular. — Mendel.
HERV15 (FLORIMOND RONGER,
called), born at Hou-
dain, near Arras, Juue
30, 1825, still hving iu
Paris, 1889. Organist,
and dramatic com-
poser, originator of the
French ojierette ; was
organist at several
churches in Paris ; ap-
peared as singer on / ^^-.^ -.^^
the stage a short time '-*•''
in 1848 ; chef d'orchestre at the Theatre du
Palais-Royal in 1851 ; connected with vari-
ous theatres in Paris, Marseilles, Montpel-
lier, and Cairo in 1854-69, as composer,
leader of orchestra, or actor ; was engaged
in London in 1870-71, and in 1874, to con-
duct the promenade concerts at Covent
Garden. He writes his owu librettos.
Works—Operettas : Vadc au cabaret ; uu
Drame en 1779 ; Le comjjositeur toque ;
La line fleur de I'Andalousie ; La perle de
I'Alsace ; La belle Esj)agnole ; Fifi et Niui ;
all at Folies Concertantes, 1855-56 ; Toinette
et son carabiuier ; Femme a vendre ; Le
pommier ensorcele ; La dent de sagesse ;
L'alchimiste, ib., 1856-58 ; Le hussar perse-
cute. La fanfare de Saint-Cloud, Delasse-
ments-comiques, 1862 ; Les toreadors de
Grenade, Theatre du Palais-Royal, 1863 ; Le
joueur de flflte, Varietes, 1864 ; Une fan-
tasia, ib., 1865 ; La revue pour rien, ou Ro-
laud a Ronge-Veau, Bouffes Parisiens, 1865 ;
Les chevaliers de la table ronde, ib., 1866 ;
L'QSil creve, Folies Dramatiques, 1867 ;
Chiliieric, ib., 1868 ; Le roi d'Amatibou,
Palais-Royal, 1868 ; Chilmeric, Eldorado,
1868 ; Le petit Faust, Folies Dramatiques,
1869 ; Les Turcs, ib., 1869 ; Le tr^ne d'£-
265
UERZ
cosse, Varietc'S, 1871 ; Le nouvel Aladiu,
Theatre Dejazet, 1871 (given first iu Eng-
lisb, Loudon) ; La veuve du Malabar, Varit-
t(Js, 1873 ; Le liussar persecute (amplified
into 2 acts), Palais Royal, 1873 ; Alice de
Nevers, Folies Draniatiques, 1875 ; La belle
poule, ib., 1875 ; Estelle et Nemorin, OpC-
ra Bouffe, 187G ; Pauurge, La nuit aux
souiSets, Le retour des croises, 1881: ; Fri-
voli, London, La mai'quise des rues, 188G.
— Fetis, Supplement, i. 4G8 ; Riemann.
HEKZ, HENRI, born in Vienna, Jan. 6,
180G, died in Paris,
Jan. r,. 1888. Pian-
ist, first instructed
by liis father, and
at Coblentz by Hiin-
ten, then (1816) at
the Conservatoire,
Paris, p u p i 1 of
Pradher, a n d in
composition of
Dourleu ; took first
jsrize for pianoforte
the first year ; iloscheles, in his visit to
Paris in 1821, improved his style ; made a
tour in Germany with Lafont in 1831 ;
visited London in 183-t, where he played
duets with Moscheles and J. V>. Cramer at
his own concert ; professor at the Conserva-
toire in 1842; lost heavily as partner of
Klejifer's pianoforte manufactory, and to
obtain money for establishing a factory of
his own, he travelled in Mexico, West In-
dies, and the United States in 1845-51 ;
then made pianofortes, and received first
prize at Exposition of 1855 ; resigned
at the Conservatoire in 1874. Woi"ks :
8 Concertos for pianoforte, with orchestra,
op. 34, 74, 87, 131, 180, 192, 207, 218 ; 14
Rondos, with or without orchestra, op. 2,
11, 14, 27, 33, 37, 44, Gl, G9, 73, 103 ; Fan-
taisie chevaleresque, with orchestra, op.
202 ; Grand trio for pianoforte, violin, and
violoncello, op. 54 ; Duos for 2 pianofortes,
op. 72 and 104 ; do. for pianoforte and vio-
lin, on operatic themes (with Lafont), op.
73, 75, 9G, 110 ; Grande sonate de bravoure,
op. 200 ; Etudes, op. 119, 151-3, 179 ; Les
contrastes, trois grandes etudes, op. 214 ;
24 Letj'ons progressives, op. 20G ; Los dilfi-
cultes du piano resumees en dix etudes
sjK'ciales, op. 21G ; Recreations illustrees, 12
petites fantaisies c'aracteristiques, op. 215 ;
Caprices, nocturnes, divertissements, mor-
ceaus de salon, marches, valses, contre-
dauses varices, galops, mazurkas, etc. ; Me-
thode complete de piano, op. 100. — Fetis;do.,
Suj^jslemeut, i. 470 ; Herz, Mes voyages en
Amerique (Paris, 18GG); Mendel ; Schumann,
Ges. Schriften, i. 150, 188, 218, 233, 285 ;
Weitzmann, Gesch. d. Claviersp., 132, 135.
HERZ, JACQUES (SBION), born in
Frankfort-ou-the-Main, Dec. 31, 1794, died
at Nice, Jan. 27, 1880. Pianist, brother of
Henri Herz ; went at an early age to Paris,
where he was pupil at the Conservatoire
under Pradher. He was considered one of
the best teachers in Paris. He gave lessons
for a time iu London, but returned in 1857
to Paris, to become assistant professor to
his brother at the Consei-vatoire. He jJub-
lished a great deal of pianoforte music, be-
sides sonatas for violin, and a sonata for
horn. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Weitzmann, Ge-
schichte des Clavierspiels, 132.
HERZBERG, ANTON, born at Tarnow,
Galicia, June 4, 1825, still living, 1889.
Pianist, ijupil iu Vienna of Bocklet and
Preyer. He gave concerts iu Hungary,
Poland, and Russia, and lived in Moscow
in 1866, as teacher of the j)ianoforte. He
subsequently visited Turkey, Greece, Italy,
France, England, and Holland. About 130
of his pieces were published iu dilTerent
cities. He received the Order of Christ
from the King of Portugal, and an Order
from the Shah of Persia. — Mendel ; do.,
Ergiiuz., 158 ; Fetis.
IIERZBERG
HEEZBEEG, WILHELM, born at Kiis-
triu, Oct. 18, 181!), died there, Nov. U, 18^7.
Pianist, pupil of A. W. Bach, and Eun-
genhagen, in Berlin, at the Akademie der
Kiiuste, where he took several silver medals.
His name had become favourably known
by his various compositions, when his early
death, by being thrown from a horse, cut
short a life of great promise. He left in
MS. the opera Die Bergknajspen, the orato-
rio Tobias, symphonies, concertos for violin,
trios, pianoforte music, and songs. — Men-
del ; Fi'tis.
HEEZUEBSTEE JESU, choral iu B
minor, for Cori I and U, with accompani-
ment of flutes, oboes, and strings complete,
in Johann Sebastian Bach's 2'assion nach
Matthiius, No. 3. The melody is by Johann
Criiger (1G40).
HEEZOG, JOHANN GEOEG, born at
SchmOlz, Bavaria, Sept. G, 1822, still living,
1889. Virtuoso on the organ, pupil of Bo-
denschatz, and at the seminary in Altdorf, of
Herrling. Organist at the Protestant church
iu Munich in 18-42 ; cantor in IS-IO ; profes-
sor at the Conservatorium in 1850 ; profes-
sor at the University of Erlangen in 1855.
Works : Handbuch fiir Organisten ; Priilu-
dien buch ; fugues, and other organ music.
— Mendel ; Fc'tis ; do., Snpph'ment, i. 470.
HEEZOGENBEEG, HEINEICH YON,
born at Gratz, Styria, June 10, 1843, still
living, 1889. Pianist, pupil of Dessoff at
the Conservatorium, Vienna ; lived at Gratz
until 1872, then went to Leipsic, where in
conjunction with Philipp Spitta, Franz von
Holstein, and Alfred Volkland, he founded
the Bach-Verein in 1874. In 1885 he was
called to Berlin to succeed Kiel as director
of the composition class at the academy,
with the title of professor. Works : Co-
lumbus, cantata ; Other choral works ; Sym-
phony in C minor ; Quintet, with wind in-
struments ; String quartets ; Trios ; Sonata
for pianoforte ; Allotria, for do. (4 hands) ;
Deutsches Liederspiel, etc. — Eiemann.
HE SAW THE LOVELY YOUTH, cho-
rus, beginning Largo in B-flat minor, and
changing to A tempo ordinario in B-flat
major, in Handel's Theodora, Act H., scene 6.
HESDIN, PIEEEE, French composer of
the 16th century. He was recorder of the
brotherhood of Saint-Julien, in whose ar-
chives he is called a prebendary cantor.
In the accounts of the exchequer under
Henri 11. (1547-1559), he is mentioned also
as a singer of the roj'al chapel. His mas-
ses and motets are found in the principal
collections of the time, and his chansons
fran^aises in Attaignant's and other French
collections. — Petis ; Mendel.
HE SENT A THICK DAEKNESS, chorus
in Handel's Israel in Egypt, No. 8, begin-
ning in F minor, and ending in E major ;
commonly known as the " Darkness cho-
rus."
HE SHALL FEED HIS FLOCK, aria tor
soprano, iu B-flat major, wdth accompani-
ment of strings complete con sordini, iu
Handel's The Me^^iah, No. 18. This aria
stands in B-flat, and is for soi:>rano all
through in Handel's first MS. score (Facsim-
ile, London, 1868), as it does also in Mo-
zart's and Eobcrt Franz's scores. But it
has long been the custom iu England and
this country to have the first half of the
aria sung in F by a contralto, and to have
the second half (from the words. Come
unto Him) sung in B-flat by a soprano.
HESIONE, tragic opera in five acts, with
a prologue, text by Danchet, music by Cam-
pra, represented at the Acadomie Eoyale de
Musique, Paris, Dec. 21, 1700. The poem,
which is interesting and well calculated for
a brilliant spectacle, is full of allusions to
the times and the praises of Louis XIV.
The music of the choruses is very beautiful.
The principal characters represented are
Laomedon, Hesione, Venus, Anchise, Tcla-
mon, and Cleon. Mle Le Maure made a
great success in the role of Hcsione when
the opera was reproduced thirty years later,
and after her Mile Clairon. It was given
until 1743.
HE SPAKE THE WOED, double chorus
in B-flat major in Handel's Israd iu Egypt,
HESPEL
No. G ; commonly known as the " Flies'
chorus."
HESPEL, PIERRE JOSEPH, born at
Touruay, beginning of the 19th ceuturj',
still living, 1889. Church composer, taught
music in his native town, where he was also
director of music in the cathedral, and be-
came director of the Sociutu chorale des
Odconistes, which he helj)ed to establish.
His choruses without accompaniment have
been very popular in Belgium. Works :
Mass a cappella ; 4 masses with orchestra ;
Stabat Mater, do.; 3 litanies, do.; 27 can-
tatas ; 55 sacred pieces with orchestra or
organ ; 20 pieces for violoncello ; Quartets
for strings ; About 100 romances and vocal
melodies ; Over GO morceaux de genre for
pianoforte, etc.; Methode de piano; Ecole
de I'intonation ; Solfege concertant a quatre
voix ; Ecole du phrasi^' musical. — Fc-tis, Sup-
plement, i. -170 ; Meudel, Ergiinz., 157.
HESS, CILIKLES LEON, born at Lo-
rient, Jan. 28, 18U, still living, 1889. Pi-
anist, first instructed by his father, an Alsa-
tian professor of the pianoforte, then at the
Conservatoire, Paris, pupil of Baziu and
Chauvet. Works : La cui-e merveilleuse,
comic opera, Tht'atre Francais, Rouen, 1875 ;
Psalm LXXVIL, for soli, chorus, and orches-
tra. Theatre du Chiitelet, 1876 ; Suite for
orchestra ; 20 psalms ; Collection of 10
melodies. — Ft'tis, Supplement, i. ill.
HESSE, ADOLPH (FRIEDRICH), born
at Breslau, Aug. 30, 1809, died there, Aug.
5, 18G3. Virtuoso on the organ and pianist,
son of an organ builder, pupil of Berner and
E. Kijhler, afterward at Weimar of Hum-
mel ; and while visiting Darmstadt and Cas-
sel, much influenced by Rinck and Spolu-.
He became assistant organist at St. Eliza-
beth's, Breslau, in 1827, and organist at
St. Bernard's in 1831 ; visited Paris in 1844,
Italy in 1846, and England in 1852. In
Paris he inaugurated the new organ at
Saint-Eustache, and there, as well as after-
wards at the Crj'stal Palace, gave very suc-
cessful performances. Works : Tobias, ora-
torio ; cantatas ; motets ; C .symphonies ; 4
overtures ; a string quintet ; 2 quartets ;
concerto, sonata, and other music for
pianoforte ; preludes, fugues, fantasias,
etudes, etc., for organ. — Mendel ; Fetis ;
Riemann.
HESSE, ERNST CHRISTIAN, born at
Grossen-Gottern, Thuringia, April 14, 1G7G,
died at Darmstadt, May IG, 17G2. Virtu-
oso on the viola di gamba, pupil in Paris
of Marin Marais and Forqueray ; returned
to Darmstadt in 1702. Travelled from
1705 to 1707, was appointed Kapellmeister
in Vienna in 1713, and returned to Darm-
stadt in 1719, visiting Dresden, where he
appeared with rare success as a comjjoser
and virtuoso at the court concerts. He
composed sonatas and suites for his in-
strument, besides music for other instru-
ments, and church music ; but most of this
last remains in MS. — Mendel ; Fetis ; Schil-
ling.
HE THAT SHALL ENDURE. See Wer
bis an das Ende.
HETSCH, (KARL FRIEDRICH) LUD-
WLG, born at Stuttgart, April 26, 1806,
died at Mannheim, June 18 (26?), 1872.
Pianist and violinist, i^upil of Abeille from
the age of six ; subsequently of Weiss. He
was destined for the church, but in 1828
abandoned his theological studies for music.
He taught in Stuttgart and was greatly
assisted by Liudpainter, through whose in-
fluence his opera, Ryno, was joroduced in
1833. The King of Wiirtemberg having
granted him a pension, he travelled, and
on his return, in 1835, assumed the position
of director of music at Heidelberg. He
went to Mannheim in 1846 as second Ka-
pellmeister of the court theatre. Besides
his opera he composed oratorios, sympho-
nies, concertos for jiianoforte and for violin,
the 130th i^salm, divertissements for wind
instruments, pianoforte music, Lieder, and
other vocal music. — Mendel ; Riemann ; Fe-
tis ; Schilling, Supplement, 205 ; Allgem. d.
Biogr., xii. 319.
HEUBERGER, RICHARD (FRANZ JO-
SEPH), born at Gratz, Styria, June 18, 1850,
2G8
HEUDIEE
still living, 1889. Dramatic composer, stud-
ied music under the best masters in his na-
tive city, but became a civil engineer, and
did not devote himself to music definitely
until 1876. He was made Chormeister of
the academic Gesangverein in Vienna, and in
1878 also conducted the Singakademie there.
Works : Abenteuer einer Neujahrsnacht,
opera, given at Leipsic, 18SG ; Symphonj' ;
Nachtmusik, for orchestra, op. 7 ; Varia-
tions on a theme of Schubert, for tlo. ; over-
ture to Byron's Cain ; rhapsody, for mixed
chorus and orchestra ; Geht es dir wohl,
cantata for soli, male chorus, and orchestra ;
songs and choruses. — Kiemann.
HEUDIER, ANTOINE FRANCOIS, born
in Paris in 1782, died ('?). Violinist, pupil
of Gaviuies at the Conservatoire. Chef
d'orchestre of the Theatre des Jeunes Ar-
tistes, Paris, and from 1807 of the Versailles
theatre. Works : L'heureus jour, ou les
cinq mariages, comic opera, Versailles,
1810 ; Three ballets ; several melodramas ;
Concerto for violin ; Quartets for strings.
— Fetis ; do., Suijpk'ment, i. 471.
HEUREUX QUI NE RESPIRE. See
Domino Noir.
HEURTEUR, GUILLAIBIE LE, French
composer of the middle of the IGth cen-
tury. He was Canon of the church of
Saint-Martin, Tours. Some of his composi-
tions are found iu the MSS. of the Na-
tional Library, Paris, in a volume entitled :
Cantiques de Nostre-Dame. His works
were published by Attaignant (Paris, 1515,
1518).— Fetis.
HEUTE WIRST DU MT MIR, duet for
alto and bass, with accompaniment of 2 viole
da gamba and coutinuo, in Johann Sebastian
Bach's Actus tragicus (Oottes Zeit ist die al-
lerbeste Zeit). The melody in the alto voice
is the choral, "Mit Fried' und Freud' ich
fahr' dahiu," written by Martin Luther
(1521).
HE WAS DESPISED, aria for alto, iu E-
llat major, with accompaniment of strings
complete and coutinuo, iu Handel's The
Messiah, No. 21.
HE WATCHING OVER ISRAEL. See
Siche, der Hiiter Israel's.
HEYMANN, KARL, born at Amsterdam,
Oct. 4, 1851, still
living, 1889. Pi-
anist, pupil of Hil-
ler, Gernsheim,
and Breunung at
the Conservatorium
of Cologne, and of
Kiel in Berlin;
early attracted the
attention of the nm-
sical world as a jji-
anist, and having
been obliged by
nervous prostration to retire from public
life for several years, reappeared again in
' concerts with Wilhelmj in 1872, and became
musical director at Bingen. In 1879-80
he was instructor at Hoch's Conservatorium,
but finding teaching uncongenial, devoted
himself entirely to a virtuoso's career.
Works : Concerto for pianoforte ; Elfen-
spiel ; Mummenschanz, Phantasiestiicke,
etc., for do. — Riemann.
HLiWATHA, concert overture in B-flat
minor, by J. C. D. Parker, first given in the
Music Hall, Boston, Feb. 14, 1878.
HIGNARD, (JEAN LOUIS) ARISTTDE,
born at Nantes, May 22, 1822, still living,
1889. Dramatic composer, pupil at the
Conservatoire, Paris, of Halevy ; won 2d
prize for composition, 1850. Prix de Tre-
mont from the Acadcmie des Beaux-Arts, in
1871. Works : Le visionnaire, given at
Nantes, 1851 ; Le Colin-maillard, Paris, The-
atre Lyrique, 1853 ; Les compagnons de la
Marjolaine, ib., 1855 ; M. de Chimpanze, ib.,
1858 ; Lenouveau Pourceaugnac, L'auberge
des Ardennes, ib., 1860 ; Les musieiens de
I'orchestre (with Delibes and Erlanger),
Bouii'es Parisiens, 18G1 ; Hamlet, lyric trag-
edy, Nantes, Grand Theatre, 1888 ; Les mules
de Fleurette, La mille et deuxitjme nuit,
comic operas (MS.) ; Le joueur d'orgue, A la
porte, parlor operettas ; Rimes et melodies,
2 collections of songs : several choruses with
IIILES
orchestra ; 6 choruses for female voices,
with pianoforte (-l hands) ; 12 choruses for
male voices a cappella ; Duos, etc. ; Valses
concertantes for pianoforte (4 hands) ; Valses
romantiques, for do. ; etc. — Fotis, Supple-
ment, i. 472 ; Mendel, Ergiiuz., 158.
HILES, HENRY, born in ShrewsbuiT,
England, Dec. 31,
1826, still living, at
Manchester, 1889.
Organist at Bury,
184C; Bishop- Wear-
mouth, 1847 ; St. Mich-
ael's, Wood Street,
London, 1859 ; Blind
Asylum, Manchester,
1860 ; Bowdon, 1861 ;
St. Paul's, Hulme,
Manchester, 1864-67 ; lecturer at Owen's
College, ib., and conductor of several musi-
cal societies. Mus. Bac, Oxford, 1862 ;
Mus. Doc, ib., 1867. Works: The Patri-
archs, oratorio ; Favre Pastorel, cantata ;
The Crusaders, sacred cantata, 1874 ; Watch-
fulness, cantata for female voices ; Sing to
the Lord, festival anthem ; I was glad, do. ;
TLe Lord will comfort Zion, full anthem ;
The Lord is my Light, do. ; God is our Re-
fuge, do. ; Blessed are the Merciful, do. ; I
will lay me down in peace, tenor solo and
chorus ; Wherewithal shall a young man,
do. ; I am well pleased, do. ; Cathedral fes-
tival service in G ; Morning service in F ;
Evening do. in F ; Fantasia, for organ ;
Prelude and fugue in A, do. ; Sonata in G
minor, do. ; W^reck of the Hesjserus, and
other part-songs ; Stars of the Summer
Night, and other songs. Pianoforte music.
He is author also of a Grammar of Music
(2 vols. 8vo, n.d.) ; The Harmony of Sounds
(London, 1871-72-78); Modern Counter-
point (ib., 1884) ; First Lessons in Singing
(ib., 1888). His brother, John Hiles (1810-
1882), was an organist also, and author of
several didactic works, and of pianoforte
music and songs.
HLLF, HERR! Chorus in D minor, in
Mendelssohn's E/ian, No. 1.
HILL, WILHELM, born at Fulda,
March 28, 1838, still hving, 1889. Pianist,
pujiil of Heinrich Heukel and of Hauft";
in 1854 he settled at Frankfort, where his
opera Alona was awarded the second prize
at the competition in 1882 for the opening
of the new Opera house. Among his other
compositions deserve especial mention 2
sonatas for vioHn, op. 20 and 28, the trios, op.
12 and 43, a quartet with pianoforte, op. 44,
and some sougs. — Riemann.
HILLEMACHER, PAUL JOSEPH WIL-
HELM, born in Paris, Nov. 25, 1852, still
living, 1889. Pianist, pupil of Bazin at the
Conservatoire, where ho won a second prize
for harmony in 1870, a first accessit for
fugue in 1872, and the grand prix de Rome
in 1876, for his cantata Judith. A morceau
symphonique, for orchestra, was played at
the Concerts moderues, in 1876. — Fetis,
Supplement, i. 473.
HILLEK, FERDINAND, born in Frank-
f ort-ou -the -Main,
Oct. 24, 1811, died
in Cologne, IMay 12,
1885. Of Hebrew
l)arentage ; pupil of
a violinist n a m e d
Hofmann, on the pi-
anoforte of Alois
Schmitt, and in har-
mony and counter-
point of Vollweiler. He played a Mozart con-
certo in public at the age of ten, and began to
compose at twelve. In 1825 he was sent to
W^eimar to study composition under Hum-
mel, whom he accompanied in 1827 on a
professional tour to Vienna, where he saw
Beethoven on his death-bed ("Aus dem
Tonleben," 2d series), and published his
opus 1, a string quartet written at W^eimar.
He returned to Frankfort, but weut in 1828
to Paris, where, with the exception of a visit
home on his father's death, he lived seven
years. For a short time he gave lessons at
Choron's Institution de Musique, but dur-
ing the greater part of his stay lived on his
own private means, and worked assiduously
IIILLER
at the pianoforte autl composition. At the
same time he went a good deal into society,
gave many successful concerts, and did, in
pianoforte and chamber music, very much
the same good work that Habeueck was
doing, in the orchestral field at the Sociutu
des Concerts, to introduce Bach and Beetho-
ven to the French public. It was he who
first played Beethoven's E-flat concerto in
Paris. In his concerts he associated him-
self especially with Fctis and Baillot. In
1835 he returned to Frankfort, where he
conducted the Ciieilien - Verein during
Suhelble's illness in 1836-1837. He next
went to Milan, where he wrote his oj^era of
Eomilda, brought out at La Scala in 1839,
through Rossini's eftbrts, but made no suc-
cess. In Milan he also began his oratorio
Die Zersti'iruug Jerusalems, which, when
finished, interested Mendelssohn so deeply
that he induced Hiller to spend the winter
of 1839-40 in Lei2)sic to superintend its
production. In 1811 ho made a second
trip to Italy, studying the old Italian church
nuisic at Home under the guidance of Baiui.
Returning to Frankfort for a time, he went
thence to Leipsic, where he conducted the
Gewandhaus concerts for the season of
1843-41:, and then to Dresden, where he
brought out two operas, Traum der Christ-
nacht and Conradin. In 1847 he was ap-
pointed municipal Kaiiellmcister at Diissel-
dorf, and in 1850 at Cologne, which last
post he continued to fill nearly up to his
death, with but few interruptions. He con-
ducted the opera at the Theatre Italien in
Paris for the season of 1852-53, conducted
a series of concerts at St. Petersburg in
1870, and went to England in 1871 to su-
perintend the production of his cantata,
Nala und Damayanti, at tlie Birmingham
Festival, and in 1872 to give concerts in
London, at which he appeared both as pian-
ist and conductor of some of his own works.
He organized the Cologne Conservatorium
soon after settling in that city, and was
for a long time the chief musical figure in
the Rhenish Provinces, exerting an unmis-
takable influence upon the musical thought
of the day as composer, pianist, teacher,
conductor, and litterateur. From 1850 ho
conducted all the Lower Rhine Festivals
that were given at Cologne. Hiller was
long noted as one of the chief representa-
tives of the ultra-classical element in mod-
ern German music. He owed his eminence
as a composer rather to a fine and highly
cultivated musical talent than to original
genius ; a man of naturally refined ijerceji-
tions, of fine intellectual endowments, and
broad general culture, he stood prominent
among the German composers of his day
as a follower of Mendelssohn rather than of
Schumann. His intimacy with almost all
the leading comjaosers of his time, his
agreeable manners and conversation, his ex-
cellent style as a ■m-iter, made him an espe-
cial favourite, excejjt with the followers of
Wagner, of whose art j)rinciples he was al-
ways a determined opponent. His comp)o-
sitions almost invariably command respect,
and not unfrequently admiration, by the ex-
cellence of their style, albeit that his native
genius did not always second him well in
the romantic direction which his instincts
impelled him to pursue. Of his many
friends Mendelssohn was the closest, and
had the strongest influence over him.
Works — I. Oratorios and Cantatas : Die
ZcrstOnuig Jerusalems, oj). 24 (Leipsic, Kist-
uer) ; Saul, o]}. 80 (ib.); Additional accom-
paniments to Handel's Deborah ; 2 psalms,
voice and pianoforte, op. 27 ; Gesang der
Geister iiber den Wassern, text by Goethe,
for chorus and orchestra, op. 3G (Berlin,
Guttentag) ; Eiue Kiiferhochzeit, 2 voices
and pianoforte, op. 45 ; Die lustigen Musi-
kanten, 4 voices and pianoforte, op. 48 ; 0
weint um sie, text by Byron, soprano solo,
chorus, and orchestra, op. 49 (Bonn, Sim-
rock) ; Psalm XXV., tenor solo, chorus, and
orchestra, op. 60 (Mainz, Schott) ; Pater
noster, chorus and organ ad lib., op. 61 ;
Gesang Helo'isens und der Nonnen am
Grabe Abiilards, alto solo, chorus, and
small orchestra, op. 62 (Breslau, Leuckart) ;
871
lilLLER
Psalm, 8 voices, op. 65 ; Das Standcheu,
male voices and strings, op. 68 (^lainz,
Scbott) ; Die Lorelei, soli, chorus, and or-
chestra, op. 70 (Leipsic, Kistner) ; Vcr sa-
crum oder die Griinduug Iloms, do., op. 75
(ib., Breitkopf & Hiirtel) ; Christnacht, soli,
chorus, and pianoforte, scored for orchestra
by E. Petzold, op. 79 (ib., Kistuer) ; Die
Wallfahrt nach Kevlaar, voice and piano-
forte, op. 83 ; Spruch, Gott mit mir, 2
voices and pianoforte, op. 89 ; An das Va-
terland, male chorus and orchestra, oji. 91
(Nuremberg, Schmid) ; 6 Marienlieder, cho-
rus and pianoforte, or organ ad lib., op. 93 ;
Die NachI, soli, chorus, and orchestra, op.
99 (Breslau, Leuckart) ; rabnenmnntagmor-
gen, do., op. 102 (Leipsic, Eieter-Bieder-
mann) ; Aus der Edda, 2 poems for male
chorus aud orchestra, op. 107 (Breslau,
Leuckart) ; Psalm sciii., do., op. 112 (Leip-
sic, Rieter-Biedermaun) ; I'fingslcn, chorus
and orchestra, op. 119 (ib., Kistner) ; Os-
termorgen, soprano solo, male chorus, and
orchestra, op. 134 (Bremen, Cranz) ; Es
muss doch Friihling werden, male chorus
aud orchestra, op. 136 (Mainz, Scbott) ;
Friihlingsnacht, 4 soli and orchestra, op.
139 (ib.) ; iVa/a und Damaranti, soli, chorus,
aud orchestra, op. 150 (London, Novello) ;
Israels Siegesgesang, soprano solo, chorus,
and orchestra, op. 151 (ib.) ; Bundeslied,
male chorus and orchestra, op. 174 ; Pro-
metheus, soli, chorus, and orchestra, op.
175 ; Rebek-ka, do., op. 182 ; 2 Balladen, solo,
chorus, and pianoforte, op. 187 ; Sanctus
Domiuus, male chorus, op. 192 ; Es fiu-chto
die Gutter das Menscheugesehlecht, from
Goethe's Iphigenie, chorus and orchestra,
op. 193 ; Richard Loewenherz, Ballade,
tenor solo, chorus, aud orchestra, op.
200.
IL Dramatic : Romilda, opera, IMilan, La
Scala, 1839 ; Ein Traum in der Christnacht,
do. (Dresden, 1845) ; Conradiu, do.; Die
Katacombeu, do., Wiesbaden, February,
1862 ; Der Deserteur, do., op. 120 (Mainz,
Schott), Cologne, Feb. 17, 1865 ; Operette
ohne Text, pianoforte 4 hands, op. 106 ; In-
strumental pieces and choruses to Gorner's
Prinz Papagei, op. 183.
in. Miscellaneous vocal : 26 mixed chor-
uses, with or without accompaniment, op.
71, 116, 148, 165, 194 ; 7 male choruses, do.
op. 28, 114 ; 6 five-part songs, op. 25 ; 29
four-part songs, op. 31, 56, 143, 199; 24
three-part songs for female voices and pi-
anoforte, op. 94, 123, 176 ; over 30 two-
part songs with pianoforte, op. 39, 43, 63,
90, 92, 121, 132, 164, 177, 205; Weine
uicht, recitative and romance for soprano,
with jjiauoforte, op. 72 ; Reiner von Biirgeu,
Liedercyclus for a voice and pianoforte, op.
179 ; Dallo profundo chiamo a te, Signore,
text by Dante, for a voice aud pianoforte,
op. 189 ; over 100 songs with pianoforte, op.
16, 18, 23, 26, 34, 41, 46, 85, 111, 129, 149,
153, 159, 185, 195, 204.
IV. Orchestral : Symphony No. 1, Paris,
Jan. 1830; do., No. "2, ib., 1831; do., No.
3, Es muss doch Friihling werden, iu E
minor, op. 67 (Mainz, Schott) ; Scenen aus
dem Soldatenleben, suite, op. 146 ; Drama-
tische Fantasie (Sinfonischer Prolog), op.
166 ; Overture No. 1, in D minor, op. 32 ;
do.. No. 2, in A, op. 101 ; do. to Schiller's
Demetrius, op. 145 ; Pianoforte concerto
No. 1, in A-flat, op. 5 ; do. No. 2, in F-sharp
minor, op. 69 ; do. No. 3, in C, op. 113 ;
Violin concerto in A, op. 152 ; Fantasiestiick
for violin and orchestra, iu A, op. 152, b.
V. Chamber music : String quintet in G,
op. 156 ; String quartet in G, op. 12 ; do.
in B minor, op. 13 ; Quartet for pianoforte
and strings, op. 1 ; do. in F minor, op. 3 ;
do. in A minor, op. 133 ; Trio for pianoforte
and strings, in B-flat, op. 6 ; do. in F-sharp
minor, op. 7 ; do. in E, op. 8 ; do. (Sere-
nade), op. 64 ; do. (Serenade No. 2), op.
186 ; Suite in canon form, for pianoforte
and violin, op. 86 ; Serenade for do., op.
109 ; Sonata for do., in A minor, op. 172 ;
other pieces for do., op. 2, 22, 38, 58, 118,
142, 190 ; Conzertstiick iu A minor, for pi-
anoforte and violoncello, op. 104 ; Serenade
iu D minor, for do., op. 140.
VI. For pianoforte ; Sonata No. 1, in C, op.
272
HILLEIl
47 ; do. No. 3, in G minor, op. 78 ; Modern
Suite, op. 144 ; Suite sorieuse, op. 168 ; other
pieces of various sorts, op. 4, 9, 10, 11, 14,
15, 17, 20, 21, 30, 33, 40, 52, 55, 117, 122,
163, 173, 175, 178, 184, 188, 191, 196, 197,
198, 201, 202, 203 ; For 4 hands, Leichte
Serenade, op. 128 ; Grosser Festmarsch, op.
147 ; Nameulose Tilnze, op. 169 ; For 2
pianofortes, 4 hands. Duet iiber Lutzows
wildc Jagd von C. M. von Weber, op. 108 ;
Grand Duet, op. 135.
YII. Literary works : " Aus dem Tonleben
uusererZeit,"(Leipsic, Mendelssohn); "Die
Musik und das Publicum," (Cologne, Du
Mont - Schemberg) ; "Ludwig van Bee-
thoven, gelegentliche Aufsiitze," (Leipsic,
Leuckart) ; " Felix Mendelssolm-Barthol-
dy. Brief e und Erinneruugeu," (Cologne,
Du Mout-Schemberg) translated by M. E.
von Glehn, Loudon, Macmillan & Co.,
1874); " Musikalisches und Persunliches,"
(Leipsic, Breitkojif & Hiirtel, 1876) ; "Briefe
;^^
an eineUngenannte," (Cologne, 1877; Kiinst-
lerleben, ib., 1880).— Fi'tis ; Mendel ; Mas.
Wochenblatt, ii. ; Athenreum (1885), i. 641.
HILLER, FEIEDRICH ADAM, born in
Leijisic iu 1768, died in KiJuigsberg, Nov.
23, 1812. Violinist and tenor singer, son
and j)upil of Johann Adam Hiller. He
made his debut as a tenor singer at Rostock
in 1789. In 1790 he became musical di-
rector of the theatre at Schweriu, where he
was known also as a fine violinist, and in
1796 at Altona ; and in 1803 became Ka-
pellmeister of the theatre at KOnigsberg. He
formed a class for instruction, and his new
style of teaching attracted many scholars.
Works : Adelstan und ROschen, comic op-
eretta, given at Schwerin, 1796 ; Das Nixen-
reich, intermezzo, ib., 1796 ; Das Donau-
weibchen, 1802 ; Das Schmuckkilstchen, op-
eretta, KOnigsberg, 1804 ; Die drei Sultane,
comic opera, ib., 1809 ; Friedrichvon Schil-
lers Maneu, Festspiel, ib., 1812 ; Music to
Carnier's drama " Hercus Monte," 1810 ;
Gross ist der Herr, hymn for soli, chorus, and
orchestra (1810) ; Hymne an die Tonkunst,
for 4 voices and orchestra ; 6 quartets for
strings ; Variations for violin, with second
violin, viola, and violoncello ; Grand sonata for
pianoforte (4 hands), etc. — Fetis ; Schilling.
HILLER (Hiiller), JOHANN ADAM,
born at Wendisch-
Ossig, near GOrlitz,
Silesia, Dec. 25, 1728,
died at Leipsic, June
16, 1804. Dramatic
composer, pupil of
H o m i 1 i u s at the
Kreuzschule in Dres-
den ; went to the Uni-
versity of Leipsic in
1751; tutor iu family
of Count Briihl, Saxon minister, in 1754 ;
went to Leii3sic in 1758,
where he devoted himself to
the public concerts ; director
of concerts in 1763; founded
a school of singing in 1771 ;
Cantor and director of music
at the Thomasschule in Leipsic in 1786,
and resigned in 1801. His importance as
a composer rests on his Siugspiele, which
formed the beginning of the German comic
opera, developing individually by the side
of the Italian opera buffa, and the French
opera-comique. The songs from his oper-
ettas became extremely popular. Works
— Operettas, all given at Leipsic : Der Teu-
fel ist los (I. part : Der Lustige Schuster,
1768 ; H. part : Die verwandelten Weiber,
1766 ; Loltchen am Hofe, 1760 ; Die Liebe
auf dem Lande ; Lisuart und Daviolette,
1767) ; Die Jagd, Der Dorfharhier, Die
Museu, 1772 ; Der Erntekranz, Der Krieg,
1773 ; Die Jubelhochzeit, Das Grab des
Mufti, 1779 ; Poltis, oder das gerettete
Troja, 1782 ; Church cantatas ; Passion can-
tata ; Choralmelodien zu Gellert's geistlichen
Oden und Liedern (1761) ; Weisse's Lieder
273
HILTON
fflr Kinder (17G9) ; 50 geistliclie Lieder f iir
Kiudei- (1774) ; Vierstimmige Cbor-Arien
(1794) ; lOOth Psalm ; Choralbuch (1793,
witli appendices, 1794 and 1797). — Allgem.
d. Biog., xii. 420 ; Futis ; Gerber ; Mendel ;
Scliilling ; Kocblitz, Fiir Freunde der Ton-
kunst, i. 3 ; Winterfeld, iii. 472-540.
HILTON, JOHN, English composer of
first half of the 17th
centur}', was buried
at Westminster,
March 21, 1657. He
was graduated as
Mus. Bae. at Cam-
bridge in 102G, and
became organist and
clerk at St. Marga-
ret's, Westminster, in
1G28 ; lost his position when the organ was
taken down according to the ordinance of
Parliament, 1664. Works : Faire Oriana,
beauties queene, 5-part madrigal, in The Tri-
umphes of Oriana (London, KiOl) ; Ayres,
or Fa-las for 3 voyces (ib., 1627) ; Catch
that Catch can, or, A Choice Collection of
Catches, Rounds, and Canons for 3 or 4
voyces (ib., 1652) ; 2 Services in G minor ;
Anthems ; Elegy ou William Lawes (ib.,
1648).— Grove ; Mendel ; Fetis ; Hawkins,
Hist, of Music, iv. 46-47.
HIMMEL, FRIEDIUCH HEINRICH,
bom at Treuenbrietzen, Brandenburg, Nov.
20, 1765, died at Berlin, June 8, 1814.
Pianist, intended for the church, and studied
theology at Halle ; but Friedrich Wilhelm
XL, hearing him play the pianoforte at
Potsdam, he sent him to Dresden, where he
studied harmony and counterpoint three
years under Naumann. Compositions of
his, perfoiTued at the end of this time, in-
duced the king to make him chamber-com-
poser and to send him to Italy for two j'ears.
Became Court^Kapellmeister in 1795 ; had
intercourse with Beethoven at Berlin in
1796 ; went to Stockholm and St. Peters-
burg in 1798, lived at Riga in 1799, returned
via Sweden and Denmark to Berlin in 1800,
and visited Paris, London, and Vienna in
1801-2. Many of his songs have become
very popular. Works — Operas: II prime
navigatore, pastor-
al, given at Venice,
1794; Semiramide,
Naples, 1795 ; Al-
essandro, St. Pe-
tersburg, 1798;
Vasco de Gama,
Berlin,1801;Froh-
sinn und Schwiir-
m e r e i , oijeretta,
ib., 1801;Fanchon
dasLeiermiidchen,
do.,ib., 1804 ; Die Sylphen, fairy opera, ib.,
1806 ; Der Kobold, operetta, Vienna, 1811.
Isaacco figura del redentore, oratorio, Ber-
lin, 1792 ; La Danza, cantata, 1792 ; other
cantatas ; a mass ; Te Deum ; Psalms, ves-
pers, and other church music ; Concerto,
sonatas, and fantasias for pianoforte ; Quar-
tet for pianoforte, flute, violin, and violon-
cello ; Sextet, for pianoforte, 2 violas, 2
horns, and violoncello ; many songs, among
them the well-known " An Alexis send' ich
dich," " Es kaun ja nicht immer so bleiben,"
and "Vater, ich rufe dich." — Allgem. d.
Biog., xii. 435 ; Fctis ; Ledebur, Tonkiinstl.
Lex. Berlins ; Mendel ; Riemann ; Schilling.
HINGSTON, JOHN, English composer
of the 17th century, buried at St. Margar-
et's, Westminster, Dec. 17, 1683. He was
one of the musicians to Charles I., and
afterward entered the service of Oliver
Cromwell, whose daughters he instructed
in music. About 1654 he was appointed or-
ganist to the Protector, and he held concerts
at his house at which Cromwell was often
present. He is said to have been Dr.
Blow's master, but this is doubtful. He
composed some Fancies for the viol. — Grove ;
Fctis, Suppk'ment, i. 475.
mNTZE, JACOB, born at Bernau, near
Berlin, Sept. 4, 1622, died in Berlin, May
5, 1702. Contrapuntist, was city cornet
S74
HIPPODAMIE
plaj'er in Berlin, and in 16GG edited the
twelfth edition of Criigei-'s Praxis jDietatis
melica, to wbich he added " G5 geistreiche
epistolische Lieder " of his own comjDositiou.
Other works : Martin Opitzens epistolische
Lieder mit 1, 2, 3 und 4 Vocalstimmen oder
mehr Instrumenten, etc. (Dresden and
Leipsic, 1C95) ; Pauli Gerhardi geistliche
Andachteu in 10 Hefteu {1GG6-67). He ed-
ited the Praxis pietatis inclusive of the 28th
edition. — Mendel ; do., Ergilnz., 158.
HIPPODAIIIE, lyric tragedy in five acts,
text by Roj', music by Campra, represented
at the Opera, Paris, March G, 1708. This
work, though well sung, was not so success-
ful as Hesioue, by the same author. The
roles of the king of Elis and of Pelops were
filled by Hardouin and Thovenard, two
basses ; that of Hippodamie was sung by
Mile Journet. Published by Chr. Ballard
(Paris, 17G8).
HIPPOLYTE ET ARICIE (Hippolytus
and Aricia), tragic opera in five acts, with
a prologue, text by the Abbe Pellegriu,
music by Eameau, represented at the Acade-
mic Roj'ale de Musique, Paris, Oct. 1, 1733.
Subject founded on the " Phedre " of Ea-
cine. Though Rameau was then fifty years
old, he had won so little reputation that
Pellegriu made him sign a bill for 500
livres to secure him for the libretto in case
of the failure of the opera ; but he was so
delighted when he heard the music of the
first act that he tore it up. The music,
while not so noteworthy as that of Castor
et Pollux, and with no more antique colour
than the text, contains beautiful numbers,
and the choruses are original and pleasing.
A parody by Riccoboni, was given at the
Theatre Italien in 1733 ; and another, by
Favart, in 1742. Ippolito ed Aricia, Italian
opera, by P. Torri, Munich, 1731 ; by Tra-
etta, Parma, 1759 ; and by J. Holzbauer,
Mannheim, 17G8.— Lajarte, i. 171.
HIRSCH, LEOPOLD, violinist, who be-
longed to Prince Eszterhazy's orchestra at
Eisenstadt, under Josef Haydn, until 1790,
when that orchestra was abolished. He be-
came a member of the Hoftheater orches-
tra in Vienna, and was Uving there in 1811.
He composed a serenade for 2 violins, oboe,
and violoncello, string quartets, duos for
violins, do. for violin and violoncello, do.
for flutes, variations for violin, etc. — Men-
del ; Fetis ; Schilling.
HmSCHBACH, HERMANN, born in
BerHn, Feb. 29, 1812, died at Leipsic, May
17, 1888. Instrumental composer, puj)il of
Birnbach ; settled in 1842 at Leipsic, where
he founded and edited the " Musikalisch-
kritisches Repertorium " (1843-45), but
made many enemies by his biting criti-
cisms and, embittered, renounced music
for a mercantile career. Works : 3 sym-
phonies : Lebenskamjjfe, op. 4, Erinnerun-
gen an die Alpen, op. 46, Fausts Spazier-
gang, op. 47 ; Fantasia for orchestra, op. 27 ,'
5 Overtures : Fest-Ouverture, op. 3, op.
28, Gotz von Berlichingen, op. 3G, Ham-
let, oj). 40, Julius Ciisar ; Lebensbilder, 12
quartets for strings, op. 1, 20, 30-35, 38, 42,
43, 49 ; 4 quintets for do., op. 2, 39, 44, 50 ;
2 do. with clarinet and horn, op. 40 and 48 ;
1 septet, op. 5 ; 1 octet, op. 2G. — Fetis ;
Mendel ; Riemann.
HISTORICAL SYjVIPHONY, in G, by
Spohr, op. IIG, No. 6, written in Cassel in
1839-40, in the style of four periods : I.
Period of Bach-Handel, 1720 ; II. Adagio,
Haydn-Mozart, 1780 ; IH. Scherzo, Bee-
thoven, 1810 ; IV. Finale, Modern period,
1840. It was dedicated to the London
Philharmonic Society, to which Spohr sold
the right of production for a year, after the
symphony was first performed in Cassel.
This work was well received in Leipsic and
Vienna, though Schumann was severe in his
criticism. Published by Mechetti (Vienna).
— Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (1841),
63 ; Schumann, Gesammelte Schriften, ii.
246 ; Spohr, Autobiography, ii. 215.
HITZ, FRANZ, born at Aarau, Switzer-
land, July 17, 1828, still living, 1889. Pi-
anist, pupil at the Paris Conservatoire of
Zimmerman and Laurent on the pianoforte,
and of Reber in harmony. Works : Le
2J5
hnili6ka
rouet de Madeline, comic oi^era, given at
Havi'e, 1870 ; Les duesses du battoir, oper-
etta, Paris, Fantaisies-OUer, 1877 ; Mass ;
Fantaisies, variations, bagatelles, transcrip-
tions, etc., for jjiauoforte. — Futis, Supple-
ment, i. 475.
HNILI6kA, ALOYS, bom at Wilden-
scbwert, Bobemia, Marcb 21, 182G, still
living, 1889. Organist, studied in Prague
in 1842-43, and in 1849 became organist of
the principal cburcb of bis native town.
He composed an oratorio witb Bobemian
words, Ztraceny riij (Paradise lost) ; 3
Kequiems, 10 Masses, and other cburcb mu-
sic ; 7 quartets, etc. — Mendel ; Fetis ; Wurz-
bacb.
HOBBS, JOHN WILLIAM, born at Hen-
lej'-ou-Thames, Aug. 1, 1799, died at Croy-
don, Jan. 12, 1877. He was a chorister of
Canterbury Cathedral when five years old ;
sang at Norwich Musical Festival in 1813 ;
member of choirs at King's, Trinitj', and
St. John's, Cambridge, and later of that of
St. George's Chapel, Windsor ; Gentleman
of the Chapel Royal in 1827 ; lay vicar of
Westminster Abbey in 1836. Works :
When Delia sleeps. My ancestors were
Englishmen, The captive Greek Girl, and
other songs, more than 100 in all ; Glees,
etc. — Grove.
HOBRECHT (Obrecbt), JACOB, born
at Utrecht about 1430, died about 1506.
One of the most distinguished contrajDuut-
ists of the Netherlands, contemporary of
Josquin Despros ; maitre de cbapelle of the
Cathedral at Utrecht in 1465, and succeed-
ed Jacques Barbii'eau in the same capacity
at Notre Dame, Autwerjj, in 1492. His
masses, motets, bj-mns, etc., are to be found
in various collections of the time, and in
manuscript in the archives of the Papal
Chapel, and in the royal library at Munich.
— Fotis ; Forkel, ii. 521 ; Mendel.
HOCHBERG, Count BOLKO. See
Franz, J. H.
HOCHBRUCIvER, Pater COLESTIN,
born at Tagmersbeim, Bavaria, Jan. 10,
1727, died in 1803. Organist, pupil of his
father, a school teacher ; studied later at
Neuberg and at Freisiug, under Camerloher.
He entered the order of the Benedictines
at Weibenstepban in 1747. Among bis
many sacred compositions of all kinds, the
oratorio, Die Judeu in der Gefangenschaft
zu Mauassa, is especially noteworthy. — Men-
del ; Fetis.
HOCHZEIT DES CAMACHO, DIE (Ca-
macbo's Wediling), comic opera in two acts,
text by Klingemann, music by Mendelssohn,
represented at the Schauspielhaus, Berlin,
April 29, 1827. The bouse was crowded
with the friends of the composer, then but
seventeen years old, and the aj^plause was
vehement ; but, in consequence of the illness
of Blum, the tenor, the second performance
was postponed, and the piece was never
given again comj^lete until March 19, 1885,
when it was played as concert music in
Boston, IMass., by the Cecilia Society, un-
der the leadership of B. J. Lang. The
music was published complete in pianoforte
score by Lane (Berlin), and one of the
songs was included in op. 10 as No. 8. Les
noces de Gamache, opera in three acts, text
by Plauard, music by Boehsa, Paris, Sept.
16, 1815 ; do., text by Dupiu and Thomas
Sauvage, music by Mercadante, arranged
by Guenee, Paris, May 9, 1825.
" HOCHZEIT-IvLANGE, for orchestra, by
Bruno Oscar Klein, first performed at
Thomas's Young People's Matinees, New
York, April 14, 1888.
HOCKH, KARL, born at Ebersdorf, near
Vienna, Jan. 22, 1707, died at Zerbst in
1772. Violinist ; studied at Pruck, then
travelled with Franz Benda, who secured
him a position in 1732 as Conzertmeister to
the Prince of Aubalt-Zerbst, which be held
until his death. Works : 7 Parthien for
two violins and bass (Berlin, 1701) ; 6 sym-
phonies, 18 concertos, and 12 soli for violin.
— Mendel ; Fetis ; Wurzbach.
HOCMELLE, PIERRE EDMOND, born
in Paris, Sept. 18, 1824, still living, 1889.
Blind organist, pupil at the Conservatoire
of Beuoist on the organ, of Elwart in couu-
HODERMAKN
terpoint, and of Leboroe iu composition ;
won the second prize for organ in 1843,
and the iirst iu 1S4J:. He is organist of
Saint-Philippe du Roule. Besides the op-
erettas, Un service d'ami, 1864, Le vieux
maestro, 1872, and others given in con-
certs, he has composed works for the organ,
and many romances. — Fctis ; do.. Supple-
ment, i. 475.
HODERMANN, GEOEG, born iu Sax-
ony, died at Amsterdam in the beginning
of this century. Pianist, pupil of J. Schicht ;
settled, 1787, iu Amsterdam, where he es-
tablished a music trade and taught the
pianoforte. He appeared successfully in
the concerts of the Felix Meritis Society, and
repeatedly conducted there the execution
of his own compositions. Works : Abu
Hassan, oder der Ermit von Formentera,
opera ; De deugden bij het kruis van Jesus,
oratorio ; Cantata on the Resurrection of
Christ ; Die Jagd, allegory for two orches-
tras ; 2 symphonies ; Overture ; Septet ; 2
quintets ; Trios ; Duos for violins, op. 10 ;
2 concertos for pianoforte, op. 13 ; 6 sona-
tas for pianoforte and violin, op. 5, 9 ; 6
easy do., op. 12 ; 12 sonatinas for two vio-
lins, op. 11 ; 6 square dances and a minuet
with twelve variations, for pianoforte. — Ger-
ber ; Gregoir ; Viotta.
HODGES, EDWARD, born at Bristol,
England, July 20, 179G, died at Clifton,
Sept. 1, 18G7. Organist at Clifton, and of
the Churches of St. James and St. Nicholas,
Bristol ; obtained the degree of Mus. Doc.
at Cambridge iu 1825. In 1838 he went to
America and became orgauist of St. John's
Episcopal Chapel, New York, iu 1839, and
of Trinity Church, ib., in 1846 ; returned
to England iu 18G3. Works : Morning and
Evening Service ; 2 anthems ; and other
church music. He wrote, "Essay on the
Cultivation of Church Music " (New York,
1841). His daughter, Faustina Hasse Hod-
ges, organist in Brooklyn, and of two
churches in Philadelphia in 1878, has writ-
ten songs and instrumental pieces. — Grove ;
Mendel ; Fetis; do., Supplement, i. 476
HOERTER, PHILIPPE, born at Straa-
burg, Aug. 30, 1795, died there, Nov. 6,
1863. Composer, self-taught ; was at first
a tailor, then a soldier and prisoner of war
after the capitulation of Dantzie, and for
ten years double-bass player in the orches-
tra of Strasburg, where by close application
and perseverance he made himself master
of the science of music. He became direct-
or of the gymnase and the somiuaire, and
conducted the Sociutc chorale. His freak
of storing his MS. compositions in a sub-
terranean room of the gymnase, to be pre-
served until after his death, cost him the
loss of all his works, over 100 in number,
consisting of oratorios, cantatas, psalms,
etc., in the conflagration of the gymnase,
June 29, 1860.— Ft:-tis, Supplement, i. 476.
HOFFMANN, ERNST (THE ODOR
AMADEUS), properly,
Ernst Theodor Wil-
helra, born at Ki'migs-
berg, Jan. 24, 1776,
died in Berlin, June
25, 1822. The weU-
knowu writer of fan-
tastic tales, instructed
in music by the or-
gauist Podbielski. He
became musical di-
rector of the theatre at Bamberg in 1808 ;
sang in concert and church ; conducted,
1813-15, in Dresden and Leipsic. A man
of great versatility, he was acquainted with
Beethoven, loved by Weber, and died in
consequence of his irregular life, deeply re-
gretted by many friends. Works — Operas :
Scherz, List und Rache (Goethe), given at
Posen, 1801 ; Der Renegat, Plozk, East
Prussia, 1803; Faustine, ib., 1804; Die
ungeladenen Giiste oder der Canonicus von
Mailand, Warsaw, 1805 ; Liebe und Eifer-
sucht, ib., 1807 ; Der Trauk der Unster-
blichkeit, Bamberg, 1808 ; Aurora, ib.,
1811 ; Undine (bis best work, and highly
commended by Weber), Berlin, 1816 ; Ju-
lius Sabinus (unfinished) ; Hailekin, bal-
let ; Music to Brentano's Die lustigen Mu-
277
IIOFFMANTq"
sikanten, Warsaw, 1805 ; do. to Werner's
tragedy Das Kreuz an der Ostsee, ib., 1805 ;
do. to Soden's melodramas Dirua, Bamberg,
1809, and Saul, ib., 1812 ; Mass for four
voices and orchestra ; Miserere for do. ;
Musica per la cliiesa, overture for grand
A orchestra, in D mi-
^fl;ULri&^^* nor; Symphony for
Iff do., in E-flat ; Qumtet
''^ for harp, two violins,
viola, and bass ; 3 sonatas for pianoforte ;
Canzoni per quattro voci di cappella ; Vocal
quartet ; Duets, arias, songs, etc. — Allgem.
d. Biog., xii. 575; Allgem. mus. Zeitg. ;
Champfleury, Contes posthumes d'Hoffmann
(Paris, 1856) ; Fctis ; Funck, Erinnerungen
aus meinem Leben (Leipsic, 1836), i. ; Hit-
zig, Aus Hoffmann's Lebeu imd Nachlass
(Berlin, 1839) ; Ledebur, Tonkiinstler-Lexi-
kon Berlins ; Rochlitz, Fiir Freunde der
Tonkunst, ii. 3 ; Sowinski.
HOFFM.A.NN, HEENRICH ANTON, born
at Mainz, June 24, 1770, died there, Jan.
19, 1842. Violinist, brother of Philipp
Karl Hoffmann. He was first a musician
ia the chapel of the Elector of Mainz ; then
first violinist in the National Theatre at
Frankfort, 1799 ; director of the Prince
Primate's court concerts in 1803 ; director
and leader of the theatre orchestra, 1817 ;
was pensioned in 1835. Works: String
quartets ; Violin concertos ; Concertante
for two violins, and other violin music ; 6
German Lieder with pianoforte accompani-
ment ; Vocal music. — Fotis ; Mendel ; Schil-
ling.
HOFFMANN, JOH.ANN GEORG, born
at Nimptsch, Silesia, Oct. 24, 1700, died at
Breslau, in 1780. Organist, taught by an
organist nametl Quirl to play on several in-
struments, and made a thorough theoreti-
cal study of music under that master. He
became second oi-ganist at the Elizabeth-
kirche, Breslau, whither he had gone to
establish himself as a teacher ; in 1725 he
became second accompanist at the opera,
and in 1727 conductor of the orchestra ; in
1737 organist of the Church of St. Barbara,
and in 1742 chief organist of the Maria
Magdalen enku'che. He comjjosed two pas-
sion-oratorios, 4 comjilete series of church
music for the entire year, 2 series of canta-
tas for the gi'eat feast days, many detached
pieces for the church, more than 400 seren-
ades, concertos, etc. — Mendel ; Fetis ; Ger-
ber (1812), ii. 702 ; Schilling.
HOFFMANN, LUDWIG, born in Berlin,
Oct. 27, 1830, still living, 1889. Vocal
comjjoser, jjupil of A. W. Bach and Rung-
enhagen, at the Rojal Academy of Arts,
1848-1851. Silver medal. From 1853 or-
chestra conductor of several provincial thea-
tres, he became conductor of the Musikverein
and the Liedertafel at Bielefeld in 1858, and
was appointed royal director of music in
1862 ; from 1864 to 1868 he conducted the
Neustiulter Gesangverein at Dresden, then
returned to Berlin, where he is professor of
vocal music in the Friedrich-Wilhelm Gym-
nasium, and at a young ladies' seminary, and
instructor of musical theory at Schwantzer's
Institute. Works : Das Wirthshaus am
Kj-ffhiiuser, opera, given at Stettin, 1855 ;
chamber music, and in MS. many sacred
compositions. — Mendel.
HOFPM.AN^, PHILIPP KARL, born at
Mainz, March 5, 1769, died (?). Pianist,
studied music as an amateur, and while on
a journey to Frankfort with his brother
Heinrich Anton as a child, played duets with
Mozart, who recognized his talent. After
his father's death he adopted music as a
profession and taught in ]\Iainz, Olfenbach,
and fiually in St. Petersburg, from 1810 to
1821, when he returned to Frankfort. An
attack of jsaralysis obliging him to give up
music, he became known in Europe as a
celebrated naturalist and entomologist, and
possessed fine collections. His composi-
tions, chiefly for pianoforte, were published
in Mainz and Ofl'enbach (1791-1798).
— Mendel ; Futis ; Schilling.
HOFFMAN, RICHARD, born in Man-
chester, England, May 24, 1831, still living,
1889. Pianist, pupil of his father, and of
Leopold de Meyer, Pleyel, Moscheles, Ru-
278
HOFFMEISTER
binstein, Dohler, Thalberg, and Liszt. In
1847 he went to America, and ajsjJeared as
a pianist in New York
during that year ; in
1848 he made a con-
cert tour in the Unit-
ed States with Burke,
the violinist. He was
pianist of the first se-
ries of Jenny Lind
concerts in America,
and played a duet
with Julius Benedict
at his first concei-t in the United States,
and several times with von Btilow on his
visit to the United States in 1875. He
has resided many years in New York as
a successful teacher of the pianoforte.
Works : La Gazelle, op. 1 ; Caprice de Con-
cert, oj). 4 ; Venice, op. 11 ; Valse d'Adieu,
op. 12 ; Marche Funcbre, op. 21 ; Cradle
Song, op. 27 ; Tarentelle, op. 35 ; Cascarilla
(Cuban Dance), op. 43 ; Haddon Hall in Ye
Olden Time, op. 48 ; Gavotte, op. 68 ; For-
est Musings, op. 73. Also songs, part-
songs, and authems ; among them the fol-
lowing : Elaine, op. 22 ; Memory, op. 31 ;
Seasons have passed away, op. 46 ; II
ni'aime, op. 49 ; Boat Song, op. 52 ; Auf
Wiedersehen, op. 58 ; Te Deum, op. G2 ;
Bonum est, op. 65 ; By the Waters of Baby-
lon, anthem, op. 66 ; Stay at Home, my
Heart, male quartet, op. 72.
HOFFMEISTER (Hofmeister), FRANZ
ANTON, born at Rothenburg on the Neckar
in 1754, died in Vienna, Feb. 10, 1812.
Dramatic composer, studied law in Vienna,
where he became Kapellmeister of a church,
and in 1784 established a book, art, and mu-
sic business ; started the " Bureau de Musi-
que " at Leipsic (now C. F. Peters) in 1800 ;
returned to Vienna in 1805, where he gave
himself up to composition. Works : 9
operas, Telemaeh, Der erste Kuss, and
others ; several symphonies, concertos, 350
pieces for serenades, and other works for
orchestra, and for 6 and 8 wind instru-
ments ; 30 concertos, 18 quintets, 156 quar-
tets, 44 trios, 96 duos, for flute ; 42 quar-
tets, 18 trios, 52 duos for string instru-
ments ; 5 quartets with pianoforte ; 11
trios, do. ; variations, nocturnes, etc., for
various instruments ; a great many works of
church music, and songs. — Mendel ; Wurz-
bach ; Fetis ; Gerber ; Schilling ; Riehl,
Mus. Charakterkopfe, i. 249.
HOFHAIMER (Hofheymer, Hofhainer,
Hoffliaymer), PAULUS (Johaun Paul) VON,
born at Radstadt, in 1459, died at Salzburg
in 1537. The first great musical genius of
Germany, of whom Luscinius says that for
thirty years he stood prominent as the best
musician and composer of the time. He
was organist and composer in the royal
chapel of Vienna under the Em^Derors Fried-
rich in. and Maximilian I. ; was also cele-
brated as a lute playei*. His compositions
have reached us only in meagre sjDecimens,
some of his MSS., jJi'eserved in the Vienna
Library, including chorals and lute music.
Some of his music was published two years
after his death by Peti-eius, in Harmouicse
Poeticfe, music to odes of Horace and some
other jjoets (Nuremberg, 1539 ; new ed., by
Achtleitner, 1868). Gerber mentions a col-
lection of songs for four voices, published
in 1548, belonging to the library of Zwick-
au, in which are several by Hofhaimer.
He had many illustrious pupils. Among
those mentioned by Luscinius were : Ar-
geutin von Bern, Johanu Biichner of Con-
stauz, Conrad of Sp)eier, and Wolfgang of
Vienna. He was ennobled by the Emperor
Maximilian, and received in 1515 the order
of the Golden Spur from the King of
Hungary. He retired to Salzburg at the
close of his life, and lived for several years
in close retirement. — Allgem. d. Biogr., sii.
569 ; Ambros, iii. 373 ; Fetis ; Gerber ; Men-
del ; Schilling ; Weitzmauns Geschichte
des Clavierspiels, 24.
HOFMANN, HEINRICH (KARL JO-
HANN), born in Berhn, Jan. 13, 1842, still
living there, 1889. Dramatic composer,
pupil at Kullak's Conservatorium of Grell,
Dehn, and Wiierst ; first ajjpeared as a
279
HOFMANN
pianist, but after making himself a name as
virtuoso on that instrument, abandoned it for
composition, induced
by the success of his
first opera, Cartouche,
produced in Berlin in
18G9, and much ap-
plauded afterward in
many German cities ;
this was followed in
1873 by the Hungar-
ian Suite, ijlayed by
all larger orchestras with unusual success,
meeting with a brilliant reception also in
America, and establishing his i-eputation.
Scarcely less significant was the impi'ession
made by his Frithjof Symphony in 1874:,
since when his fame has been steadily grow-
ing. Works — Operas : Cartouche, comic
opera, op. 7, given in Berlin, 1872 ; Der
Matador, 1872 ; Armin, oji. 40, Dresden,
1877 ; Aenucheu von Tharau, op. 44, Ham-
burg, 1878; Wilhelm von Oranieu, ojj. 56,
ib., 1882 ; Donna Diana, op. 75, Berlin,
1886. Champagnerlied, for male chorus
and orchestra, o}}. 17 ; Nounengesang, for
soli, female chorus, and orchestra, oj). 21 ;
Das Miirchen von der schonen 3Ielu)<i)ie, for
do. (mixed chorus), op. 30 ; Aschenbriklel,
for do., op. 45 ; Festgesang, for do., op.
74 ; Solig siud die Todten, cantata for Alto
solo, chorus, and orchestra, op. C4 ; Droi
Charakterstiicke, for orchestra, op. 15 ;
Ungarische Suite, for do., op. 10 ; Fvithjaf,
symphony for do., op. 22 ; Schauspiel-Ouver-
tiire, for do., op. 28 ; Bilder aus Nordeu,
for do. ; Trauermarsch, for do., op. 38 ; Im
Schlosshof, suite for do., op. 78 ; Serenade,
for string orchestra, op. 05 ; do., op. 72 ;
Concerto for violoncello with orchestra, op.
31; Adagio for violin with do., op. 31a;
Trio for pianoforte and strings, op. 18 ;
Quartet for do., op. 50 ; Sextet for strings,
op. 25 ; TJugarisches Lied, quintet for do. ;
Octet for do., flute, clarinet, horn, and bas-
soon, op. 80 ; Eomanze, for violoncello with
pianoforte, op. 48 ; Serenade, for do., op.
03 ; Sonata for violin and pianoforte, op.
67 ; for pianoforte (4 hands) : Drei Geure-
bilder, op. 3 ; Fughette, Menuett und Fest-
marsch, op. 10 ; Walzer und Kosakenmarsch,
op. 13 ; Italienische Liebesnovelle, op.
19 ; Sieben Liindlcr, op. 23 ; Liebesfriih-
ling, fi'mf Stiicke, op. 29 ; Drei Charakter-
stiicke, op. 35 ; Ungarische Tiinze ; Silhou-
etten aus Uugai'n ; Norwegische Lieder
und Tiinze ; Neue ungarische Tanze ; do.,
Neue Folge ; Steppenbilder, op. 39 ; Walzer,
op. 42a ; Am Rhein, Skizzen, op. 43 ; Aus
meinem Tagebuch, op. 46 ; Aus alter Zeit, 7
Stiicke ; Der Trompeter von Siikkingen,
Sechs Klavierstiicke, ojJ. 52 ; Zwei Sere-
naden, oj). 54 ; do., op. 54a ; Ekkehard,
Skizzen, oj). 57 ; Singuf, ojd. 58 ; Drei Inter-
mezzi, op. 66 ; Sechs Charakterstiicke, op.
70 ; Vier Stiicke, op. 7G ; Russische Lieder
und Tiinze ; Waldmiirchen, eiu Cyklus, oj).
79 ; Drei Sonatinen in kleiner Form, op.
86 ; do. (2 hands) : Zwei Notturnos, op. 1 ;
Zwei Walzercapricen, op. 2 ; Capriccio, op.
5 ; Fiinf Charakterstiicke, op. 9 ; Album-
bliitter, op. 11 ; Im Traume, op. 12 ; Sa-
lonwalzer, op. 14 ; Nachkliluge, fiinf Stiicke,
op. 34 ; do. 2. Heft, op. 37 ; Drei Stiicke in
Tanzform, op. 55 ; Impromptu, op. 73 ;
Skizzen, neun Klavierstiicke, op. 77 ; Etude
in E-flat ; Alt-Franziisische Gavotte, Lose
Bliltter, Fiinf kleiue Stiicke, op. 85 ; Stirn-
muugsl)ildcr, op. 88. Vocal : Drei Lieder
for mixed chorus, op. 8 ; do., op. 47 ; Salve
Eegina, and Weihnachtslied : Adestefideles,
for do., op. 53 ; Six quartets for male
voices, op. 20 ; Two do., op. 71 ; Vier Miin-
nerchijre, op. 87 ; Wie lange noch ?, for
male chorus ; Minnespiel, Walzer for 4
voices and pianoforte (4 hands), op. 42 ;
Sinnen und llinuen, ein Tanzjjoem, for
do., op. 68 ; Lenz und Liebe, for do., op.
84 ; Drei Gesiinge, for 2 Soprani and Alto
(soli or chorus), with pianoforte, op. 81 ;
Four duets, op. 4 ; do., op. 41 ; Songs, op.
24, 26, 27 ; 32, 33, 36, 49, 51, 59-62, 68,
82, 83, 89.— lUustr. Zeitg. (1881), i. 49 ;
Mus. Courier, No. 12, Sept. 22, 1886 ;
Mus. Wochenblatt, vi. 634, 652, 668 ; viii.
4, 34.
280
HOFMANJS"
HOFMANN, KARL EDUARD, bom at
Diirrhennersdorf, Silesia, iu 1797, died in
Prague, Nov. 2-t, 1860. Composer, pui^il of
Lis father, and iu Prague, in 1813, of To-
mascliek, who recommended bim, iu 1816, as
a teacher in Vienna. He returned to Prague
in 1820, and taught music there. He ar-
ranged Beethoven's second, third, and fifth
symphony for the f)ianoforte for eight hands,
and arranged and adaj)ted Mendelssohn's
and Tomaschek's music, besides arrange-
ments from Fidelio, Oberou, Lodoiska, etc.
He had several well-known pupils, among
them, Pischek, Julius Benoui, and Wilhelm
B. Mayer.— Mendel.
HOFMANN, MELCHIOR, composer in
Leipsic, first half of the 18tli century. He
studied under J. C. Schmid ; was director
of music in the Neue Kirche, in 1704 ; di-
rector of the Thomasschule and of the
Opera. He went to London iu 1710, but
returned to Leipsic in 1712. He composed
the operas : Aeontius und Cydippe, and
Rhea Sylvia, Hamburg, 1720 ; and left
church and vocal music in MS. — Mendel ;
Gerber ; Schilling.
HOHE LIED SALOMONLS, DAS (The
Song of Solomon), oratorio, by Carl Loewe,
written between 18-18 and 1860.
HOHLFELD, OTTO, born at Zeulenroda,
Saxony, March 10, 1854, still living, 1889.
Violin virtuoso, first instructed by the can-
tor Solle, and at the seminary in Greiz by
the cantor Urban and director Regener ;
then at the Conservatorium in Dresden
(1872-75), pupil of Lauterbach on the violin,
and of Rietz and Kretsehmer. After play-
ing for a short time in the royal orchestra
at Dresden, he was appointed Conzert-
meister at the court theatre in Darmstadt
in 1876, and has thence made several suc-
cessful concert tours. Works : String
quartet, op. 1 ; Zigeunerkliinge, for piano-
forte, op. 2 ; Elegie, for trombone with or-
gan, op. 3 ; EK'gie, for violin, op. 4 ; Songs,
op. 5. — Mendel, Ergtinz., 159 ; Riemann.
HOHNSTOCK, KARL, born at Bruns-
wick, in 1828, still living, 1889. Violinist
■ and pianist, member of a musical family,
with whom he travelled professionally iu
Europe in 1846. In 1848 he went to Amer-
ica, and after giving concerts iu Boston and
other cities, settled as a music teacher iu
Philadeljjhia, where he received the degree
of Mus. Doc. In 1860 he returned to
Brunswick, and settled at Blankeubur"-.
He has composed symjjhonies, overtures,
j)ianoforte and violin concertos, and vocal
music. — Mendel.
HOL, RICHARD, born iu Amsterdam,
July 25, 1825, still living at Utrecht, 1889.
Pianist and organist, pupil of the organist
Martens, and of Bertelman, then formed
himself chiefly ou the study of Beethoven's
works. During the early period of his ar-
tistic life he appeared now and then in pub-
lie as a pianist, and in 1845 gave concerts
abroad, especially in the Rhine provinces.
He then taught music at Amsterdam, and
was made director of the Choral Society
Amstels Mannenkoor in 1856, of the Society
for the Encouragement of Music, iu 1857,
and succeeded Kufferath in 1862 as citj' mu-
sic director at Utrecht, where he became also
organist of the cathedral in 1869, and di-
rector of the music school iu 1875. In the
same year he was appointed president of
the newly created Nederlaudsche Toonkun-
stenaars Vereeniging. He ranks among the
foremost Dutch composers, and is distin-
guished as a musical conductor and teacher,
and as a writer on music. Orders of the
Oaken Crown, and of the Golden Lion of
Nassau ; Officer of the French Academy,
1878, and member of several learned and art
societies. Works — for orchestra : 2 Sym-
phonies, in C minor, and D minor, op. 44 ;
Erkliirung, Conzertstiick, op. 51 ; Kapell-
meister Wohlklang, overture ; Feestouver-
ture in E-flat ; Concert overture in C minor ;
Gaudeamus igitur eu Nationale feestraarsch,
overture. Mixed chorus with orchestra :
The 23d psalm ; Der blinde KOnig (Uhlaud),
op. 39 ; Heiligerlee, cantata, op. 68 ; De
Vliegende Hollander, op. 70 ; Leidensglorie ;
David, concert drama, op. 81 ; De Balling
281
nOLBERGIANA
op Zee (with pianoforte), op. 46. Mule
chorus with orchesti'a : Leideus oiitzet, op.
32 ; Bede, op. 18 ; XrijgsHed, op. 37 ; Von-
del, op. 48 ; Viede, op. 63 ; In' t woud, op.
86. Male chorus, with instruments : Hol-
lands glorie (with brass), oj). 24 ; De Oran-
jevaan (do.), op. 55; Voudel gekroond (with
pianoforte) ; Two masses, with organ, op.
28 and 33 ; Laudate 'Dominum, op. 65 ;
Het graf onder den meidoorn, with soprano
solo. Male chorus a cappella : Drie vier-
stemmige koren, op. 8 ; Opwaarts, op. 19 ;
Drie manuenkoren, op. 22 ; Twee gezangen,
op. 34 ; De kabels los, op. 38 ; Raadgeving,
op. 41 ; De rots in zee, op. 49 ; Zwei Ge-
siiuge, op. 52 ; Eeu lied van Nederland, op.
57 ; Eene kerk, op. 58 ; Leveusvreugd, op. 69 ;
Drie toasten ; Hymne aan den vrede, op. 76 ;
Vrijheids hymne, op. 90 ; and many others.
Female chorus with accompaniment : Drei
Gesiinge, op. 26 ; Morgengesang, for contral-
to and chorus ; De vier jaargetijden, op. 54 ;
Deavondstoud, op. 62; Kerstcantate ; Schep-
pingslied, oj). 79 ; Zomerbloemeu, op. 87.
Sacred songs, with organ, and many songs. —
Fetis, Supplement, i. 479 ; Gregoir ; Viotta.
HOLBERGIANA, suite for orchestra, by
Niels Wilhclm Gade, written for the bicen-
tenary festival of Ludwig Holberg (1684-
1754), the founder of Danish literature, first
given at Copenhagen, Dec. 3, 1884. Pub-
lished bj' Breitkopf it Hilrtel (Leij^sic, 1884).
HOLDEGATTIN (Graceful consort), duet
for soprano and- bass (Eva, Adam) in E-tlat
major, in Haydn's Die Schopfuiuj, Part III.
HOLDER," JOSEPH WILLI.\M, born at
Clerkenwell, Lon-
don, in 1764, died
in London in
1832. Organist
and vocal com-
poser, pupil of
Nares. Assistant
organist of St.
George - the -Mar-
tyr, organist of St.
Mary's, Bungay, then at Chelmsford. Mus.
Bac, Oxford, 1792. Works : Mass ; Te De-
ums ; Anthems ; 3 sets of glees ; Canons,
songs, pianoforte pieces, including arrange-
ments of many of Handel's choruses.
— Grove ; Fetis ; Hawkins, Hist., iv. 541 ;
Burney, iv. 3.
HOLLAND, JOHANN DAVID, born at
Herzberg, Hanover, in 1746, died(?). Di-
rector of music in St. Catherine's, Hamburg.
Works : Die Auferstehuug Christi, oratorio,
Hamburg, 1780 ; Entr'acte to Hamlet, ib.,
1790 ; Several collections of songs, and pi-
anoforte pieces. — Fetis ; Gerber ; Mendel.
HOLLANDER, ALEXIS, born atRatibor,
SUesia, Feb. 25, 1840, still living, 1889.
Pianist, jiupil of Karl Schuabel and Adolf
Hesse in Breslau, where he already con-
ducted a singing society formed by the
scholars of the gj'muasium ; from 1858 to
1861 he studied at the Royal Academy in
Berlin under Grell and A. W. Bach, and
privately under H. BOhmer ; in 1861 he be-
came instructor at Kullak's Academy, and
in 1864 conductor of the Ciicilieuverein.
Works : Quintet for jsiauoforte and strings,
pianoforte pieces, songs, and choruses.
— Mendel ; Riemann.
HOLLANDER (Christiaan Jans, called),
CHRISTIAAN DE, born probably at Dord-
recht, Holland, about 1520, died, probably
at Munich, about 1575. Contrapuntist, be-
came Kapelmeester at Oudenarde in 1549 ;
entered in 1556 the service of the Em-
peror Ferdinand I., after whose death, in
1564, he remained with Maximilian H.
Works : Cautiones variie, 4 to 8 voices, etc.
(Munich, 1570) ; Neue teutsche geistliche
und weltliche Liedlein, for do. (ib., 1570) ;
Triciniorum, quse turn vivas vocis, etc. (ib.,
1573) ; Neue auserlesene teutsche Lieder,
for 5 and more voices (Nuremberg, 1575) ;
Motets for 4-8 voices, in various collections.
—Fetis ; Viotta.
HOLLANDRE, CHARLES YtUS. DE,
born in the province of Hainault, in the
Netherlands, about the end of the 17th cen-
tury, died at Oudenarde, April 23, 1750.
Church composer. Studied music at Mons,
where he was a choir boy in the Church of
HOLLY
St. Elizabeth, then was a pupil of the or-
ganist Plouvier at the Abbey of Canibron ; in
1734: he became Kapelnieester of the Church
of St. Walburga, Oudenarde, where his
works are preserved in MS. Among them
are 11 masses, 1 Requiem, 1 Te Deum, 12
Salve Regina, 12 Alma Redemptoris, 6 Ave
Regina, 7 Regina Coeli. A complete list is
to be found in the Annales quoted below.
— Annales de la Societe des Beaux-Ai-ts
de Gand, vi. 114 ; Van der Straeten, i.
205. •
HOLLY, FRANZ ANDREAS, born at
BCihmisch-Luba in 1747, died at Breslau,
May 4, 1783. Pianist, organist, and dra-
matic composer, pupil of the Jesuit College,
Prague. He entered the Franciscan Order
as a novice, but left that body in order to
follow the musical profession. He was di-
rector of music at the Kotzentheater in
Prague until 17G9, at Koch's Theatre in Ber-
lin until 1775, and then at Wiiser's in Bres-
lau. He composed a great deal of music for
the theatres with which he was connected,
notably the operettas Der Bassa von Tunis,
Die Jagd, Das Gilrtnei'miUlchen, Der Zau-
berer. Das Gespenst, Gelegeuheit macht
Diebe, Das Opfer der Treue, Der Patriot
auf dem Lande, DerTempel des Schicksals,
and several others. — Fctis ; Wurzbach.
HOLMES, ALFRED, born in London,
Nov. 9, 1837, died in Paris, March 4, 187G.
Violinist, pupil of his father, who was self-
taught ; played in public first with his
brother Henry, at the Haymarket Theatre,
July 13, 1847 ; visited Brussels in 1855,
Leipsic, Cassel, and other German cities in
1856-57 ; then spent two years in Sweden,
and played in Copenhagen in 18G0, and in
Amsterdam in 1861. In 1864 he settled in
Paris, whence he travelled in Russia, Bel-
gium, Holland; and Gei'many in 1867.
Works : Inez de Castro, opera, given in
Paris, about 1875. Symphonies : Jeanne
d'Arc, St. Petersburg, 1868 ; The Youth of
Shakspere ; Robin Hood ; The Siege of
Paris ; Charles XII. ; Romeo and Juliet.
Overtures : The Cid, and The Muses, given
in London.— Grove ; Mendel ; Fetis, Sup-
plement, i. 480.
HOLMES, AUGUSTA, born in Ireland
about 1850, still living, 1889. Pianist, liv-
ing in Paris, where she has often played
at concerts. The Societe Philharmouique
produced her psalm, In esitu, in 1873, and
her Andante pastoral was played at the
Chatelet Concerts iii 1877. She has pub-
lished songs under the pseudonym Her-
mann Zenta. Other works : Hero et
Leandre, opera, given at the Theatre du '
Chatelet, 1874 ; Astarte, Lancelot du Lac,
operas (MS.) ; Ireland, Poland, symphonies
for orchesti-a. — Fetis, Supplement, ii. 1 ;
Mendel, Ergiinz., 160.
HOLMES, HENRY, born in London,
Nov. 7, 1839, still
living, 1889. Violin-
ist, brother of Alfred
Holmes, with whom
he travelled until
1865, when he went
to Copenhagen and
Stockholm, and then
settled in London.
Works : 4 symj^ho-
nies, No. 1, in A,
given in London, Feb. 24, 1872 ; 2 canta-
tas. Praise Ye the Lord, and Christinas ;
Violin concerto, London, Dec. 11, 1875 ;
Violin solos ; Concert overture ; 2 quintets
for stringed instruments ; Songs. — Grove ;
Fetis, Supplement, i. 480 ; Mendel, Ergiinz.,
160.
HOLMES, WILLIAM HENRY, born in
Sudbury, England, Jan. 8, 1812, died in
London, April 23, 1885. Pianist, pupil at
the Royal Academy of Music ; won two
medals, and in 1826 became sub-professor
of the pianoforte there. Later he became
full professor and principal. He made his
debut as a pianist at the Philharmonic So-
ciety's Concerts in 1851, and played in con-
certs as late as 1876. He was the instructor
of Sterudale Bennett, the two Macfarrens,
and of J. W. Davison. Works : The Elfin
of the Lake, opera ; Symiihonies ; Con-
HOLSTEIN
certos and sonatas for jjianoforte ; Songs.
— Grove.
HOLSTEIN, FEANZ (FREEDRICH)
VON, born at Bruns-
wick, Feb. 16, 182G,
died in Leipsic, May
22, 1878. Dramatic
composer ; son of
an officer of bigh
rank, be entered the
armj- by his jjarcnts'
desire, and secretly
studied music under
Karl Richter. As a
young lieutenant he brought out, in a pri-
vate circle, his lirst ojsera, Zwei Nuehte in
Veuedig (1845), and after the campaign in
Schleswig-Holstein composed a grand opera,
Waverley, in five acts, which he sent to Mo-
ritz Hauptmann at Leipsic, and was encour-
aged by him to adopt nmsic as a profes-
sion. He resigned from the army in 1853,
and became a pupil of Hauptmann in Leii>
sic, where also he studied at the Conscr-
vatorium, the pianoforte under Weuzel,
Plaidy, and Moscheles, theory and compo-
sition under Richter and Rietz. He then
travelled, was in Rome in 1850, Berlin,
1858, Paris, 1859, and finally settled in Leip-
sic, where he devoted himself to composi-
tion, poetry, and drawing. He always wrote
his own librettos. Works — Operas : Der
Haideschacht, given at Dresden, 18G9 ; Der
Erbe von Morley, comic opera, Leipsic,
1872 ; Die Hochliinder, Mannheim, 1876 ;
Lorelei, Frau Aventiure, overtures ; Bea-
trice, scene for sojjrauo solo with orchestra ;
"^
.O'^Ciu.
Trio for pianoforte and strings, and other
chamber music ; Choruses for mixed and
male voices ; Songs. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
xiii. 1 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1878), ii. 249 ; Mus.
Wochenblatt, i. 2G1, 280.
HOLTEN, KARL VON, born in Ham-
burg, July 26, 183G, still living, 1889. Pi-
anist, pupU of Jacques Schmitt, Ave-Lalle-
ment, and Griidener, and, 185-4-56, at the
Conservatorium, Leipsic, of Moscheles,
Plaidy, and Rietz. Since 1874 instructor
at the Conservatorium in Hamburg. He
has comj)osed a Kindersyniphouie, a con-
certo for pianoforte, a trio, a sonata for
violin, pianoforte pieces, and songs. — Men-
del ; Riemann.
HOLY, HOLY, HOLY ! See nellig, hei-
lig, heilig.
HOLYOKE, SAMUEL, born at Boxford,
Massachusetts, in 1771, died at Concord,
New Hamjishire, in 1816. A graduate of
Dartmouth College, he devoted himself to
music, of which he became a noted teacher.
He was one of the earliest American com-
posers and reformers of church music, and
was among the first to discard fugued tunes,
as being uusuited to public worship. His
tune Arnheim is still sung. Works : Har-
monia Americana (Boston, 1791) ; The In-
strumental Assistant (vok i. 180G, vol. ii.
j 1807, Exeter, N. H.) ; The Columbian Rc-
: pository of Sacred Harmony (Exeter, N. H,
; 1809) ; The Massachusetts Compiler (with
Oliver Holden and Hans Gram, 1795).
HOLZB.IUER, IGNAZ, born in Vienna
in 1711, died at Mannheim, April 7, 1783.
Dramatic composer, chiefly self-taught by
study of Fux's Gradus ad Parnassum.
After a short visit to Venice, and having
obtained his father's consent to embrace
music as a profession, he became Kapell-
meister to Count Rottal, in Moravia, and
in 1745 at the court theatre
in Vienna. In 1747-50 he
made a concert tour through
Italy with his wife, who was
a good singer ; then became
Kapellmeister to the Duke of
Wiirtemberg at Stuttgart, and in 1753 to
the Elector Palatine at Mannheim. He
visited Italy again in 1756 (Rome), 1757
(Turin), and 1759 (Milan), to bring out
several operas. He is reckoned among
IIOLZBOGEN
the few learned and tlaorougbly informed
musicians, and was highly esteemed as a
composer by Mozart. Works — Operas : II
figlio delle selve, given at Schwetzingen,
1753 ; Issipile, Mannheim, 1753 ; L' Iso/a
disabitata, pastorale, ib., 1751 ; Don Chi-
sciotto, do., ib., 1755 ; Nitteti, Turin, 1757;
Alcgsandro nell' Indie, Milan, 1759 ; Ippo-
lito ed Arricia, Mannheim, 17CS ; Adriano
in Siria, ib., 1772 ; Giinther von Schwarz-
burg, ib., 177G ; Der Tod der Dido, melo-
drama, ib., 1779 ; La clemenza di Tito, ib.,
1780 ; Le nozze d' Arianna e di Bacco, Vi-
enna, 1781 ; Tancredi, Munich, 1782 ; Ora-
torios : Isacco ; La Betulia liberata ; La
morte di Gesii ; La Giuditta ; II giudizio
di Salomone ; 2G masses with orchestra ;
37 motets, do. ; 196 symjihonies, and 13
concertos for various instruments ; 18 quar-
tets for strings, etc. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xiii.
20 ; Fetis ; Gerbcr ; Musikalisehe Corres-
pondenz, Oct., 1790, 107, 132 ; SchiUiug ;
Wurzbach.
HOLZBOGEN, JOSEPH, died in Mu-
nich in 1779. Violinist in the court or-
chestra at Munich about the middle of the
18th century. He was sent to Italy by Duke
Clement in 1753, to complete his musical
education under Tartini, and returned to
his former jJosition at Munich in 17G2.
His compositions, consisting of violin
concertos, trios, and quartets for wind
instruments, and church music, remain in
manuscript. — Mendel ; Fetis ; Gerber ;
Schilling.
HOLZDIEB, DER (The Wood Stealer),
German comic opera, text by Friedrich
Kind, music by Heinrich Marschuer, repre-
sented in Dresden, March 22, 1825.— All-
gemeiue musikalisehe Zeitung (1825), 87.
HOLZEL, GUSTAV, born in Pesth,
Sept. 2, 1813, died in Vienna, March 3,
1883. The son of the director of the the-
atre, he made his debut as a singer at
Oedenburg, Hungary, in 1829. He sang
in Gratz in 1830 and 1832, at the imperial
opera in Vienna in 1833-37, at the Konig-
stiidter Theater in Berlin in 1837-38, and.
after a concert tour through Germany, went
to Paris in 1838, and sang at the theatre in
Zurich in 1838-40. Returning then to Vi-
enna, he became once more a member of
the imperial opera, until some liberty he
took with the text of his part at a per-
formance of Marschner's Templer und Jii-
diu, led to his abrupt dismissal in 18G1.
After this he gave concerts in Paris, Lon-
don, etc., and in 1870 visited America. In
1874: he reappeared for a short time at the
comic opera in Vienna. He wrote popular
songs, some sacred melodies, and piano-
forte pieces. — Mendel, v. 256 ; Wurzbach.
HOLZHAUER, DER (The Wood-cutter),
Singspiel, by Georg Benda, first repre-
sented in Gotha, and in Berlin in 1771.
HOLZL, FRANZ SEVERIN, born at
Malaczka, Hungary, March 11, 1808, died
at Fiinfkirchen, ib.^ Aug. 18, 1881. Church
composer, pupil in Vienna of Erasmus
Kessler and of Sej'fl'ried. In 1827-30 he
was professor of thorough-bass at the Mu-
sikverein of St. Anna, then for a year in
Poland, and after his return became very
popular as a teacher. In 1811 he went as
director of the Musikverein to Innsbruck,
where he actively j)romoted musical life,
and in 1813 became Kapellmeister of the
cathedral at Fiinfkirchen, Hungary. For
his grand mass in D, dedicated to the Em-
peror of Austria in 1852, he received the
gold medal for art and science. Works :
Die Colonna, romantic opera (1817) ; Noah,
oratorio, jiei'formed in Vienna, 1811 ; 6
solemn masses ; 17 short do. ; 1 vocal do.
for male voices ; 6 do. for mixed voices ; 1
Grand Requiem for male voices and or-
chestra ; 5 short Requiems ; 3 Te Deums ;
13 Graduals ; 16 ofl'ertories ; 6 Tan turn
ergo ; 2 Veni sanete spiritus ; 1 Ecce sacer-
dos ; 11 Vesper psalms ; 5 Vesper hymns ;
Ave maris stella, for soprano, with viola,
violoncello, and organ ; 2 concert over-
tures for orchestra ; Symphony for do. ; 7
string quartets ; 3 quintets ; 2 sonatas for
pianoforte and violin ; Choruses for male
voices ; Songs. — Monatsschrift f. Theat u.
2S5
HOME
'lQ>^/^^h i:^u4Ai<^J£^rnil'^^^
Mus. (1855), 264 ; N. Wiener Mus. Zeitg.
(1844), 44 ; Wurzbach.
HOME, SWEET H0:ME, melody iu the
opera of Glan, or the Maid of Itlilan, by
Hem-y Kowley Bishop, first represented at
Coveut Garden Theatre, Loudon, May 8,
1823. It is caUed a
"Sicilian aii""in the
published music, but yj i
it may have originated
with Bishop. It is best known through its
adaptation to the words by John Howard
Paine.
HOMEYER, JOSEPH ISUELA., born at
Liiderode, in the Hartz, Sei:)t. 18, 1814,
still living, 1889. Virtuoso on the organ,
became maestro di cappella to the Duke of
Lucca ; and afterwards organist at Du-
derstadt, Hanover. He composed sym-
phonies, organ and vocal music, and wrote
a meritorious work, entitled Cantus Gre-
gorianus. His nej'hew and pujiil, Paul
Homeyer(born at Osterode, Oct. 20, 1853),
is also an eminent player, organist at the
Gewandhaus, and instructor at the Con-
servatoriura, Leipsic. — Mendel.
HOiHUUS, GOTTFRIED AUGUST,
born at Rosenthal,
Saxony, Feb.
2, 1714, died in
Dresden, June 1,
1785. Organist
and church com-
jioser, p u p i 1 of
Bach, became or-
ganist at theFrau-
enkirche in Dres-
den iu 1742, can-
tor at the Kreuz-
schule and director of music in the three
principal churches in 1755. He was one of
the most eminent organists and church com-
posers of the 18th century. Works : Pas-
sions-Cantate (1775) ; Die Freude der Hir-
ten liber die Geburt Jesu, a Christmas ora-
torio (1777) ; Passion Cantata (No. 2) ;
Cantata for Pentecost, with orchestra ; do.
for Ascension ; Risuonatc, cari boschi, can-
tata ; Motets for all the Sundays and Feast
days of the year ; 32 motets for 1 and 2
choirs, without orchestra ; Six German airs,
with pianoforte (Leijssic, 1768) ; Choralbuch
in 167 ChoriUeu ; Chor.albuch der zu Dres-
den gewohnlicheu Kirchenmelodien ; Six
trios for the organ ; 22 choral melodies,
varied and fugued. Most of these are in
the royal library at Berlin, and some in the
archives of the Kreuzchor at Dresden. — Fo-
tis ; Gerber ; Schilling ; Winterfeld, iii. 434.
HOMMAGE A HANDEL, duo for two
pianofortes by Ignaz Moscheles, oji. 92,
written for Cramer's concert in London,
and first jjerformed there by the composer
and Cramer in 1822. Performed by Men-
delssohn and Ferdinand Hiller in LeijJsic,
Jan. 16, 1840.
HOMilE ARMli, L" (Lome arme, Lomme
armc), an old French chanson the melody
of which was adopted by the composers of
the 15tli and 16th centuries as the Cantus
firmus of a Mass called the Missa I'homme
arme. The origin of the song is not known.
On its theme, the melody of which is sim-
ple and unj)retendiug, many masses were
written by eminent composers. Among
those who treated it are : Guillaume Dufay,
Antoine Busnois, Regis, Firmin Caron, Jo-
hannes Tiuctoris, Philippon de Bourges,
Vincent Faugues, Orto, Vaqueras, Louis
Compere, Antoine Brumel, Josquin Des-
Ijrc'S, Pierre de la Rue, Mathieu Pipelare,
Cristofano Morales, Palestrina, and Caris-
simi. Josquin's two masses on the subject
are preserved in Petrucci (lib. i., Venice,
1502 ; lib. ii., ib., 1503). Palestrina's Missa
rhomme arme', for five voices, is so con-
structed that it may be sung in triple or in
common time, the first edition (1570) giving
it in the former and the second (Venice,
1599) in the lattei-. Carissimi's 12-voice
mass on the subject, probably the last one
ever written, is in the Pontifical ChapeL
HONORIO
The title L'homme arme is given also to a
French dance tune of the 15th or IGth cen-
tury, the melody of which is wholly differ-
ent from that in the masses. — Grove, ii. 126.
HONOEIO, KOMOALDO, Italian com-
poser living in the middle of the 17th
century. He was a Camaldulian monk.
Walther mentions masses and other church
music by him, and one of his motets is found
in the collection by Ambrosius Profe (Leip-
sic, lGJ:l-46).— Fctis ; Mendel.
HONOUE AND ARMS, bass aria of Ha-
rapha, in B-flat major, with accompaniment
of violins in unison, and continuo, in Han-
del's Samson, Act II., Scene 4.
HONOUR AND JOY TO THE TRUE
AND THE BRAVE. See Oberon.
HOOD, HELEN (FRANCIS), born, of
American jjarents, in Chelsea, Mass., June
28, 1863, still living, 1889. Studied harmony
and composition under J. C. D. Parker,
John K. Paine, and G. W. Chadwick, and
pianoforte under B. J. Lang. She is now
studying in Berlin, under Philipp Schar-
wenka and others. Works : Songs, some
published by Arthur P. Schmidt & Co. (Bos-
ton), others in MS. ; Part-songs ; Chamber
music for strings in MS.
HOOK, JAMES, born at Norwich, Eng-
land, iu 1746, died
at Boul o gn e ,
France, iu 18 2 7.
Organist, pupil of
Garland, organist of
Norwich Cathedral;
settled in London,
where he was mu-
s i c a 1 director at
Marylebone G a r -
dens in 1769-73, at
Vauxhall Gardens in 1774-1820, and many
years organist at St. John's, Horsleydown.
He was the father of James Hook, Dean of
Worcester and writer on ecclesiastical sub-
jects, and of Theodore Edward Hook, the
noted journalist, novelist, and wit. Works —
Operas : Dido, 1771 ; The Divorce, 1781 ;
Trick upon Trick, 1772 ; II Dilettante,
1772 ; Cupid's Revenge, 1772 ; Apollo and
Daphne, 1773 ; The Lady of the Manor,
1778 ; Too civil by half, 1783 ; The Double
Disguise, 1784 ; The Fair Peruvian, 1786 ;
Jack of Newbury, 1795 ; Diamond cut Dia-
mond, 1797 ; Wilmore Castle, 1800 ; Sol-
dier's Return, 1805 ; Tekeli, 1808 ; Catch
him who can, 1806 ; Music Mad, 1807 ; The
Fortress, 1807 ; The Siege of St. Quentin,
1808 ; KiUing no Murder, and Safe and
Sound, 1809 ; The Country Wake ; Blanche
and Edgar ; Coralie ; The Pledge ; The
Cryer of Vauxhall ; Love and Virtue ; The
Wedding. The Ascension, oratorio, 1776 ;
Sonatas for pianoforte ; Concertos for or-
gan ; Rondos and transcri^Dtions ; 2,000
catches, songs, and cantatas. Nearly all
his works have passed from memory, and
he is known only by a few songs, of which
Within a mile o' Edinboro'Town, and Sweet
Lass of Richmond Hill, were among the most
popular. — Grove ; Mendel ; Fetis.
HOPE ARIA. See Fidelio.
HOPFE, (HEINRICH) JULIUS, born at
Schloss-Heldrungen, Thuringia, Jan. 18,
1817, still living, 1889. Destined for the
church, he studied music whUe at the
Gymnasium of Eisleben under Karnstedt
and the organist Giinthersberg, and from
1840 pupil of A. W. Bach and Rungenha-
gen, while at the University of Berlin, where
he afterwards settled to teach the piano-
forte and harmony, and conducted several
instrumental musical societies. Works :
Die Auferweckung des Lazarus, oratorio
(1850) ; Church cantatas ; Symphonies ;
Overtures ; Quintet for strings ; Trio and
other chamber music ; Pianoforte pieces
and songs. He published a Choralbuch,
and 2 Pianoforte methods. — Mendel.
HOPFFER, (LUDWIG) BERNHARD,
born in Berlin, Aug. 7, 1840, died at Nie-
derwald, near Riidesheim, Aug. 21, 1877.
Dramatic composer ; pupil at Kullak's acad-
emy (1857-60) of Kullak on the pianoforte,
Wohlers and Espenhahn on the violoncello,
and of Dehn and Wiierst in theory and com-
position. He travelled in Southern Ger-
287
HOPKINS
raauy, Switzerlainl, and Italy in 1872-75.
Works : Fritbjof, opera, given in Berlin,
1871 ; Barbarossa, Festspiel, ib., 1871 ; Sa-
kuutala ; Der Student von Prag, comic op-
era ; Pbarao, for soli, choiiis, and orches-
tra ; Dartbulas Grabgesang, for do. ; The
23d Psalm, for do. ; Symphonies, overtures,
chamber music, and songs. — Fetis, Supple-
ment, ii. 3 ; Mendel.
HOPKINS, (EDWARD) JEROME, born
in Burlington, Ver-
mont, April 4, 1836,
still Uving, 18 89.
The son of John
Henry Hopkins,
Bishop of Vermont,
he was a student at
the University of
Vermont and after-
wards studied chem-
istry at the New York Medical College. He
is self-taught in music, has been editor of
several music publications, and was the
founder in 18G1 of the Orpheon Free
Schools in New York. Works : Samuel,
cantata for children, 1877 ; Dumb Love,
operetta for do., 1878; Taffy and old
Munch, do. ; Festival Vespers, for boy choir,
2 chorus choirs, 1 echo choir, soli, 2 organs,
and harj) obligate, 1876-77 ; Andante gra-
zioso in G, Adagio cantabile in D, AUegi'o
moderato in A, Siciliano in G, and other
pianoforte music ; Songs.
HOPKINS, EDWARD JOHN, born at
Westminster, London,
June 30, 1818, still liv-
ing, 1889. Organist,
pupil of T. F. Walmis-
ley, became organist of
Mitcham Church, 1834,
of St. Peter's, Isling-
ton, 1838, of St. Luke's,
London, 1841, and of
Temple Church, ib.,
1843. Mus. Doc, Cam-
bridge, 1882; do..
Trinity College, Toronto, 1886. Professor
of organ at Royal Normal College for the
Blind, Upper Norwood, London. Works :
Morning and Evening service in F ; do. in
A ; do. in B-ilat ; Morning service in C ;
Te Deum in A-flat ; Anthems ; Madrigals,
songs, and organ compositions. His brother
John (born, 1822), organist of Rochester
Cathedral since 1856, has composed an-
thems, organ music, and songs.
HOPKINS, JOHN LARKIN, boru
Westminster, London, in 1820, died at
Ventnor, Isle of Wight, April 25, 1873.
Organist, cousin of preceding, was a chor-
ister in Westminster Abbey, and became
organist of Rochester Cathedral in 1841, of
Trinity College, Cambridge, and the Uni-
versity, in 1856. Mus. Bac, Cambridge,
1842 ; Mus. Doc., ib., 1867. Works : Ser-
vices in C and E-flat ; Te Deum in G ; An-
thems ; 5 glees and a madrigal ; Songs and
part-songs.
HOPPNER, KARL MAGNUS, born at
Heida, near Riesa, Saxony, Aug. 6, 1837,
still living, in Dresden, 1889. Organist,
pupil of Friedrich Wieck, Charles flayer,
Julius Otto, and Johann Schneider. Works :
Overture, Dresden, 1864 ; Sonatas for pi-
anoforte ; Organ music, mostly in MS.
— Mendel.
HORACES, LES (The Horatii), lyric
tragedy in three acts, text by Guillard after
Corneille, music by Salicri, represented at
the Academic Royale de Musique, Paris,
Dec. 7, 1786. Same text, music by Porta,
Op^ra, Paris, Oct. 18, 1800.— Lajarte, i.
353 ; ii. 18.
HOR.iK, VACLAV EMANUEL, born at
Mscheuo-Lobes, Bohemia, Jan. 1, 1800, died
in Prague, Sejit. 4, 1871. Organist, church
composei', and writer on music, pupil of
Josef Schubert ; was a good organist at the
age of twelve. He entered the Gymnasium
at Prague in 1813, and while there sang in
the choirs and played the organ in different
churches, at the same time studying com-
position and theory from the works of Tiirk,
Vogler, Albrechtsberger, and Cherubini.
He became a favourite teacher, and in 1833
organist of the Theiukirche, in 1836 choir-
FUu
VSTCK. LENOX AND
HORCII
director of the Church of Maria-Schnee, in
1853 of the Adalbertskirche, and iu 1859
agaiu at the Theinkirche. In Bohemia he
was considered one of the most sterling and ]
productive church composers of modern
times. Works : 11 masses, and a Requiem
for voices and orchestra, besides two masses
and two Eequiems for voices only ; Te
Deum, graduals, offertories, etc. He pub-
lished a work on harmony (Leipsic, IS-IG).
— Heiudl, Gallerie der beriihmten Pildago-
gen, etc. (Munich, 1859), i. 294 ; Mendel ;
Wurzbach.
HORCH, LIEBCHEN, HORCH ! See
Stradella.
HOEE, ISRAEL, aria for soprano, in B
minor, in Mendelssohn's Eiias, No. 21.
HORN, AUGUST, born at Freiberg, Sax-
ony, Sept. 1, 1825, still living, 1889. Com-
poser, pupil at the Leipsic Conservatorium ;
has lived in Leipsic with the exception of
the years 18G2-G8, which he passed in Dres-
den. He has made a name by his clever
arrangements of symijhonies, operas, etc.,
for the pianoforte for four and eight bands,
and for two pianofortes ; he composed also
overtures for orchestra, pianoforte pieces
and songs, and an opera : Die Nachbarn,
given at Leipsic, 1875. — Mendel ; Riemann.
HORN, CHARLES EDWARD (Karl
Eduard), born at St. Martiu's-in-the-Fields,
London, June 21, 178G, died in Boston,
Mass., Oct. 1, 1819. Dramatic composer,
son and pupil of Karl Friedrich Horn
(17G2-1830) ; taught singing by Rauzzini.
He appeared as a singer iu English ojsera
in 1809, and the following year composed
and produced an opera. The Magic Bride ;
studied singing under Thomas Welsh and
reappeared iu 1814, when his connection
with the theatres as composer and singer
lasted many years. In 1833 he went to
America, introduced several English operas
at the Park Theatre, New York, and after-
wards became an importer and publisher of
music. During his stay he gave also an
oratorio. The Remission of Sin. He re-
turned to England in 1843, gave his ora-
torio, renamed Satan, in London in 1845 ;
he became musical director of the Princess's
Theatre, returned to America in 1847,
and in 1847-48 conducted the Handel and
Haydn Society, Boston. Works — Operas :
The Magic Bride, London, 1810 ; Tricks
upon Travellers, 1810 ; The Bee Hive, 1811 ;
The Boarding House, 1811 ; Rich and Poor,
1812 ; The Devil's Bridge, 1812 ; Godol-
phin, the Lion of the North, 1813 ; The
Ninth Statue, 1814 ; The Woodman's Hut,
1814 ; Charles the Bold, 1815 ; The Persian
Hunters, 1817 ; The Election, 1817 ; The
Wizard, 1817 ; Dirce, 1821 ; Philandering,
1824; The Death Fetch, 1826; Peveril
of the Peak, 182G ; Pay to my order, 1827 ;
Honest Frauds, 1830 ; Lalla Rookh, given
at Dublin about 1820 ; Annette, given in
Loudon ; Nourjahad ; M. P. Oratorios : The
Remission of Sin, and Daniel's Prediction ;
Christmas Bells, cantata ; Set of canzonets.
Songs for The Merry Wives of Windsor,
1823 ; Many songs, ballads, and glees. Of
his songs, Cherry Ripe, I know a bank, and
I've been roaming, still survive. — Grove ;
Fctis ; do.. Supplement, ii. 4 ; Ireland,
Records of the New York Stage, 542.
HORN, HEINRICH, born of German
parentage in Paris, 1789, died ('?). Vir-
tuoso on the harp, pupil of J. B. Mayer in
London, whither he went at the age of ten,
and where he began to appear in concerts
in 1805. From 1808 he studied under
Jean Elouis, with whom he travelled for
four years in Scotland and Ireland, and then
settled in Loudon, to teach his instrument.
Works : 15 airs and preludes for the harp ;
Many rondos, variations, etc., for do. ;
Method for do.— Fetis ; Mendel.
HORN, JOHANN KASPAR, German
jurist, and amateur composer, liviug iu
Dresden iu 1664-81. He composed several
instrumental and vocal works, in collections
which appeared in five separate j^arts, pub-
lished under the title of Parergon musicum
(Leipsic, 1G64). Other similar collections,
published in 1677, contained courantes,
allemandes, etc., for five instruments. He
%9
HOEN
published also Arias and Canzonetti, with
accompauiment of five violins or flutes and
basso coutiuuo (Frankfort, 1G78). — Men-
del ; Gerber ; Schilling ; Fetis ; Walther.
HORN, KARL FRIEDRICH, born at
Nordhausen, Saxony, Ajnil 13, 1762, died
at Windsor, England, Aug. 5, 1830. Or-
ganist, pujjil of SchrOter at Nordhausen ;
went when twenty years old to Loudon,
where he gave lessons and became music-
master in ordinary to Queen Charlotte and
the jjrincesses, which jiosition he held until
1811. In 1823 he succeeded William Sex-
ton as organist of St. George's Chapel,
Windsor. Works : 6 sonatas for pianoforte,
violin, and bass ; 12 sonatas for pianoforte
and flute ; 12 military divertimentos ; 12
themes with variations for pianoforte, vio-
lin, and violoncello. He was author of a
Treatise on Thorough-Bass, and with Sam-
uel Wesley edited an English edition of
Sebastian Bach's Wohltemperirte Clavier
(London, 1810).— Mendel ; Grove ; Fetis.
HORNEMAN, EMIL CHRISTIAN, born
in Copenhagen, Dec.
17, 1841, still living,
1889. Sou and pupil
of Johan Ole Euiil
Horneman, and pupil
at the Leijjsic Conser-
vatorium in 1857-60.
He has been, since
1879, head of a Con-
servatory of Music in
Copenhagen. Works :
Aladin, overture for orchestra ; Heldenleben,
do. ; Cai^rices for pianoforte ; Miniatur-
Bilder for do., op. 20 ; Songs, etc.
HORNEMAN, JOHAN OLE EiHL, born
at Copenhagen, 1809, died there. May 29,
1870. Vocal composer, whose songs be-
came extremely popular in Denmark. His
Tappere Landsoldat acquired the impor-
tance of a national melody in the Schleswig-
Holsteiu campaign of 1864, and was widely
known even abroad.
HORNSTEIN, ROBERT VON, born in
Stuttgart in 1833, still living, 1889. Dra-
matic composer, pupil at *'^^ Conservato-
rium of Leipsic in 1850. T^^^'^ '" Southern
Germany and Switzerlani ' ® ^'"^^ "P'
pointed professor at the C<^i^servatorium of
Munich in 1873. He has composed oper-
ettas and ballets, which ^^'^'^ successfully
produced at the court the.-J'*^^'^^ °^ Stuttgart
and Munich, and has pub'^^l^^'^^ pianoforte
music and songs. — Mendel"
HORR, PETER, born af Kleiusteinheim,
near Hanau, July 13, 180'°' ^^^^'^ (•)• ^^■
auist, pupil of vJllweiler at Offenbach ; set-
tled at Frankfort in 1828, a""-^ ^'"^^ composed
very useful instructive worl'^ f"^' Piiinoforte ;
published a practical methP'^ ^°'' ^''■' ^^""^^
became widely known, and ^I'^uged many
classical works very skilful'^' ^"i" Pi^i"oforte,
four hands. — Mendel.
HOESLEY, CHARLES EDWARD, born
in London, Dec. 15, 1821' '^''^'^ ^^ ^^'''
York, JIarch 2, 1876. Pia^i^^' «°» ""'"^ P""
pil of Dr. William Horsl'^^ ' ^^"^^^^^^^ ^'^^
pianoforte under Moschel^^' ''^"''^ ^^ ^^''''-
delssohn's advice went to ^fissel to study
under Hauptmann ; he li^*^'^' afterwards m
Leipsic and enjoyed the fpendship and in-
struction of Mendelssohn; O" ^^"^ i'^*"™
to England he became oi'S'inist of St.
John's, Netting Hill, and Pi'oJiiced several
oratorios, David, Joseph,
Gideon, in the
succeeding years, besides P '^^t^e"^ f^^' ^^^
consecration of Fairfield {'l^'"""''' Liverpool
(185i) ; music for Milto'^''* ^°'^''^' '^^''J
pieces for pianoforte, soi^S^' etc. In 1868
he went to Australia, wher^ ^^ ^™te an ode,
Euterpe, for soli, choru^ '''''^ orchestra,
which was giveu at the opP'"g °^ ^^'^ ^own
Hall, Melbourne, in 1870. '^o°" afterwards
he removed to the Unite^^ States. -Grove ;
Fetis ; do., Supplement, "' ^ • Niemann ;
Mendel.
HORSLEY, WILLIAT^I' 1^°'" ^"^ London,
Nov. 15, 1774, died ther^' J""^ 12, 1858.
He was articled, when sixteen, to Theodore
Smith, pianist; became oi'S^nist of Ely
Chapel, Holborn, and late'" '^^^i'^^'™* °''8'^"'^t
to Dr. Callcott at the A^y^""^ f°^" ^^'"'^'^
Orphans. In 1800 he gr.^^uated Mus. Bac.
aw
HOESLET
at Oxford, in 1802 succeeded Callcott as
organist at the Asylum, and in 1812 be-
came organist also
at Belgrave Chapel,
Halkiu Street, Gros-
V e n o r Place. In
1837 he was chosen
organist of the
Charter House, still
retaining his other
positions. Mendels-
sohn began in 1829
a friendship with the
family, which be-
came intimate and lasting. Works : "When
Israel came out of Egypt, anthem, written
about 1800 ; 5 collections of Glees ; Collec-
tion of 40 Canons ; Collection of Psalm
Tunes with Interludes, 1828 ; Sonatas and
other pieces for the pianoforte ; Many single
glees. By Celia's arbour. Mine be the cot,
O Nightingale, etc. He was avithor of " An
Explanation of the jNIajor and Minor Scales."
—Grove, i. 7.53; Moore, 139; Mendel, v.
30C ; Fetis, iv. 370.
HORTA Y LLEOPART, ANASTASIO,
born in the second half of the ISth cen-
tury, died at Barcelona, Spain, Feb. 12,
1813. Organist, pupil of Jose Maseras,
and in composition of Andrevi and Queralt ;
was organist successively of several churches
at Barcelona, and famous for his talent of
improvising. He composed for the organ
and for the voice with organ accomjDani-
ment. — Fetis, Supplement, ii. 4.
HORTENSE (Eugenie de Beauharnais),
Queen of Holland, Duchess of Saint-Leu,
born in Paris, April 10, 1783, died at Viry,
Oct. 5, 1837. Vocal composer, pupil of
Plantade ; her romance Paiiant pour la
Syrie came into vogue about 1810, and has
been very popular in France since 1852.
A collection of her melodies and romances
■was published in Paris, 1856. — Fetis.
HORZALKA, JOHANN EVANGELIST,
born at Triesch, Moravia, Dec. 6, 1798,
died at Penzing, near Vienna, Sept. 9, 1860.
Pianist, first instructed by his father, an
organist, then in Vienna pupil of Moscheles
on the pianoforte, and of Emanuel Forster
in thorough-bass and harmony ; first ap-
jjeared in 23ublic in 1819. He settled in
Vienna and devoted himself to composition.
Works : Grand concerto for pianoforte ;
Music for Eaupach's drama, Der Miiller und
seiu Kind, and for Grillparzer's Des Meeres
und der Liebe Welleu ; Masses ; Fantasias
on operas, and other music for pianoforte.
— Mendel ; Wurzbach ; Fetis ; Schilling.
HORZIZKY, FEANCISCUS, born in
1756, died in Berhu, Oct. 25, 1805. Dra-
matic composer, private secretary in 1780-
95, to Prince Heinrich of Prussia, at Rheius-
berg, for whose jn-ivate theatre he com-
posed the following French operas ; Titus,
1781 ; Les Peruviens, 1782 ; Pertharite,
1783 ; Solimau, 1785 ; Antigone, 1787 ;
Oreste, 1789 ; Le serrurier, Le maitre de
musique, Auacruon, 1791 ; Le jugemeut de
Paris, Olympic, 1792 ; Pagamin de Mo-
negue, 1793 ; Alexandre, Alzire, 1794. — Fe-
tis ; Gerber.
HOSA, THOMAS, born at Melnik, Bo-
hemia, in the first half of the 18th century,
died at Brussels, May 16, 1786. Virtuoso
on the horn ; with his brother Georg, who
was equally proficient, he made extensive
concert tours, on which they acquired fame
and a considerable fortune. At Brussels
they entered the service of Duke Charles
of Lorraine. He composed several con-
certos and duos for his instrument. Georg
(died in Brussels, 17G6) left no composi-
tions. — Wurzbach.
HOTELLERIE PORTUGAISE, L', ope-
ra comique in one act, text by Saint-Aignan,
music by Cherubini, represented at the The-
atre Feydeau, Paris, July 25, 1798. It is
Cherubini's 117th opera, and is chiefly re-
membered for the trio, " Que faire, 6 ciel ! "
The overture is gay, but not one of his
best. The introduction is written some-
what in the style of Spohr. Published by
Breitkopf & Hiirtel.
HOTTETERRE (Hoteterre, Hauteterre),
LOUIS, called Le Eomain, from having lived
2n
H07EN
in Rome, the best flute plnj-er of tlie close
of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th
centuries. The son of Henri Hotteterre
(died, 1683), a wind-iustrument maker, he
became a member of the king's baud, and
served as first flute at the courts of Louis
XrV. and Louis XV. He composed a great
deal for his instrument, and wrote several
theoretical works, princijjally interesting
now as part of the history of music in
France. His " Principes de la flute," etc.
(Paris, 1G99), and " L'art de proluder sur
la flute," etc. (ib., 1712), passed through
several editions. His brother Nicolas (died
in Paris, 1695), was bassoonist of the royal
orchestra in 1668, and one of the twelve
oboists of the Grande Ecurie. He left in
MS. a book of dance music in six parts.
— Fetis ; Mendel ; Gerber ; Kiemann.
HOVEN, JOHANN (pseudonym of Bar-
on Vesque von Piittlingen), born at Castle
Opole, Galicia, July 23, 1803, died in Vi-
enna, Oct. 29, 1883. Dramatic composer,
pupil in Vienna of Leidesdorf, iMoscheles,
and Wor^ischek on the pianoforte, of Vogel
and Ciccimara in singing, and of Sechter
in composition. He was intimate with
Schubert, greatly influenced musical life in
Vienna, where he conducted the music fes-
tivals in the imperial winter Manage, and
took active part in the reorganization of
the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, threat-
ened with dissolution by the disorders of
1848. He became its vice-president, and
director of the Couservatorium founded bj*
it. His songs, esjiecially those on Heine's
poems, rank very highly, and were com-
mended by such men as Schumann, Berlioz,
Ambros, and Hanslick. Grand gold medal
of Austria for art and science, besides other
Austrian and foreign decorations. Works
— Operas : Elena, ossia la donna del lago,
given in Vienna, 1830 ; Turandot, ib., 1838 ;
Johanna d'Arc, ib., 18-tO ; Liebeszauber, ib.,
1845 ; Eiu Abenteuer Karls H., ib., 1850 ;
Der lustige Rath, Lips Tullian, oder die
Ente, both in "Weimar, 1852-56 (under
Liszt's direction) ; Burg Thaya, not given ;
Overture to Burg Thaya, for full orchestra ;
Festlied, for solo, chorus, and orchestra,
Vienna, 1843 ; Chor der Wafifeuschmiede,
for do. ; 2 masses, besides graduals and
ofi'ertories ; Quartet for strings ; Sonatas,
dances, marches, variations, etc., for piano-
forte ; 15 four-part songs for male voices,
op. 20, 45, 49 ; Duets, op. 12, 13, 29,
53 ; Balladen, Romanzen, Lieder, etc., op.
6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14-18, 21-28, 30-44, 46-48,
51, 52, 54-57, Die Heimkehr (on 28 poems
from Heine's Reisebilder), and others with-
out opus number. — Album zum Besten
nothleidender Kiinstler, etc. (Vienna, 1851),
136 ; Gassner, Univ. Lex. der Tonkiinst,
866 ; Hanslick, Gesch. d. Cone, in Wien,
367, 379 ; N. fr. Presse, Oct. 30, Nov. 27,
1883 ; Sonntagsbliitter (Vienna, 1843), 669
(1846), 1224 (1847), Beilage, 450 ; Wiener
Allgem. Theat. Zeitg. (1851), 841 ; Wurz-
bach ; Johann Vesque von Puttlingen (J. Ho-
ven), Eine Lebensskizze, etc. (Vienna, 1887).
HOWARD, SAMUEL, born in London
in 1710, died there, July 13, 1782. He was
chorister of the Chapel Royal, and studied
under Pepusch ; organist of St. Clement
Danes and St. Bride's, Fleet Street ; Mus.
Doc, Cambridge, 1769. Works : Music for
the Amorous Goddess, or Harlequin Mar-
ried, opera, Drury Lane, 1744 ; Cantatas ;
Sonatas and concertos ; This is the day, an-
them (published, 1792), and other anthems.
Jlany of his songs are in contemporary col-
lections. The psalm tunes Howard and St.
Bride's are by him. — Grove.
HOW BEAUTIFUL ARE THE FEET,
aria for soprano, in G minor, with accom-
paniment of violins in unison, and continuo,
in Handel's The Messiah, No. 36.
HOWGHiL, WILLIAM, English organ-
ist of the 18th century. He was organist
at Whitehaven in 1794, and afterwards in
London. He published organ voluntaries,
Ijsalms, and anthems. — Grove ; Fetis.
HOW LOVELY ARE THE MESSEN-
GERS, see Wie lieblich sind die Boten.
HOYLAND, JOHN, born in Sheffield,
England, in 1783, died at Louth, Lincoln-
292
HOYOUL
sbire, Jau. 18, 1827. Organist, pupil of
William Mather, organist of St. James's
Church, Sheffield, whom he succeeded in
1808. Ill 1818 he removed to Loutb, where
he became organist of the parish church.
He composed anthems and other sacred
music, besides songs and pianoforte music.
— Grove ; Fetis.
HOYOUL, BAUDOUIN, born at Braine-
le-Comte, Belgium, about 1540. Contra-
puntist, was in the service of the Duke of
Wurtemberg. He published a book of mo-
tets (Nuremberg, 1587), in which he desig-
nates the place of his birth. — Fetis ; Mendel,
Ergiinz., 162 ; Gerber.
HRABE, JOSEPH, born at Bubensch,
near Prague, in 181G, died at Prague, March
19, 1870. Virtuoso on the double-bass, pu-
pil of Hause at the Conservatorium, Prague,
where he was appointed professor of his in-
strument in 1815, only two years after hav-
ing completed his studies. He educated a
large number of eminent pujjils, and com-
posed concertos, variations, fantasias, etc.,
besides excellent methods and etudes for
his instrument. — Mendel.
HRAZEK, Pater IRENAUS, born at
Schan, Bohemia, in 1725, died at Kenkers,
ib., April 13, 1777. Virtuoso on the viola
d' amore ; studied in Prague. He entered
the Johannesorden, travelled through Ger-
many and Italy as its inspector, and played
in concerts for its benefit. His sonatas for
the viola d' amore were much prized by ama-
teurs of that class of music. — Fetis.
H^IMALY, ADALBERT, born at Pilsen,
Bohemia, July 30, 1842, still living, 1889.
Violinist, pupil of Mildner, became con-
ductor of the orchestra at Gothenburg in
1861, at the National Theatre in Prague in
1868, at the German theatre there in 1873,
and at Czernowitz, Bukowina, in 1875. His
opera. The Enchanted Prince (1871), is a
standard piece in the repertory of the Na-
tional Theatre, Prague. — Riemann.
HUBANS, CHARLES, born in France
about 1820, still living, 1889. Oboist, chef
d'orchestre of the Cirque d'Hiver, subse-
quently of the Concerts de Paris, where he
succeeded Musard tils. He became director
at the Alcazar, finally at the Bouffes Parisiens,
and Folies-Bergere. Works: Le tour de
moulinet, operetta, Bouftes Parisiens, 1874 ;
La belle Lina, oijera-bouffe, Athenee, 1875 ;
Les deux loups de mer, saynete (interlude),
Casino d'Enghien, 1876 ; Rieu qu'un jour,
opera - comique, Fantaisies Parisiennes,
Brussels, 1876 ; Un amour dans le dos,
Heloise et Abeilard, Ravigore et CoUodium,
Prisounier par amour, Une fausse Gelatine,
Les gi-ignotteuses, etc., operettas played
at divers cafes-concerts ; Airs for the vaude-
ville Les femmes qui font des scenes ; Ro-
mances and chansonnettes. — Fetis, Supple-
ment, ii. 5.
HUBENE, LOUIS, born at Bruges, con-
temjjorary. Dramatic composer, pupil of
Berget, his uncle, who had studied under
Cherubini. He became communal bell-
player and organist of one of the principal
churches in his native city. Besides church
music and many pianoforte i^ieces, he has
composed the Flemish operas : Baudewyn
van Constantiuoplen, given at Bruges, 1853 ;
Willem Beukels ; Bertha of maed en Hel-
dendaed. — Fetis, Supplement, ii. 5.
HUBER, FELIX, born at Berne, Feb.
23, 1810, still living, 1889. Vocal composer,
published a collection of the mountain songs
of Switzerland, 6 Schweizer-Lieder ; Lieder
fiir eidgenossische Krieger ; Lieder fiir
Schwelzer Jiiuglinge, etc. (Berne). — Fetis.
HUBER, HANS, born at Schr.newerd,
Switzerland, June 28, 1852, still living, 1889,
at Basel. Dramatic composer, pupil at the
Leipsic Conservatorium, 1870-74, of Richter,
Reinecke, and Wenzel ; taught music pri-
vately for two years at Wesserling, then at
the Music School in Thann, Alsace, and later
at the Music School of Basel. Works : Pan-
dora, cantata for soli, chorus, and orchesti'a,
op. 66 ; AussOhnung, do. for male chorus
and orchestra ; Lustsjsiel-Ouverture, op. 50 ;
Tell Symphonie, op. G3 ; Sommerniichte,
serenade, op. 87 ; ROmischer Karneval, for
orchestra ; Concerto for pianoforte, op. 36 ;
HUBEE
do. for violin, op. 40 ; Trios, ojj. 30, 65 ;
Trio-Pliantasie, op. Si ; Suite for pianoforte
and violin, op. 82 ; do. for pianoforte and
violoncello, op. 89 ; Sonatas for violin, op.
18, 42, 67 ; Sonata for violoncello, op. 33 ;
Sonatas and suites for 2 and 4 hands,
fugues, etc., for pianoforte ; Songs and clio-
ruses. In manuscript : Florestan, fairy op-
era ; 3 string quartets ; Das woliltemperirte
Klavier, for 4 bands, etc. — Riemann.
HUBER, JOSEPH, born at Sigmariugen,
April 17, 1837, died at Stuttgart, April 23,
1886. Dramatic composer, pupil at Stern's
Couservatorium in Berlin of Leopold Ganz
on tbe violin, and of Marx in barmony and
composition ; later pupil of Eduard Singer
and Peter Cornelius iu Weimai*. He be-
came a violinist iu tbe orchestra of tbe
Prince of Hechingeu at LOwenberg, and in
1SG4 was made Conzertmeister of the Eu-
terjDe orchestra, Leipsic, whence be went
to Stuttgart as violinist iu the Royal orches-
tra iu 18G5. Besides two operas, Die Rose
von Libanoii, 1870, and Irene, he coiuj)Osed
four symphonies, in one movement, many
songs, and instrumental music. — Mendel ;
Riemann.
HUBER, KARL, born at Vai-jas, Hun-
gary, July 1, 1828, died at Pesth, Dec. 20,
1885. Dramatic composer, and violinist,
professor of violin at the Conservatorium
and Kapellmeister at the National Theatre
in Pesth. Works — Operas : Szekler Girls,
1858 ; Jolly Fellows ; The King's Kiss,
1875. — Riemann.
HUBERTI, GUSTAVE LlCON, born in
Brussels, April 14, 1843, still living, 1889.
Pupil at tbe Brussels Conservatoire, where
be won tbe second prize, 1863, for bis can-
tata Paul et Virginie, and the Grand Prix
de Rome, 1865, for his cantata La fille de
Jejjbte. Since then bis compositions have
been purely Flemish in character, as he is
one of the upholders of the modern Flem-
ish school. Works : De laatste Zonnestral,
Flemish oratorio ; Willem van Orauje's
dood, cantata for chorus, baritone solo, and
orchestra ; In de gaarde, Conzertstuck ;
Maerlant's zang, for male chorus ; Serenade,
s'avonds als ik slapen ga ; chorus for chil-
dren's voices ; Suite for orchestra ; Coucei'to
for pianoforte ; Songs. — Fetis, Supplement,
ii. 6 ; Gregoir, Documents, i. 42 ; Viotta.
HUCBALD (Hugbaldus, Ubaldus, Uchu-
baldus), born about 840, died at Saint-
Amand, June 25 or Oct. 21, 930, or June 20,
932. He studied music at the monaster}' of
Saint- Amand, near Tournay, with his uncle
Milo, who became jealous of his musical
ability and drove him awaj'. He retired to
Nevers, where be opened a school and
taught music ; studied at Saint-Germain
d'Auxerre about 860 ; succeeded his uncle at
Saiut-Amand in 872 ; and having educated pu-
pils capable of replacing him, went to Saint-
Bertiu in 883, to direct a similar schooL
Called to establish again the old church
schools at Rheims about 893, he returned to
Saiut-Amand iu 900, and never again left
it. His work on harmony is remarkable as
being the earliest in which rules are illus-
trated by practical examples. Works : Liber
Ubaldi peritissimi musici de harmonica in-
stitutione ; Alia musica ; Hucbaldi Monachi
Elnonensis Musica Encbiriadis. — Ambros,
ii. 122 ; Fctis ; Gerber ; Mendel ; Schilling.
HUGH-CASS, , French dramatic
composer, contemporary. He was chef
d'orcbestre of tbe Casino at Marseilles in
1856, and of the theatre at Toulon iu 1874.
Works : La croix de Jeannette, opt'ra-co-
mique, given at Marseilles, Grand Theatre,
1865 ; La ronde de uuit, ojiei-etta, ib., Alca-
zar, 1872 ; Le legataire de Grenade, lyrical
drama, Toulon, 1874 ; Une revue a Tro-
pigny-les-Oursius, saynete burlesque. — Fe-
tis. Supplement, ii. 8.
HUGOT, A., surnamed le Jeune, born in
Paris in 1761, died there, Sept. 18, 1803.
Flute player, pupil of Atys. He was first
flute at tbe Theatre des Bouffous Italiens in
1789, afterwards of the Opera Comique, at
tbe Feydeau, and professor at the Conserva-
toire at its formation. He was distinguished
by bis finished flute playing at the Concerts
Feydeau iu 1796-97. Commissioned by
294
HUGUENOTS
the Conservatoire to prepare a method for
the flute, he died before the work was fin-
ished ; it was completed on his plan by Wun-
derlich, and was published in their joint
names as " Methode de fliUe adoptee, etc.,
par le Conservatoire de Musique " (Paris,
ISOJr). It was translated into German, and
has been published also in short abridge-
ments in Leipsic, Bonn, Mainz, and Vienna.
Works : G concertos for flute ; 6 trios for 2
flutes and bass, op. 6 ; 6 duos for flutes, op.
1 ; do., op. 2 ; do., op. 4 ; do., op. 7 ; do.,
op. 9 ; 2i duos faciles ; G sonatas for flute ;
do. for flute and bass, op. 12 ; Variations
for flute, op. 5. — Fetis ; Mendel.
HUGUENOTS, LES, grand opera in five
acts, text by Scribe and Emile Descharaps,
music by Meyerbeer, first represented at
the Academie Eoyale de Musique, Paris,
Feb. 29, 1836. The action takes place in
1572, in Touraine and Paris. The first act
Giuseppe Mario.
begins with a chorus of revellers, " Bonheur,
de la table," in the salon of the Comte de
Nevers, among whom are the Huguenots
Raoul de Nangis and bis servant Marcel.
A page, Urbain, entei's, sent by Marguerite
de Valois, to invite Kaoul to her chateau,
where, to reconcile the two religious fac-
tions, she offers him the hand of Valentine,
daughter of the Comte de Saint-Bris, a
Catholic. Raoul consents ; but, recogniz-
ing Valentine as one whom he had rescued
from insult, and whom he believes to love
another, rejects her, and is challenged by
Saiut-Bris. Valentine is then commanded
to many the Comte de Nevers. While in
the chapel at j)rayer she overhears the plot
to assassinate Raoul, and tells Marcel, who,
with a band of Huguenots, rescues his mas-
ter. The combat about to follow is sup-
pressed by Marguerite. Raoul discovers
that Valentine loves him, and before her
marriage seeks a last interview, which is
interrupted by the entrance of De Nevers,
Saint-Bris, and other Catholic noblemen.
Valentine hides Raoul behind the tapestries,
where he hears the plan for the slaughter
of the Huguenots on St. Bartholomew's
Eve, and witnesses the blessing of the
swords. Raoul joins his party and, during
the festivities given at the marriage of Mar-
guerite with the King of Navarre, warns his
friends. He then goes to a chapel to
which the Huguenots have fled, and finds
Marcel, who has been wounded. Valentine
joins him, and they are united by Marcel.
After singing the trio, " Savez-vous qu'en
joignant vos mains dans les tenebres," they
chant the Lutheran hymn, " Ein' feste
Burg," which has already been heard in the
opera, and perish in the massacre. The
fourth act is Meyerbeer's most dramat-
ic composition. At first it closed with the
Benediction des poignards, " A cette cause
sainte," but at the suggestion of Nourrit,
Meyerbeer added the duet between Raoul
and Valentine, "Oh jevais? . . . . se-
courir mes frcres" ; " Tu I'as dit, oui tu
m'aimes," which forms a striking contrast.
At this climax the opera is sometimes
brought to a close. Among the best num-
bers are : The romance, "Plus blanche que
la blanche hermine," accom23anied by the
viola d' amore ; the j)age'scavatina, "Nobles
seigneurs, salut!" ; the aria, "O beau pays
de la Touraine " ; the duet, "Beaute divine,
enchanteresse " ; and the duet of Marcel and
Valentine, " Dans la nuit oil seul je veille."
295
HULDIGUNGS-MARSCH
This is the most poi)ular of Meyerbeer's
three greatest works. Up to Dec. 31, 1876,
this opera had received 620 representations
iu Paris. The Bourbons prohibited its per-
formance on account of the jjlot. Original
cast :
Valentine IVIlle Falcon.
Marguerite Mme Dorus-Gras.
Urbaiu IMlle Flecheux.
Eaoul M. Ad. Nourrit.
Marcel M. Levasseur.
Le comte de Nevers M. Derivis.
Le comte de Saint-Bris IVL Serda.
Performed in Leipsic, April 9, 1837 ; in
Dresden, March 23, 1838 ; and in Berlin,
May 20, 1842, Mme Schroder-Devrient ap-
pearing in each place as Valentine. For the
latter representation Meyerbeer condensed
the opera into four acts. After hearing this
performance, King Friedrich Wilhelm IV.
appointed Meyerbeer General Music Di-
rector of Berlin. First represented in Lon-
don by a German opera company iu 1842 ;
in Italian, as Gli Ugonotti, at Covent Gar-
den, July 20, 1848, for which ]Meyerbeer
adapted the score, transposed the jjart of
the page for Mile Alboni, and wrote an ad-
ditional cavatina for her. The cast was :
Valentine Mme Viardot.
Marguerite Mme Castellan.
Urbain Mile Alboni.
Raoul Sig. Mario.
Marcel Sig. Marini.
Le comte de Nevers Sig. Tagliafico.
Le comte de Saint-Bris Sig. Tamburini.
First given in New York, June 24, 1850, with
Steffanone as Valentine, Bosio as Margue-
rite, antl Salvi as Eaoul. Performed in Ger-
man at the Metropolitan Opera House, New
York, Nov. 28, 1888, with Frau Moran-
Olden as Valentine. The score was pub-
lished by Brandus (Paris), and Breitkopf
& Hiirtel (Leipsic) ; with pianoforte ar-
rangement by Ch. Schwencke (Schlesinger,
Paris). Jlany pot-pourris and arrangements
of aii's from this work have been made.
among which are : A Scherzo for the piano-
forte, by Czerny, op. 407 (Breitkopf &
Hiirtel, Leipsic, 1836) ; and a Transcription,
Fantaisie dramatique, for the pianoforte, by
Liszt, op. 83 (Hofmeister, Leipsic, 1880).
Schumann disliked the Huguenots intensely,
and published a criticism in the Neue Zeit-
schrift (1837), No. 19. — Liszt, Gesamm.
Schr., ii. 64 ; Lajarte, ii. 152 ; Clement et
Larousse, 347 ; Hanslick, Moderne Oper,
143 ; Athenaeum (1848), 731 ; Allgem. mus.
Zeitung, xxxviii. 195, 249 ; xxxix., 259 ; xl.,
208 ; Upton, Standard Operas, 138.
HULDIGUNGS-MARSCH (March of
Honiage), by Wagner, written in 1864,
for the coronation of Ludwig II. of Bavaria,
published in 1869. The original score for
military band remains in MS. The pub-
lished version for orchestra w^as begun by
Wagner and the scoring finished by RaE
Liszt also wrote a march under this title in
1853, for the accession of Duke Carl of Saxe-
Weimar.
HULLAH, JOHN (PYIvE), born at Wor-
cester, England, June 27, 1812, died in
Loudon, Feb. 21, 1884. Vocal composer,
pupil in 1829 of William Horsley, and at
the Royal Academy of Music iu 1832 of
Crivelli in singing. In 1841 he opened a
school at Exeter Hall for the instruction of
teachers of day and Sunday schools iu vocal
music, by a system based ou that of Wil-
hem in Paris, and so great was its success
that, from 1840 to 1860, about 25,000 per-
sons passed through his classes. A series
of concerts in which his more advanced
pupils appeared was given by him in St.
Martin's Hall, from 1850 to 1860. He was
appointed professor of vocal music iu
King's College, London, in 1844 ; resigned
in 1874, but held similar appointments in
Queen's College and Bedford College, Lon-
don, in 1879 ; conductor of concerts at
Royal Academy of Music in 1870-73 ; or-
ganist of the Charter House in 1858 ; con-
ducted concerts of the children of the met-
ropolitan schools at the Crystal Palace for
many years ; ajipointed insi^ector of train-
HULLMANDEL
ing schools for the United Kingdom in
1872. Received degree of LL.D. from Uni-
versity of Edinburgh in 1876 ; was made
member of the Society of St. Cecilia in
Rome, and of the Musical Academy in Flor-
ence in 1877. Works — Operettas : The
Village Coquettes (words by Charles Dick-
ens), given in London, 1830 ; The Barbers
of Bassora, ib., 1837 ; Tlie Outpost, ib.,
1838 ; Motets, anthems, concerted vocal mu-
sic, and many songs, among which are Three
Fishers, The Storm, and O that we two
were Maying.- — Grove ; Mendel, Ergiinz.,
163 ; Fctis, SuppK-meut, ii. 8 ; Riemann.
HULLMANDEL, NICOLAUS JOSEPH,
born in Strasburg in 1751, died in Loudon
in 1823. Studied first in the cathedral of
his native town, and then in Hambure;
under Philipp Emanuel Bach. He travelled
through Italy iu 1775, and went in 1776 to
Paris, where he became celebrated as a
teacher ; was in London in 1787, and soon
after married ; returned to Paiis, and gave
up professional life ; but in 1790 he was a
refugee in London and again gave lessons.
He returned to France, but lived in retire-
ment. His published works consist of So-
natas for jjianoforte, and for pianoforte and
violin and violoncello ; variations, etc.
— Mendel ; Futis ; Schilling, Weitzmann,
Geschichte des Clavierspiels, 53.
HULLWECK, FERDINAND, born at
Dessau, Oct. 8, 1824, still living, in Dres-
den, 1889. VioKnist, pupil of Friedrich
Schneider ; became second Couzertmeister
of the royal orchestra in Dresden iu 18J:1:,
where he is also professor at the Conserva-
torium. Has published mainly instructive
compositions for his instrument.
HUME, ALEXANDER, born in Edin-
burgh, Feb. 17, 1811, died in Glasgow,
Feb. 4, 1859. Self-taught, a teacher in
Edinburgh and Glasgow, and composer of
many popular songs. Among his best are
Afton Water, The Scottish Emigrant's Fare-
well, and My ain dear Nell, to the last of
which he wrote also the words. In 1854
his madrigal, Round a circle, was awarded
a prize. His duet. Come again, his trio.
Tell me where my Love reposes, and his
glees, The Sun Dial, and Hasten Soft Breeze,
were jjopular. He wrote also anthems, and
psalm and hymn tunes, and published The
English Hymn Tune Book, arranged for
four voices (Edinburgh, n. d.). — Brown.
HTOIE, WILLIA:\I, born iu Edinburgh,
Sept. 25, 1830, still living, 1889. Son and
pupil of Alexander Hume ; teacher of mu-
sic, editor of several musical publications,
and musical critic of " The Baillie," Glas-
gow. Works : The Call to Battle, cantata,
test by Mrs. Henians ; Bartimeus, do. for
baritone solo and chorus ; Psalm 67, for
treble voices. Once more a Welcome to
the Woods, Caller Herrin, The Woodpecker,
Good morrow to the hills again, and other
part-songs, songs, and glees. — Brown.
HUMEREY (Humphrey, Humphrys),
PELHAM, born in London in 1647, died at
Windsor, July 14, 1674. He became a
chorister of the re-established Chapel Royal
in 1660 ; was sent abroad to study by
Charles H. in 1664, and was in Paris un-
der Lulli ; was ai^poiuted Gentleman of the
Chapel Royal in 1666 ; made Master of the
Children in the Chapel Roj'al in 1672, and
later in the same year was appointed com-
poser in ordinary for the violins to His Ma-
jesty in conjunction with Thomas Purcell.
Works : Anthems ; Evening Service in E
minor ; Songs ; 2 odes for the King's Birth-
day.— Grove ; Fetis; Barrett, English Church
Composers, 92 ; Harmouicon (1832), 263.
HUMMEL, EDUARD, born in Vienna in
1814, still living, 1889. Pianist, son and
pupil of Johann Nepomuk Hummel, and
would have become better known if his
father's fame had not overshadowed him.
He visited England in 1840 ; was Kapell-
meister of the theatre at Augsburg, 1840, at
Trojipau, Silesia, 1872, later at Briinu, Mo-
ravia, and 1874 at the comic opera in Vi-
enna. He is now living in Brilnn. He
brought out a romantic opera, Alor, oder
die Hunnen vor Magdeburg, Weimar, 1843.
— Mendel ; Futis.
HUMMEL
HUMIVIEL, FERDINAND, born in Ber-
lin, Sept. 6, 1855, still living, 1889. Virtu-
oso on the harp, first instructed by his
father, who made him proficient on that in-
strument at the age of seven, and travelled
with him through Europe in 1864-67 ; then
pupil in composition at Kullak's academy,
18G8-71, and until 1875 at the royal school
for music, of Kiel and Bargiel. Works :
Symphony for orchestra ; Overture for do.,
op. 17 ; Conzert-Phantasie for harp and
orchestra ; Quartet for pianoforte and
strings ; Milrchenbildei-, op. 10, and Wald-
lebeu, op. 11 and 31, Phantasiestiicke for
violoncello and pianoforte ; Notturno for
violoncello, har}), and harmonium ; 3 so-
natas for violoncello, op. 2, 9, 12 ; Sonata
for horn ; Conzertstiick for pianoforte, op.
1 ; Suite for do. ; 2 concert isolonaises, and
many other works for do. ; Rumpelstilzcheu,
Frau Holle, Hansel und Gretel, for female
chorus and solo. — Riemann.
HUIDIEL, JOH.INN BERXHARD, born
in Berlin in 17G0, died (?). Pianist, music
teacher in Warsaw in 1797 ; returned to
Berlin on the death of his father, Johaun
Julius Hummel, and succeeded him in his
nuisic publishing business. Works : Sona-
tas for j^ianoforte ; do. for pianoforte and
violin ; Variations ; Songs, etc. — Fetis ;
Gerber ; Schilling.
HUM.A1EL, JOH.ANN NEPOMUK, born
in Presburg, Nov.
14, 1778, died in
Weimar, Oct. 17,
1837. Pianist, son
and jjupil of Josej^h
Hummel, music
master at the Mili-
tary School at
Wartberg (whither
the family moved
about 1780), in sing-
ing, on the piano-
forte, and on the violin. In 1785 the fam-
ilj- moved to Vienna (where the father was
engaged by Schikaneder as Kapellmeister
at his theatre), and Johann became for two
years the pupil of Mozart, who took him into
his house. In 1788 he accompanied his
father on a seven years' professional tour as
pianist through Germany, Denmark, Eng-
land, and Holland, returning to Vienna in
1795, when he began studying strict coun-
terpoint under Albrechtsberger, and profited
by the advice of Haydn and Salieri in free
composition. From April 1, 1804, to May,
1811, he filled Haydn's old post as Kapell-
meister to Prince Eszterhazy, from which
period date most of his dramatic and church
works. He taught and composed in Vienna
from 1811 to 1816, when he became Kapell-
meister at Stuttgart ; in 1820 he went to fill
the same post at Weimar, and held it until
his death. But he obtained frequent and
extended leaves of absence, and made many
professional tours : to St. Petersburg in 1822
with the grand Duchess l\Iaria Paulovna,
in 1825 to Paris where he was made Che-
valier of the Legion of Honour, in 1826 to
Belgium and Holland, in 1827 to Vienna,
in 1828 to Warsaw, and in 1829 again to
France, ajspearing everywhere with trium-
phant success. In 1830 and 1833 he made
trijis to England, conducting a season of
opera in London. During the last four
years of his life his health was much im-
paired, and he could devote but little time
to professional duties. He died of drop.sy
of the pericardium. Hummel rejiresents,
in the history of pianoforte writing and play-
ing, the transition from the classic school of
Mozart and Haydn to the modern romantic
school. His works are distinguished for
formal beauty, excellence of coustraction,
and brilliancy of ornament, if also for a cer-
tain academic dryness. He was consider-
ably overrated during his lifetime, being at
one time looked upon in Vienna as the equal
of Beethoven. His one work which still re-
tains an unweakened hold upon the interest
of both musicians and the public is the sep-
tet in D minor, op. 74, a masterpiece of its
kind.
Works — 1. Dramatic : Le vicende d' a-
more, opera buffa, 2 acts, Vienna, 1804 ;
IIUMOIIESKE
Mathikle von Guise, opera, 3 acts, ib., 1810
(pianoforte score, Paris and Leipsic) ; Das
Haus ist zu verkaufen, operetta, 1 act, the
text translated from Alex. Duval's " Maison
:i vendre," ib., 1812 ; Die Riickfahrfc des
Kaisers, do., 1 act, ib., 1814; Die Eselshaut,
fairy operetta ; Der Zauberring, ballet-pan-
tomime ; Der Zauberkampf, do. ; Paris et
Heli'ue, ballet ; Das belobte Gemiilde, do. ;
Sappho von Mitylene, do. ; Das Lob der
Freaudscbaft, cantata for solo and chorus ;
Diana ed Endimione, do., with orchestra.
II. Church music : Mass for 4 voices, or-
chestra, and organ, in B-flat, op. 77 (Vi-
enna, Haslinger ; Paris, Richault) ; 2d
do., in E-flat, op. 80 (ib.) ; 3d solemn
mass for do., in D, op. Ill (ib.) ; Grad-
ual for do., Quodquod in orbe, op. 88
(ib.) ; Oflertoryfor soprano solo, chorus,
orchestra, and organ, op. 89 (ib.).
III. Instrumental : Overture for grand
orchestra, in B-flat, op. 101 (Leipsic and
Paris) ; Symphonie coucertante for piano-
forte, violin, and orchestra, op. 17 (Vienna,
Diabelli) ; Concerto No. 1, for pianoforte and
orchestra, in C, op. 34 (Vienna, Haslinger) ;
Do., No. 2 (facile), in G, op. 73 (ib., and
Paris, Lauver) ; Do. No. 3, in A minor, op.
85 (ib.) ; Do., No. 4, in B minor, op. 89 (Vi-
enna, Leipsic, Paris) ; Do., No. 5, Les adieux,
in E, op. 110 (ib.) ; Do., No. 6, in A-flat, op.
113 (ib.) ; rondeaux brillauts for pianoforte
and orchestra, op. 56, 98, 117 (ib.) ; Th6mes
varies for da, op. 97, 115 (ib.) ; Das Zauber-
horn Oberon's, grand fantasia for do., inE,
013. 116 ; 3 string quartets, op. 30 (ib.) ;
Grand septet for pianoforte, flute, oboe,
horn, viola, 'cello, and double-bass, in D
minor, op. 74 ; Grand do. (military) for pi-
anoforte, flute, clarinet, trumpet, violin, vi-
ola, and double-bass, in C, op. 114 (Vienna
and Paris) ; Grand serenade No. 1, for piano-
forte, violin, guitar, clarinet, and bassoon,
op. 63 (Vienna, Artaria ; Paris, Richault) ;
Grand do., No. 2, op. 66 (ib.); Grand quintet
for pianoforte, violin, viola, "cello, and double-
bass, in E-flat, op. 87 (Vienna and Paris) ;
7 trios for pianoforte, violin, and 'cello, op.
12, 22, 35, 65, 83, 93, 96 (Vienna, Leipsic,
Offenbach, Paris, etc.) ; 8 sonatas for piano-
forte and violin, op. 5, 19, 25, 28, 37, 50,
64, 104 (ib.) ; 3 sonatas for pianoforte, 4
hands, op. 43, 92, 99 (ib.) ; Sonatas for pi-
anoforte solo, op. 13, 20, 36, 81, 106 (ib.) ;
3 fugues for do., op. 7 ; Rondos for do., op.
11, 19, 107, 109 ; Fantasias for do., op. 18,
123, 124 ; Caprices and studies for do., op.
49, 67, 105, 125 ; Variations for do., op. 1,
2, 8, 9, 40, 57, 118, 119 ; Ausfiihrliche theo-
retisch-praktische Anweisung zum Piano-
fortespiel, etc. (Vienna, Haslinger, 1828 ;
London, Boosey & Co. ; Paris, Ferreur).
— Wurzbach ; Brockhaus ; Fetis ; Mendel ;
Riemann.
HU.^IORESKE, a title given by Schu-
mann to a series of pianoforte sketches in
cyclic form, in C, op. 20, veritten in 1839,
dedicated to Frau Julie von Webenau ; pub-
lished by P. Mechetti & Co., and by C. A.
Spina (Vienna, 1839), and Breitko2)f &
Hiirtel (Leipsic). No. 2 of his Phantasie-
stiicke for pianoforte, violin, and violoncello,
op. 88, is also called Humoreske. Heller
(op. 64), and Grieg {op. 6, op. 19), have
used this term also for pianoforte pieces.
See also Gaudeamus Igitur.
HUNGARIA, symphonic poem for or-
chestra by Liszt, op. 4, No. 9. Sketched in
1846 as an Ungarischer Marsch for pianoforte
solo. Published in 1853. Instrumentated
and performed in 1853. Rewritten in June,
1856. First performed under Liszt's direc-
tion in Pesth, August, 1856. Published in
score, and for two pianofortes, four hands,
by Breitkopf & Hiirtel (Leipsic, 1857).
"HUNGARIAN CONCERTO. See Con-
zerl in ungarischer Weise.
HUNNEN-SCHLACHT (Battle of the
Huns), symphonic poem for orchestra, by
299
HUNT
Liszt, op. i, No. 11, suggested by Kaulbacli's
painting. Conceived in Munich in Novem-
ber, 185G, ■\\Titten in 1857, first reliearsal,
Weimar, October, 1857, first performance,
Weimar, April, 1858. Published in score,
and for two pianofortes, four hands, by
Breitkopf & Hartel (Leipsic, 1858).— Pohl,
Liszt, 400 ; Upton, Standard Symphonies,
289.
HUNT, KARL, bom in Dresden, July 27,
1766, died ('?). Violinist, chamber musician
to the Elector of Saxony ; pupil of his father
and of Seydelmann, 1770-76. He became
first violinist of the HofkapeUe, Dresden, in
1783. Works: 10 concertos for violin and
orchestra ; 2 symphonies for 2 violins and
do. ; 8 quartets for 2 violins, viola, and vio-
loncello ; 6 symphonies ; An operetta ;
Lieder ; Church music ; Variations for pi-
anoforte, etc. — Mendel ; Futis ; Gerber ;
Schilling.
HUNT, THOMAS, English composer of
the 16th century. He contributed the 6-
part madrigal : Hark 1 did you ever hear so
sweet a singing, to the Triumphes of Ori-
ana (1601). An anthem by him. Put me not
to rebuke, is contained in Barnard's MS.
collection of the English Sacred Harmonic
Society. — Grove ; Fetis.
HUNTEN, FRANZ, born at Coblentz,
Dec. 26, 1793, died there, Feb. 22, 1878.
Pianist, first instructed by his father, an
organist, then pupil at the Conservatoire,
Paris (1819), of Pradher on pianoforte, of
Reicha in harmony, of Cherubini in counter-
point ; tauglit in Paris until 1837, when he
retired to Coblentz. He began to compose
at the age of ten ; his works for pianoforte,
which are of a pleasing style, became very
popular, and were remunerated with enor-
mous prices. Works : Muthode nouvelle
pour le piano, op. 60 ; Trio for pianoforte,
violin, and violoncello, op. H ; duos for pi-
anoforte and violin, op. 22, 23 ; Serenades,
divertissements, and many themes with varia-
tions, for pianoforte. His brothers Wilhelra
and Peter Ernst are pianists also, the for-
mer at Coblentz, the latter at Duisburg, and
have composed for their instrument ; Peter
Ernst also duos and trios for guitar, flute,
and viola. — Allgem. d. Biog., xiii. 421 ;
Mendel ; Fctis ; Schilling ; do.. Supplement,
220.
HLTSTTS^MEN'S CHORUS. See Frei-
schutz.
HURLEBUSCH, KONRAD FRIED-
RICH, born at Brunswick in 1696, died at
Amsterdam in 1765 (or about 1770 ?). Dra-
matic and church composer, son and pupil
of the organ virtuoso Heinrich Loreuz
Hurlebusch (born at Hanover, 1666), then
studied in Hamburg (1714) and Vienna
(1716), and visited Italy in 1718-21. On
his return he gave concerts at Munich, and
having visited other cities of Germany, ac-
cepted a call to Stockholm as court Kapell-
miistare and organist, in 1722, but returned
to Brunswick in 1725. Called as Kapell-
meister to Baireutb, then to Dresden in the
year following, he was not satisfied with
either j)osition, and in 1727 settled at Ham-
burg, whence he went to Amsterdam in
1738 as organist of the reformed church.
Works : L' innocenza difesa, opera, given at
Stockholm, 1722 ; Armenio, do., ib., 1725;
Flavio Cuniberto, do., Hamburg, about
1730 ; The 150 psalms of David in mo-
tets, with harpsichord and organ (Amster-
dam, 1766) ; 80 to 100 Italian airs, with in-
struments ; 12 Italian cantatas, with violin
and other instruments ; Italian cantatas,
with bass ; 12 concertos, 12 sonatas, 8 over-
tures ; 6 concertos for harpsichord, with in-
struments ; 24 fugues for harpsichord and
organ ; 18 sonatas or suites for harpsichord.
— Gerber, Hist. Lex. ; Mendel ; Schilling ;
Van der Straeten, iv. 412 ; Viotta.
HURON, LE, ope-ra-comique in two acts,
text by Marmontel from Voltaire's " L'iu-
genu," music by Grutry, perfoi-med with
success at the Theatre Italien, Paris, Aug.
20, 1768. This was the first opera by
Gretry given in Paris. — Clement et La-
rousse, 348.
HURTADO (Y DE AVALOS), PIERRE,
church composer of the 17th century, born
300
HUSAEENLIEDER
in Spain, or in the Netherlands of Spanish
parentage. He was educated in the choir
of the royal chapel, Brussels, where he re-
mained ten years ; later he became maitre de
chant at the cathedral of Ghent. Works :
Motet de chojur, for 4 voices and 3 instru-
ments ; do. for 3 voices and do. ; Motet for
3 voices ; do. for 6 voices and 3 instru-
ments ; Te Deum for do. — Van der Strae-
ten, i. 39 ; Fetis, Supplement, ii. 9 ; Viotta.
HUSARENLIEDER (Hussar Songs),
four songs for a baritone voice and piano-
forte, poems by Nicholas Lenau, music by
Schumann, op. 117, composed in 1851, and
dedicated to Heinrich Behr. I. Der Husar,
trara ! was ist die Gefahr ? in B ; H. Der
leidige Frieden hat lange gewiihrt, in G
minor ; HI. Den griinen Zeigeu, den roth-
en Wangen, in E ; IV. Da liegt der Feiu-
de gestreckte Schaar, in C minor. Pub-
lished by Bartholf Senff (Leipsic, 1852) ;
also by Breitkojjf k Hiirtel.
HUS-DESFORGES, PIERRE LOUIS,
born in Toulon, March 14, 1773, died at
Pont-le-Voy, near Blois, Jan. 20, 1838.
Virtuoso on the violoncello, grandson of
the violinist Jarnowick, received his musi-
cal education as a choirboy at the Ca-
thedral of La Rochelle, entered a regiment
of mounted ritlemeu as trumpeter in 1792,
and took part in the first camjjaigns of the
revolution. In 1796, having lost a finger
of his right hand, he entered the orchestra
of the Grand Theatre at Lyons, but re-
mained there only six months, having de-
cided to study at the newly erected Con-
servatoire in Paris, under Janson, the elder.
Towards the end of 1800 he went with a
dramatic company as chef d'orchestre to
St. Petersburg, returned in 1810, and trav-
elled in the provinces of France until 1817,
when he again settled in Paris, and became
first violoncellist in the orchestra of the
Theiitre de la Porte-Saint-Martin. In
1820 he established a school of music at
Metz, but soon resumed his travels and
lived in Paris until 1828, when he was
made chef d'orchestre of the Theatre du
Gymnase dramatique ; resigned in 1829,
and in 1831-32 held a similar position at
the Theatre du Palais-Royal. He finally
became professor at the school of Pout-le-
Voy, near Blois. Works : Symphonie con-
certante for violin and violoncello ; 3 Con-
certos for violoncello and orchestra ; 9
quintets for strings ; Trios for do., op. 15-
17 ; Duos for 2 violoncellos, op. 7, 30, 31,
47 ; Sonatas for violoncello, op. 3 ; Soirees
musicales, themes varies, for do., with vio-
lin and bass ; Method for violoncello. — Fe-
tis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
HUSITSKA, dramatic overture for or-
chestra, by Antonin Dvofak, op. G7, written
for and first performed at the opening of
the new Bohemian theatre in Prague, in
1883. Given by the London Philharmonic
Society, March 20, 1884, Dvorak conduct-
ing. First time in America at Van der
Stucken's Novelty concerts. New York, Oct.
25, 1884. Subject, the wars of the Hussites.
Published by N. Simrock (Berlin, 1884).
— Athenreum (1884), i. 418.
HUSS, GEORGE JOHN, born in Roth,
Bavaria, Sept. 25, 1828, still living, 1889.
Organist, studied the jjianoforte, the organ,
and theory under his father, who was head-
master of the royal parochial school. Roth.
When nine years old he became organist of
the Lutheran church in his native town ;
in 1848 he went to America and began
teaching the pianoforte. He has been or-
ganist in the First Presbyterian Church,
Elizabeth, N. J. ; Third Presbyterian, and
South Park Churches, Newark, N. J. ; and
for nine years in the University Place Pres-
byterian Church, New York. His works in-
clude a number of pieces for the pianoforte,
and several church services.
HUSS, HENRY HOLDEN, born in New-
ark, New Jersey, June 21, 1862, still living,
1889. Pianist, son and pupil of George John
Huss, and in 1879-82 studied counterpoint
and composition under O. B. Boise. In 1882
he went to Europe, and studied, in the Mu-
nich Conservatorium, counterpoint, compo-
sition, instrumentation, and the organ un-
3U1
HUSS
der Josef Rheinberger, pianoforte under !
Josef Giebrl, and conducting under Ludwig
Abel. In 1885 he returned to America and
settled in New York. Works : Forest Idvl,
for orchestra, performed at Munich Conser-
vatorium, 1884 ; Symphonic Rhapsody, for
pianoforte and orchestra, Boston, Nov. 1,
188G, New York, Nov. 15, 1887 ; Ave Maria,
for soli, female chorus, hari), organ, and
string oi-chestra, New York, Ajsril 12, 1888.
His other compositions comprise a string
quartet ; a trio for pianoforte, violin, and
violoncello ; Ballad for chorus and orches-
tra ; Songs, and part-songs.
HUSS, JOHANN, oratorio, text by Dr.
A. Zeune, music by Carl Loewe, first per-
formed by the Singakademie, Berlin, in
18-11, under the direction of the composer.
Given in Quedlinburg under Theodor Forch-
hammer, and in Halle under Zehler in 1884.
Arranged for pianoforte by the composer.
Published by Ed. Bote and G. Bock (Ber-
lin, 1842). — Allgem. mus. Zeitung, vol. 44,
817 ; Schumann, Gesamm. Schr., ii. 298.
HUTOY, EUG£NE, born at Li6ge, July
2, 1844, died there, Feb. 17, 1889. Dramatic
composer, pupU at the Liuge Conservatoire,
■where he became professor of solfcge in
1872. Works : Quiroco et Cristi, comic
opera, given at Liege, Pavilion de Flore,
1872 ; La posada, ou le souper du roi, lb.,
Theatre Royal, 1874. — Futis, Supplement,
ii. 9.
HUTSCHENRUUTER, WILLEM, born
in Rotterdam, Netherlands, Dec. 25, 179G,
died there, Nov. 18, 1878. Instrumental
and vocal composer, pupil of Hummel and
Romberg, studied the violin under Dah-
men, afterwards the horn and trumpet, and
became one of the leading pei-formers on
these instruments in Holland. He entered
the city orchestra, and in 1821 founded the
music corps of the Civic Guard, and in 1822
became Kapelmeester of both corporations.
He founded also the society of the Eruditio
Musica in 1826, became director of the
Euterpe Choral Society, and of the Musis
Sacrum Society, was professor at the School
of Music, and Kapelmeester of St. Dominik's
Church, organized and conducted a church
choir at Schiedam, received the honorary
title of Kapelmeester at Delft, and was a
member of the Accademia di Santa Cecilia in
Rome. Order of the Oaken Crown in 1858.
Works : Le roi de Boheme, opera, given at
Rotterdam ; 4 symphonies for full orchestra ;
2 concert overtures (crowned by the Neth-
erland Music Society) ; Overtures for wind
instruments ; Several collections of songs ;
Masses, cantatas, songs for schools, and
more than 150 compositions for wind in-
struments.— Mendel ; lliemann ; Ft-tis, Sup-
plement, ii. 9 ; Viotta.
HTJTTENBRENNER, ANSEL^NI, born at
Gratz, Styria, Oct. 13, 1794, died at Ober-
Andritz, near Gratz, June 5, 1868. Dra-
matic and church composer, first instructed
by the organist Matthiius Gell, in singing
and on the pianoforte, then pupil in com-
position of Salieri in Vienna, where he was
intimate with Beethoven, who died in his
arms, and Schubert, who was his co-disciple.
From 1816 he appeared successfully in pub-
lic as a pianist but, obliged to assume the
administration of the family estate on his
father's death, he returned to Gratz in 1820,
and did much towards the promotion of
musical life there ; in 1825 he was elected
director of the Musikverein. He wrote also
musical criticisms for various publications.
Works : Die franzOsische Einquartierung,
comic opera (1819), not given ; Ai-mella, oder
die beiden Vicekoniginuen, do., given at
Gratz, 1827 ; Lenore, opera, ib., 1835 and
(enlarged) 1837 ; Oedip auf Kolonos, op-
era ; 9 masses ; 3 Requiems ; 5 symphonies ;
10 overtures ; 3 funeral marches ; 2 quar-
tets for strings ; Quintet for do. ; Sonatas,
24 fugues, and other compositions for pi-
anoforte ; 300 quartets for male voices, and
choruses ; over 200 songs, etc. — Leitner,
Ans. Hiittenbrenner (Gratz, 1868) ; Men-
del ; Wurzbach.
HYE, Mme DE LA See La Hye.
HYLLESTED, AUGUST, born of Dan-
ish parentage in Stockholm, Sweden, Juno
302
HYMBER
17, 1858, still living, 1889. Pianist, son of
Kasmus Madseu Hj'llested, Stadmusicus,
Stockholm, pupil at
the Koyal Conserva-
toire in Copenhagen,
1871-76, on the piano-
forte of Edmund Neu-
2>ert, and in composi-
tion of Niels AV. Gade.
In 1879 he studied in
Berlin under Kullak
and Xaver Scharwen-
ka ; in 1880 at Weimar
under Liszt, and on his return to Berlin
counterpoint under F. Kiel. When ten
years old he gave pianoforte recitals
throughout Scandinavia, and in 1876 he-
came organist of the Nj-kjObing (Denmark)
Cathedral, and conductor of the Musical So-
ciety. In 1879 he -went to German}', and in
1883-8J: made concert tours through Great
Britain. In 1885 he went to New York, and
gave concerts in connection with Ovide Mu-
sin, the violinist ; and has since given piano-
forte recitals in the ijrineijjal eastern cities of
the United States, and in Canada. In 1886 he
became assistant director of the Chicago Mu-
sical College. Works : Marche Triomphale,
for orchestra ; Pieces for the pianoforte,
among them variations, transcrij)tions, etc.
HYMBER, WERNER, born at Juhnitz,
Bohemia, March 4, 1731, died at Kukus,
ib., in 1810. Virtuoso on the violin, pupil
of LoUi, Fismann, and Luoggi, and in Vi-
enna of Seuche in composition. He entered
the order of the Hospitallers in 1755, was
sent to Vienna as choir-master of their
church there, in 1770 became prior of the
monastery at Prossnitz, Moravia, and in
1790 was regens chori at the church of his
order at Kukus, Bohemia. His masses,
offertories, symphonies, concertos, and arias
are preserved in the archives of his order.
— Dlabacz ; Wurzbach.
HYMN TO APOLLO, chorus for male
voices with pianoforte, music by Arthur W.
Thayer, first sung by the Apollo Club, Bos-
ton, April 25, 1888.
HYMN OF PRAISE. See Lobgesang.
HYMNE A LA FRANCE. See Vox
Pojiuli.
HYMNE A VICTOR HUGO, for or-
chestra and chorus ad libitum, by Camille
Saint-SaOns, op. 69, published by Durand &
Schoenewerk (Paris, between 1880 and
1886). Arranged for pianoforte for four
hands by E. Guiraud, and for two piano-
fortes for four hands by the composer.
I AM A SIMPLE MULIItEER. See
iiose of Castile.
ICH BIN DER SCHNEIDER KAIvA-
DU (I am the tailor Cockatoo), theme from
Weuzel Mailer's " Schwestern von Prag "
(Prague, 1794), used by Beethoven as the
motive for trio No. 9, in G, op. 121a, Ada-
gio, Variationen, und Rondo, composed in
1824. Published by Steiner & Co. (Vienna,
1824), by Breitkopf & Hartel, Beethoven
Werke, Serie XI., No. 9. — Leuz, Beethoven,
vol. ii.. Part iv., 139.
ICH BIN'S, ICH SOLLTE BUSSEN
('Tis I ! my sins betray Thee), choral in A-
flat major for Cori I. and H., with accom-
paniment of 2 oboes, strings complete, or-
gan and continuo, in Johann Sebastian
Bach's Passion nach Matthiius, No. 16. The
melody is "Nun ruhen alle Wiilder," by
Heinrich Isaac (ab(5ut 1490).
ICH DANKE DIR, HERR, bass aria of
Paulus, with chorus, in A minor, in Men-
delssohn's Faiihts, No. 20.
ICH DENKE DEIN, original theme with
sis variations in D, for the pianoforte, for
four hands, by Beethoven, on the song,
"Ich denke dein," composed in 1800. Pub-
lished without opus number in 1805. Breit-
kopf & Hilrtel, Beethoven's AVerke, Serie 15,
No. 4. Ich denke dein. Song with piano-
forte accompaniment, words by Matthisou,
music by Beethoven, appeared as Andeuken,
von Matthison. Published by Breitkopf &
H-irtel (Leipsic, 1810). Breitkopf & Hartel,
Beethoven Werke, Serie 23, No. 35. —
Thayer, Verzeichuiss, 38, 81.
ICIi HAB
ICH HAB' EIN KLEINES HtJTTCHEN
NUR, theme with eight variations iu B-flat,
for pianoforte, by Beethoven. Pubhshed
first by Dunst, iu Frankfort, and also by
Breitkopf k Hiirtel, Beethoven Werke, Serie
17, No. 182.
ICHHATTE MEL BEKTODIEENISS
(Deep witliin my heart was sorrowing) can-
tata per ogni tempo, by Johann Sebastian
Bacbj in two parts, for soli and chorus,
with accompaniment of thi'ee trumpets,
drums, oboe, bassoon, strings complete,
organ, and coutinuo, to which are added 4
trombones iu the figured choral, " Was hel-
feu uus die schweren Sorgen " (No. 7), and
3 trumpets, and drums, iu the final chorus
(No. 9). Bachgesellschaft, No. 21. Pub-
lished in full and pianoforte score, with ad-
ditional accompaniments by Eobert Franz
(Leipsic, Leuckart) ; and with organ accom-
paniment by Liszt (ib., Sehuberth). — Spitta,
Bach, i. 525 ; Upton, Standai-d Cantati^s, 31 ;
AthenEcum (1875), i. 463.
ICH LLEBTE GLUHEND. See nienzl.
ICH SEHE SCHON IN GEIST, alto aria
in A minor, with accompaniment of 2 oboes,
and coutinuo, in Johann Sebastian Bach's
cantata, " Golt fiihret auf mit Jauchzen,"
Part II.
ICH WILL BEI MEINEM JESUM
WACHEN (I'll watch with my dear- Jesu
alway), aria in C minor, i^receded by the
recitative, O Schmerz ! (O grief!), for the
tenor of Coro I., with accompaniment of
oboe solo, organ, and contiuuo, and the
chorus of Coro II., Avith accompaniment of
2 flutes, strings complete, organ, and cou-
tinuo, in Johann Sebastian Bach's Passion
nach Matthiius, No. 26.
ICH WILL DHt aiEm HERZE
SCHENKEN (Never will my heart refuse
Thee), aria in G mpjor for the soprano of
Coro I., with accompaniment of 2 oboes,
organ, and continuo, in Johann Sebastian
Bach's Passion nach Matthiius, No. 19.
ICH WILL HIER BEI DIE STEHEN
(I will stay here beside Thee), choral in E-
flat major, for Cori I. and H., with accom-
paniment of 2 oboes, strings complete, or-
gan, and continuo, in Johann Sebastian
Bach's Passion nach Matthiius, No. 23. The
melody is, " 0 Haupt voU Blut und Wun-
den."
ICH WILL NUN HASSEN, bass aria in
B minor, with accompaniment of oboe
d' amore, violin solo, strings complete, or-
gan, and continuo, in Johann Sebastian
Bach's cantata, " Freue dich erluste Schaar."
ICH WILL NUR DIR ZU EHIffiN LE-
BEN, tenor aria in D minor, with accom-
paniment of 2 violins, organ, and continuo,
in Johann Sebastian Bach's cantata Festo
Circumcisionis Christi, " Fallt mit Danken,
fallt mit Loben " (Part IV. of the Weinachts-
Oratorium). Published separately, with ad-
ditional accompaniments by Robert Franz
(Leipsic, Whistling).
IDEALE, DIE, Symphonic poem for or-
chestra, by Liszt, op. 4, No. 12, on Schiller's
poem of the same title, first performed in
Weimar, at the inauguration of the Goethe-
Schiller monument, by Rietschel, Septem-
ber, 1857. Performed in Prague in 1858,
Breslau, and Berlin, in 1859. Published, in
score, and for two pianofortes, four hands,
by Breitkopf & Hiirtel (Leipsic, 1858).
IDOLO CINESE, L' (The Chinese Idol),
Italian opera buffa in two acts, text by Lo-
renzi, music by Giovanni Paisiello, repre-
sented in Naples in 1769, in Paris in 1779,
for which Piccinni is said to have revised
the score. Operas of the same title were
also written by Schuster, in Dresden, 1774 ;
by Jacques Rust, in Barcelona, 1774 ; by
Generali, Naples, 1807 ; and by Tacchinar-
di, Felici, Gialdini, and Ettore de Champs,
at the Teatro deUe Loggie, Florence, April,
1874.
mOlMENEO, Rfe DI CRETA, ossia Ilia
e Adamaute, Italian opera in three acts with
ballet, text by the Abbate Varesco, music by
Mozart, first represented in Munich, Jan. 29,
1781. It was written iu Salzburg, in 1780,
by commission of the Prince of Bavaria, for
the carnival of 1781 at Munich. The li-
bretto is taken from a French ojsera, text by
304
I DREAMT
Dancliet, music by Campra, performed in
Paris iu 1712. Subject : Idomeneo, king of
Crete, returning from the conquest of Troy,
appeases Neptune during a storm at sea by
a vow to sacrifice the first thing he meets
on his safe arrival in Crete. This happens
to be his son, Idamante, and to evade ful-
fihuent of this vow he is sent into exile.
As Idamante embarks a storm devastates
Crete, and the people demand the sacrifice ;
but Idamante is saved at the altar by Ilia,
daughter of Priam, who offers to become
the victim. Neptune commands Idomeneo
to resign the throne, and Idamante to reign
in his stead. Original caste :
Idomeneo Anton Eaaflf.
Ilia DalPrato.
Elettra Dorothea "Wendliug.
Arbace Elizabeth Wendliug.
Grau sacerdote di Nettuno Vallesi.
The autograph score is iu the possession
of Andre, Offenbach-am-Main. Full score
(Italian) jjublished by Simrock (Bonn).
Twice arranged : by Treitschke (Vieuna,
1806), and by Lichtenthal (Milan, 1843).
Published by Breitkopf & Hi'irtel, Mozart
Werke, Serie 5, No. 13 (Idomeneo). Per-
formed at the Hofopernhaus, Vienna, Oct.
25, 1879, Frau Ehnn, Frau Materna, Herr
Miiller, and Labatt appearing iu the princi-
pal characters. Represented iu Leipsic,
Dec. 23, 1880. Ballet Music in five num-
bers by Mozart for this opera : I. Chaconne ;
n. Pas de seul ; HI. Passepied ; IV. Ga-
votte ; V. Passacaille. First performed with
the ojiera in 1781. The music was plaj'ed
first in New York by the Symjshouy So-
ciety, Nov. 5, 1887. Breitko"pf & Hilrtel,
Mozart's Werke, Serie 5, No. 14 (Jahu, Mo-
zart, ii. 482 ; Kiichel, Verzeichniss, 3G7).
Same title oj)eras by Gazzaniga, Padua,
1790 ; Paer, Florence, 1794 ; Federici,
Milan, 1806; and Fariuelli, Venice, 1812.
— Clement et Larousse, 351 ; Gehring, Mo-
zart, 86 ; Nisseu, Mozart, i. 416 ; Nohl,
Mozart's Briefe, 231 ; Hogarth, ii. 228 ;
Jahn, Mozart, ii. 420, 455, 487, 5G7 ;
KOchel, Verzeichniss, 36G ; Signale (1879),
813.
I DREAMT I DWELT IN MARBLE
HALLS. See Bohemian Girl.
IFIGENIA IN AXJLIDE (Iphigenia in
Aulis), opera in three acts, text by Moretti,
music by Cherubiui, first represented at
Turin iu 1787, and at Milan, Aug. 9, 1788.
This was Cherubiui's eleventh opera. The
air, A voi torno, sponde amate, was pub-
lished with full score (London, 1789).
Same title Italian operas, music by Coletti,
Venice, 1706 ; Scarlatti, Rome, 1713 ; Por-
pora, text by Paolo Rolli, London, 1735 ;
K. H. Graun, text by Villati, Berlin, Jan.
23, 1749 ; Jommelli, text by Verazi, Rome,
1751 ; Traetta, text by Coltellini, Vienna,
1759 ; Francesco de Majo, text by Verazi,
Naiiles, 1762 ; Pleyel, Naples, 1780 ; Zinga-
relli, text by Moretti, Milan, 1787 ; Simon
Mayr, text by Romanelli, Parma, 1806 ;
Federici, ib., Milan, 1809. The following
were set to Zeno's libretto : Caldara, Vienna,
1718 ; Orlandiui, Venice, 1719 ; Porta, Mu-
nich, 1738 ; Geronimo Abos, Naples, 1745 ;
Salari, Naples, 1776 ; Sarti, Venice, 1777 ;
Martin y Solar, Florence, 1781 ; Prati, Flor-
ence, 1784 ; Giordani, Rome, 1786 ; Bertoni,
Trieste, 1790 ; Loi-enzo Rossi, Genoa, 1798 ;
Trento, Naples, Nov. 4, 1804.
IF GOD BE FOR US, soprano aria iu G
minor, with accomjjaniment of violins in
unison, and continuo, in Handel's The J\[es-
siah, Part IH. (No. 50). This aria is much
garbled iu Mozart's score, notable changes
being made iu all the original parts, even
in the continuo, and many violin passages
being transferred to a solo bassoon.
IF WITH ALL YOUR HEARTS. See
So ihr mich vou ganzeni Herzen.
IGNANDIUS, Pater ANGELUS, born at
Altamura, Calabria, in 1500, died in Venice
in 1543. Dominican monk, maestro di cap-
pella many years iu Venice, where his mad-
rigals, masses, motets, psalms, and other
church music were published — Fetis ; Ger-
ber.
I HEAR IT AGAIN. See Marilana.
8U5
I KNOW
I KNOW THAT MY EEDEEMER LIV-
ETH, soprano aria in E major, with accom-
paniment of violins in unison, and continuo,
in Handel's The Mes><iah, Part UI. (No. 43).
IL BALEN DEL SUO. See Tromtore.
IL EN EST TEMPS ENCORE. See
Frophftc.
TL ETAIT UN ROI DE THJJht. See
Faud, Gounod.
IL FAUT CfiDER A MES LOIS. See
Zampa.
iLE ENCHANTfiE, L' (The Enchanted
Isle), ballet music for orchestra, by Arthur
Sullivan, performed at Covent Garden, Lou-
don, May IG, 18(51.
ILL\ E ADAJIANTE. See Idomeneo,
re di Creta.
nJEFE, FREDERICK, born at Smeeton,
near Leicester, Eng-
land, in 1847, still liv-
ing, 1889. Organist of
St. Wilfrid's, Kibworth,
1872, of St. Barnabas,
Oxford, 1879, and of
St. John's College, ib.,
1883. Mus. Bac, Ox-
ford, 1873 ; Mus. Doc,
ib., 1879. Works : The
Visions of St. John the Divine, oratorio, Ox-
ford, 1879 ; Evening Service in D, for men's
voices ; Anglican Chant Settings for all the
Canticles ; 3 Services for Te Deuni in An-
glican chant form ; G Settings of the Kyrie
Eleisou ; Anthems ; Overture in E, for or-
chestra ; Minuet, trio, and finale, for do. ;
Organ and jjianoforte music ; Quintets,
quartets, terzets, etc., for voices.
ILINSKI, Count JAN STANISBAW,
born at Castle Romanov, Poland, in 1795,
died ('?). Clnu'ch composer, pujiil of Salieri,
Kauer, and Beethoven in Vienna, where he
brought out a mass in 1826. After having
served in the imperial guard at St. Peters-
burg and in diplomacy, he became in 1853
privy councillor, senator, and chamberlain
to the Czar, and member of the university
of luev. Works : 3 masses ; 2 Requiems ;
Te Deum ; Stabat Mater ; De profundis ;
Miserere, all witli full orchestra ; Symphony ;
Overtures to all of Schiller's dramas ; Over-
ture and entr'actes to Howald's Leucht-
thurm ; Grand march for 2 orchestras and
chorus ; 2 concertos for pianoforte, with or-
chestra ; 8 quartets for strings ; Rondo for
violin and orchestra ; Pianoforte music, and
French romances. — Fotis ; Sowinski.
IL mo TESORO INTANTO. See Don
Giovanni.
IL PIU LIETO. See PoUuto.
IL SEGRETO PER ESSER FELICL
See Lucrezia Borgia.
IL SUON DEL ARPA. See roliuto.
IL VA VENHl. See La Juice.
IL VOSTRO MAGGIO, soprano aria of
Sirene, in E minor, with accompaniment of
strings complete, in Handel's liadamisto.
Act n.. Scene 3. Published separately,
edited by Robert Franz (Leipsic, Kistner).
niBERT (Ymbert), TH . ., French
composer, contemporary. His Les deux
cadis, opura-bouffe in one act, text by Fur-
pille and Philippe Gille, was given success-
fully at the Theatre Lj-rique, Paris, March
8, 18G1. Since then he has wi-itten very
little, excepting a short oratorio entitled
Bethli'em, and some romances and chansons.
— Fctis, Supph'meut, ii. 11 ; Viotta, ii. 154.
IMBIMBO, EilANUELE, born in Naples
about 17G5, died (?). Pupil of Sigismundo,
at the Conservatorio di San Ouofrio, Naples,
where he aftenvards taught singing and
harmony ; settled in Paris in 1808. Works :
Lo Spettro, dramatic scene ; Motets ; G Ital-
ian ariettas ; also published Partimenti ou
basses chiffrces de Fenaroli, and Observa-
tions sur I'enseignement mutuel applique a
la musique (Paris, 1821). — Fctis.
DIENEO (Hymen), Italian opera in two
acts, librettist unknown, music by Handel,
first represented at Lincoln's Inn Fields
Theatre, London, Nov. 22, 1740. The au-
tograph IMS., preserved in Hamburg, is
dated at the end, Oct. 10, 1740. It was
performed but once again in London, Dec.
13, 1740, and twice in Dublin, March 24
and 31, 1742, as a serenata with concertos
3U6
IM FRilllLING
on the organ and other instruments. The
favourite songs in Imeneo were j)ublished
by Walsh (London, 17-41). — Chrysander,
Handel, ii. 451 ; Kockstro, 213 ; Schcelcher,
233 ; Buruey, iv. 432.
ni FRUHLING (Spring), overture for
orchestra in G, by Georg Vierling, op. 24,
dedicated to Ludwig Forek ; published by
Leuckart (Breslau, between 1860 and 1867).
IM HOCHLANDE (In the Highlands),
Scottish overture for orchestra, in D, by
Niels W. Gade, op. 7, first performed in
Berlin in June, 1846. Given by the Phil-
harmonic Society, New York, in the season
of 1852-53. Published by Kistner (Leip-
sic, 1848). Ai-ranged for the pianoforte by
Franz Hermann (Leipsic, 1868).
IM NOT THE QUEEN, HA, HA ! See
Eoi^e of Castile.
IMMER 1ST UNDANK LOGE'S LOHN.
See RheincjoJd.
IMPERIALE, L' (The Emperor's cantata),
for two choruses and grand orchestra, text
by Lafont, music by Hector Berlioz, op. 2G,
dedicated to Napoleon III., and first per-
formed at the Palais de llndustrie, Champs
lilysces, Paris, Nov. 15, 1855, Berlioz con-
ducting. Published by Brandus et Cie.
(Paris, 1856).— Jullien, Berlioz (1888), 238.
IMPRESARIO, L'. See Schauspieldi-
relior.
lilPRESARIO IN ANGUSTIE, L' (The
Embarrassed Impresario), Italian opera
buffa, by Cimarosa, represented at the Te-
atro Nuovo, Naples, 1706 ; in Paris, March
12, 1802. Others of the same title by Pai-
siello, Florence, 1788 ; Gazzaniga, Ferrara,
1789 ; and Luigi Ricci, Naples, 1828.
IMPROIMPTU DE CAMPAGNE, L', ope-
ra-comique, in one act and in verse, text by
Delrieu, music by Nicolo Isouard, repre-
sented at the Theatre Favart, Paris, June
30,1800. An Italian version, L' improvvisata
in campagna, music by Isouard, had pre-
viously been given in Malta, 1797. — Cle-
ment et Larousse, 356.
IMPROPERIA (The Reproaches), a series
of Antiphons and Responses, part of the
Good Friday ceremony of the Roman
Catholic Church, text in Greek and Latin,
originally smig, a cappella, to Plain Chaunt
melodies, but adapted by Palestrina to
simple faux-bourdons in 1560. First pub-
lished by Dr. Buruey in " La Musica della
Settimaua Santa " (London, 1771 ; reprint-
ed in Alexandre £tienne Choron's "Manuel
complet de musique vocale et instrumentale,
ou Eucyclopedie musicale," 6 vols., Paris,
1836-38), and in Vincent Novello's " Music
of Holy Week " (London, 1840). Published
also among Alfieri's Escerpta (Rome, 1840),
and in Dr. Karl Proske's " Musica Di-
vina " (vol. iv., Ratisbon, 1862), copied from
Palestrina's MS. in the Vatican Library.
— Grove.
r\I SOMMER (In Summer), symphony
in E minor, for orchestra, by Joachim
Raff, op. 208, first performed in Fraiddort
in 1879 ; Crystal Palace, London, Oct. 9,
1880. It is the composer's ninth sym-
phony. I. Ein heisser Tag, Allegro ; H.
Die Jagd der Elfen, Allegro, Versammlung
der Elfen, Oberou, Titania, die Jagd, Riick-
kehr der Elfen mit Oberon und Titania ;
HI. Ekloge, Larghetto, zum Erntekranz,
Allegro. Publishetl by Siegel (Leipsic,
1881).
IM Wx\LDE (In the Woods), symphony
in F, for orchestra, by Joachim Raff, op.
153, first performed in Weimar in 1869 ;
in New York, by the Philharmonic Society,
in the season of 1871-72 ; in London, at
Crystal Palace, in April, 1875. The com-
poser's thu'd sj'inijhouy, and one of his best
works. I. Allegro : Am Tage, Eindriicke
und Empfindungen (Day-time, Impressions
and Sensations) ; H. Largo : In der Dilm-
merung, Trilumerei, Tanz der Dryaden
(Twilight, Revery, Dance of the Wood
Nymphs) ; IH. Allegro : Nacht, Stilles
Weben der Nacht im Walde, Einzug und
Auszug der wildeu Jagd mit Frau Holle und
Wotan, Anbruch des Tages (Night, Mur-
mur of Night in the Forest, Arrival and De-
parture of the wild Hunt with Dame Holle
and Wotan, Daybreak). Published by Ivist-
,307
INCORONAZIONE
uer (Leipsic, 187G). — Upton, Standard Sym-
phonies, 206 ; Athenffium (1875), i. 530.
INCORONAZIONE DI POPPEA, L'
(The Coronation of Poppea), Italian opera,
by Monteverde, lirst represented at the
Teatro SS. Giovanni e Paolo, Venice, in
1642. This was Monteverde's last great
work.
IN DEN ALPEN (In the Alps), symphony
in B-flat for orchestra, by Joachim Raff, op.
201, first jserformed in Leipsic in 1876. It
is the composer's seventh symphony. I.
Andante, Wandening im Hochgebirge ; 11.
Andante quasi AUegi'o, In der Herberge ; III.
Larghetto, Am See ; IV. Allegro, Beim
Schwingfest : Abschied. Published by Seitz
(Leipsic), and Ries (Dresden, 1877).
INDES GALANTES, LES, opera-baUet
in three acts, with prologue, text by Fuze-
lier, music by Ranieau, first represented at
the Academie Roj-ale de Musique, Paris,
Aug. 23, 1735. I. Le Turc genereux ; II.
Les Incas du Perou ; III. Les fleurs. A
fourth act, Les sauvages, was added in
1736.— Lajarte, i. 175.
IN DES LEBENS FRtJHLINGSTAGEN.
See Fide.Uo.
INDIANA, comic ojiera, text by Henry
Brougham Faniie, music by Edmond Au-
dran, first represented at the Comedy
Theatre, Manchester, England, Oct. 4, 1886*,
with much success. It was given in New
York, Star Theatre, Jan. 17, 1887, and ran
three weeks.
IN DIESEN HEIL'GEN HALLEN. See
TiauherflOte.
INDIGO, operetta in three acts, by Jo-
hann Strauss, first represented in Vienna,
Feb. 10, 1871, revised and produced as
Reine Indigo, Paris, 1875. Subject, the
story of Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves.
— Mus. Wochenblatt (1871), 132.
INDY, SAINT-ANGE WILFRID D', born
at Valence (Drome), France, Dec. 14, 1821,
still living, 1889. Dramatic composer, pu-
pil, in Paris, of Koutski on the pianoforte,
of Banderali in singing, and at the Conser-
vatoire, nominally of Carafa, but actually
of Alexis Roger, in composition. Works :
Les deux princesses, opera-comique, given
at the Conservatoire, 1850 ; Le feu sous la
neige, do.. Louvre, 1860 ; Maitre Claude ;
Mt'prise et surprise, Dans le brouillard,
parlor operas, given at the Conservatoire ;
Charlotte Corday, dramatic scene ; Quartet
for strings ; Trio for pianoforte and strings ;
Duos for pianoforte and violin ; Pianoforte
pieces, and songs. — Futis, Supplement, ii.
12.
INDY, VINCENT D', instrumental com-
posei", contemporary, nephew of the pre-
ceding. Works : Les Piocolomini, over-
ture, Concerts populaires, 1874 ; Antoine et
Cleopatre, do., ib., 1877 ; Symphonic che-
valeresque, Societo Natiouale, 1876 ; La
Chevauchce du Cid, song with chorus, ib.,
1877 ; W^allenstein trilogy, 1888.— Fctis,
Supplement, ii. 12.
INFELICE, concert aria for soprano and
orchestra, in B-flat, by Mendelssohn, op. 94,
written for the Philharmonic Society of
London, and first sung at its concert on
May 19, 1834, by Mme. Caradori-Allan.
The first version with violin obligato is
dated April 3, 1834, the second, Leipsic,
Jan. 15, 1843. I. Allegro, Recitative, In-
felice ! Gia dal mio sguardo. II. Aria, An-
dante, Ah, ritorua, eta felice. Published
posthumously by Breitkofif & Hiirtel (Leip-
sic, between 1860 and 1867). Arranged for
pianoforte solo by H. M. Schletterer. Pub-
lished by Breitkopf & Hartel, Mendelssohn
Werke, Serie 15, No. 124, revised by Julius
Rietz.
INFELICE ! E TU CREDEVI. See Er-
nani.
INFERNAL SPIRITS, tenor aria of the
Witch of Eudor, in F minor, with accom-
paniment of 2 oboes, bassoons, violins in
unison, and violas and basses all' ottava, in
Handel's Saul, Act IH., Scene 2.
IN FERNEM LAND. See Lohengrin.
INGEGNERI (Ingigneri, Ingenierius,
Ingignerius), MARCO ANTONIO, born at
Pordenone, Venetia, about 1545, died (?).
Church composer, maestro di cajipella of the
308
INGRANDE
cathedral at Cremona as early as 157G ; af-
terwards entered the service of the Duke of
Mantua in the same capacity. He was the
master of Monteverde. Works : Masses for
5 and 8 voices, 1st book (Venice, 1573) ; do.,
2d book (ib., 1587) ; Sacrte cautiones, for 5
voices (ib., 157G) ; do., for 7-16 voices (ib.,
1589) ; Respousoria Hebdomadje Sanctse
(ib., 1581) ; 4 books of Madrigals for i and
5 voices (ib., 1578-80, 1584).— Fe-tis ; Men-
del ; Schilling.
INGRANDE, EDMOND D', born in
Paris, March 19, 1825, still living, 1889.
Organist, pupil of Wilhem, of Taskin, and
of Zimmerman, then for a short time, at the
Conservatoire (1848), pupil in composition
of Adolphe Adam. Became j^rofessor of
singing in the public schools of Paris. Was
organist successively of the churches of Sain t-
Ambroise, and Notre Dame des Blancs Man-
teaux, and maitre de chapelle at Saint-Leu.
Works : Jeanne d'Arc, grand cantata for
soprano and chorus, with pianoforte and
strings (prize by the Socio to libre des Beaux-
Arts) ; 2 masses for 3 male voices and organ ;
many choruses, several of which were
awarded prizes. — Fotis, Sui^plement, ii. 12 ;
Viotta.
IN H.\PPY MO^tlENTS. See Marltana.
IN HOLDER ANMUTH, terzetto for so-
prano, tenor, and bass (Gabriel, Uriel, Ra-
phael), in A major, in Haydn's Die Schvp-
fung. No. 18.
IN MEM0RLA:\I, overture for orchestra
and organ, by Arthur S. Sullivan, written in
186G on the death of his father, and first
performed at the Norwich Festival, Sej^t.
20, of that year. The score is still in MS.
— Athenfeum (18GC), i. 57G.
IN NATIVE W^ORTH. See Mil Wiird'
und Hoheit.
IN QUEGLI ANNI. See Kozze di Figaro.
IN QUESTA TOMBA OSCURA (In this
dark Tomb), song for alto voice with pi-
anoforte, text by Carpaui, music by Beet-
hoven, written from a sketch between 1796
and 1800, making one of 63 compositions
on the same words by various musicians, in-
cluding Salieri, Cherubini, Czerny, Zinga-
relli, Weigl, Sterkel, Asioli, Tomaschek,
Righini, Paer, Eberl, Friedrich Dionysius
Weber, and Emanuel Aloys FOrster. Beet-
hoven's, which was the last song in the vol-
ume, entitled In questa tomba oscura, and
published by T. Mollo (Vienna, 1808), is
the only one that survives. The Allgemei-
ne musikalische Zeitung for Oct. 19, 1808,
announces the publication, and prints the
settings of Salieri and Sterkel, and in Jan-
uary, 1810, mentions two more by Reichardt.
Beethoven's song is dedicated to S. A. N.
Sig. PrinciiDe Giuseppe di Lobkowitz. The
MS. is owned by Artaria & Co. (Vienna).
Breitkojif & Hi'trtel, Beethoven Werke,
Serie 23, No. 39. The words of Shake-
sjseare's epitaph, "Good Friend, for Jesus'
sake forbear," are sometimes sung to this
air. — Thayer, Verzeichniss, 74.
INSANGUINE, GIAC0:M0, born at Mo-
noijoli, Naples, in 1744, died at Naj)les in
1795. Dramatic composer, often called by
the name of his birthplace ; pupil of Carlo
Cotumacci at the Conservatorio di San Ono-
frio, Naples, where he afterwards became a
teacher. He composed about twenty operas,
of which the most successful were : Didone,
1771 ; Adriano in Siria, Ai'ianna e Teseo,
Medonte, 1779 ; L' osteria di Marechiaro,
L' astuzia per amore, Tito nelle Gallie, and
Calipso, 1782. His best church work was
the LXXI. psalm, for 3 voices and orches-
tra. Besides, he left masses, psalms, and
hymns, 3 cantatas for 3 voices with basso
continue, a Passion for Good Friday, a Te
Deum with orchestra, etc. — Fetis.
IN SWEETEST HARMONY, soprano
aria of David, in E major (ending in G
minor), with accompaniment of strings com-
plete, in Handel's Saul, Act HI., Scene 5.
It is the sixth movement of the Elegy on
the death of Saul and Jonathan.
INTERMEZZI, six pieces for the piano-
forte by Schumann, op. 4, written in 1832,
and dedicated to Kalliwoda. They consist
of a main theme and an alternativo. The
composer gave no clue to their meaning ;
309
IN THE MOUNTAINS
but, from the words, "Meiue Ruh' ist
biu," appended to No. 11., it is supposed
that the entire number is intended to por-
tray Goethe's Margarete. I. Allegro quasi
maestoso, in A ; IL Presto a capriccio, in
E minor ; III. Allegro marcato, in A minor ;
rV. Allegretto semplice, in C ; V. Allegro
moderate, in A minor ; VI. Allegro, in B
minor. Published in two parts by Fried-
rich Hofmeister (Leipsic, 1833), and by
Breitkopf & Hiirtel.
IN THE MOUNTAINS, overture for or-
chestra, by Arthur Footc, op. 14:, first per-
formed by the Boston S^'mphony Orchestra,
Feb. 5, 1887. The score is in MS.
IN THE MOUNTAINS, symphony in F,
by G. Templeton Strong, first performed at
Chickering Hall, New York, Nov. 21, 1887.
I. In the afternoon ; 11. Adagio, In the
Gloaming ; IH. Allegro, At Midnight, the
Wild Hunt ; IV. Allegro molto. In the
Morn.
INTRIGUE AUX FEN^TRES, L' (The
Intrigue at the Window), French opt'ra-
bouffon, text by Bouillj- and Diipaty, music
by Nicolo Isouard, represented at the Opera
Comique, Paris, Feb. '21, 1805. — Allgem.
mus. Zeitung (7), 422.
INVENTIONEN, a term used by Johann
Sebastian Bach for short isianoforte pieces,
15 in two parts, and 15 in three parts, each
developing a musical idea. These form the
second stage of a course of instruction for
his son, and were written in 1720. The
title was chosen to express musical inven-
tion as well as development of technical
execution. Published by the Bach-Gesell-
schaft in Bach's Clavier Werke, vol. i., 853
(Leipsic, 1853). In this, as in some other
editions, those for three parts are called
Sinfouien. — Spitta, Bach, i. (iOo.
INVITATION A LA VALSE. See
Aufforderung zum Tanz.
INZENGA, JOSE, Spanish pianist, and
dramatic composer, contemporary. He has
been professor of singing at the Madrid
Conservatorio since 1860, and has brought
out in that city several successful zarzuelas.
some of which were written in collaboration
with other composers. He is author of a
manual on accompaniment with the piano-
forte, in use at the Conservatorio, and has
published a valuable collection of national
and popular Spanish airs and music, in-
cluding the Sevillauas, Jota Aragonese, the
Guarachade Cuba, etc. — Fetis, Supjsli'ment,
ii. 13 ; Mendel, Ergilnz., 173 ; Viotta.
lOLANTHE, or the Peer and the Peri,
fairy ojiera in two acts, text by William S.
Gilbert, music by Arthur S. Sullivan, first
represented at the Savoy Theatre, London,
Nov. 25, 1882. London cast : lolanthe,
Jessie Bond ; Queen of the Fairies, Alice
Barnett ; Phyllis, Leonora Braham ; Lord
Chancellor, George Grossmith ; Strephon,
Richard Temple ; Earl of Mountararat, Rut-
land Barrington ; Earl of Tololler, Dur-
ward Lely ; Private Willis, of the Grenadier
Guards, Charles Manners. Published by
Chappell & Co. (London, 1882).— Athe-
nauim (1882), ii. 743 ; Loudon Times, Nov.
j 27, 1882.
' 10 SPER.\I TROVAR RIPOSO, con-
j tralto aria of Ottone, in E major, with ac-
I companiment of violins in unison, and con-
[ tinuo, in Handel's Ottone, Act I., Scene 5.
Published separately, with additional ac-
companiments by Robert Franz (Leipsic,
Kistner).
10 T' ABBRACCIO, duet for soprano
and contralto (Rodelinda and Bortarido),
in F-sharp minor, with accompaniment of 2
violins, and continuo, in Handel's Rode-
linda, Act n.. Scene 7. Published sepa-
rately, with additional accompaniments by
Robert Franz (Leipsic, Kistner).
IPER:\IESTRA (Hypermnestra), Italian
opera iu three acts, text by Metastasio,
music by Feo, first represented in Rome
in 1825. Scene in Argos. Characters rep-
resented : Danao, King of Argos ; Ipermes-
tra, his daughter, loved of Linceo ; Linceo,
son of Egitto, lover of Ipennestra ; El-
pinice, niece of Danao, loved of Plistene ;
Plistene, Prince of Tessaglia and friend to
Linceo ; and Adrasto, confidant of Danao.
310
IPHIGfiKIE
Ijiermestra, the j'oungest of the Danakles,
is the heroine. Her father, warned by the
oracle that his tlu'one and life are in per-
il from a son of Egitto, commands his
daughter to slay Linceo, to whom she is
betrothed, on the night of her marriage.
She does not obey, and through her dis-
cretion and nobility her father and hus-
baud are both rendered happj-. The scene
between Ipermestra, Dauao, and Linceo in
the second act is the strongest number.
Same text, Italian operas, music by Gluck,
Venice, 1742 ; Johann Adolph Hasse,
SchOubruuu and Vienna, 1744, Dresden,
1751 ; Duni, Dresden, 1745 ; Cafaro, Na-
ples, 1751 ; Jommelli, Spoleto, 1752 ; Perez,
Lisbon, 1754 ; Sarti, Eome, 17GG ; Mysli-
weczek, Rome, 17G0 ; Majo, Naples, 1770 ;
Naumann, Venice, 1774 ; Martin y Solar,
Eome, 1784; Eispoli, Milan, 1786; Merca-
dante, Naples, 1825 ; Saldoni, Madrid, 1838 ;
and Carnicier, Saragossa, 1843. Same title,
text by Salvi, music by Giacomelli, Parma,
1704, Venice, 1724 ; Baldassare Galujjpi,
text by his son, Munich, 1751, and Venice,
17(51.
IPHIGENIE EN AULIDE (Iphigenia in
Aulis), tragedie lyrique in three acts, text by
the Bailly du Eollet, after Eaeine, music by
Gluck, first represented at the O^iera, Paris,
April 29, 1774. One of Ghick's master-
l^ieces, written in 1772, first rehearsed in
Vienna, and performed iu Paris through
the influence of Marie Antoinette. It was
conducted bj' Gluck in person, and was re-
ceived with great enthusiasm. During the
scene between Achilles and the chorus,
" Chantous, celobrons notre reine," the
audience rose and saluted Marie Antoi-
nette. This work gave a final blow to the
. operas of Lulli and Eameau, and marks the
beginning of the modern opera. Its star-
tling innovations, and new combinations
of tone-color, occasioned many discussions.
The principal numbers are : The overture,
which is frequentlj' performed ; the chorus
of the Hellenes demanding Iphigt'nie's sac-
rifice ; her aria, "Par un pere cruel a la
mort condamnee ; " Agamemnon's air, " Bril-
lant auteur de la lumiure;" the chorus,
" Que d'attraits, que de majesto ! " and
Calchas's air, "Au faite des grandeurs."
Original cast :
Iphigenie Mile Sophie Arnould.
Clytemnestre Mile Duplant.
Achille M. Legros.
Agamenmou M. Larrivee.
Calchas M. Geliu.
Patrocle M. Durand.
In December, 1824, the opera reached its
428th representation. It was revived iu
Sophie Arnould.
Vienna in October, 1867, having been first
jjerformed there, Dec. 14, 1808 ; revived
in Berlin in 1888. Published by Deslau-
riers (Paris, 1774). This opera was rescored
by Wagner. Pianoforte arrangement by-
Hans von Billow, "Nach der Beai-beitunc
von Eichard Wagner" (1859). — Lajarte, i.
275 ; Marx, Gluck und die Oper, ii. 37-
133 ; Eeissmann, Gluck, 13G ; Hanslick,
Moderne Oper, 6 ; Eitter, Eeform der Oper
durch Gluck, 262 ; Schmid, Gluck, 172 ; Des-
noiresterres, Gluck et Piccinni, 97 ; Wag-
ner, Gesammelte Schriften, v. 143 ; Clement
et Larousse, 363 ; Naumann (Ouseley), 834,
840 ; Grove, i. 602 ; ii. 18.
iphigEnie
IPHIGfiNIE EN TAURIDE (Ipbigeuia
in Tauris), tragudie lyrique in four acts, text
hj Guillarcl after Euripides, music by Gluck,
first represented at the Academie Royale
de Musique, Paris, May 18, 1779. This
work is tlie most complete expression of
Gluck's genius. The recitatives are dra-
matic, the arias melodious, and the over-
ture, which is frequently played, of rich
colour. The chief numbers are : Thoas's
air, " De noirs pressentiments mon ame in-
tiraidce ; " Pylade's air, " Unis dos la plus
teudre enfance ; " the chorus of Priestesses,
Rosalie Levasseur.
" Chaste fille de Latone ; " Oreste's air,
"Le calme reutre dans mon cteur ; " the
chorus of Scythians, " II nous fallait du
sang ; " the duo of Oreste and Pylade ; and
Tphigi'iiie's arias, " O nialheureuse Iphi-
gouie," and, " Je fimjilore et je tremble."
Original cast :
Iphigenie Mile Rosalie Levasseur.
Oreste M. Larrivee.
Pylade M. Legros.
Thoas M. Moreau.
During the Revolution this opera was given
on the 18th VendLmiaire (Oct. 9, 1792), and
June 6, 179G. Mile Leroux and Adolphe
Nourrit made their dubut in the characters
of Ii^higenie and Pylade in 1821. The
ojjera, up to June 1829, had been performed
408 times. It was produced in Vienna, Oct.
23, 1781. Published by Deslauriers (Paris,
1779).— Lajarte, i. 308 ; Marx, Gluck und
die Oper, ii. 255 ; Ritter, Reform der Oper
durch Gluck, 271; ; Schmid, Gluck, 335 ;
Reissmann, Gluck, 171 ; Hanslick, Moderne
Oper, 18 ; Desnoiresterres, Gluck et Piccin-
ui, 248 ; Ck'ment et Larousse, 304 ; Nau-
mann (Ouseley), 843.
IPIUGfiNIE EN TAUrjDE, tragcdie
lyrique in four acts, text by DubreuU, mu-
sic by Piccinni, first represented at the
Acadcmie Royale de Musique, Paris, Jan.
28, 1781. Dubreuil had offered this li-
bretto to Gluck, who at the time was writing
Armide. Piccinni accepted the text with
the promise from the manager of the Opera
that his work should be represented on Jan.
15, 1779, and precede that of Gluck on the
same subject ; but the promise was broken.
This opera was performed seventeen con-
secutive times, but Gluck's success caused
its death. It received thirty-two represen-
tations, and was performed at Piccinni's
benefit, Nov. G, 1790. The chief numbers
are : Pylade's air, " Oreste ! au uom de la
patrie ;" and the chorus, "Sans murmurer
servons les dieux." Original cast :
Iphigenie Mile Laguerre.
Oreste M. Larrivee.
Pylade M. Legros.
Same title, text by Ducho and Danchet,
music by Desmarest and Campra, repre-
sented at the Academie Royale de Musique^.
Paris, May 6, 1704. Ifigeuia in Tauride,
Italian operas, music by Scarlatti, Rome,
1713 ; Orlandiai, Italy, 1719 ; Leonardo
Vinci, Venice, 1725 ; Jommelli, Rome, 1751 ;
Mazzoni, Treviso, 1756 ; Agricola, Berlin,
text by Landi, March 24, 1772 ; Galuppi, St.
Petersburg, 17C8 ; Tarchi, Venice, 1785 ;
Monza, Milan, 1784 ; Carafa, Naples, 1817.
—Schmid, Gluck, 371 ; Lajarte, i. 322 ;
312
I PRAISE
Desnoiresterres, Gluck et Piccinni, 291 ;
Cit'ment et Larousse, 364 ; Grove, ii. 748.
I PEAISE THEE, O LORD. See Ich
daiike dir, Herr.
lEA D' ACHILLE, L'. See AchUle nell'
assedio di Troja.
IRATO, L', ou Temporte, opera-comique
in one act, text by Marsollier, music by
Mehul, first repi'esented at the Opera Co-
mique, Paris, Feb. 17, 1801. Translated
into German as Die Temperamente, Vienna,
July 9, 1803, and as Der Tollkopf, Leijisic,
April, 1804. — Clement et Larousse, 365 ;
Allgem. mus. Zeitung (3), 514 ; (5), 733 ;
(6), 466.
IRDISCHES UND GOTTLICHES IM
IMENSCHENLEBEN (The Earthly and the
Divine in Man's Life), called also Doppel-
Sinfonie (Double Symphony), symphony for
two orchestras, by Louis Spohr, op. 121,
first 25erformed at Cassel, 1841. In three
parts : L Kinderwelt (The World of Child-
hood) ; n. Zeit der Leidenschaften (The
Age of the Passions) ; IQ. Endlicher Sieg
des Gottlichen (The Final Victory of the
Divine Principle). It was well received in
Cassel, and after its publication by Schu-
berth (Hamburg), made its way into many
of the large towns of Germany and Eng-
land. It was given in New York, by the
Philharmonic Society, in the season of
1848-49. — SiJohr's Autobiography (English
ed.), ii. 236 ; Schumann, Gesammelte Schrif-
ten, ii. 327.
IRENE, German Festoper (Pastorale),
text by Postel, music by Reiuhold Keiser,
first represented at Hamburg in 1697, in
celebration of the Peace of Ryswick. The
whole title is: "Die durch Wilhelm den
Grossen in Britannien wieder eingefiihrte
Irene." Irene is the personification of peace
(Greek ttpiyi-jj).
I REVEL IN HOPE. See Oheron.
IRGANG, WILHEL^kl, born at Hirsch-
berg, Silesia, Feb. 23, 1836, still living,
1889. Instrumental and vocal composer,
pupil of A. "W. Bach and Grell at the Royal
Academy, Berlin. He founded a music
school in GOrlitz in 1863, became organist
at Trinity church there in 1878, and organ-
ist and instructor of music at the Padatrocr-
o o
ium at Ziillichau in 1881. Published in-
structive music for pianoforte, and songs,
an Allgemeine Musiklehre for the use of
schools (1865), and a treatise on Harmony.
— Mendel ; Riemann.
IRISH SYMPHONY in F minor, by
Charles Villiers Stanford, op. 28, first per-
formed under Hans Richter, in London,
-June 27, 1887 ; first time in America by the
Symphony Society, New York, Jan. 28,
1888. The score bears the motto : Ij)se
fave clemens patrite patriamque canenti,
Phcebe, coronata qui canis ipse lyra. I.
Allegro moderato ; II. Allegro molto vi-
vace ; m. Andante con moto ; IV. Allegro
moderato. The last number is based upon
the songs. Remember the glories of Brian
the brave, Let Erin remember the daj's of
old. — Upton, Standard Symphonies, 261 ;
Krehbiel (1888), 40.
IRLANDE, nine melodies for one and
two voices with ^Jianoforte, ou the Songs of
Thomas. Moore, translated into French by
F. Gounet, music by Hector Berlioz, op. 2,
composed in 1829, and dedicated to Thomas
Moore. First published as Neuf Melodies
irlaudaises (Richault, Paris, 1830). Re-
edited as Irlande, about 1850. La belle
voyageuse, arranged for male quartet, was
sung in Paris, Nov. 6, 1834, and was also
arranged for mezzo-soprano with orchestra
by Berlioz. The Chant sacre, dedicated to
the Abbe Deguerr}', was arranged for chorus
and orchestra. Helene was sung at the
Salle Herz, Paris, Feb. 3, 1844.— Jullien
(1888), 42.
ISAAK, HEINRICH (Isaac, Isac, Isak,
Ysac, known in Italy as Arrhigo Tedesco),
time and place of birth unknown, died be-
fore 1531. Ambros considers the legend
that he was born in Prague not wholly un-
trustworthy, as the rhythm of some of his
melodies is unquestionably Bohemian, and
this very unusual surname is still borne by
a few families in that city. He was in
813
ISABELLE
Floreuce, high in favour with Lorenzo the
Maguificeut, aud intimate with Josquin,
Hobrecht, Agricola, and other noted com-
posers, probably between the years 1475
aud 1480. He held the post of maestro
di cajspella at S. Giovanni, aud was teacher
of Lorenzo's children. It appears also that
he was charge d'aflaires from the Emperor
Maximilian I. to the court of Florence ; so
he was probably in Maximilian's service iu
Vienna before going to Florence ; he cer-
tainly re-entered it after leaviug there. If
Isaak, accordiug to the accepted tradition,
was really a German, he was the first re.illy
great German composer ; his intimate re-
lations with the Italian and Netherlandish
masters whom he met in Floreuce had a
strong iufluence upon him, and his contra-
puntal works have a certain cosmopolitau
flavoiu- quite unique iu his day. His song
" Inspruk, ich muss dieh lassen," is now fa-
mihar as the choral melody, "Nun ruhen
alle W'iilder." As a song-writer he stands
above his German contemporaries, Hoff-
haimer, Stolzer, aud Heiurich Finck, aud
he far excelled them all iu the larger field
of counterpoint. Works : I. 23 Masses :
Of these, live (' Charge de deul,' ' Misericor-
dias Domini,' ' Quant jay a cor,' ' La Sjiagua,'
' Comme femme') published under the
title ' Misse Heiurici Izac ' (Petrucci, Veu-
ice, 150G. A copy is in the library of
the Liceo, Bologna) ; two (' Carmiuum,'
' Uue Musque de Biscay ') in Ehau's ' Op.
dec. miss. 4 voc' (Wittenberg, 1541) ; one
(' O Prteclara ') in Lib. XX. miss. (Petreius,
Nuremberg, 1539) ; MS. score iu the Sonu-
leithner collection in the Berlin Library ;
two (' Salve uos,' ' Fruhlich Wesen ') in
Ott's Missie Xn. (Nuremberg, 1539. ' Pleni
sunt' from the latter in score in Sonn-
leithuer MSS.) ; eight ('Solemni,' 'Magne
Deus,' ' PaschaHs,' ' De Confessoribus,'
'Dominicans,' 'De B. Vii-gine,' two 'De
Martyribus,' all 4 voc. ; iu MS. in Koyal
Library, Vienna) ; five (' Vii-go pruden-
tissima,* 'Solemni,' 'De Apostolis,' 'Sine
nomine,' all G voc. aud 'De Apostolis,' 4
voc.) iu Munich Library (MS. vol. No. 0428
in Burgundy Library, Brussels, contains
' Virgo prudentissima ' under title ' Missa
de Assumptione B. V. M., heric ysac '). H.
Motets and Psalms : Five in Glarean's
Dodecachordon (3 repiinted iu Burney, ii.
521-524 ; Hawkins, ch. 70 ; and Forkel) ;
five (' Oj^time Pastor,' ' Virgo i)rudentis-
sima,' G voc, and ' Ave sanctissima Maria,'
' Prophetarum maxime,' ' O Mai-ia Mater
Christi,' 4 voc), iu Lib. select, cant. Wyr-
suug ; Augsburg, 1520 (MS. copy in Fetis's
Library, Brussels, No. 1G79). For others
see Eitner's Biographic der mus. Sammel-
werke, Berlin, 1877. HI. Lieder, etc : Ten
in Ott's collection, CXV. guter newer Lied-
lein (Nuremberg, 1544 ; reprinted, Berlin,
*C^O■
Liepnianussohu) ; four iu I'orstcr's collec-
tion, Eiu Auszug guter teutscher Liedlein'
(Nm-emberg, Petreius, 1539).— Ambros, iii.
380.
ISABELLE ET GERTRUDE, ou les
sylphes supfjoscs, opera-comicjue in one act,
text by Favart on Voltaire's "L'educatiou
des filles," music by Gretry, first represent-
ed at the Ojiera Comique, Geneva, iu 17G7.
Same text, music by Blaise, previously
represented at the Theatre Italien, Aug. 14,
1765 ; same text, music by Antonio Pacini,
Theatre Feydeau, :\Iarch 1, 180G.— Clement
et Larousse, 3G6.
ISAIAH, cantata, text by Giuseppe Albini,
music by Maucinelli, first performed at the
Norwich (England) Festival, Oct. 13, 1887.
— Atheufcum (1887), ii. 543.
ISHAINI, JOHN, born in England about
1680, died at Westminster iu June, 172G.
Organist and church composer. He was
for some years deputy organist for Dr.
Croft, and succeeded him at St. Ann's in
1711. Mus. Bac, Oxford, 1713. He was
successively organist of St. Andrew's, Hoi-
ISIS
born, 1718, aiul of St. Margaret's, West-
minster. Hawkins reprinted Lis duet,
Buiy delights my roving ej-e, from a col-
lection of songs which he published in
company with Morley. He composed also
anthems, two of which were i^ublished in
Dr. Croft's collection (1712). — Grove ; Bur-
ney. Hist., iii. GO'S ; Hawkins, Hist., v.
102.
ISIS, tragic opera in five acts, with a pro-
logue, ballet, and elaborate mise en scone,
text by Quinault, music by LuUi, first rep-
resented at the Academie Royale de Musique,
Paris, Jan. 5, 1G77. Subject, the nymph lo,
beloved by Jupiter and persecuted by Juno,
and her transformation to the divinity Isis.
The opera was a triumph for Lulli ; but
Quinault was banished from court and from
the theatre for two years, on account of
sujjposed allusions to Mile de Montespan
in the character of Juno. The score was
published (Paris, 1G77 ; 2d edition, 1719).
— Lajarte, i. 31 ; Clement et Larousse, 367.
ISMENE, German pastoral, by Reinhard
Keiser, comjiosed for the court of Bruns-
wick in 1G92, and first represented in that
year at Wolfeubilttel. Same title, French
pastorale heroique in one act, text bj' Mon-
crif, music by Rebel and Francour, jjer-
formed at Versailles in December, 1747,
and at the Opera, Paris, Aug. 28, 1750.
Ismene et Ismenias, ou la fete de Juj^iter,
French pastoral in three acts, text by
Laujon, music by Laborde, represented at
Versailles in 17G3, and at the Academic
Royale de Musique, Paris, Dec. 11, 1770.
Ismene et Lindor, French jiastoral in one
act, by Louis Joseph Francojur, Paris, Aug.
30, 17G6.— Lajarte, i. 215.
ISNARDI, PAOLO, born at Ferrara in
tlie first half of the IGth century, died at
the age of sixty. Church composer, monk,
and afterwards superior of the monastery of
Monte Cassino, and maestro di cappella of
the Cathedral of Ferrara. His masses, mo-
tets, psalms, magnificats, etc., were jmb-
lished in Venice (1561-94).— Fetis ; Ger-
ber ; Walther.
IS NOT HIS WORD LIKE A FIRE?
See 1st nicht des Herrn Wort.
ISOLA DISABITATA, L' (The Desert
Island), Italian opera in one act, text by
Metastasio (1752), music by Haydn, first
represented at Eszterhaz, Dec. G, 1779, in
honour of Prince Nicolaus Eszterhazy's
name-day. Represented at the Court The-
atre, Vienna, March 19, 1785. It is one of
Haydn's best operas, was composed in 1779,
and gained him admission to the Accade-
mia Filarmonica of Modena. Haydn sent
the score to the King of Spain. The text-
book published by Seiss (Oldenburg, 1779)
contains the cast : Constanza, wife of Ger-
nando, Signora Barbara Ripamonte ; Silvia,
her younger sister, Signora Luigia Polzelli ;
Gernando, husband of Constanza, Siguor
Andrea Totti ; Enrico, companion of Ger-
nando, Signor Benedetto Bianchi. Ger-
nando embarks with his wife and her sister
for the West Indies, is wrecked on a desert
island, and captured by pirates ; but after
three years escapes and joins his wife on
the island. Their reunion is the climax of
the opera. Other Italian operas on the
same text : Music by Bono, Vienna, 1752 ;
Holzbauer, Mannheim, 175-1 ; Perez, Lisbon,
17G7 ; Traetta, St. Petersburg, 17G9 ; Nau-
manu, Venice, 1773 ; Schuster (in German),
Dresden, 1778, (in Italian) Najiles, 1781 ;
Mengozzi, Paris, Aug. 22, 1789 ; Spontini,
Florence, 1798 ; Maudanici, Najiles, about
1824; Garcia, Naples, 1830. Same title,
text by Goldoni, music by Scarlatti, Vienna,
1757 ; and by Jommelli, Stuttgart, 1765.—
Clement et Larousse, 368 ; Pohl, Haydn, ii.
99, 353.
ISOLA, GAETANO, born at Genoa in
1761 ; dramatic composer whose family set-
tled in Palermo while he was young. He
wrote for the Italian theatres, and in 1812
retired to his native city, where he became
maestro concertante of the theatre. He
wrote a great deal of church and chamber
music ; among his operas is one written for
Turin : La conquista del velo d' oro (1791).
— Fetis ; Mendel.
315
ISOUARD
ISOUARD (Isoai-a), NICOLO (called in
France Nicolo), boiii iu Malta, Dec. G, 1775,
died in Paris,
March 23, 1818.
The sou of a
mercli ant, he
was taken when
a boy to Paris,
a u d educated
for the navy at
the Institution
Berthaud, stud-
ying the piano-
forte mean-
while under Pin. In 1790 he was placed
in a merchant's office iu Malta, studied
harmony there under Yella and Azopardi,
later at Palermo under Amendola, and
lastly at Naples under Sala and Gugliel-
mi, still keeping up his connection with
commerce. At length, against his father's
will, he gave up commerce, and brought
out his first opera, " L' avviso ai maritati,"
in Florence, 1795. He dropped his sur-
name, so as not to disgrace his family, and
was henceforth known as Nicolii. From
Florence he went to Leghorn, thence back
to JIalta, where he succeeded Vincenzo
Anfossi as organist at the Church of St.
John of Jerusalem, and afterwards at S.
Martino as maestro di cappella of the order.
After the occupation of the island by the
French in 1798, he weut to Paris, where he
wrote two operas with Rodolpbe Kreutzer.
Delrieu also rewrote the libretti of two of
his Italian operas, which were given with
some success. Nicolo made also a marked
society success as a pianist, and formed the
acquaintance of Hoffmann, aud Ktieune, by
whose advice he benefited, and to whose
libretti he owed much of the success of his
subsequent operas. He had a remarkable
gift of melody and great skill iu writing
for the voice, especially in concerted pieces.
His style was extremely simple, his comedy
excellent, never degenerating into vulgar-
ity. He had the true Freucli dramatic
sense. He based his style u2)on Gretry, aud,
imtil Boieldieu aud Auber came upon the
stage, he had practically uo rival at the Ope-
ra Comique. But he could uot compete
with his new rivals, and when Boieldieu
was elected to succeed Mt'hul at the lusti-
tut, iu 1817, he entered vipou a course of
dissipation which brought on consump-
tion. Works — Operas : L' avviso ai mari-
tati, Florence, 179-1 ; Ai-taserse, Leghorn,
1795 ; II barbiere di Siviglia, Malta, 179G ;
Eiualdo d' Asti, ib., 179G ; Le tonneher,
Malta, 1797 ; Paris, May 17, 1801 ; L' im-
provvisata in campagna, Malta, 1797 (as
Ij' impromptu de campagne, Paris, June 30,
1800) ; Ginevra di Seozia, Malta, 1798 ;
Le petit page (with Kreutzer), Paris, Feb.
11, 1800 ; Flaminius a Coriuthe (with
Kreutzer), ib.. Opera, Feb. 28, 1801 ; La
statue, ou la femme avare, April 29, 1801 ;
Michel Auge, Theatre Feydeau, Dec. 11,
1802 ; Les confidences, ib., March 30, 1803 ;
Le baiser et la quittance (with Me'hul,
Kreutzer, and Boieldieu), ib., June 17,
1803 ; Le medeciu turc, Opei'a Comique,
Nov. 19, 1803 ; Uinirifjue aux fenetres, ib.,
Feb. 24, 1805 ; Le dejeuner de garyons, ib.,
April 21, 1805 ; La ruse inutile, ib.. May
30, 1805 ; Leonce, ou le fils adoptif, ib.,
Nov. 18, 1805 ; La prise de Passau, Fey-
deau, Feb. 8, 180G ; Idala, ou la sultane,
ib., July 30, 1806 ; Les rendez-vous bour-
geois. Opera Comique, May 9, 1807 ; Les
cruanciers, ou le remede a la goutte, ib.,
Dec. 10, 1807 ; Un jour u Paris, ib.. May
21, 1808 ; Cimarosa, Feydeau, June 28,
1808 ; L'intrigue au serail, ib., April 25,
1809 ; CemlriUon, ib., Feb. 22, 1810 ; La
victime des arts (with Solic and Berton),
Opera Comique, Feb. 27, 1811 ; La fete du
village, ib., March 31, 1811 ; Le billet de
loterie, ib., Sept. 14, 1811 ; Le magicieu
sans magie, ib., Nov. 4, 1811 ; Lulli ct
Quinault, ou le dejeuner impossible, Fey-
deau, Feb. 27, 1812 ; Le prince de Catane,
ib., March 4, 1813 ; Le Fran(;ais a Venise,
Opera Comique, June 14, 1813 ; Le siege
de Mezieres, ou Baijard a Jlezieres (with
Cherubiui, Catel, aud Boieldieu), ib., Feb.
316
ISRAEL
12, 1814 ; Joconde, on les coureurs d'aven-
tures, Feydeau, Feb. 28, 1814 ; Jeanuot et
Coliu, ib., Oct. 17, 1814 ; Les deux maris,
Opera Comique, March 18, 1816 ; L'une
pour I'autre, Feydeau, May 11, 181G ;
Aladln, ou la lampe luerveilleuse (posthu-
mous, finished by Beuiucori), Feb. 6, 1822 ;
A scene or two in Une nuit de Gustave
Wasa (the rest by Gasse), Opera Comique,
Sept. 29, 1827 ; 9 cantatas, masses, psalms,
motets, vocal concert pieces, all written in
Malta. — Futis ; do., Suppk''ment, ii. 14.
ISKAJEL IN EGYPT, oratorio in two
acts, text from the Bible, music by Handel,
first performed at the King's Theatre, Lon-
don, April 4, 1739, " with new concertos on
the organ." This work, the most colossal
of oratorios, was composed in twenty-seven
days. The autograph IMS. is in Bucking-
ham Palace. The present second part was
■written first, and bears the dates "Moses
Song, Exodus, Chap. 15 | angefangen Oc-
tob' 1738 I Introitus, and Fine Oetob'' 11,
1738 I den 1 Novemb' viillig geendet." The
recitative, with which the oratorio begins,
is headed, "Act ye 2 15 Octob^ 1738." The
oratorio was so coldly received that on April
11, 1739, it was shortened and intermixed
with songs, sung by La Francesina. It
was originally preceded by the Funeral An-
them, sung as Lamentations of the Israelites
for the death of Joseph, which accounts for
the absence of an overture. The work con-
sists of twenty-eight choruses, the most of
which are double choruses, five arias, and
three duets. Many of these numbers are
taken from Handel's organ fugues and from
a MS. Magnificat, of disputed authorship,
preserved in Buckingham Palace. Macfar-
ren, who edited the score for the Sacred
Harmonic Society (London, 1857), thinks
that the chorus, Egypt was glad, was an
adaptation of an organ fugue, or canzoua,
by Johann Caspar Kerl. Israel in Egypt
was performed but nine times during Han-
del's life. It was given entire at Covent
Garden in 17G5, with songs from Handel's
Italian operas, and under Sir George Smart's
direction, March IG, 181G. It was first sung
in Germany by the Singakademie of Ber-
lin, Dec. 8, 1831, and at the Diisseldorf Fes-
tival of 1833, under Mendelssohn. It was
revived intact by the Sacred Harmonic Soci-
ety of London, Feb. 23, 1849, and has been
performed at all the Handel Festivals in
England. For that of 1857 the orchestral
score was added to by Sir Michael Costa.
This oratorio was first sung in Boston
by the Handel and Haydn Society, Feb.
13, 1859 ; but its most noticeable perform-
ance in America was during the May Fes-
tival in New York, in 1882. The score,
which remained unedited during Handel's
life, was first p)ublished by Randall (Lon-
don) ; full score, edited by Mendelssohn
with organ part for the Handel Society
of London (1845), by Chrysauder for the
Handelgesellschaft (Breitkojjf & Hartel,
Leip)sic, 18G3). — Grove, ii. 25 ; Eeissmann,
Handel, 121 ; Chrysander, Hiiudel, ii. 59 ;
Rockstro, 218, 233 ; Schcelcher, 208, 423 ;
Glehn, Goethe and Mendelssohn (1G9) ; Up-
ton, Standard Oratorios, 117 ; Hensel, Men-
delssohn, i. 279 ; Allgem. mus. Zeit. (34), 73 ;
Athemeum (1849), 234; (1857), 827, 8G0.
ISRAELITEN IN DER WUSTE, DIE
(The Israelites in the Desert), oratorio by
Philipp Emanuel Bach, text by Schiebler,
written in Hamburg, 17G9. It contains a
short instrumental prelude, and twenty
numbers. Characters represented : Moses,
bass ; Aaron, tenor ; and two Israelites, so-
prani.— Bitter, Emanuel and Friedmann
Bach, ii. 2 ; Allgem. mus. Zeitung (20), 73.
ISRAELITEN IN DER WUSTE, DIE,
oratorio, by Eduard August Grell, first per-
formed by the Singakademie of Berlin in
January, 1839.— Allgem. mus. Zeit. (41), 14G.
ISRAEL RESTORED, oratorio, by Will-
iam Richard Bexfield, first pierformed at the
ISRAELS
Norwich (Eaglaud) Festival, Sept. 22, 1852 ;
again iu 1879. Sung at Koyal Albert Hall,
London, April 15, 1880.— Athenaeum (1852),
1039.
ISRAELS SIEGESGESANG (Israel's
Song of Victory), cantata for soprano solo,
chorus, and orchestra, text from the Bible,
music by Ferdinand Hiller, op. 151, first
performed at the Cologne Festival, IMay 28,
1871. It consists of eight numbers, and
was written to celebrate the victorious end-
ing of the Franco-Prussian war of 1870.
Published by F. C. E. Leuckart (Leipsio,
1871).— Mus. Wochenblatt (1871), 380, 582 ;
Upton, Standard Cantatas, 203.
ISSIPILE (Hypsipylo), Italian opera, text
by Metastasio, music by Porpora, first rep-
resented in Rome in 1723. Scene in
Lemnos. Characters represented : Toante,
King of Lemnos ; Issipile, daughter of To-
ante, bethrothed to Giasone ; Princess Eu-
riuome, mother of Learco ; Giasone, Prince
of Thcssaly, conductor of the Argonauts to
Colchis, and lover of Issipile ; Rodope, con-
fidante to Issipile ; and Learco, son of Eu-
rinome, and rejected lover of Issipile. The
inhabitants of Lemnos, waging war against
Thrace, have been conquered by the women
of tliat country, and remain there until To-
ante bids them return with him to Lem-
nos, to witness the marriage of his daughter
with Giasone. The jealousy of the warriors'
wives has turned to fury and, led by Euri-
nome, they form a plot to massacre their
husbands at the feast of Bacchus. To save
her father, Issipile dissembles. After vari-
ous incidents the tumult is quieted, recon-
ciliation established, and Issipile is married
to Giasone. Same text, Italian operas, music
by Conti, Vienna, 1732 ; Sandoiii, London,
1735 ; Terradeglias, Florence, 1712 ; Beller-
mann, Florence, 1744 ; John Christopher
Smith, London, 171G ; Holzbauer, Mann-
heim, 1753 ; Cocehi, London, 1758 ; Scar-
latti, Vienna, 17G0 ; Gassmann, Vienna,
17G0 ; Schwanberg, Brunswick, 1766 ; Ga-
luppi, 1775 ; Anfossi, London, 1784 ; Flor-
ence, 1791 ; Ellerton, London, 1825 ; von
Poissl, Darmstadt, 1818. — Clement et La-
rousse, 370.
1ST NICHT DES HERRN WORT, bass
aria of Ehas, iu A minor, in Mendelssohn's
Eliatt, No. 17.
ISTORIE BELLE A LEGGERE. See
Crutpino e la Comare.
ITALIANA IN /VLGERI, L', Italian opera
bufili in two acts, text by AnelU, music by
Rossini, first represented at the Teatro San
Benedetto, Venice, in 1813. It was written
ill less than eighteen days. Performed in
Milan, April 12, 1814 ; Paris, Feb. 1, 1817,
and at the Iviug's Theatre, London, June
27, 1819 ; given in New York, Nov. 17,
1833. An opera of the same title, bj' Luigi
Mosca, had been previously represented iu
Milan, Aug. 16, 1808.— .Ulgem. mus. Zei-
tung (16), 450.
ITALIANA IN LONDRA, L', intermezzo
a cinque voci, Italian opera bulla in two
acts, by Cimarosa, first represented iu
Rome in 1774. Performed in Paris at the
ItaHens, Oct. 17, 1801.— Clement et La-
rousse, 371.
ITiyXlN CONCERTO. See Concert dans
le style Italien.
ITALIAN SYMPHONY, name given to
the Fourth Symphony iu A, by Mendelssohn,
op. 90, written for the Philharmonic So-
ciety of London, and first performed there
iindcr tlie direction of the composer. May
13, 1833. Composed in Rome and Naples,
and completed in Berlin, March 13, 1833.
I. Allegro vivace ; H. Andante con moto ;
HI. Con moto moderato ; IV. Saltarello,
presto. Published by Breitkopf & Hilrtel,
Mendelssohn Werke, Serie i., No. 4. — Up-
ton, Standard Symphonies, 182.
IT.VLIEN, symphonic fantasia for orches-
tra by Richard Strauss, first performed by
the Brooklyn Philharmonic Society, March
17, 1888 ; iu Boston, Dec. 22, 1888.
IT IS ENOUGH. See Es ist genug.
r\T5S, SBION, English composer of the
17th century, died in 1662. Vicar-choral of
St. Paul's cathedral ; with Henry and Will-
iam Lawes he composed iu 1633 the music
318
IVllY
for Shirley's masque, The Triumph of Peace,
performed at Court, 1G33-34. Ou the
suppression of choral service he became a
singing master. Ou the death of William
Lawes he wrote Lamentation and Mouru-
iug, an elegy. Many of his catches and
rounds are printed in Hilton's collection
(1G52), Playford's Musical Companion
(1G72), and other collections. — Grove ; Haw-
kins, V. 23 ; Burney, iii. 370.
IVRY, PAUL XAVIER DfiSHlfi, Mar-
quis DE EICHARD D', born at Beauno
(Cote-d'Or), Feb. 4, 1829, still living, 1880.
Amateur composer, settled in Paris in 1854,
and studied composition with Aristide Hig-
nard, and counterpoint with Leborne, hav-
ing previously composed two comic operas.
Works — Operas : Fatma ; Quentin Metzys
(1854) ; La maison du docteur, given at
Dijon, 1855 ; Omphale et Penelope ; Les
amauts de Verone, given at Daprez's school,
18G7, under the pseudouj'm Richard Irvid,
and, rewritten and enlarged to five acts, at
the Theatre Ventadour, Oct. 12, 1878 ; Con-
cert overture (1847) ; Vocal melodies. — Fc-
tis, iSuppU'nieut, ii. 15.
IWAN IV. DER GRAUSAME (Ivan the
Terrible), musical portrait for orchestra, by
Anton Rubinsteiu, op. 79, dedicated to
Count Wladimir Solohub. First jjerformed
in Vienna in 1870. Published by Bote &
Bock (Berlin, 184G). — Neue Zeitschrift fiu.'
Musik (1870), 412 ; Mas. Wochenblatt
(1872), 149.
I WILL SING UNTO THE LORD.
See Moses and the Children of Israel.
JACKET (Jaquet) . See Berchem ; Buus.
JACKSON, ARTHUR HERBERT,
born in England, 1852, died in London,
Sept. 27, 1881. Pianist, pupil at the Royal
Academy of Music, where he won the bronze,
the silver, and the Lucas medals, and be-
came professor of harmony and composition.
Works : Jason and the Golden Fleece, can-
tata ; The Bride of Abydos, overture ; Inter-
mezzo for orchestra ; Concerto for pianoforte
and orchestra ; do. for violin ; Magnificat
for chorus and orchestra ; 2 masses for male
voices ; Pianoforte music ; Part-songs, and
songs. — Athenajum (1881), ii. 473.
JACKSON, WILLIAJVI, born at Exeter,
May 28, 1730, died there, July 12, 1803.
Violinist and dramatic composer, jjui^il of
Silvester, organist of Exeter Cathedral, and
in 1748 of John Travers, London ; taught
music in Exeter ; became master of the
choristers, lay vicar, and organist at Exeter
Cathedral in 1777. Works : The Lord of
the Manor, opera, given in London, 1780 ;
The Metamorphoses, do., ib., 1783 ; Ode to
Fancy ; Lycidas ; The dying Christian to
his Soul ; 14 Sonatas for the harjjsichord ;
Madrigals ; Canzonets ; Hymns ; Anthems
and church services ; Songs. He i^ublished
Observations on the present State of Music
in Loudon (1791) ; Four Ages, together
with Essays on various subjects (1798).
— Grove ; Fetis ; Barrett, English Church
Composers, 13G.
JACKSON, WILLIAM, born at Masham,
Yorkshire, England, Jan. 9, 181G, died at
Bradford, April 15, 18GG. Organist, self-
taught in counterpoint and harmony, and
ou several instruments ; became organist at
Masham in 1832, at St. John's Church,
Bradford, in 1852, of Horton Lane Chapel
in 185G ; conducted the Bradford Choral
Union ; was chorus-master at the Bradford
festivals in 1853, 185G, and 1859 ; was made
conductor of the Festival Choral Society in
185G. Works : The Deliverance of Israel
from Babylon, oratorio, 1845 ; Isaiah, do. ;
The Praise of Music, cantata ; The Year,
do., 1859 ; The 103d Psalm, for soli, cho-
rus, and orchestra ; Mass ; Church services ;
Anthems, glees, and songs ; Manual of Sing-
ing.— Grove.
JACOB, sacred cantata, text by MacCaul,
nuisic by Henry Smart, written for and
given at the Glasgow Festival, Nov. 7, 1873,
and repeated Nov. 7, 1874. — Athenseum
(1873), ii. G04.
JACOB, BEN.JAMIN, born in London in
1778, died there, Aug. 24, 1829. Organ-
sis
JACOB
ist, pupil of Willougbb}', Shrubsole, and
Arnold. Became chorister at Portland
Chapel at the age of seven, and organist of
Salem Chapel, Soho, when only ten ; after-
wards organist at Carlisle Chajjel. Bentinck
Chapel, and Surrey Chapel ; conducted a
series of oratorios in 1800 ; gave organ re-
citals in 1808, 1809, 1811, 1812, and 1814 ;
became organist at St. John's, Waterloo
Koad, in 1823. Works : National Psalmody,
a collection of tunes for every Sunday (Lon-
don, 1819) ; Dr. Watt's Divine and Moral
Songs, as solos, duets, and trios ; Glees and
Songs. — Grove.
JACOB, FRIEDKICH AUGUST LEBE-
llECHT, born at Kroitzsch, near Liegnitz,
Silesia, June 25, 1803. Vocal composer, pu-
pil of the cantor Speer, and of Hentschel ;
in 1824 he became cantor and organist at
Konradsdorf, where he was still in 1850.
W^orks : Choruses for male voices ; Various
collections of songs for 1-4 voices, chiefly
for use in schools ; Method of vocal instruc-
tion in popular schools. — Fotis ; Mendel.
JACOB, GUNTHER, Bohemian com-
poser of the first part of the 18th century.
He was a Benedictine monk in Prague,
where his masses, psalms, Te Deums, and
other church music were published (1714-
20).— Fetis ; Gerber ; W'alther.
JACOBETTI, PEETRO, born at Annico,
near Cremona, Italy, second half of the
16th century. He was a priest at Ripatran-
soue, in the Papal States. His Lamenta-
tiones, and other church compositions, were
published in Venice (1589). — Fetis.
JACOBI, KOXR.ID, born at Mainz in
1756, died at Dessau, July 11, 1811. Vio-
linist, pupil of his father, who was Conzert-
meister in Mainz. He became director of
music at the National theatres of Mainz and
Frankfort, and in 1802 of the court orches-
tra at Dessau. He composed concertos,
and other music for violin, still in MS.
• — Gerber ; Mendel ; Schilling.
JACOBI, ]\nCHAEL, born in the Mark
of Brandenburg, early part of the 17th cen-
tury, died at Luneburg in 1670. Violinist,
flutist, and vocal composer. During his
youth he travelled through Germany, France,
and Italj' ; served for a while in the army of
the Republic of Venice, afterwards visited
Pai'is, Copenhagen, and Stockholm, and
lived at Kiel in 1651, when he was called
to Luneburg to become cantor at the St.
Johannisschule. Several collections of his
sacred songs were jaublished in 1651-03.
He composed, 1653, the Singspiel, Das
Friedejauchzende Teutscbland. — Fetis ;
Walther.
JACOBY (Jacobi), GEORGES, born in
Berlin, Feb. 13, 1840, still living, 1889. Vio-
linist and dramatic composer. His jjai-ents
settled in France while he was young ; pu-
pil of Massart at the Conservatoire ; 2d
prize for violin in 1859, 1st prize in 1861.
About that time he entered the orchestra of
the Ojjura, and in 1808 became chef d'or-
chestre at the Bouffes Parisiens. He went
to London in 1870, and in 1872 became con-
ductor at the Alhambra. Works — Oi^erettas :
Le feu aus poudres, Paris, 1809 ; La nuit
du 15 octobre, ib., Bouffes Parisiens, 1809 ;
The Black Crook (with Frederick Clay), Lou-
don, 1872 ; Mariee depuis midi, monologue,
ib., 1873 ; La foret enchautee, ballet-panto-
mime, ib., 1873 ; The Demon's Bride, fairy
spectacle, ib., 1874 ; Cupid in Arcadia, bal-
let, ib., 1875 ; The Fairies' Home, do., ib.,
1876 ; Yolande, do., ib., 1877 ; Rothomago,
ib., 1879 ; L'arbre de Noiil (with Lecocq),
Paris, 1880 ; Le clairou, Paris, 1883 ; Fre-
tillon, ib., 1884.— Fetis, Supplement, ii. 17.
JACOPO DA BOLOGNA, Italian com-
poser of the 14th century, history unknown.
He was contemporary with Francesco Lan-
dino, surnamed il Cieco. Italian chansons
by him are preserved in the IMS. depart-
ment of the National Library, Paris. — Fetis.
JACOTIN, (JACOB GODEBRYE, called),
born in Flanders between 1440 and 1450,
died at Antwei-p, March 24, 1529. Contra-
puntist, was received as vicar choral in the
collegiale of Antwerp in 1479, soon after
became chaplain, and later on took orders.
He was one of the renowned musicians of
320
JACQMIN
his time, contemporary of Josquin Desprus.
Of his coinpositious, motets are to be found
iu Petrucci's Motetti della Corona (1519),
iu Attaiguaut's collections (1530-35), in
Ott's Novum 013U9 musicum (1537), iu Salb-
linger's Conceutus (1545) ; chansons in
Elian's Biciuia gallica (1545), iuLe Itoy and
Ballard's Chansons nouvellement composees
(155G), and iu Eecueil des recueils (1563-
Gi) ; Masses for 6 voices (1510), iu MS., are
in the Sautini collectiou, Rome. — Fetis.
JACC^MIN, FRAN(,'OIS, born at Eouen,
July 28, 1793, died (?). Horn player and
composer ; pupil at the Conservatoire, Paris,
of Daujjrat ; first prize, 1818. He was in
the orchestra of the Opera Comique over 25
years, and from 1829 also chef-de-musique
of the Municii^al Guard of Paris. Com-
posed duos coucertants, airs varies, and
fantaisies, and also published a method for
the horn (Paris, 1832).— Fetis ; Mendel;
Schilling.
JACC^UxiED, LEON JEAN, born in
Paris, Nov. 3, 182G, died in Paris, March
27, 188G. Violoncellist, pupil at Pont-le-
Voy, near Blois, of Hus-Desforges, and Au-
guste Levacq, then at the Conservatoire,
Paris, of Norbliu ; obtained second prize iu
1842, first prize in 1844 ; about 1855 he
founded, with the violinist Armingaud, and
with Mas and Sabatier, a club for chamber
music, which soon numbered among the
best in Paris ; iu December, 1877, he be-
came i^rofessor of violoncello at the Con-
servatoire. He composed a number of mor-
eeaux do genre for his instrument. — Fetis,
Supplement, ii. 17.
JACQUES VAN ARTEVELDE, cantata,
text iu Flemish, music by Gevaert, written
in 18G3 for the inauguration of a statue to
Jacques van Artevelde. Performed also in
Mons, Belgium, at the Gth grautl national
festival, July G, 1879.
JADASSOHN, SALOMON, born at Bres-
lau, Sept. 15, 1831, still living, 1889. Pian-
ist, pupil of Hesse, on the violin of Liist-
ner, and in harmony of Brosig ; then at the
Leipsic Conservatorium (1848), and of Liszt
at Weimar (1849) ; and finally studied com-
position under Haujitmaun at Lei^jsic, where
he settled in 1852
to teach music. He
became conductor of
the Psalterion in
18G6, Kapellmeister
of the Euterije in
18C7-G9, and pro-
fessor of jjianoforte,
composition, coun-
ter-point, and har-
mony at the Con-
servatorium in 1871.
Next to Eeineeke, he is at present the
foremost instructive j)Ower of that insti-
tution. Among his compositions, distin-
guished for bright, and often humorous,
ideas, and faultless style, those iu canon form
are the most remarkable, and have earned
him the nickname of the musical Krupj).
Works: 3 symphonies, op. 24, 28, 50; 2
overtures, oj). 27, 37 ; 4 serenades for or-
chestra, op. 42, 46, 47, 73; Serenade for
string orchestra and flute, op. 80 ; 2 Quin-
tets for pianoforte and strings, ojx 70, 7G ;
Quartet for do., op. 77 ; 4 trios for do.,
op. 16, 20, 59, 85 ; Quartet for strings,
ojD. 10 ; Cavatina for violin with orchestra,
op. 69 ; Concerto for pianoforte, op. 89 ;
Vergebung, Couzertstiick for chorus, so-
prano solo, and orchestra, op. 54 ; Verheis-
sung, do., op. 55 ; Trostlied nach den Wor-
ten derheiligen Schrift, for do., op. 65 ; An
den Sturm wind, for male chorus and orches-
tra, op. 61 ; The 100th psalm, for double
chorus, contralto solo, and orchestra, op. 60 ;
Gott is gross. Hymns for male chorus, with
2 horns, and 3 trombones, op. 45 ; Motet for
male voices, op. 38a ; do. for mixed chorus,
op. 44 ; do. for female chorus, op. 84 ; Many
pianoforte pieces, and songs. — Fetis ; do..
Supplement, ii. 18 ; Mendel ; Eiemann.
JADIN, HYACINTHE, born at Versailles
in 1769, died in Paris in October, 1800. Pi-
anist, brother of Louis Emmanuel, pu23il of
his father, Jean Jadin, and of Hiillmandel ;
professor of pianoforte at the Conservatoire
JADIN
from its foundation. He played with great
success at the Concerts Feydeau in 1796-
97. Works : Overture for wind instru-
ments ; -4 concertos for pianoforte and or-
chestra ; 12 quartets for strings, op. 1, 2, 3,
4 ; 6 trios for do. ; 3 books of sonatas for
violin and pianoforte ; 5 sonatas for piano-
forte ; Sonata for do. (4 hands). — Ft'tis.
JADIN, LOUIS EMMANUEL, born at
Versailles, Sept. 21, 1768, died in Paris,
April 11, 1853. Dramatic composer, son of,
and first instructed on the violin by, Jean
Jadin, who was page de la musique to Louis
XVL ; then pupil of his brother Hyacinthe
on the pianoforte. In 1789 he became ac-
companist at the Theatre de Monsieur, just
organized, and in 1792 joined the band
of the national guard, for which he com-
posed many marches, hymns, and patri-
otic airs. In 1802 he succeeded his brother
as professor at the Conservatoire, in 1806
became chef d'orchestre at the Theatre
Moliere, and in 1814-30 was master of the
royal music pages. Legion of Honour in
1824. Works — Operas : Constance et Gcr-
mond, given at the Theatre des Jeunes Ar-
tistes, 1790 ; La religieuse danoise, ou la
communauto de Copenhague, 1791 ; Lc due
de Woltza, Tht'atre Montansier, Le coucou,
ib., 1798 ; Les trois prOtendus, ib., 1805 ;
Joconde, Theatre de Monsieur, 1790 ; La
suite d'Annette et Lubin, ib., 1791 ; II Si-
gnor di Pursognae, Amelie de Montfort, L'a-
vare puni, ib., 1792 ; Alisbelle, ou les crimes
de la feodalite'. Theatre National, 1794 ;
Les talismans, Thi'utre des Amis de la Patrie,
1793 ; Le heros de la Durance, ou Agricole
Viala, ib., 1794 ; Le coin du feu, Le cou-
gi-es des rois (in collaboration with others),
Theatre Favart, 1793 ; Le negociant de Bos-
ton, Lecolier en vacanccs, ib., 1794 ; Le
Cabaleur, La supereherie par amour, ib.,
1795 ; Le mariage de la veille, ib., 179G ;
Les deux lettres, ib., 1797 ; L'apotheose du
jeune Barra, Theatre Feydeau, 1793 ; Le
lendemain de noces, ib., 1796 ; Caudos, ou
les sauvages du Canada, Les bons voisins,
ib., 1797 ; Le gi-aud-pere, ou les deux ages,
ib., 1805 ; La partie de campagne, ib., 1810 ;
L'auteur malgre lui, ou la piece tombee,
ib., 1812 ; L'iuconnu, ou le coup d epee via-
ger, ib., 1816 ; Fanfau et Colas, ib., 1822 ;
L'heureux stratageme, Acadc'niie Koyalo de
Musique, 1791 ; Le siege de Thionville, ib.,
1793 ; MahonietlL, ib., 1803 ; Mon cousin de
Paris, Theatre des Varietes, 1810 ; Guerre
ouverte, ou ruse contre ruse, Theatre de la
Coui', 1788 ; Les arts et Tamitie, Opera Co-
mique, 1807 ; Hymne a J. J. Kousseau,
1794. Cantatas : Le chant de I'esclave af-
franehie, Opera, 1794 ; Hommage a Marie-
Louise, 1810 ; Le serment fran9ais, Thea-
tre Feydeau, 1814 ; La fete du roi, Opera,
1817; Le serment des gardes, ib., 1821;
Les defenseurs de la foi, 1822 ; Choruses
with orchestra ; La bataille d'Austerlitz,
symphony for full orchestra ; Symphonic
militaire, for wind instruments ; 2 over-
tures for do. ; Suites for do. ; 3 coucei'tos
for pianoforte with orchestra ; Sextets, quin-
tets, and other chamber music ; Sonatas,
duos, fantaisies, etc., for pianoforte and
other instruments ; 14 collections of airs for
one voice, and of romances, nocturnes, etc.,
for 2 voices. — Fctis ; do., Supplement, ii.
18 ; Gerber.
JADIS REGNAIT EN NORMANDIE.
See Itoherl le Diable.
JAELL, ALFKED, born at Trieste,
March 5, 1832, died
in Paris, Feb. 27,
1882. Virtuoso on
the pianoforte, son
and pupil of the vio-
linist Eduard Jaell
(director of music in
Vienna, died in Sep-
tember, 1849), then
pupil of Czerny in
Vienna. He appeared in public at Venice
when only eleven, jilayed with success in
I Milan, Vienna, Munich, Stuttgart, and Co-
logne, lived in Brussels in 1845-46, in Paris
and Holland in 1847-49, then travelled in
America, in Germany, Poland, Russia, and
Italy in 1854-60, in England, 1862; be-
Zii
JA
came court pianist to the King of Hauover
ill 185G, lived iu Holland and Paris in
18G0-G2, Vienna, 1863, and aceomjjanied
Carlotta Patti on ber concert tour in 186-1-
05. In 1866 lie married the jiianist Marie
Trautmann, with whom he travelled, princi-
pally in France, winning new laurels iu
Paris, 1875-76. Works : Potpourris ; Tran-
scriptions ; Fantasias and cajsriees on ojiera
airs ; Morceaux de salon. — Fetis, Supple-
ment, ii. 19 ; Meudel ; Wurzbach ; Hanslicl;:,
Conzertwesen in Wien, ii. 187 ; Illustr.
Zeitg. (1858), 383.
JA, ES SOLLEN WOHL BEEGE, bass
arioso of Elias, with oboe obligato, in Fmajor,
iu Mendelssohn's Elias, Part II. (No. 87).
JAlTi; MORITZ, born at Posen, Jan.
3, 1835, still Hving, 1889. Violinist, pupil
in Berlin of Ries on the violin, and of BOh-
mer in theory, then in Paris (1858) of
Maurin and JIassard on the violin, and of
Hauptncr iu comi)ositiou, finally in Berlin
of Laub, and of Wiierst and Bussler iu
counterpoint and instrumentation. In com-
pliance with his father's wishes, he was a
business man until 1870, when he devoted
himself exclusively to music. Works : Das
Kilthchen von Heilbronn, opera, given at
Augsburg, 1866 ; Eckehard, do., Berlin,
1875 ; Quartet for strings ; Reverie, and
other music for violin ; Songs. — Mendeh
JAGAETE, MANGEL, born in Spain
about 1796, died at St. Sebastian iu 1819.
Violinist, studied at Bordeaux, and became
a finished performer. His mo.st important
works were a Requiem mass, given at St.
Sebastian in commemoration of August 31,
1813, and the oj^era, L' Infante di Zamora
(Madrid, jjosthumous). — Fetis, Supplement,
ii. 19.
JAGD, DIE, German Singsjiiel iu three
acts, text by Chr. Fr. Weisse, on La caccia
d' Eurico IV., music by Johann Adam Hiller,
first represented in Leipsic iu 1771. Per-
formed in BerHn, Nov. 6, 1813. It is the
most popular of Killer's fourteen Siugspiele,
and is still performed. — Allgem. mus. Zei-
tuug (15), 711.
JAGER, FRANZ, born in Vienna in 1796,
died at Stuttgart, May 10, 1852. Tenor
singer and vocal comijoser. A poor cob-
bler, he was heard singing at his work by
Weigl, who recognized his talent and
taught him singing. He made his debut
at Vienna as Ramiro in Isouard's Aschen-
brodel in 1817, and was considered the
best singer in Vienna until 1824, when he
went to Berlin. He was in Stuttgart in
1828, in Munich in 1831 ; was af)pointed
teacher of singing at the royal theatre of
Stuttgart, when his voice was in the de-
cline, iu 1836. He composed about 25
Lieder, the best known of which, Der
Traum des ersten Kusses, was popular long
after his death. — Mendel ;F(jtis ; Wurzbach.
JAGUARITA L INDIENNE, French ope-
ra-comique in three acts and four tableaux,
text by De Saint-Georges and De Leuven,
music by Hak'vy, first re2Jresented at the
Theatre Lyrique,' Paris, May 11, 1855. Pub-
lished by Bote & Bock (Berlin, 1855-59).
— Revue et Gazette Musicale de Paris (1855),
153.
JAHN, OTTO, born at Kiel, Juue 16,
1813, died at GOttingen, Sept. 9, 1869.
Writer ou art and music, and vocal com-
Ijoser. He studied at Kiel, LeijJsic, and
Berlin, travelled, 1836-39, in France and
Ital}', then settled at Kiel as private instruc-
tor of philology ; became professor of ar-
cheology at Greifswald iu 1812, director of
the archreological Museum at Leipsic in
1847, was dismissed for political reasons in
1851, and appointed professor of classical
philology and archa3ology, and director of
the art museum at Bonn in 1855. His Life
of Mozart contains an interesting description
of the state of music during the period im-
mediately preceding that master's time. He
published an essay on Mendelssohn's Paulus
(Kiel, 1842), and other interesting musical
essays. As a composer he is favourably
known by four collections of original songs,
aud a book of four-part songs for mixed
voices. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xiii. 668 ; Kuust-
Chrouik, v. 19 ; Mendel ; Riemaun.
JAIIXS
JAHNS, miEDRICH A^TLHELIM, born
in Berlin, Jan. 2, 1809, died there, Aug. 8,
1888. Instrumental and vocal composer,
singer, and pianist, pupil of Charles De-
troit on the pianoforte, of Eduard Grell
and Stiimer in singing, and of Louis Hor-
zizky on the pianoforte and in theory. He
sang at an early age in the chorus of the
royal opera, won ajjplause as a concert
singer, and became a favorite vocal teacher
in Berlin, where he trained more than 900
jnipils. In 1845 he founded a singing
society, and was its conductor until De-
cember, 1870. In 1849 he was appointed
royal director of music, in 1870 jirofessor,
and from 1881 was instructor of rhetoric
in Scharwenka's Conservatorium. He ac-
quired a lasting reputation by his espe-
cial enthusiasm for Weber, which led him
to accumulate a unique collection of that
composer's works, now in the royal libi-ary
at Berlin. His volume, C. M. von We1)er
ill seineu Werkeu, is the best jiublication
on that composer, and a model as a thematic
catalogue ; it was followed in 1873 by a
sketch of Weber's life. His airangements
for the pianoforte, of other comj^osers'
works, rank among the very best, and those
of Weber's compositions are again the most
important. Works : Trio for pianoforte and
strings, op. 10 ; Grand sonata for piano-
forte and violin, op. 32 ; Grand duo for jii-
anoforte and violoncello, oj). 33 ; Heeres-
Auszug and Heimkehr, 2 festival marches
for pianoforte (4 hands), op. 49 and 50 ;
Over 150 vocal compositions for one and
more voices, including several for the
church. — Mendel ; Fetis, Supplement, ii. 18.
JAHRESZEITEN, DIE (The Seasons),
symphony in B minor by Spohr, op. 143,
first performed in Cassel in 1850. Part I.
Winter, transition to spring, Spring ; Part
II. Summer, transition to autumn, Autumn.
First performed by the New York Philhar-
monic Society in the season of 1853-54.
The composer's ninth symphony. Pub-
lished by C. F. Peters (Leipsic). — Spohr,
AutobiogTapby, ii. 295.
JAHRESZEITEN, DIE, oratorio, text
by Baron van Swieten, from Thomson's
"The Seasons," music by Haydn, com-
posed between 1798 and 1801, and similar
in form to both oratorio and cantata. First
performed at the Schwarzenberg Palace,
Vienna, by tlie private orchestra of the
Prince, April 24, 1801, and repeated April
27, and May 1. On May 29 Haydu con-
ducted this work in public in the Eedou-
teusaal, Vienna, and in December, 1801,
gave the original score to the TonkCmstlcr
Societiit of Vienna. The work is divided
into four parts : Spring ; Summer ; Au-
tumn ; and Winter. Characters represented :
Simon, a fanner ; Jane, his daughter ; Lu-
cas, a shepherd, and a chorus of country
people and hunters. Published in Vienna
1802-3 ; by Clementi in 1813. An edition
was published by the Rev. John Webb, and
one by Prof. E. Taylor (London, 1840^1).
A selection from Spring was given at the
Birmingham Festival (England) in 1817,
and Spring and Summer were produced
there iu 1820. Performed entire by the
Sacred Harmonic Society, London, Dec.
5, 1851, jNIiss Birch, Mr. Lockey and Jlr.
Philips appearing. First sung by the Han-
del and Haydn Society of Boston, April 28,
1875.— Allgem. mus. Zeituug (3), 575 ; (G),
513; AtheiiKum (1851), 1318; Hansliek,
Conzertweseu iu Wien, ii. 230 ; U2)toii,
Standard Oratorios, 170.
JAKABOWSia, EDU.VIID, dramatic
composer, contempor-
ary, lives in London.
He is author of Er-
minie, a musical com-
edy, text by Harrj-
Paulton, first rej^re-
scnted at the Comedy
Theatre, London, Nov.
9, 1885. The libretto
is borrowed from
L'auberge des Adrets,
' a drama by Daumier,
the English adaptation of which, entitled
Robert Macaire, was made by Charles Selby.
JAMBE-DE-FER
Ermiuie was first given in New York, at tbe
Casino, March 10, 188G ; and it has since
been performed, tliere and elsewhere in the
United States, by two companies, more than
1,500 times. Another operetta by Jaka-
bowski, entitled Paolo, text also l.)y Paul-
ton, is announced as in preparation.
JAMBE-DE-FER, PHILIBERT, French
composer of the IGth century, born at
Lyons. Ho was one of the early professors
of the Reformed religion, and lived some
time at Poietiers, where he composed mu-
sic for Jean Poictevin's translation of the
Psalms (1549). It is not known whetlier
ho was one of the victims of St. Bartholo-
mew's Day (1572), or whether he died be-
fore that date. He set the nuisic to Les
cent et cinquante psaulmes de David mis
en rimes fran<;aises par Clement Marot et
Thi'odore de Bezo (Paris, 15G1 ; Lyons,
15G4).— F(3tis ; Mendel ; Gerber ; Schilling.
JAMES L, King of Scotland, born at
Dunfermline in 1394, murdered at Perth,
Feb. 21, 1437. Virtuoso on the harp, and
seven otlier instruments, composer and poet
of sacred and national songs. Ho greatly
improved the church music of the Scots,
and has been credited, though without good
reason, as the inventor of the Scottish style
of melody. — Archfcologia Scotica, i. 471.
JAN (.Janus), MARTIN, born at Merse-
burg in 1620, died at Ohlau in 1682. His
first known work is Musikalische Jubel-
freude for 7, 10, 15, 20, 22, 24, and more
voices, and basso continuo, in 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, and G choirs, preserved in the library of
Kunigsberg. As a candidate of theology
he was cantor and music director in both
churches of Sorau, and rector of the evan-
gelical school in Sagan in 1653, where be
published a dirge in 1654. He was cantor
also of the church near the Ecksdorf Gate,
and afterwards jiastor. In 1G68 he was
driven from Sagan with the other Lutheran
ministers, and later became cantor in Ohlau.
His Passionale melicum (1G52), and his
hynni, Jesu meiner Seelen Wonne, com-
posed in 1668 and published in 1G71, made
his name known throughout Germany.
—Gerber (1790), i. GS5 ; Allgem. d. Biogr.,
xiii. 710 ; Mendel ; do., Ergilnz., 168 ; Win-
terfeld, ii. 559.
JANCOURT, LOUIS MARIE EUGENE,
born at Chateau-Thierry (Aisne), France,
Dec. 15, 1815, still living, 1889. Bassoon
player, pupil at the Paris Conservatoire
from 1834 uuder Gebauer ; won 1st prize
for bassoon, 1836. In 1848 he became
professor of the bassoon at the Brussels
Conservatoire ; then played at the Opera
Comique and the Italiens, Paris, and later
professor at the Paris Conservatoire. He
has effected many important changes in the
mechanism of his instrument, and has writ-
ten much music for it, as well as for military
band. — Fetis ; do., Supplement, ii. 21 ; La-
rousse.
JANIEWICZ (Yauiewicz), FELIX, born
at AVilna about 1761, died at Edinburgh
in 1848. Violinist and composer. Visited
Italy ; later went to Paris, where he ap-
peared at the Concerts Spirituels and at the
Olympian concerts. About 1792 he went
to London and played in Salomon's and
Rauzzini's concerts, and was one of the
thirty original members of the London
Philharmonic Society. He settled in Edin-
burgh in 1815. Works : Concertos for vio-
lin and orchestra ; Trios for violin. — Futis ;
Grove ; Sowinski, 585.
JANITSCH, ANTON, born in Switzer-
land in 1753, died at Steinfurt, Westphalia,
March 12, 1812. Violinist, played so well
when twelve years old that his father sent
him to Turin to study for two years under
Pugnani. In 17G9 he was engaged as Cou-
zertmeister by the Elector of Treves ; his
fame as violinist had spread, and he entered
the service of the Count of Oettiugen-Wal-
lenstein, but soon after left it to accept the
more advantageous position as orchestra
director at Grossman's theatre in Hanover,
where he remained until 1794, and then
became Kapellmeister to the Count of
Burgsteiufurth. Of his compositions for
violin, generally commended, only two con-
JANITSCH
certos and a trio were published. — Fotis ;
Mendel ; Schilling.
JANITSCH, J O H A N N GOTTLIEB,
born at Schweidnitz, Silesia, June 19, 1708,
died in Berlin in 17G3. Double-bass jilayer,
and church composer, studied music in the
college of Breslau ; went to Frankfort-on-
the-Oder to study law, and while there com-
posed some of his best music. He was
secretary to the minister von Happe, sub-
sequently Kapellmeister to the Crown
Prince, afterwards Friedrieh II., and went
with him to Berlin in 1740, where he was
appointed director of the Kedoutenmusik.
Works : 10 sacred cantatas ; Quartets ;
Serenades ; Te Deum. His funeral music
was much used on isublic occasions. — Fv'tis ;
Gerber ; Schilling.
JANKE, GUSTAV, born in Berlin, Nov.
22, 1838, still living, 1889. Pianist and
violinist, pupil at Stern's Conservatorium,
Berlin, where he has been instructor of j)i-
anoforte since 18G1. He w-as solo player
at the Stern concerts in 1874-75, and con-
ducted these concerts also during that time.
He has composed studies and other compo-
sitions for the pianoforte, music for the
choir of the royal church, Berlin, and Lie-
der, and has arranged several classical
works for orchestra.— Mendel.
JANNACONI (Janacconi, Jannacconi),
GIUSEPPE, born in Borne in 1741, died
there, March IG, 181G. Church composer,
one of the last of the Roman school, pupil
of Soceorso Rinaldini, and Gaetano Car-
pini. Allied in close friendship with
Pasquale Pisari, he arranged with him in
score a great portion of Palestrina's works,
with such thorough knowledge and skill as
to be declared by Pisari the most worthy
to propagate the traditions of the old Ro-
man school. He established a school for
composition, which was much frequented
by Italians as well as foreigners, and pro-
duced such pupils as Baini and Francesco
Basili. In 1811 he was appointed maestro
di cappeUa at St. Peter's, succeeding Zin-
garelli. Works : Mass for IG voices ; 16
masses for 4-8 voices with organ ; 8 do.
for several voices and instruments ; 3 do.
for 4 voices a cappella ; 2 do. for tenor and
bass ; Mass for soprano and bass ; Pastoral
mass ; Te Deum for IG voices ; Magnificat,
Dixit Dominus, Tu es Petnis, for do. ; 32
psalms for 4-8 voices ; 10 do. with orches-
tra ; 12 motets for 2-G voices ; 4 do. for 4
voices ; 57 offertories and anthems for 3-8
voices ; L' Agonia di Gesh Christo, oratorio
for 2 tenors and bass ; Ecce terrie motus,
for G bass voices ; Affcrentur Regi, for 4
voices, and 2 choruses ; Canon for G4 voices ;
2 canons for IG voices ; other canons, etc.
All these are in the Santini Collection,
Rome. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
JANNEQUIN (Janequin, Jennekiu), CLE-
MENT, Belgian or French contrapuntist
of the IGth century. A pupil of Josquin
Desprus, he was a follower of Gombert in
the art of writing descriptive music ; seems
to have been director of church music at
Lyons, and first a CathoUc, then a Calvin-
ist. Works : Motets (Paris, 1533) ; French
songs (Paris, 1537) ; Cauzoui francesi (Ven-
ice, 1538) ; Inventions musicales (Lyons,
1544) ; Le caquet des femmes ; Le chant du
rossignol ; Lg chant de I'alouette ; La chasse
au cerf ; La bataille, ou dt'faite des Suisses a
la journce de Marignan ; Voulez ouyr les cris
de Paris ; Many collections of songs ; Church
music, j)salms, etc. — Fctis ; Mendel ; Rie-
mann.
JANSA, LEOPOLD, born at Wilden-
schwert, Bohemia, in 1797 (or 1794 ? ), died
in Vienna, Jan. 25, 1875. Violinist, first in-
structed in his native town by one Jahada,
and the organist Zizius, his cousin, then
studied at Briinn, and in 1817 went to Vi-
enna to study law, but two years after
devoted himself to music, which he had
already taught, and became a pupil of
Worzischek ou the violin, and of Emanuel
FOrster in thorough-bass and composition.
Soon esteemed as a virtuoso next to Mayse-
der and B'Mmi, he went to Hungary in
1823 as chamber musician to the Count von
Brunswick, and in 1824 entered the imperial
aaa
JANSEN
orchestra in Vienna ; was appointed direc-
tor of music, and professor of the violin in
the University of Vienna in 1834. Having
assisted at a concert for the benefit of
the Hungarian insurgents in Loudon, in
1849, he was exiled, and lived in Loudon,
teaching the violin auel inlaying in concerts
luitil 1868, when he returned to Vienna.
Works : 4 concertos for violin and orches-
tra ; Rondeau coucertant for 2 violins and
do., op. 33 ; 8 quartets for strings, op. 8,
12, and 44 ; 3 trios for do., op. 41 ; 3G
duos for vioHns, op. IG, 36, 43, 46, 47, 50 ;
many soli, fantaisies, airs varies, etc., for vio-
lin, with pianoforte ; 2 cantatas ; Graduale
for 4 male voices, op. 6 ; Olilertory for tenor
and violin solo, chorus, and orchestra, op.
17. — Fotis ; Mendel ; Schilling ; Wasie-
lewski, Die Violine, 358 ; Wurzbach.
JANSEN, GUSTAV, born at Dortmund,
Westphalia, in 1S17, still living, 1889. Pi-
anist, pupil of his father ; studied in 1840
in Berlin, where he became a teacher. In
1849 he went to London with Lord West-
moreland, but after a few years returned to
Berlin, where he has since resided. Works :
Anhaug zu Beethoven's Clavier Sonaten,
(18G1) ; Collections of Lieder with piano-
forte accompaniment, of which the Goethe
Album (18G3) is the best.— Mendel ; F^tis,
Supplement, ii. 22.
JANSEN, GUSTAV F., born at Jever,
Hanover, Dec. 15, 1831, still living, 1889.
Composer, pupil at Leipsic of Coceius on
the pianoforte, and Kiccius in harmonj'.
Went to Gottingeu to teach music, became
organist of the cathedral at Verden in 1855 ;
received the title of Music Director from
the King of Hanover in 1861. Works :
Pianoforte music ; Songs; Transcriptions for
the pianoforte. — Mendel.
JANSEN, JOHANN ANTON FRIED-
RICH, born in Germany of Danish parent-
age, died in Milan in April, 1827. Pianist,
studied in Vienna. He went to Venice as
music teacher, and thence to Milan in 1817,
but was very unsuccessful, lived in want
and misery, and died actually of hunger.
Works : Sonatas for pianoforte ; Roiideaux,
polonaises, airs varies, for do. ; Themes
varies for violin, with quartet ; Various
pieces for wind instruments. — Fetis ; Schil-
ling ; Wurzbach.
JANSON, JEAN BAPTISTE .VIME
JOSEPH, born at Valenciennes in 1742,
died in Paris, Sept. 2, 1803. Violoncellist,
pupil of Berteau. He was first heard in pub-
lic at the Concerts Spirituels in 1766. In
the following year he travelled through Italy
with the hereditary prince of Brunswick, re-
turned to Paris in 1771, then visited Ger-
many, Denmark, Sweden, and Poland, and
returned to Paris again in 1789. When the
Conservatoire was founded he was appointed
professor, but lost his jJosition at the time
of the reorganization in 1802, and is said
to have died of grief. He formed excellent
pupils. Works : 6 quartets for strings, op.
1 ; 6 concertos for violoncello and bass, op.
3 & 7 ; 6 sonatas for do., op. 4 ; 6 concertos
for violoncello with orchestra, op. 15. His
brother and pupil, Louis Auguste Joseph
(born at Valenciennes, July 8, 1749, died in
Paris, about 1818) (?), also an excellent vio-
loncellist, went to Paris in 1783, and was a
member of the Ojx'ra orchestra in 1789-1815.
He published 6 sonatas for violoncello and
bass ; 6 trios for strings. ^ — Fetis ; Mendel.
JANSSENS, JEAN FRANCOIS JO-
SEPH, born in Antwerp, Jan. 29, 1801,
died there, Feb. 3, 1835. Dramatic com-
poser, pupil of his father (director of music
at St. Charles's, Antwerp), and of de Loeuw,
(Ivapelmeester of St. Paul's Church), then in
Paris pupil of Lesueur. On his return, he
studied law to gratify his family, was notary
at Hoboken, near Antwerp, in 1826, at Ber-
chem, in 1829, and at Antwerp, in 1831 ;
but devoted much of his time to conqMsi-
tiou. During the siege of Antwerp, in 1832,
he went to Cologne where, losing his manu-
scripts and other valuables in a fire, which
broke out on the night of bis arrival, be
lost his mind and died soon after. His worth
as a composer was recognized after his
death. Van der Straeten published a bio-
327
JAPART
grai^hy in wliicli a full list of his works is
giveu. Works — Operas : Le pere rival, La
jolie fiancee, giveu at Antwerp, 1824 ; Les
trois hussards, Gillette ile Narbonne, un-
published ; Les Grecs, ou Missolonghi,
cantata with orchestra ; Wiuterarmoede,
do. ; Le roi, ode ; Le lever du soleil, sj'm-
phony for grand orchestra ; Symphony
(prize at Ghent) ; 5 masses for voices
and orchestra ; Te Deum for do., with
chorus ; About 25 motets, psalms, hymns,
and anthems, with orchestra ; Romances.
— Genard, Janssens (Antwerp, 18.59) ; Hend-
rickx. Simple histoire. Boutades biogra-
phiques, etc. (ib., 18G0) ; Van der Straeten,
J. F. J. Janssens (Brussels, 186G).
JAPART, JEAN, Belgian composer of the
15th century who lived in Italy. He was a
singer in the royal chapel of the Duke of
Ferrara, and was a colleague of Josquin Des-
pres, who dedicated to him a chanson frau-
yaise which is still in existence. Little
else is known of Japart ; his compositions,
which display all the mannerisms common
to many of the composers of that time, are
found in the Odhecaton (Petrucci, 1501-
150:5).— FiHis ; Van der Straeten, vi. 104.
JARNOVICK. See Giornovicchi.
JASON, dramatic cantata, by Alexander
Campbell Mackenzie, first given at the Bris-
tol (England) Festival, Oct. 17, 1882 ; by
the Hackney Choral Association, London,
Feb. 25, 1884.— Atheu;eum (1SS4), i. 289.
JASPAR, ANDRE, born at Liege, Dec.
18, 1794, died at Angleur, near Lii'ge, June
27, 18G3. Violoncellist, pujiil of Harseus ;
about 1830 he was chosen to conduct the
Concerts of the Societc d'Emulatiou, and of
the Societo de Gretry (1831). He was mai-
tre de chapelle of the Cathedral of Liege,
1840-5G. Works : Folie du Tasse, sym-
phony for orchestra ; Retour des champs,
do.; Orage, do.; Le barde 6buron, do.;
Symphony, No. G ; Alma Redemptoris, an-
them for tenor solo, chorus, and orchestra ;
Te Deum for do.; Salve Regina for do.; 12
motets for one and two voices ; 12 melodies
for violin, with pianoforte ; 3 books of do.
JA TAUSENDM.yi, TAUSEND, tenor
aria in G major, with accompaniment of
violins in unison, and contiuuo, in Johann
Sebastian Bach's cantata, " Gott filhret auf
mit Jauchzen," Part I.
JAUCH, JOHANN NEPOMUK, born at
Strasburg, Jan. 25, 1793, died (?). Pianist,
pupil of Spindler. Ho was appointed in
1814 professor at the normal primary school
of Strasburg ; and in 1830 opened a school
for pianoforte which has turned out many
finished performers. Works : Concertos for
pianoforte ; Fantaisies and variations for
do. solo, or with clarinet and flute ; Sonatas
and rondos for do. ; Offertories for wind
instruments ; Collection of organ pieces,
op. 40.— Fetis.
JAVALTiT, LOUIS, French composer,
lived in Paris beginning of the present cen-
tury. He played different wind instru-
ments, and after having been a member of
several regimental bauds became sous-chef
of that of the Imperial Guard. Works : 20
suites de pieces for wind instruments ;
Marches and quicksteps for do. ; Fantai-
sies for do.; Fanfares for three horns,
four trumpets, and trombone ; 6 sextets
for clarinet, flute, oboe, horn, aud two bas-
soons ; Trios for clarinet, horn and bassoon ;
3 quartets for horns. — Fetis.
JAVUREK (Jawurek), JOSEPH, born at
Ledecz, near Kuttenberg, Bohemia, Sept.
21, 1749, died at Prague in May, 1805.
Violinist, received his musical training
while a choir-boy in the Jesuits' seminary
at Kuttenberg, and then at St. Weuceslaus's,
Prague. He became violinist in the Opera
orchestra and director of music at the Car-
melites, at St. Cajetan's, and St. Joseph's
ou the Kleiuseite, but when these convents
were suspended, he lost all his places at
once and fell into bitter need. He com-
posed concertos, sonatas, and trios for the
violin. — Dlabacz ; Wurzbach.
JE.\N DE NrV'ELLE, opera-comique in
three acts, text by Edmoud Goudinet and
Phillippe Gille, music by Leo Delibes, first
represented at the Opera Comique, Paris,
338
JEAN
March 8, 1880. The libretto deals with the
storj' of Jeau, sou of the Due de Montmo-
rency, who abandons the flag of his father
and joins the revolted princes against Louis
XI. under the banner of the Comte de
Charolais, whose chamberlain he becomes.
Published by Heugel et fils (Paris, 1880).
—Clement, Die, 91G ; Signale (1880), 369 ;
Revue et Gazette Musicale de Paris (1880),
81 ; Le Menestrel (1880), No. 15.
JEAN DE PARIS, opera-comique iu two
acts, text by Saint-Just, music by Boieldieu,
first represented at the Theatre Feydeau,
Paris, April I, 1812 ; English translation
Elleviou as Jean de Paris.
and adaptation, by Henrj' R. Bishop, Lon-
don, 1811. One of Boieldieu's most popu-
lar productions. Subject : the Dauphin of
France travels as Jeau, a bourgeois of Paris,
to visit incognito his betrothed bride, the
Princess of Navarre. The cavatina, "Quel
plaisir d'etre en voyage " was transferred
to this work from Boieldieu's Telemaque.
Original cast : Jeau de Paris, Elleviou ; Le
Senochal, Martin ; L'Aubergiste, Juliet ;
OUivier, Mme Gavaudin ; La Princesse de
Navarre, Mile Regnault ; Laurette, Mme
Alexandrine Saint-Aubin. Published by
Kiihnel (Leipsic, 1813 ; Peters, Leipsic ;
Schott, Mainz ; and Diabelli et Cie (Vienna,
1814). The same subject has been treated
also iu Gianni di Parigi, text by Romani,
music by Morlacchi, Milan, May 30, 1818 ;
by Speranza, Naples, August, 183G ; and by
Donizetti, Milan, Sei^t. 10, 1839.— Pougin,
Boieldieu, 130 ; Clement et Larou.sse, 375 ;
Allgem. Mus. Zeitung (15), 70S ; (31), 810 ;
Neue Frei Presse (Vienna), Nov. 30, 1879.
JEANNE D'AlvC, symphonic poem, by
Georges Jean Pfeiffer, op. 23.
JEANNE D'ARC, incidental music by
Gouuod, to Jules Barbier's drama in 5 acts,
first performed at the Gaietc, Paris, Nov.
8, 1873. Given at St. James's Hall, Lon-
don, Feb. 7, 1871, Gounod conducting.
This drama had previously been performed
as a cantata, with music by Serpette (Paris,
1871).— Athenreum (1871), i. 233.
JEANNOT ET COLIN, opera-comique,
text by Etienne, nuisic by Nicolo Isouard,
represented at the Theatre Feydeau, Paris,
Oct. 17, 1814. Represented in Vienna,
Nov. 9, 1815. Revived in Paris iu June,
1850.— .\llgem. Mus. Zeitung (17), 851.
JEEP (not Jepp), JOHANN, born at
Dransfeld, near Gi)t-
tingen, about 1592,
died at Ulm iu
1650 (?). One of the
best German vocal
comjjosers of first
part of the 17 th
lived iu
and Wiir-
during his
He w a s
century :
Bavaria
temberg
y out h.
Kapellmeister to the Count von Hohenlohe,
at Weikersheim, from about 1607-9, and
was settled at Nuremberg in 1610. Little
is known of his life ; his compositions were
especially dear to the people of Germany,
particularly students, and went through
329
JEKYLL
many editions, from 1G07 to 1G21. Known
works : Geistlicbe Psalme und Kirchen-
gesiiuge Dr. Martin Luthers, etc. (Nurem-
berg, 1607) ; Solioene auserlesene lieblicLe
Tricinia, etc. (ib., lGlO-1611) ; Studenten-
GiUtleius erster Tbeil, etc. (ib., 1607) ; do.,
anderer Tbeil (ib., 1G09) ; Cbristlicbes
Gesang-Biicbleiu (Ubu, 1G48). Tbe Stu-
dents' garden was republisbed sis times.
Tbere is a copy of tbe first part, and one of
tbe second part, bearing different dates, in
tbe University Library of Gottingcn. He
was bonoured long after bis deatb ; liis por-
trait was painted by Ulricb in 1613. — All-
gem, d. Biog., xiii. 750 ; Monatsbefte f.
Mus., viii. 31, 37 ; Mendel ; do., Ergiinz.,
171 ; "Winterfeld, Kircbengesang, ii. 27.
JEKYLL, CHARLES SHERWOOD,
born in Westminster,
Loudon, Nov. 29,
1842, still living, 1889.
Organist, p u p i 1 of
James Coward, and
Sir G. A. Macfarren ;
assistant organist in
Westminster Abbey,
1860-75 ; organist of
Parish cburch of
Acton, 18G0, of St.
George's, Hanover Square, 1861, of Cbapel
Royal, St. James's Palace, and Wbiteball,
1876. Works : Communion Service in C ;
Morning Services in F and C ; Evening
service in F ; Do. in C, for male voices ;
Antbems ; Part-songs, songs, and organ
music.
JELINEK, FRANZ XAVER, born at
Kaurius, Bobemia, Dec. 3, 1818, died at
Salzburg, Feb. 7, 1880. Oboe player, edu-
cated at tbe Prague Conservatorium, be-
came instructor of oboe, and librarian at tbe
Mozarteum, and later cboir director of tbe
catbedral of Salzburg. He composed sacred
music, cboruses for men's voices, etc. — Men-
del ; Riemann.
jfiLIOTTE (Jelyotte), PIERRE, born
near Toulouse in 1711, died in Paris in
1782. Tenor singer and composei*, pupil
at tbe maitrise of tbe cathedral of Toulouse,
made bis dubut at tbe Opera, P.aris, in 1733,
and sang tbere with success until 1755. He
comj)Osed a ballet, Zelisca, for tbe marriage
of tbe Daujibiu, father of Louis XVI.
(1745) ; and many chansons which Laborde
praises. — Futis ; Larousse ; Mendel.
JENKINS, JOHN, born at Maidstone,
Kent, in 1592, died at Kimberh', Norfolk,
Oct. 27, 1678. Virtuoso on the viola di
gamba. Was musician to Charles I. and
Charles H. Works : Twelve Sonatas for
two Violins and a Base, with a Thorough
Base for tbe organ or Theorbo ; Tbe Mitter
Rant, The Fleece Tavern Rant, The Peter-
borough Rant ; The Lady Katberine Aud-
ley's Bells, or, Tbe Five Bell Consort (1662) ;
An Elegy on tbe death of William Lawes
(1648) ; Songs, among others tbe rounds,
" A boat, a boat," and "Come, pretty maid-
ens."— Fetis ; Grove ; Mendel ; Riemann.
JENNY BELL, opera-comique in three
acts, text by Scribe, music by Auber, first
represented at tbe Opera Comique, Paris,
June 2, 1855. The scene is in England, the
characters are English, and Jenny Bell is
an actress. Tbe airs "God save the King,"
and " Rule Britannia " are introduced.
JENSEN, ADOLF, born in KOnigsberg,
Jan. 12, 1837, died
in Baden-Baden, Jan.
23, 1879. He stud-
ied for two years un-
der Eblert and Frie-
drich ]\Iarpurg, but
was mostly s e 1 f -
: taught. In 1856 he
was in Russia, was
made Kapellmeister
of the Stadttbeaterin
' Posen in 1857, went
in 1858 to Copenhagen to spend two years
with Gade, and returned to Kimigsberg iu
1860. From 1866 to 1868 be taught at Tau-
sig's pianoforte school in Berlin, but ill-
health forced him to retire, first to Dresden,
then to Gratz, and finally to Baden-Baden,
where be died of lingering consumption.
/"T^^^^^
330
JEPIITE
Jensen is best known as a song writer, anil
as such may take rank, with some few
others, after Schumann and Robert Franz.
Works: I. Vocal: Nunnengrnang, ior so'pra.no
and female chorus, with 2 horns and harp,
op. 10, No. 1 ; Brautlied, for mixed chorus,
with do., op. 10, No. 2 ; Jephthas Tochter,
for soli, cliorus, and orchestra, op. 2(3 ;
Adonis-Feier, for do. ; Donald Caird ist
wieder da, for tenor or baritone solo, male '
cliorus, and orchestra, op. 54 ; 3 songs for
3part female chorus and pianoforte, op.
G3 ; 2 Marieulieder, for tenor voice, -i vio-
las, 2 'eelli, 2 double-basses, and kettle-
drums, op. GJ: ; 8 fonr-part songs, op. 28 ;
8 do., op. 29 ; Der Ungenannten, G love-
songs after Geibel, for voice and pianoforte,
op. 6 ; 6 Liebeslieder for a low voice and do.,
op. 13 ; Dolorosa, 6 poems by Chamisso, for
voice and do., op. 30 ; Gaudeamus, 12
songs for a bass voice and pianoforte, op.
40 ; Over 125 songs for do., op. 1, 4, 5, 9,
11, 14, 21-24, 34, 3.5, 39, 41, 49, 50-53, 55,
57, 58, Gl, and 3 sets without opus number.
n. Instrumental : Concert ouvcrturc in E
minor, for grand orchestra ; Der Gang der
Jiinger nach Emmaus, geistliches Tonstiick
for do., op. 27 ; 3 pieces for pianoforte, 4
hands, op. 18 ; Hochzeitsmusik, for do., op.
45 ; Abendmusik, for do., op. 59 ; Lebens-
bilder, for do., op. GO ; 6 Silbonetteu, for
do., op. G2 ; Liiudlicho Fest-Musik, fordo. ;
Innere Stimmeu, 5 pieces for pianoforte solo,
op. 2 ; Wanderbildcr, 2 books, for do., op.
17 ; Sonata in F-sharp minor, for do., op.
25 ; G deutsche Suiten, for do., op. 3G ;
Idyllen, for do. (or 4 hands), op. 43 ; Ero-
tikon, 7 pieces for do., op. 44 ; Wald-Idyll,
scherzo for do , op. 47 ; Scones carnava-
lesques, fordo., op. 5G ; Other fugitive pieces
for do., op. 3, 7, 8, 12, 15, IG, 19, 20, 31,
32, 33, 37, 38, 42, 4G, 48, G5. He left in
manuscript an opera, Turandot, which is to
be edited by Wilhelm Kienzl. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., xiii. 774 ; Fetis, Supplement, ii. 25 ;
Mendel ; Mus. Wochenblatt, v. 354, 3G7.
JEPHTE, oratorio by Carissimi. This is
his masterpiece and contains many beauti-
ful examples of melody and modulation.
Handel has been accused of borrowing his
chorus, Hear Jacob's God, in Samson, from
the final close, Plorate colles, a pathetic air,
assigned to Jephtha's daughter, with an
echo sung by two sopranos at the end of
each phrase of the melody. The MS. is in
the National Librarj', Paris. Published by
Chrysander (B. Schott's Sohnen, Mainz).
German translation by Bernard Gugler,
with organ or pianoforte accompaniment by
Immanuel Faisst. Published by Rieter-
Biedermann (Leipsic, 1878).
JEPHTHA, oratorio, text by the Rev.
Thomas Morell, D.D., music by Handel,
performed at Covent Garden, London, Feb.
26, 1752. The MS. of this, Handel's last
oratorio, in Buckingham Palace, is rich in
his annotations, showing its various stages
of composition, during which he became
blind. It was begun Jan. 21, and finished
Aug. 30, 1751. Characters represented :
Iphis, sung by Giulia Frasi ; Storge, Sig-
nora Galli ; Jephtha, John Beard ; Hamor,
Mr. Brent ; Zebul, Mr. Wass ; and the
Angel, by a boy. It contains nine choruses,
recitatives, and arias, including the tenor
solo, Waft her, Angels, in Part IH. This
oratorio was performed seven times during
Handel's life, once with additions and alter-
ations on March 1, 1758. It was first sung
in Berlin by the Singakademie May 3, 1829.
Revived by the Sacred Harmonic Society of
London, April 7, 1841 ; and Feb. 12, 18G9,
with additional accompaniments by Arthur
Sullivan. First sung in Boston by the Han-
del and Haydn Society, Feb. 17, 18G7. Pub-
lished first by Walsh ; with pianoforte ar-
rangement by J. F. von Mosel (Haslinger,
Vienna, 1831) ; full score and pianoforte ar-
rangement by George A. Macfarren (Cra-
mer & Co., London, 1855). — Rockstro, Han-
del, 308 ; Schwlcher, 320 ; Allgem. mus.
331
JEPHTHA
Zeitung (31), 309, (33), C17, G37 ; Atlien-
fEum (18(J9), i. 248.
JEPHTHA AND HIS DAUGHTER, ora-
torio, text from the Bible, music by Carl
Reinthaler, performed at St. Martin's Hall,
Loudou, April IG, 185G. Published by
Ewer & Co. (Loudon, 1857). — Athenscum
(1857), 1523.
.JEPHTHAS TOCHTEE (Jephtha's
Daughter), cantata, by Adolf Jensen, op.
2G, on Byron's poem. Published by Peters
(Leipsie, 18G5). — Allgem. mus. Zeitung
(18G5), 511.
JERONYMO, FRANCESCO DE SA:M,
born at Evora, Portugal, March i, 1G92,
died (?). Monk and church composer,
mestre de capella of his convent at Belem ;
was distinguished for his skill in writing
for a great number of voices. Works (all
in ^IS.) : Respousorios das Matinas de S.
Jei'ouymo, for 4 choirs, with various in-
struments ; Do., for 4 voices in plain chant ;
Responsorios for Hol\' week ; Rosponsorios
das Matinas do Evangelista S. Joiio; Mass
for 8 voices obligate ; Te Deum ; Hymns of
the Holy Ghost, S. Jerome, the Martyrs,
etc., for 4 voices ; Psalms for Vespers and
Compline; Motets and Vilhaucicos. — Fctis;
Gerber ; Vasconcellos.
JERUM, JERUM. See MeL4rrxinger von
Niirnberg.
JERUS.VLEM, oratorio in throe parts,
text by W. Saucroft Holmes after the Bible,
music by Henry H. Pierson, written for the
Norwich Festival, and first performed there,
Sept. 23, 1852. Repeated by the Harmonic
Union at Exeter Hall, Loudon, Maj' 18,
1853 ; Wiu-zburg, 18G2. Published by J.
Schuberth & Co. (Leipsie, 1875). — Athe-
Uc-eum (1852), 1039 ; London Musical Times,
Sept. 1, 1852.
JjfiRUSALEM, French gi-and opera in
four acts, text by Alphonse Rover and
Waiiz, music by Verdi, represented in
Paris, Nov. 2G, 1847. The work is a re-
arrangement of I Lomhardi alia i)rima cro-
ciata. The greater part of the music re-
mains unchanged, but Verdi has added
several numbers. Published by Ricordi
(Milan, 1848). — Clement et Larousse, 378.
JERUS.VLEM ! JERUSALEM ! soprano
aria in B-dat major, in Mendelssohn's Pau-
lus. Part I. (No. 7).
JESSONDA, grand German opera in
three acts, text by Eduard Gehe, music
by Spohr, op. G3, first represented in Cassel
with great success, July 28, 1823, the Elec-
tor's birthday. The overture, the duet be-
tween Amazili and Nadori, and an air of
Jessonda sung by Spohr's daughter, Emilia,
were performed in Cassel iu 1822. The
Mathilde Mallinger.
opera was performed in London, June
18, 1840 ; Paris, April 28, 1842 ; and at
Covent Garden, London, Aug. G, 1853.
The plot is from La veuve du Malabar, the
subject an Indian widow rescued by Portu-
guese soldiers from sacrifice at the tomb of
her husband. Characters represented :
Jessonda and Amazili (S.) ; Nadori and Lo-
pez (T.) ; Tristan (Bar.) ; Dandau (B.). This
opera, one of Spohr's best compositions,
was conducted by him at the 50th anniver-
sary of the Prague Conservatorium, in 1858,
his last appearance in public. Potpourri
iu A-flat on airs from Jessonda for violin,
violoncello, and orchestra, op. G4, and Pot-
pourri iu A minor for violin and orchestra,
op. GG, by the composer (Peters, Leipsie,
1835). Revived in Stuttgart, March G, 1882,
with Frau SehrOder-Hanfstangel in the title-
JE
rule. It is a favorite part also with IMa-
tbilJe Mallinger. — Spolir, Autobiography,
ii. 148 ; Clument et Larousse, 379 ; Athen-
ieum (1853), 9G9 ; Allgem. mus. Zeituiig
(25), G29 ; (33), 484.
JE SUIS DE YOUS TR^S-MECON-
TENTE. See A m i de la Maison.
JESU, BEUGE DOCH MEIN HERZE,
bass aria in E-flat major, with accoinpaiu-
luent of oboo, violin, and continue, in Jo-
hann Sebastian Bach's cantata, " Wei- sich
selbst crhOhet, tier soil eruiedriget wevden."
JESU, DEINE GNADENBLICKE, so-
prano aria in G major, with accompaniment
of 2 flutes in unison, oboe, and violins, and
viola in unison, in Johauu Sebastian Bach's
cantata, " Lubcl Gott in seinen Reicheu."
JESU MEINE FREUDE, choral by Jo-
haun Criiger, ijublished with his other cho-
rals for four voices and two instruments,
under the title of "Praxis Pietatis, oder
Kirchenmelodien fiber D. Luthers und an-
dere Gesilnge " (Leipsic, 1C49 ; 30th ed.,
Berlin, 1703). Edition arranged by C. G.
Langbecker, published by G. Eicliler (Ber-
lin, 1839).— Allgem. mus. Zeitung (41), 382.
JESU MEINE ZUVERSICHT, choral
by Johann Criiger, contained in the collec-
tion Praxis Pietatis.
JESUS, ANTONIO DE, born at Lisbon,
died at Coimbra, April 15, 1G82. Monk and
church composer ; taught in the University
of Coimbra from 1030 till his death ; was
much esteemed bj' Dom Joao IV., in whoso
library his MSS. were preserved. Works :
Mass for 10 voices ; do. for 12 voices ; 2
masses for 8 voices ; Dixit Dominus for 12
voices. — Vasconcellos ; Fetis ; Gerber.
JESUS (Sena), BERNARDINO DE, born
at Lisbon in 1599, died there, April 10,
1G69. Church composer and Franciscan
monk in the convent of Vianna, which he
entered in 1G15 as a choir-singer, and where
he became definitor in 1650. He was much
esteemed by Dom Joao IV. on account of
his fine voice and his thorough musical
knowledge. His works remain in MS. — Fe-
tis ; Gerber.
JESUS, Padre GABRIEL DE, born at
Leiria in 1G50, died in 1708. Organ-
ist and harp player, Cistercian monk in
the monastery at Alcoba^a, in Estremadura.
His principal work is a collection of 15 mo-
tets, which remain in MS. — Vasconcellos ;
Fetis ; Mendel.
jfiSUS DE NAZARETH, song by Gou-
nod, sung by M. Lherie, at Mme Viardot's
student's concert, Paris, June 2, 1882.
JliSUS SUR LE LAC DE TIBERIADE,
scene for baritone, chorus, and orchestra, by
Gounod (Paris, 187G).
JE TAI TROMPE, JE FUS COUPABLE.
See liobirt le Diable.
JEUNE FEMME COLORE, LA, opera-
comique, text by Clajiarede, founded on a
comedy by Etienne, music by Boieldieu,
written in Russia, first represented at the
Theatre of the Hermitage, April 18, 1805,
and at the Grand Theatre, Ajiril 24, St.
Petersburg. It was given at the Theatre
Feydeau, Paris, Oct. 12, 1812.— Pougin,
Boieldieu, 142.
JEUNE HENRI, LE, opera-comique in
two acts, text by Bouilly, music by Mehul,
rejiresented at the Theatre Favart, Paris,
May 1, 1797. Henri IV. of France is the
subject. — Clement et Larousse, 380.
JEUNESSE D'HERCULE, LA (The
Youth of Hercules), symphonic poem for
orchestra, by Saint-Saens, op. 50, written
in 1875. Published by Duraud et Schoe-
newerk (Paris, 1878). Arranged for j^iano-
forte for four hands by E. Guiraud, for
two pianofortes for four hands by the com-
poser.—Signale (1878), G25.
JEWSON, FREDERICK BOWEN, born
in Edinburgh, July 2G, 1823, still living,
1889. Pianist, pupil at the Royal Academy
of Mtisic, where he became King's Scholar,
1837, and is now professor of pianoforte.
Works : Overtures for orchestra ; Sonatas
for pianoforte ; Concertos for do. and or-
chestra ; Pianoforte music ; Songs, etc.
JIMENEZ, UGALDE (CIRIACO), born
at Pampeluna, Feb. 5, 1828, still living, 1889.
Organist and church composer, first in-
S33
JOACHIM
structed by his father in solfeggio, then
pupil of Jose Guelbenzu on the pianoforte,
and at the Conservatorio, Jladrid, of Hila-
rion Eslava on the organ. Became maestro
de capilla of the cathedral of Jaca in 1857,
of the metropolitan church of Valencia,
1861, and of the primatial church of Toledo,
18G5. Works : Masses ; Motets ; Psalms,
etc. — Fetis, Supplement, ii. 26.
JOACHIiM, JOSEPH, born at Kittsee,
near Presburg, June 28,
1831, still living, 1889.
He began to play the vio-
lin at the age of five, and
took lessons of Szerva-
csinski, Conzertmeister
of the Opera at Pesth.
His first appearance in
public was in 1 838, when
heplaj-ed a duet with his
master with great success. In 1841 he
studied under Bijhm in Vienna ; in 1843
he went to Leipsic, whei'e he staid several
years, studying the violin together with the
greatest works for that instrument by Bach,
Beethoven, Sj^ohr, and Mendelssohn. His
regular teacher was Ferdinand David, but
he was also largely under the influence of
Mendelssohn, in whom his talent excited
enthusiasm. At first he appeared but little
in public, devoting bis time rather to the
serious study of his art, than to making him-
self a virtuoso. The wisdom of this course
has ever been felt in Joachim's public
career. He is probably the only great vio-
linist on record who has never swerved
from a fixed purpose to devote his excep-
tional talents solely to the interpretation of
music of the highest class. As an execu-
tant he stands at the head of living vio-
linists, but his intellectual superiority in the
fineness and cultivation of his artistic sense,
is infinitely more striking. As a player of
classic violin music, esj^ecially as a quartet
player, he is now the unquestioned model.
He visited London for the first time in 1814,
and returned in 1847, '49, '52, '58, '59, '62 ;
since then his annual apjiearance there has
been looked on as a matter of course. He
for some time divided the post of Conzert-
meister of the Gewandhaus concerts at
Leipsic with David, but in 1849 he accepted
a similar position at "Weimar, in the grand-
ducal orchestra, of which Liszt was then
conductor. But it proved impossible for
Joachim, who had been brought up under
the influence of Mendelssohn and Schumann,
to get on well with Liszt, with whose revo-
lutionary tendencies he had no sympathy.
In 1854 he accepted the position of con-
ductor of concerts and solo-violinist to tlie
King of Hanover, which post he held until
1866, marrying Cornelia Weiss, a notable
contralto singer, in 1863. In 1868 he went
to Berlin, as head of the Hochschule fiU'
ausiibende Tonkuust, a then recently es-
tablished department of the Royal Academy
of Arts. This school of music owes well-
nigh all its fame and influence to Joachim.
In 1877 the University of Cambridge (Eng-
land) bestowed ujion him the honorai-y de-
gree of Doctor of Music, and he has been
awarded many other honorary degrees in
his own country, besides orders of knight-
hood from several reigning princes. As a
composer he follows Schumann more than
Mendelssohn. His music is always noble
in aim, and generally grave and even som-
bre. His most imjjortant work as yet is the
Hungarian Concerto for violin and orches-
tra. His friend.ship for and admiration of
Johannes Brahms has been noted for some
time, and he may now be accounted the
leading " Brahmsianer " in Germany. His
opposition to Robert Franz in the contro-
versy on the " additional accomjjaniment "
question, is probably the only step he ever
took which the conservatively disposed
music-lover will be inclined to regret.
Works : L Orchestra : Overture to Ham-
let, oj). 4 ; do. to Schiller's Demetrius (MS.),
op. 6; do. to Henry IV. (MS.), op. 7; do.
to a play of Gozzi's (MS.), op. 8 ; do. in com-
memoration of Kleist, op. 13 ; Two marches,
in C and D, with trios.
n. Violin : Audautino cd allegro scher-
334
JOAO
zoso, with orcliestra, op. 1 ; 3 Stiicke (Ro-
luauze, Fantasiestiick, Friibliugsfantasie)
for violin aud pianoforte, op. 2 ; Concerto
in one movement, in G minor, with orches-
tra, op. 3 ; 3 Stiicke (Lindenrauschen, Abend-
glocken. Ballade) for violin and pianoforte,
op. 5 ; Hebriiische Melodien, for violin aud
pianoforte, op. 9 ; Variations on an original
theme, for viola aud piauoforto, op. 10 ;
Conzert in ungarischer Weise, iu D minor,
op. 11 ; Notturuo, with orchestra, op. 12 ;
3 cadenzas to Beethoven's violin concerto.
ni. Vocal : Scena der Marfa (from
Schiller's Demetrius), for contralto voice
and orchestra, op. 14 ; Song, Ich hab' im
Traum geweinet, for voice and pianoforte.
— Mendel; Eiemann ; Fetis; do.. Supple-
ment, ii. 27 ; Wurzbach, x. 217 ; Hart,
The Violin, 439; Mus. Wochenblatt, ii.
377. _^
JOAO IV., King of Portugal, born at
Villa- Vi50sa, March 19, 1G04, died at Lis-
bon, Nov. G, 1656. Church composer, and
theoretical writer on music. Although he
lived in the midst of great i)olitical struggles,
he gave much time to scientific researches,
and especially to the study of music. He
collected an immense musical library, known
as Bibliotheca Real de Musica, largely com-
posed of the most valuable MSS. and of rare
works gathered at great expense from every
country. It was entirely destroyed in 1755,
during the great earthquake in Lisbon.
The first volume of the catalogue of this
library, in the National Library, Paris, gives
a good idea of the value of the collection.
Of his compositions, three only of his mo-
tets survive, one of which is in Georges
Schmitt's Anthologie Universelle de Mu-
sique Sacrtie (Paris, 18G9). He wrote four
works on music, two of which were pub-
lished, and are now very rare ; the others
were left in MS. at his death, with directions
for their publication to his successor, but
never were given to the world. — Vasconcel-
los ; Fetis ; do., SuppK'ment, ii. 784 ; Ger-
ber ; Mendel ; Schilling ; Van der Straeten,
vu. 467.
JOCELYN, opera in four acts, text by
Ai-mand Silvestre and Victor Cajjoul, music
by Benjamin Godard, first represented at
the Theatre de la Monnaie, Brussels, Feb.
25, 1888 ; first time in Paris, at the Theatre
Lyrique National, Oct. 13, 1888.
JOCONDE, ou les coureurs d'aventures,
opera-comique in three acts, text by £tienne,
music by Nicolo Isouard, first represented
at the Theatre Feydeau, Paris, Feb. 28,
1814. It is one of Isouard's best operas,
and was regarded as the masterpiece of
French opera-comique until Auber's works
were produced. The couplets, "Et Ton
revient toujours a ses i)remieres amours,"
and their refrain were very i30i)ular. The
ojjera was revived at the Opera Comique,
Paris, 1857. Performed by Carl Rosa's
English opera comjjany, translation bj- Sant-
ley, at the Lyceum, Loudon, Oct. 25, 1876.
A revision by Grandaur, entitled Minne-
fahrten, was rejiresented in Munich in 1870.
— Clement et Larousse, 381 ; Allgem. mus.
Zeitung (16), 804 ; Athenaium (1876), ii. 568.
JODOCUS PRATENSIS. See Despres,
Josquin.
JOHANN ERNST, Prince of Saxe-Wei-
mar, born Dec. 29, 1696, died at Frankfort,
Aug. 1, 1715. Violinist and pianist, pupil
of his gentlemau-in-waiting Gregor Chris-
toph Eylensteiu, on the violin, and of Wal-
ther on the pianoforte and in composition.
This master testifies that after nine months'
tuition he was able to compose the six con-
certos which were published under his
name. He was starting on a journey un-
dertaken for the study of music when his
early death took place. — V^alther, 331 ;
Gerber ; Fetis.
JOHANNES DER TAUFER, oratorio,
by Carl Loewe, written in 1862.
JOHN GILPIN, cantata, text after Cow-
per's poem, music by Thomas Anderton,
first performed by the Festival Choral So-
ciety of Birmingham, England, Dec. 8, 1875,
the composer conducting. The part of John
Giljiin was sung by Mr. Lloyd, that of Mrs.
Gilpin by Mrs. Lemmens.
335
JOHNS
1
JOHNS, CLAYTON, born of American
parentage in New Castle, Delaware, Nov.
■2i, 1857, still living, 1889. Pianist, pupil
in theory of J. K. Paine, and on the jjiano-
forte of William H. Sherwood, Boston. In
1882 he went to Europe and studied com-
position in Berlin under Friedrich Kiel,
and the pianoforte iinder Grabau, Eummel,
and Eaif. Keturuing in 1884 he settled in
Boston, where he has since resided, ap^sear-
ing occasionally in concerts. Works : 7
Songs by Ludwig Uhland ; 3 English Songs
by Austen Dobson ; Song of Fom- Seasons ;
4 Songs by Ada Chresten ; Songs : No Lo-
tus Flower on Ganges floats ; Deep in a
Kose's glowing Heart ; etc. ; Romance and
Scherzino for violin and pianoforte ; Im-
promptu capriccietto, pianoforte.
JOHNSON, EDWAliD, one of the com-
posers who harmonized the tunes forEste's
Whole Booke of Psalms (1792). He contri-
buted the madrigal. Come, blessed bird, to
the Triumphes of Oriana (1001). Another
madrigal by him. Ah, silly John, is preserved
in the MSS. of the Sacred Harmonic Society
Library, London. — Grove ; Burney, His-
tory, iii. 101.
JOHNSON, ROBERT, bom in latter half
of IGth century, died after 1625. Lutist, in
the service of Sir T. Kyston, of Heugrave
Hall, Suffolk ; later went to London and
composed music for the theatres. He was
in the service of Prince Henry iu 1611.
Works : Music to the dramas. The Witch,
1610, Shakspeare's Tempest, 1612, Valen-
tinian, and The Mad Lover, 1617, and
Masque of the Gipsies, 1621 ; Contributions
to " Leightou's Teares " ; Songs, madrigals,
etc. — Grove.
JOHOHOE! TR.IFT IHR DAS SCHIFF.
See Fiiegende Hollander.
JOLIE FILLE DE GAND, LA (The Fair
Maid of Ghent), Ballet-pantomime in three
acts and nine tableaux, text by Saint-
Georges, music by Adolphe Adam, first rep-
resented at the Opi'ra, Paris, June 22, 1842.
JOLIE FILLE DE PERTH, LA (The
Fair ]\Iaid of Perth), opera-comique in four
acts, text by J. Adeuis and Saint-Georges,
music by Geoi'ges Bizet, rejsresented at the
Theatre Lyri(jue, Paris, Dec. 26, 1867.
JOMMELLI, NICCOLO, born at Aversa,
n e a r N a p 1 e s ,
Sept. 11, 1714,
died iu Naples,
Aug. 28, 1774.
First studied un-
der a canon
named Mozzillo,
then at the Cou-
servatorio di San
Onofrio, Naples,
under Durante ;
but soon left that institution for La Pieta
de' Turchini, where he studied singing
under Prato and IMancini, and composi-
tion under Feo and Leo. His first com-
positions were ballets ; his next cantatas, a
form of composition far better suited to his
talent, and in which he was so successful as
to elicit from Leo the most brilliant prophe-
cies for his future. Piccinni ^vrites that Jom-
melli so dreaded the popular judgment upon
his first opera, L' errore amoroso, that he
had it brought out (Naj^les, 1737) under the
name of Valentino, an obscure Neapolitan
musician ; the work, however, met with much
success. In 1740 the Cardinal Duke of
York summoned him to Rome, where two
of his operas, R Ricimero and L' Astianasse,
were brought out. He went next to Bo-
logna, where he formed a firm friendship
with the great Padre Martini, whose influ-
ence upon him was probably considerable.
After a brilliant career at Bologna, he went
to Vienna iu 1745, where he wrote Achille
in Sciro and Didone, and formed a friend-
ship with Metastasio. But, though it is
highly improbable that the poet's influence
had anything to do with the change in Joni-
melli's style of composition, as some writers
have asserted, the fondness for more fre-
quent modulation and a richer orchestration
which he evinced at one time, was undoubt-
edlj- due to his becoming acquainted with
' the works of German composers, and dates
336
TEE NE^ YORK J
PUBLIC LIBRARTI
JOMMELLI
from his sojourn in Stuttgart, nine j-ears
later. In 1740 he returned to Naples, where
his Eumeue had a positive triumph. Me-
rope excited quite as much enthusiasm at
Venice in 1747. The Council of Ten ap-
pointed him director of the Scuola degl'
Incurabili, and he began seriously to apply
himself to sacred composition, a path he
had always been ambitious to pursue, and
to his success iu which he owed the better
part of his fame. An 8-voice Laudate for
two choruses, belonging to his Venetian
period, although never published, is one of
his most admired works. In 1748 he was
recalled to Rome to write his opera of Ar-
taserse, and the Cardinal Alessandro Albani
procured him in 1649 the post of maestro
di caijpella at St. Peter's. In 1754 ho, sent
iu his resignation, and went to Stuttgart
to become maestro di cappella and court-
composer to the Duke of Wiirtemberg. He
returned to Naples iu 1771, to find that the
Italian public had completely forgotten him.
His Ai-mida met with little success, for
although one of his best works, its German
style was not to the public taste. His Ifi-
genia (1773) made even a more decided
failure. This sudden lack of popular suc-
cess threw the sensitive composer into a
melancholy and brought on a stroke of
apoplexy, which prevented his fulfilling a
commission from the King of Portugal to
write two ojieras and a cantata. On his re-
covery he wrote a cantata in honor of the
birth of the Prince of Naples, and a Miser-
ere for two voices, which wondrously beau-
tiful comijosition was his swan-song, as well
as his most famous work. He died very
shortly after writing it ; a funeral service in
his honor was conducted with much pomp
on Nov. 11, 1774. Jommelli belongs dis-
tinctly to the "great" period of Italian
opera, which began with Alessandro Scar-
latti, and may be said to represent the cul-
minating point of this period. Although
not the superior of his great predecessors,
Scarlatti, Leo, and Vinci, either in original
genius or iu musical learning and skill, he
was more careful than they to respect the
natural dramatic proprieties in operatic
writing. He gave up the Da Capo form of
the aria, which Scarlatti had established, and
let the often extended musical develoj)ment
of his airs and concerted pieces go, as far
as 230ssible, hand in hand with the develop-
ment of the dramatic situation. He has
been called the Italian Gluck.
Works. I. Operas : L' errore amoroso,
Naples, 1737 ; Odoardo, ib., 1738 ; Eicimero,
Rome, 1740 ; Astianasse, ib., 1741 ; Ezio,
Bologna, 1741 ; jlferope, Venice, 1741 ; Don
Trastullo, intermezzo ; II Creso, 1743 ;
Giro ricouosciuto, 1744 ; Didone, ib., 1745 ;
Eumeue, Naples, 1746 ; Achille in Sciro,
Vienna, 1745 ; L' Amore in maschera, ib.,
1746 ; Sofouisba, Venice, Teatro San Gio-
vanni Crisostomo, 1746 ; La critica, farsa,
1747 ; Ezio (new music), Naples, 1748 ;
L' incantato, Rome, 1749 ; Arlaserse, ib.,
Teatro Argentina, 1749 ; Ifigenia in Tau-
ride, ib., 1751 ; Talestri, ib., 1752 ; Attilio
Regolo, ib., 1752 ; Semiramide, Piacenza,
1752 ; L' Ipermexlra, Spoleto, 1752 ; Baja-
zette, Turin, 1753 (?) ; Demetrio, Parma,
1753 (?) ; Penelope, Stuttgart, 1754 ; Enea
nelLazio, ib., 1755; II rii pasture, ib., 1755 ;
Didone (new music), ibid., 1756 ; Alessandro
nell' Indie, ib., 1751 ; NilMi, ib., 1757;
Temistocle, Najjles, Teatro San Carlo, 1757 ;
II Irionfo di Clelia, ib., 1757 ; La clemenza
di Tito, Stuttgart, 1758 (?) ; Demofoonte, ib.,
1760 (?) ; II Fedonte, ib., 1761 (?) ; L' isola
disabitata, ib., 1762 (?) ; Endimione, ib.,
1763 (?) ; Vologeso, ib., 1764 (?) ; L' OJim-
■piade, ib., 1765 (?) ; La schiava liberata, ib.,
1766 (?) ; L' asilo d' amore, ib., 1767 (?) ;
La pastorella illustre, ib., 1768 (?) ; H cac-
ciator deluso, ib., 1769 (?) ; II matrimonio
percoucorso, ib., 1770 (?) ; Armida, Naples,
1771 ; Ezio (third opera on this subject,
written for the birthday of Joiio I. of Portu-
gal), Lisbon (?), 1771 ; Armida, Naples, Tea-
tro San Carlo, 1771 ; Demofoonte (new mu-
sic), ib., 1772 ; Cerere placata, festa teatrale,
ib., 1772 ; Ifigenia in Aulide, ib., 1773 ;
Cajo Marzio, ib., 1773 (?).
337
JONAS
n. Cantatas : Perdono, amata Nice, for
a single voice and instruments ; Giusti
nuiui, id. ; E quando sara mai, id. ; Partii-
coiiviene, id. ; Cantata for 2 sopranos.
TTT. Oratorios : La passione di Gesil
Cristo, for 4 voices, chorus, and orchestra ;
Isacco, figura del Redentore, id. ; Betulia
liberata, id. ; Santa Elena al Calvario, id.
IV. Chui-ch music : Dixit a 4 voci ; In
convertendo, salmo a 2 voci ed orchestra ;
Responsorj per la Settimana Santa, a 4 voci ;
Dixit a 8 voci in 2 cori ; liliserere a 8 voci
e 2 cori ; 5 Misse a 4 voci, orchestra ed
organo ; Missa de' defonti (Requiem) a 4
voci, orchestra ed organo ; Confitebor, a 3
voci ; Laudate, a 4 soprani e 2 cori ; In
convertendo, a 6 voci concertauti e 2 cori ;
Magnificat (called dell' eco), a 4 e 8 voci ;
Inno di San Pietro, concertato, a 2 cori ;
Dixit, a 8 voci ; Graduale, a 4 voci ; Veni,
Sancte Spiritus, a 4 voci ; Lsctatus sum,
id. ; Confitebor, id. ; Beatus vir, id. ; Con-
firraa hoc, Deus, a 5 voci ed orchestra ;
Miserere, a 4 voci ; Victim;n paschali, a G
voci ; Miserere, a 5 voci ; Te Deum, a 4 voci
ed orchestra ; Eegnum mundi, a 4 voci ;
Veni, spousa Christi, per soprano, coro ed
orchestra ; Victimre paschali, a 4 voci ;
Credidi, a 4 voci ; Graduale, a 3 voci, per
la festa della Sta. Vcrgine ; Discerne causam
meam, graduale a 4 voci ; Domine Deus, in
siiiiplicitate, ofFertorio a 4 voci ; Justus ut
paliua llorebit, graduale a 4 voci ; Cantata
a 3 voci per la Nativita della Sta. Vergine ;
Salve Regina, per soprano ed orchestra ;
Miserere, a 2 soprani ed orcb. ; Several
(py^\C(flo
Misse a 3 e 5 voci ed orcb. ; Responsorj per
il mei'coledi, il giovedi ed il venerdi della
Settimana Santa. — Alfieri, Notizie biogi-a-
fiche di Niccoln Jommelli (Rome, 1845) ;
Biografia degli Italiani illustri del secolo
XVIII, Vol. 1 (Venice, 1835) ; Fetis.
JONAS, oratorio by Carissimi. The MS.
is in the National Library, Paris. First
performed in English at St. James's Hall,
London, March 15, 1872, text adapted by
Henrj' Leslie. Joseph Maas sang the part
of Jonah. The air Just art Thou, oh Lord,
my God, is dramatic and full of devotional
feeling. The score was edited by Henry
Leslie and published by Cocks & Co. (Lon-
don).— Athenreum (1872), i. 375.
JONAS, E:\ULE, born in Paris, March
5, 1827, still living, 1889. Dramatic com-
poser, pupil of Lecoupey and Carafa at
the Conservatoire, where he receiveel the 2d
prize for harmony in 184G, the 1st in 1847,
and the 2d grand prix for his cantata An-
tonio in 1849 ; was professor of Solfege at
the Conservatoire in 1847-G6 ; instructor in
liarmony of a class arranged for the pupils
from the militarj' bands in 1859-70 ; at the
same time chef de musique of a subdivis-
ion in the National Guard and director of
music at the Portuguese sj-nagogue. In
1867 he was ajipointed secretary of the
committee for the organization of military
festivals at the Palais de I'lndustrie, and in
recognition of his services received the
cross of the Legion of Honour. Works :
Antonio, cantata, 1849 ; Overture (2), 1851
and 1852 ; Le duel de Benjamin, opera,
given at the BoutTes Parisiens, 1855 ; La
parade, opieretta, ib., 185G ; Le roi boit,
do., ib., 1857 ; Les petits j)i'odiges, do., ib.,
1857 ; Job et son chien, do., ib., 18G3 ; Le
manoir des La Renardiere, do., ib., 18G4 ;
Avant la noce, do., ib., 18G5 ; Les deux
arlcquins, do., Fantaisies Parisiennes, 18G5;
Malbrough s'en va-t-en guerre, do. (with
Bizet, Delibes, and Legouix), Athe-
nee, 1867 ; Le canard a trois bees,
do., Folies Dramatiques, 18G9 ;
Desire, Sire de Champigny,
do., Bouffes Parisiens, 1869 ; Javotte, do.,
Athenee, 1871 (written for and given at the
Gaiety Theatre, London, as Cinderella the
Younger, a few months earlier) ; Le chi-
gnon d'or, do., Brussels, 1874 ; La poularde
de Caux, do. (with Bazille, Clapisson, and
others), Theatre du Palais-Royal ; La prin-
cesse Kelebella ; Miss Robinson ; La bonne
338
JONClfiRES
aventure, 1882 ; Le premier baiser, 1883.
— iY'tis ; do., Supijlement, ii. 28 ; Eiemann.
JONClfiRES, (FELIX LUDGER, called)
VICTOEINDE.born
ill Paris, Ajnil 12,
1839, still living,
1889. Dramatic com-
poser, jjiipil at the
Conservatoire of El-
wart in banuony, and
of Leborne in couii-
terj)oint and fugue,
but left his class ab-
ruptly on account of
a discussion with Leborne on Wagner's mu-
sic, which Joiicicres admires. He is musical
critic of La Liberte. Works : Le Sicilieu,
ou I'Amour peintre, opera-comique, Ecole
Lyrique, Paris, 1859 ; Sardanapale, opera.
Theatre Lyrique, 18G7 ; Le dernier jour de
Pompt'i, do., ib., 18G9 ; Dimitri, do., ib.,
1876 ; Bordeaux, 1883 ; La reiue Berthe,
do., Opera, 1878; Le chevalier Jean, 1885 ;
Music to Hamlet, 18G1 ; Symphonie ro-
mantique, Concert national, 1870 ; La mer,
choral symphony ; Concert overture ; Hun-
garian serenade ; Concerto for violin ; Pi-
anoforte music, and romances. — Fetis, Sup-
plement, ii. 28 ; Mendel ; Eiemann.
JONES, JOHN, born in England about
1730, died in Loudon, Feb. 17, 1796. Be-
came organist of the Middle Temple in
1749, of the Charterhouse in 1753, and of
St. Paul's Cathedral iu 1755. He held the
three places at the time of his death.
Haydn heard and was deeply moved by one
of his chants iu 1791. Works : Sixty
chants Single and Double (1785). — Grove ;
Barrett, English Church Composers, 137.
JONES, EOBEET, composer and lutist,
lived in London in the beginning of the
17th century. Works : The First Booke of
Ayres (1601) ; The Second Booke of Songs
and Ayres (1601) ; The First Set of Madri-
gals (1607) ; Ultimum Vale, or Third Book
of Ayres (1608) ; A Musicall Dreame, or
the Fourth Booke of Ayres (1609); The
Muse's Garden for delight, or the Fifth
Booke of Ayres (1611) ; "Faire Oriana, seem-
ing to wink at folly," madrigal for 6 voices,
in Triumphes of Oriana ; Other madrigals
and i^ieces published in Leighton's Teares,
Smith's Musica Antiqua, etc. — Grove ; Fe-
tis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
JONES, Eev. WIXLIAIM, born at Lowick,
Northamptonshire, England, July 30, 1726,
died at Nayland, Suffolk, Jan. 6, 1800.
Church composer, educated at Oxford ; be-
came vicar of Bethersden, Kent, in 1764,
and later rector of Plucklej' and of Paston,
Northamptonshire, and curate of Nayland,
1784. Works: A Treatise on the Art of
Music (1784, 2d ed., 1827) ; 10 pieces for
the organ, with 4 anthems in score (1789) ;
Double chant ; and other sacred music.
— Grove ; Fetis.
JORDAN, CHARLES W.WIWICK, born
at Clifton (Bristol), England, Dec. 28, 1840,
still living, 1889. Organist of St. Paul's,
Buuhill Eow, of St. Luke's, West Holloway
(1860), of St. Stephen's, Lewisham (1866),
honorary organist of London Gregorian
Church Association, and conductor of sev-
eral musical societies. He is fellow of the
College of Organists, andMus. Bac, Oxford,
1869. Works : Blow ye the trumpet in
Ziou, cantata ; Services, including a Com-
munion Service in E, with brass instru-
ments ; Anthems ; Organ music ; Songs,
etc. He has published also 150 Harmo-
nies for Gregorian Tones.
JOSEFFY, EAFAEL. born at Miskolcz.
Hungary, in 1853,
still living, 1889, in
New York. Pianist,
pupil of IMoscheles
audofTausig. Won
reputation on his
first concert tour in
Holland and Ger-
many ; and has since
played with success
throughout Europe
and the United -""
States. Works : Ungarisches Album, 6 pieces
for pianoforte, op. 11 ; Valse caprice, op. 22 ;
JOSEPH
Die Miible, op. 23 ; Itlylle, op. 25 ; Ciacon-
netta, op. 26 ; Perles d'Allemagoe, waltz,
op. 27 ; Dause des roses, mazoui-ka, op.
29 ; Danse iK-gre, op. 31 ; Serenade for vio-
lin witli pianoforte, op. 31 ; Wiegenlied, for
do.; Marcbe turque, grand morceau de con-
cert, for pianoforte ; Conzert-Studien nacli
Chopin ; Barcarolles, berceuses, gavottes,
Liindler, Polkas nobles, etc. for pianoforte ;
Songs.
JOSEPH, opera in three acts, text by
Alexandre Duval, music by Mt'hul, first rep-
resented at the Tht'ati-e Feydeau, Paris,
Feb. 17, 1807. The subject is from the
Bible. This opera, Mohul's masterpiece,
has much dramatic power. Original cast :
Joseph M. Elleviou.
Jacob M. Solio.
Simeon M. Gavaudan.
Benjamin Mme Gavaudan.
Among the chief numbers are : Joseph's
gi-and aria, " Vainement Pharaon, dans sa
reconnaissance ; " Joseph's romance, " A
peine au sortir de I'enfance ; " the prayer,
" Dieu d'lsrai^l, p6re de la nature ; " Benja-
min's romance, " Ah ! lorsque la mort, trop
cruelle;" the trio, "Des chants lointains
ont frappe mon oreille ; " and the duet " O
toi le digne appui d'un pure." Published
by Meysenburg (Paris, 1807). It was given
in New York in February, 18G3 ; revived in
Paris, June, 1882. — Clement et Larousse,
382 ; Hanslick, Moderns Oper, 89 ; Le
Menestrel (1881-82), 210, 219.
JOSEPH, oratorio in three acts, text by
the Rev. James Miller, music by Handel,
first performed at Covent Gai-den, London,
March 2, 1744, and sung four times during
that year. This, Handel's eighth English
oratorio, is dedicated to the Duke of Mon-
tague. The original score in Buckingham
Palace is dated at the end of the first part,
Aug. 2(), 1743, and at the end of the sec-
ond. Sept, 12, 1743 ; the last date is not
given. Various alterations in the music
were made, several by Handel, probably
after 17C0. The air, " The Peasant tastes
the sweets of life," written in C, appears in
Schmidt's edition in B-flat, and Guarducci
sang it in D. The air. Powerful Guardians,
was taken from Alr.rander Balus, and the
music of the final chorus from the Delfin-
gen Anthem. This oratorio has seldom
been sung since Handel's death. The parts
of Joseph and Benjamin are marked "boy,"
and were originally sung by choristers. Jo-
seph was afterward sung by Guarducci.
The conducting score contains the names :
Asenath, Signora Frasi, later Mrs. Pinto ;
Phanoi-, Signora Galli (who made her debut
in this oratorio), Passerini, IMi'S. Scott ; High
Priest, Mrs. Scott, Passerini ; Judah, Beard.
The other characters are Pharaoh, bass ; and
Simeon and Iteuben, tenors. Published by
Walsh ; Chrysander's edition (Breitkopf &
Hiirtel, Leipsic, 1883). — Rockstro, Handel,
278 ; Schcelcher, 285.
JOSEPH, oratorio in two parts, text se-
lected from the Bible by Dr. Edwin George
Monk, music by George Alexander Macfar-
I'en, produced at the Leeds festival, Sept.
21, 1877.— Athenaium (1877), ii. 379.
JOSEPH (Joseplii), GEOKG, German
composer of the 2d half of the 17th cent-
ury. He was Kapellmeister to the bishop
of Breslau ; wi'ote the music for a collec-
tion of canticles : Heilige Seelenlust, etc.
(Breslau, 1GG8), which was liehl in great
esteem. — Mendel ; Fotis ; Winterfeld, Kir-
chengesang, ii. 509.
JOSEPHSON, JACOB AXEL, born in
Stockholm, March 27, 1818, died at Upsal,
March 29, 1880. Vocal comjjoser, jjupil at
the Leipsic Conservatorium, and in 1848
director of music at the University of Up-
sal. He devoted much time to the cultiva-
tion of music in that city, which in conse-
quence became one of the musical centres
of Sweden. He was director of the Stu-
dent's Singing Society, the Students' Chapel,
and the Philharmonic Society. His songs,
ballads, romances (Stockholm, Leipsic) are
very popular. — Mendel.
JOSHUA, oratorio in three parts, text by
Dr. Thomas Morell, music by Handel, first
340
JOSQUIN
performed at Covent Gai-clen, London,
March 19, 1748. This, Handel's fourteenth
English oratorio, was begun July 19, 1747.
The J\IS., preserved in Buckingham palace,
is dated at the end of the first part July 30,
1747, at the second, Aug. 8, 1747, and at
the third, Aug. 19, 1747. The work was
performed seven times during Handel's life,
was first sung in Berlin, Jan. 13, 1833, and
was revived by the Sacred Harmonic So-
ciety of London, June 19, 1839. It con-
tains many reminiscences of the composer's
early Italian works. The trio and chorus,
" See the conquering hero comes," was
transfen-ed after the first season to Judas
Maccabseus. Haydn heard Joshua at the
Antieut Concerts, London, and declared that
only one inspired author ever did, or would,
pen so sublime a composition as " The na-
tions tremble." Characters represented :
Joshua (T.) ; Caleb (B.) ; Othniel (C.) ; Achsah
(S.), and an Angel (S.). Joshua was sung
first in Boston by the Handel and Haydn
Society, April 16, 187G. Published first by
Walsh ; edited by Chrysander (Breitkojjf &
Hiirtel, Leipsic, 1864). — Rockstro, Handel,
288 ; Schcelcher, 309.
JOSQUIN. See Desprh.
JOSSE, JEAN :\IAEIE, born at Toulouse,
Feb. 23, 1815, died at Asnieres, near Paris,
June, 1884. Dramatic comjjoser, pupil at
the maitrise of the Cathedral of Toulouse ;
when twelve years old, went to Bordeaux,
where he studied harmony and composi-
tion under Massin (Turina) ; in 1832 en-
tered the Paris Conservatoire, as pupil of
Reicha in fugue, and of Lesueur in compo-
sition. In 1836 he became connected with
the orchestra of the Theatre Nautique as
second violin, then as viola at the Opera
Comique, where he afterwards was sous-
chef d'orchestre. lu 1850 he went to St.
Petersburg as conductor of orchestra at the
Michel Theatre ; returned to France in 1861,
and settled in Marseilles. Works : La ten-
tation, oratorio, Paris, 1848 ; Le talisman,
opera-comique, ib., 1849 ; La lega, opera,
Milan, Scala, 1876 ; Many compositions for
orchestra. — Fotis, Supplement, ii. 30 ; Men-
del, Ergiinz., 174.
JOTA AEAGONESA, LA, a national
dance of northern Spain, a species of waltz
in 3-time. Transcription for orchestra by
Camille Saint-Saens, op. 64 ; arranged for
pianoforte and violin, and for pianoforte for
four hands, by the comj)oser (Durand-
Schoenewerk, Paris). Same title, Capriccio
brillante for orchestra by Glinka, written
in Madrid in 1847, edited and dedicated to
Franz Liszt, by the sister of the composer
L. Schestakof, published by B. Schott's
Siihnen (Mainz, 1860). Arranged for the
pianoforte by M. Balakirev, published by
Schott (Mainz, between 1868-73).
JOTIRET, LEON, born at Ath, Belgium,
Oct. 17, 1828, still living, 1889. Dramatic
and church comj)Oser, brother of Theodore,
studied music in his native town, and from
1840 at the Conservatoire, Brussels, where
he became professor in 1874. Works :
Quentiu Matsj's, opera, given in Brussels,
at the Cercle Artistique et Litteraire, 1865 ;
Le tricorne enchante, do., ib., 1868 ; Can-
tata for Pentecost, in 3 parts, for 5 voices,
with organ, violoncello, and double bass ;
Mass for do. ; Domine Salvum fac ; Motets
and psalms ; Choruses for male voices a
cappella ; Melodies, romances, etc. — Fe-
tis. Supplement, ii. 31 ; Mendel, Ergiinz.,
174.
JOURET, THEODORE, born at Ath,
Belgium, Sept. 11, 1821, still living, 1889.
Vocal composer and musical critic ; brother
of Leon Jouret. He first took up music as
an amateur, while pursuing his scientific
studies, and in 1840-46 composed melodies
and choruses for male voices. In collabor-
ation with Guillaume Meynne, he wrote the
opera-comique Le medecin Turc, given in a
musical salon in Brussels, 1845. Since
1846 he has been the musical critic succes-
sively on several Belgian paj^ers, and from
Paris and Germany has sent many contri-
butions to the Independance Beige, and the
Journal de Saint-Petersbourg. He is pro-
fessor of chemistry at the military school,
341
JOURS
Brussels. Oreler of Lt.'oi)ol(.l. — Fctis, Siip-
plt'iiient, ii. 31 ; Meudel, Ergiluz., 174.
JOURS DE MON ENFANCE. See Pre
aux Clercs.
JOUVE, ELZ^AR aiAEIE, born at Apt
(Vaucluse), France, Feb. 12, 1805, still liv-
ing, 1880. Dramatic and elnircli composer,
pujsil at the Conservatoire, Paris, of Fetis
and Berton. He became chef d'orchestre
at Strasburg, and in 1830 at Cai-peutras,
whence he went to A%-iguon, and then set-
tled in his native town to teach music.
Works : Le dissij)ateur sans argent, opera,
given at Strasburg, 1827 ; Music for the
drama Le seigneur et I'iutendant, ib., 1829 ;
Messe solennelle, ib., 1829 ; Other church
music. — Fetis ; Mendel.
JOUVE, ESPRIT GUSTA\TE, bom at
Buis-les-Baronnies (Drome), France, June
1, 1805, still living, 1889. Church com-
poser, writer on music, scientist, and archje-
ologist. He was first a lawyer, then a
priest, and became canon of the cathedral
of Valence in 1839. He devoted many
years to scientific research, published works
on music, on painting, and other arts. He
composed masses for 3 voices, with organ
and orchestra (Lyons and Paris, 1843-55) ;
Stabat Mater, for do. ; Collection of motets,
hymns, and anthems ; do. of Canticle.s.
— Fi'tis ; do., Supph'ment, ii. 33 ; Larousse.
JOZfi, THOMAS RICH.UJD GONZAL-
VEZ, born in Dublin,
Ireland, Sept. 26, 1853,
still living, 1889.
Chorister in Christ
Church Cathedral,
1861, and deputy or-
ganist in do., 18G9 ;
professor of pianoforte
in Royal Irish Academy
of Music, 1871 ; con-
ductor of Kingston
Philharmonic Society, 1876 ; Mus. Doc,
Dublin, 1877. Works: The Prophecy of
Cajjys, cantata ; A Dream of the Fairies,
do. ; Part-songs, songs, pianoforte music,
etc.
JUBEL-CANTATE (Jubilee Cantata), for
chorus, soli, and orchestra, text bj' Fried-
rich Kind, music by Carl ]\Iaria von Weber,
op. 58, written in 1818 for the festival to
celebrate the 50th anniversary of the reign
of King Friedrich August of Saxony, Sep-
tember 20th of that year, but was not per-
formed. First given at the Neustadt
Church, Dresden, under Weber's direction.
The autograph is in possession of Max von
Weber, Vienna. A second text, suitable for
general performance, entitled Ernte-cantate
(Hai-vest cantata), was written by Amadeus
Wendt, and is the one commonly sung.
Another version. The Festival of Peace,
text by Hampdon Napier, was given in
London, May 2G, 1826, under Weber's di-
rection, a few days before his death. The
score with the two texts, preceded by the
Jubel-ouvertiire, was published by Schle-
singer (Berlin, 1818). — Reissmann, Weber,
93 ; Grove, iv. 409, 423 ; Jiihn, Weber,
Verzeichniss, 2G1 ; Weber, Weber's Lebens-
bild, ii. 175, 696 ; Monthly Musical Rec-
ord (1873) ; Upton, Standard Cantatas,
344.
JUBELOUVERTURE (Jubilee Over-
ture) for orchestra, in E, by Carl Maria von
Weber, op. 59, first performed at the Court
Theatre, Dresden, Sept. 20, 1818. The au-
tograph in the KOnigliche Bibliothek, Ber-
lin, is dated Dresden, Sept. 11, 1818, and
was written for the festival to celebrate the
50th anniversary of the King of Saxony's
reign ; but it has no connection with the
Jubel-Cantate. The national anthem Hcil
dir in Siegerkranz is inti'oduced. Per-
formed by the Philharmonic Society of
New York, April 22, 1843. Published by
Schlesinger (Berlin) ; Richault (Paris, 1818).
— Weber, Weber'sLebensbild, ii. ISO ; Jiihns,
Weber, Verzeichniss, 265 ; AUgem. Mus. Zei-
tung (43), 975.
JUBEL-OUVERTURE, for orchestra, by
Joachim Rafl', op. 103, composed for the
celebration of the twenty-fifth year of tlie
rule of Prince Adolf, Duke of Nassau. Pub-
lished by Kahnt (Leipsic, 1860-67).
3^
JUDAS
JUDAS MACCAB.EUS, oratorio iu tliree
acts, text suggested by Handel and select-
ed by the Eev. Thomas Morell, D.D., from
the first book of Maccabees, and the twelfth
book of Josephus's " Antiquities of the
Jews," music by Handel, first i^erformed at
Covent Garden, London, April 1, 1747. It
was written between July 9 and Aug. 11,
1746, by command of Frederick, Prince of
Wales, to celebrate the return of "William,
Duke of Cumberland, after the victory of
CuUoden, April 16, 17-46. The autograph
score in Buckingham palace is headed
Overture Oratorio Judas Maccabseus, ange-
fangen den July 0, 1746, oder den 8. The
end of Act I. is dated July 21, 1746, 22 vol-
lig, the end of Act H. August, 2, 1746, viillig,
and the conclusion, Aug. 11, 1746. The
work was performed six times in the first
year, and thirty-four times during Handel's
life, ranking with the Messiah and Samson
in the estimation of his English audiences.
The chorus, "Fallen is the foe," and "We
worshijJ God and God alone " are master-
pieces of counterpoint. The chorus, " See
the conquering hero comes," was trans-
ferred from Joshua to this oratorio, iu which
it has since been performed and pub-
lished. The air, "Wise men flattering,"
and the chorus, " Sion now," were intro-
duced several years after its first perform-
ance. The air, "Come ever smiling lib-
erty," was originally in the Occasional Ora-
torio. Part I. Lamentations for the death
of Mattathias, Judas recognized as a leader,
preparations for war ; Part H. Celebration
of the victories over the armies of ApoUo-
nius, renewal of war ; Part HI. Feast of
the dedication at Jerusalem, return of
Judas from the victory over Nicanor, cele-
bration of peace and thanksgiving. Char-
acters represented : Judas Maccabajus,
tenor ; Simon, his brother, bass ; Israelitish
woman, soprano ; Israelitish man, alto or
mezzo-soprano ; Israelitish messenger, alto ;
Eupolemus, Jewish ambassador to Rome,
bass ; and chorus of Israelites. This ora-
torio was sung in Leipsic in 1820 with Star-
' zer's additional accompaniments ; in Ber-
lin, Nov. 1, 1820, at the Handel Festival
(England), June 17, 1857, and first in Bos-
ton by the Handel and Haydn Society, Dec.
5, 1847. Published first by Walsh (Lou-
don) ; edition by Macfarreu (Cramer & Co.,
London, 1855) ; and by Chrysander (Breit-
kopi & Hiirtel, Leipsic, 1866). — Rockstro,
Handel, 285 ; Schrelcher, 303 ; Upton, Stand-
ard Oratorios, 149 ; Athenseum (1857), 797 ;
Allgem. mus. Zeit., sxii, 760, xxiii, 108*.
JUDICE, CESARE DE, born at Paler-
mo, Sicily, Jan. 28, 1607, died there, Sept.
13, 1680. Church composer, whose studies
in science and art won him the title of Doc-
tor in 1632 ; was made visitor-general,
1650. Mougitori (Bibl. Sicul., I. 119) praises
his compositions, which consist of madri-
gals (Messina, 1628), and motets (Palermo,
1635). A Requiem for the funeral cere-
monies of Philip rV'., 1666, was not pub-
lished.— Fctis ; Gerber ; Walther.
JUDICIUM SALOMONIS (The Judg-
ment of Solomon), oratorio by Carissimi,
one of his masterpieces. The MS. is in the
National Library of Paris. Edited by Chry-
sander (Schott, Mainz).
JUDISCHE TRILOGIE for orchestra, in
C minor, by Asger Hamerik, op. 19, com-
posed in Paris in 1866-67. Published by
Breitkoj^f & Hiirtel (LeijDsic).
JUDITH, oratorio, text by Isaac Bicker-
staff, music by Dr. Thomas A. Arne, first
performed on Feb. 29, 1764, at the Lock
Hosjjital Chapel, London, for the benefit of
that charity. At a performance of Judith
in Covent Garden Theatre, Feb. 26, 1773,
Dr. Arne first introduced women's voices
into oratorio choruses. By the same title
are : text by W. Huggius, music by De-
fesch, London, 1733 ; sacred cantata in
three scenes, words selected by Chorley,
music by Henry D. Leslie, composed for
the Birmingham Festival and performed
there in September, 1858 ; also at St. Mar-
tin's Hall, London, March 8, 1859.
JUDITH, or the Regeneration of Manas-
seh, oratorio, in two acts, by Charles Hu-
343
JUDITH
bert Hastings Pan-y, composed for and first
performed at the Biruiiugbani (England)
Festival, Aug. 29, 1888. Libretto from the
Bible and the Ajjocrypha. It was revised
by the composer and first given in Loudon,
Dec. 6, 1888, under the direction of Dr. A.
C. Mackenzie.— Academy (1888), H. 125,
1-42, 39-4 ; Athenaum (1888), II. 298.
JUDITH. See Lotario.
JUGEiMENT DERNIER, LE (The Last
Judgment), cantata, text by Chevalier Roger,
music by Antonio Salieri, first given in Paris,
1787. It was written iu Vienna for the So-
ciete d'Apollou of Palis, and was sung at its
concerts and at the Concerts Spirituels with
great applause.
JUHfi ! JUHfi ! See Mefislofelc.
JUR'E, LA (The Jewess), opera in five
acts, text by Scribe, music by HaK'vy, first
represented at the AcadOmie Royale de Mu-
sique, Paris, Feb. 23, 1835. It was given
in London, Drury Lane, in French, July 29,
ISiG, and in Italian as La Ebrca, Covent Gar-
den, July 25, 1850. The libretto was writ-
ten for Rossini, who declined it for that of
Guillaume Tell. The mise en scene for the
first production cost 150,000 francs. Origi-
nal cast :
Rachel Mile Falcon.
Eudoxie Mme Dorus-Gras.
Eleazar IM. Nourrit.
Leopold M. Lafont.
Le Cardinal M. Levasseur.
The scene is laid in Constance in 1414, the
home of Eleazar and his foster-child, Rachel,
daiighter of the Cardinal Brogni. To re-
venge him for the death of his two sons,
Eleazar has educated her as a Jewess.
Leopold, an Austrian Prince, comes to
Constance on an expedition against the
Hussites, becomes enamoured of Rachel,
and feigns to be a Jewish painter. The
Emperor amves with his retinue, among
which is Eudoxie, Leopold's wife, who dis-
covers the unfaithfulness of her husband.
The Cardinal pronounces maledictions on
the Jews, and Eleazar and Rachel are con-
demned to death. As Rachel is thrown into
a cauldron of boiling oil, and before Eloazar
shares her fate, he announces that Rachel
is the Cardinal's daughter. Among the
best numbers are : the declaration of the
Cardinal, " Si la rigueur et la vengeance ;"
the Passover scene and praj-er, "Dieu que
ma voix tremblante ; " Rachel's air, " H va
venir ; " the trio, " Tu posscdes, dit-on, uu
joyau magnifique ; " the duet between Ele-
azar and the Cardinal, "Ta fillo est devant
le coucile;" and the tenor air, "Rachel!
quand du Seigneur." La Juive received
Falcon, as Rachel.
431 representations in Paris up to 1877.
It was first given in New York, April 30,
1860, with Mme Fabri as Rachel. Per-
formed in German at the Metropolitan
Opera House, Dec. 7, 1887, with Lili Leh-
mann in the title-role ; Eudoxia, Frau Biro
de Marion ; Eleazar, Herr Niemann ; The
Cardinal, Herr Fischer ; and Leopold, Herr
Alvary. Published by Schlesinger (Berlin,
1S35), new ed., German translation by B. von
Lichtenstein (Berlin, 1853). — Lajarte, ii. 150 ;
Clement et Larousse, 388 ; Athena>um
(1843), 820 ; Upton, Standard Operas, 128.
JULIA, Padre BENITO, Spanish monk
and composer of the 18th century. He was
344
JULIE
a pupil at tbe sclaool of music at the Con-
vent of Montserrat, Catalonia, where hiss
works are iJreservetl. Tbcy occupy an im-
portant place in musical history ; his Re-
spouses for Holy Week are considered re-
markable productions. — Fctis, Supplement,
ii. 34 ; jMendel, Erganz., 175.
JULIE, ou le pot de fleurs, French opera-
comique in one act and in prose, text by
M. A. Jars, music by Spoutini and Fay,
first represented at the Opora Comique,
Paris, March 12, 1805. This was Spoutiui's
first of)era-comique with French words. It
was coldly received. Produced without
success in Berlin, Dec. 5, 1808. Julie,
French operetta, text by IMonvel, music by
Deztde, Paris, Sept. 25, 1772 ; by Auber,
his first opera, represented jirivatelj-, Paris,
1805. In German, by Georg Braun, Eich-
stiitt, 1779 ; by Julius Miller, 1810.
JULIEN, HENRI DE SAINT-,born at
Mannheim, Feb. 6, 1801, died at Carlsruhe,
Nov. 13, 1844. Amateur composer, occu-
ined an important governmental i^osition ;
settled in Carlsruhe, where Fosca directed
his studies in comjjosition. He founded a
school of vocal music in that city ; visited
Paris in 1829, and entertained friendly re-
lations with Cherubini, Boieldieu, Victor
Hugo, and other celebrated men. His
Lieder for one voice, and songs for four
male voices, were well known in Germany.
He published also three quartets for strings
(Paris, 1830).— Fetis.
JULIEN (Jullien), LOUIS ANTOINE,
born at Sisteron
(Basses-Allies), April
23, 1812, died near
Paris, March 14,
18G0. Pupil of Le-
carpentier and of
Halevy at the Con-
servatoire, Paris, in
1833-36, then con-
ducted concerts, but
left the city on ac-
count of insolvency in 1838, and went to
Loudon, where he established and con-
ducted the promenade concerts at the Drury
Lane Theatre, aud the Lyceum, iu 1840-59.
He travelled also with his entire orchestra
through Great Britain, and iu 1853-54
through the United States. In 1846 he
started a shop especially for the sale of his
own music, took charge of the Drury Lane
Theatre in 1847, but failed with this specu-
lation, as well as with the subsequent or-
ganization of concerts and balls at the Sur-
rey Gardens ; then conducted oratorios for
a short time, and after his farewell con-
certs went to Paris to escape his creditors,
but was imprisoned there. Soon after his
liberation he became insane (1860), and at-
tempted suicide ; he was placed iu an asy-
lum, and his death was announced soon
after. To make music popular he employed
the best solo and orchestral performers, se-
lected the most attractive music, aud did
much to imjirove orchestras aud the taste of
his audiences. Works : Pietro il Grande,
musical drama in five acts, represented iu
Loudon, Aug. 17, 1852 ; Quadrilles, waltzes,
and other dance music. — Grove ; Fctis ;
Mendel.
JULIUS C^SAR, overture to Shake-
sf)eare's tragedy, for orchestra, in F minor,
by Schumann, op. 128, comjiosed iu 1851,
first performed at a music festival in Diissel-
dorf, Aug. 3, 1852, at the Gewaudhaus, Leip-
sic, Jan. 17, 1853. First performed in New
York by the Philharmonic Society iu the
season of 1871-72. Published by Henry
Litolff (Brunswick, 1855). Arranged for
pianoforte for four hands by W. Bargiel.
JULIUS C^SAR, overture aud music to
Shakespeare's tragedy, by Hans von Billow,
op. 10, jjublished by Schott (Mainz, 1860).
First performed in New York by the Phil-
harmonic Society in the season 1875-76.
Arranged for the pianoforte for four hands
by A. Heinz (Schott, Mainz, 1868-73).
JUMENTIER, BERNARD, boru at Lives,
near Chartres, March 24, 1749, died at
Saiut-Quentin, Dec. 17, 1829. Church com-
poser, pupil of Delalaude, director of mu-
sic at the Cathedral of Chartres : became
345
JUNGBAUER
chief instructor at tbe Maitrise of Saint-]Malo
in 1773, director of music at the church in
Coutauces in 177(), and at the end of the
same year was called in the same capacity
to the royal chapter at Saiut-Quentin.
Works : Chloris et Medor, historical opera,
1793 ; 5 oratorios ; 3 symphonies for f lUI
orchestra ; 5 masses for 3 voices, chorus,
and orchestra ; 5 do. for 4 voices, and do. ;
short mass for do. ; Requiem for do. ; Te
Doum for do. ; do. for 3 voices and do. ;
Pater uoster for do. ; Stabat Mater for 4
voices, and do. ; 8 Magnificats for 2, 3 or 4
voices, and do. ; G4 motets for 1-4 voices,
with orchestra ; 3 De Profuudis for do. ;
116th psalm for 2 voices, chorus, and or-
chestra ; 28th jjsalm for a bass voice, and
do. ; 10 O salutaris for 1-4 voices ; 6 Domine
salvum, for do. ; various other anthems.
— Fetis ; Mendel.
JUNGBAUER, FERDINAND COLES-
TIN, born at Grattersdorf, Bavaria, July G,
1747, died at Grossmehring, near Ingol-
stadt, in 1818. Benedictine monk, received
his musical education in his convent, for
which he composed a great deal of music.
On its suppression he became professor
at the gymnasium of Amberg, and sub-
sequently a f)riest at Grossmehring.
Works : C German masses for 1 voice, with
organ ; Canticles for do. ; Vespers for do. ;
Stabat Plater (on Wielands German trans-
lation), for 4 voices, organ, 2 horns and
bassoon ; Miserere, for do. (without bas-
soon) ; 3 Utanies for do. ; Vespers for 3
voices and do. ; German Te Deuiu for 2
voices and organ ; German songs, with pi-
anoforte.— Fotis ; Mendel.
JUNGFRAU M.ARIA ! See Siraxlella.
JUNGFRAU VON ORLEANS, DIE (The
Maid of Orleans), music to Schiller's tragedy
of, by Max Bruch, performed at Cologne,
April", 18.59.
JUNGFRAU VON ORLEANS, DIE,
symphonic poem, by JNIoszkowski, first per-
formed at the London Philharmonic con-
cert. May 20, 1885, conducted by the com-
poser. I. Pastoral Life ; 11. Inner Conscious-
ness ; Former Memories ; III. Procession
of the Conquerors to the Coronation at
Rheims ; IV. Joan in Prison, her Triumph,
Death, and Apotheosis (introducing the
Joy theme from Beethoven's 9th symphony).
— Upton, Standard Symphonies, 301 ; Athen-
scum (188.5), i. G72.
JUNGMANN, ALBERT, born at Lagen-
salza, Nov. 14, 1824, stiU living, 1889. Pi-
anist, for many years employed by the
music publishers G. W. Kurner, Erfurt, and
G. A. Sjaina, Vienna ; has composed a great
number of morceaux de salon for the pi-
anoforte, which found great favor, and were
published in Vienna, Leipsic, Ofleubach,
etc. — Mendel ; Fetis, Supplement, ii. 35.
JUNKER HEINZ, German opera, text by
G. Franz, music by Carl von PerfaU, rein-e-
sented in Munich, April 9, 188G. The li-
bretto is founded on the poem " Heinrich
von Sehwaben," by Wilhelm Hertz. Tlie
opera, full of dramatic interest, was splen-
didly mounted and met with an enthusias-
tic reception. — Signalo (188G), 545.
JUNKEIi, KARL LUDWIG, born at
Oehringen in 1740, died at Rupertshofen,
May 30, 1797. Pianist, studied music in
his j'outh, went as tutor to Switzerland on
leaving the University, became professor of
philosophy at the Gymnasium of Heides-
heim in 1778, court chaplain at Kirchberg
in 1779, pastor at Dettingen in 1789, at
Landsiedel, near Kirchbei'g, in 1793, and at
Rupertshofen in 1795. Works : Genoveva
im Thurme, melodrama, Sj)eier, 1790 ; Die
Nacht von Zachariii, musical declamation
for pianoforte, with violin and basa ad libi-
tum ; 3 concertos for pianoforte with or-
chestra ; Other music for pianoforte. — Fc-
tis : Mendel ; Riemann.
JUPIN, CHARLES FRANgOIS, born at
Chambcry, Nov. 30, 1805, died in Paris,
June 12, 1839. VioUnist, pupil of ]Mouti-
celli and of Giorgis. Real name Louvet ;
his family settled in Turin, when he was
onlj' two years old, and changed its name
on account of the opprobrium resting on it,
it being also that of the assassin of the
S46
JUPITEK
Due (le Berry. He appeared successfully-
in public at the age of twelve ; became a
pupil iu Paris of Baillot at the Conservatoire,
where he won the 1st prize for violin in
1823 ; became first violin at the Odeon,
and in 182G professor of violin and chef d'or-
chestre iu Strasburg. He was one of the
organizers of the musical festivals of Alsace ;
returned to Paris iu 1835. Works : La
vengeance italieune, ou le Fran(;ais a Flo-
rence, opera-comique, given at Strasburg,
1834 ; Concerto for violin and orchestra ;
Variations brillantes for orchestra ; Grand
trio for pianoforte and strings ; Trio for
strings ; Variations concertantes for piano-
forte and violin ; Fantaisie for do. ; Theme
variu for violin, etc. — Fetis ; Mendel.
JUPITER IN ARGOS, opera by Handel,
advertised for iierformance at the Hay-
market Theatre, May 1, 1739, but no record
of its re23reseutation is given. It was jiartly
a pasticcio, and does not contain more than
twenty original numbers. The last pages,
dated "fine dell' opera Jupiter iu Argos,
April 2i, 1739," are iu the Fitzwilliam Li-
brary, Cambridge. No comi)lete score has
been found. — Chrysander, Handel, ii. 453.
JLTITER SYiiPHONY, name given to
Mozart's 49th and last symphony, in C,
composed with the symphonies in E-flat
and G minor between June 26 and Aug. 10,
1778, being written in fifteen days. The
autograph is owned by Julius Andre, of
Frankfort. Mendelssohn was the first to
show that a favourite passage of seven bars,
near the close of the Andante, was an alter-
ation from the original score. I. Allegro
vivace ; II. Andante cantabile ; III. Menu-
etto ; IV. Finale, Allegro molto. The credo
in Mozart's Mass in F is based on the well-
known subject iu the Finale of this sym-
phony. First performed by the Philhar-
monic Society of New York in the season
of 1843-44. Breitkopf & Hurtel, Mozart
Werke, Serie viii. No. 41.— KOchel, Verzeich-
niss, 551 ; Jilhn, Mozart, iv. 135 ; Mendels-
sohn's Letters, ii. 350; Upton, Standard
Symphonies, 197.
JUST, JOHAN AUGUST, born at Gro-
uingen in 1750, died (?). Pianist and vio-
linist, pupil of Iviruberger in Berlin, and of
Schwindele at the Hague. From 1770 until
1782 he was court musician to the Prince of
Orange. At the time of the French inva-
sion he went to Berlin, and thence to Lon-
don where he became a celebrated teacher.
He published sonatas there, which are con-
sidered his best compositions, and a Method
for the harpsichord. Two operas by him,
Le marchand de Smj'rne, and Le page, w-ere
given at Amsterdam. — Van der Straeten, iv.
387 ; Viotta ; Fetis.
JUSTE CIEL! C'EST MA FEMME.
See Zampa.
K'
AA, FRANCISCUS IGNATIUS, Dutch
composer of the 18th century. He
lived at The Hague until 1780, and
iu 1781-92 was Kapellmeister of the cathe-
dral at Cologne. Works : 12 symphonies
for strings, flute, 2 oboes and 2 horns ; 6
trios for harpsichord, and strings ; 12 quar-
tets for strings. — Fetis ; Gregoir, Biog.,
101 ; Viotta.
KACZKOWSKY, JOSEPH, born at Ta-
bor, Bohemia, second half of the 18th cen-
tury, died (?). Violin virtuoso, travelled
through Germany giving concerts. Works :
2 concertos, op. 8 and 17 ; Rondeau a la
jiolonaise, op. 9 ; Variations et polonaises,
with accompaniment of quartet, op. 1, 2, 5,
6, 7, 18, 22 ; Variations for violin, with vio-
lin and bass, op. 3 and 4 ; Duos, op. 10, 14,
IG ; G etudes or caprices for violin, op. 13 ;
several collections of polonaises for piano-
forte.— Fi'tis.
KADELBACH, KARL GOTTLOB, born
at Rudolstadt, Silesia, in 17G1, died at Bol-
kenhain, Nov. l(i, 1829. Organist, cantor
at Bolkenhain in 1785. He published the
church cantata. Lobe den Hern, and excel-
lent organ compositions. — Mendel ; Fctis.
IvAFFKA (properly Kawka), JOHANN
CHRISTOPH, born at Ratisbon in 1759,
died (?). Violinist and dramatic composer.
3i7
KAFFKA
brother of Wilhelm Kaffka, pupil of Eicpel ;
entered the orchestra of the Prince of Thurn
uud Taxis at Ratisbon ; ajij^eared as a singer
and actor iu Berlin in 1778, and later in
Breslau ; went to the Hoftheater in Dessau
in 1800, settled at Riga in 1803 as a book-
seller, and after that aj^jseared only occasion-
ally in concerts as violinist. Works — Op-
eras : Das Milchmiidchen, Breslau, 1779 ;
Lucas und Hannchen, Hamburg, 1782 ; Die
Zigeuuer, Breslau, 1780 ; Der Apfeldieb,
ib., 1781 ; Antouius uud Kleopatra, ib.,
1781 ; Das wiithende Heer, ib., 1782 ; So
jn-ellt man Fiichse, ib., 1782 ; Das Fest
der Brenneu ; Bitten und Erhorung, ib.,
1783 ; Die Feier der Gnade des Konigs ;
Der bliude Ehemann ; Der Talisman ; Rosa-
niunde, melodrama ; Several ballets ; Ora-
torios : Der Tod Ludwig's XVI. ; Jesus lei-
dend uud sterbend ; Masses ; Requiem ;
Vespers, etc. — Dlabacz ; Fctis; Mendel;
Schilling.
KAFFKA, WILHELM, born in the latter
part of the 18th century. Violinist, sou
and pupil of Joseph Kafflca (1730-1790),
and like him member of the orchestra of the
Prince of Thurn uud Taxis, 1788 ; became
Conzertmeister in ISOG. He was consid-
ered one of the best concei't and orchestra
players of his time. He composed masses
and other church music, never published,
but pojjular throughout Bavaria. — Mendel ;
Gerber ; Schilling.
K.\FKA, JOH.ANN NEPOMUK, born at
Neustadt, Bohemia, May 17, ISli), died in
Vienna, Oct. 23, 188G. Pianist, law stu-
dent in Vienna in 1810 ; took up the jiro-
fession of music, and became known by
small but brilliant compositions for the
drawing-room, of which he published up-
wards of 200 pieces in Vienna, Leipsic, etc.
— Fctis, Supplement, ii. 36 ; Mendel.
KAHLER, MORITZ FRIEDRICH AU-
GUST, born at Sommerfeld, Silesia, July
20, 1781, died at Ziillichau in 1834 Church
composer, pupil at Sorau of Erselius on the
organ, and from 1798 of Thiele on the vio-
lin, then (1802) at Liibben of the violoncel-
list Schonebeck, at Copenhagen of Schall,
and in composition of Kunzen. He returned
to his native city in ISO-t, became music
director to the Count von Dohna, at Mall-
miitz ; in 1809 went to Breslau for three
years in hope of restoring his health ; thence
in 1812 to Peterswaldau, near Reichenbach,
as a school teacher and organist, and in
1815 became director of music of the Piida-
gogium and Seminary at Ziillichau, where
he founded a singing society and conducted
the weekly winter concerts. Works : Can-
tata for the anniversary of the Reformation
(1829) ; Other cantatas, motets, choruses,
etc., for the church ; 15 four-part songs with
organ or pianoforte, for do. ; Symphony for
orchestra ; Overture for do. ; Concerto for
vioUn and orchestra ; Do. for bassoon ; Sev-
eral concertos for pianoforte ; Sonatas, and
variations for do. ; Duos for viola and vio-
loncello ; Preludes for the organ. — Fetis ;
Mendel ; Schilling.
IvAISERM.\RSCH (Emperor's IMarch),
for grand orchestra and chorus, by Richard
Wagner, first performed in Berlin, ]\Iay 5,
1871, Wagner conducting. Luther's hymn
Ein' feste Burg is introduced. Published
by Peters (Leipsic and Berlin, 1871). Ar-
ranged for pianoforte by Carl Tausig ; for
pianoforte for 4 hands by Ulrich ; for 8
hands by Aug. Horn. — Wochenblatt (1871),
2G0 ; Glasenapp, Richard Wagner's Leben
und Werken, ii. 298.
K.ALANUS, cantata for soli, chorus, and
orchestra, text b}' Carl Andersen, music b}'
Niels W. Gade, op. 48, first performed at
the Gewandhaus, Leipsic, in 1870. Pub-
lished by Breitkopf & Hiirtel (Leipsic,
18G9).— Mus. Wochenblatt (1870), 793.
K.VLCHER, JO H ANN NEPOMUK,
born at Freising, Bavaria, in 17GG, died iu
Munich in 182G. Organist and pianist,
pupil of the court organist Berger ; then
in Miiuich (1790) of Griitz, through whose
influence he became court organist iu 1798.
One of his scholars was the tliirteen-year
old Carl INIaria von Weber, who dedicated
his second work to him iu 1800. He pub-
348
KALKBREN^^EK
lished concertos find sonatas for harpsi-
cliord ; symphonies, masses, songs, etc.
— Mendel ; Fetis ; Schilling.
KALKBEENNEK, CHKISTIAN, born at
Miludeu, Hanover, Sept. 22, 1755, died in
Paris, Aug. 10, 180G. Pianist and dramatic
composer, pupil at Cassel, where his father
had become city musician, of the court or-
ganist Becker on the pianoforte, and of
Karl Rodewald on the violin ; was a chorus
singer in the opera, and at that time pub-
lished his first compositions. Having sub-
mitted a mass for four voices to the Acca-
demia filarmonica of Bologna, he was elected
an honorary member iu 178i. He worked
with renewed ardor for public recognition,
and in 1788 was called to Berlin as Kapell-
meister to the queen. In 1790-9G he held
a like iiositiou under Prince Heinrieh of
Prussia, at Piheinsberg, then lived in Naples
until 1797, when he went to Paris, and be-
came chef de chant at the Opera in 1799.
Neither his compositions nor his writings
are now of any esjjecial value. Works —
Operas : La veuve dii l\Ialabar, Democrite,
La femme et lo secret, Lanassa, etc., given
at Elieinsberg, 1790-9G ; Olympic, Paris,
Opera, 1798 ; La descente des Franjais en
Angleterre, ib., 1798 ; Pygmalion, scene with
orchestra, ib., Societe philotechnique, 1799 ;
Scene from Ossian, ib., 1800 ; Le mort par
speculation, oj)era-comique. Theatre Mo-
liere, 1800 ; ffiuoue. Opera, 1812 ; 3 sona-
tas for pianoforte and strings, op. 1 ; 6 do.
for pianoforte and violin, op. 2 and 3 ; Ro-
mances d'Estelle, with pianoforte. — Fetis ;
Gerber ; Mendel ; Schilling.
KALKBRENNER, FRIEDRICH (WIL-
HELM MICHAEL), born on the journey
from Cassel to Berlin in 1788, died at
Enghein-les-Bains, near Paris, June 10,
1849. Pianist, son of antl first instructed bj-
Christian Kalkbrenner, then pupil at the
Conservatoire, Paris, of Louis Adam on
the pianoforte, and of Catel in harmony ;
won the first prize for pianoforte and for
composition in 1801. In 1803 he visited
Vienna and Berlin, where he ajipeared as a
concert jjlayer, became acquainted with
Clemeuti and Hummel, and received les-
sons in counterpoint
from Albrechtsber-
ger, through the in-
fluence of Haydn.
In 1805 he played
at the court of Mu-
nich and iu Stutt-
gart, and returning
to Paris, on account
of his father's death
in 180G, he appeared
in jjublic with much
success, and was greatly in demand as a teach-
er ; likewise in London, where he lived in
1811-23 as the foremost virtuoso of his time.
In 1818 he as.sociated with Logier to promote
the latter's invention of the chiroplast ; in
1823 made a concei-t tour through Ger-
many with the harj) virtuoso Dizi, and in
1824 settled again in Paris, where he be-
came a partner of the i:)ianoforte manufac-
turer Pleyel. He visited Germany once
more in 1833, and Belgium iu 183C. Pos-
sessed of great vanity, very proud of his
imjirovising, he even proposed in 1831 to the
more gifted Chopin, that the latter should
be his pupil for three years, in order to be-
come a good artist. Works : 4 concertos
for pianoforte, op. Gl, 85, 107, 125 (for 2
pianos) ; Rondos brillants, for pianoforte
and orchestra, op. 60, 70, 101 ; Fantaisies
et variations, for do., op. 72, 83, 90, 113 ;
Septet for pianoforte, 2 violins, 2 horns,
viola, and bass, op. 15 ; Quintet for piano-
forte, clarinet, horn, bassoon, and double-
bass, op. 81 ; Sextet for pianoforte and
strings, op. 58 ; Quintet for do., op. 30 ;
Quartet for do., op. 2 ; Trios for do., op. 7,
^^.
^oJW^^
lui/^
14, 26, 39, 84 ; Duos for do., op. 11, 22,
27, 39, 47, 49, 63, 86 ; Sonatas, fantaisies,
KALLENBACII
roiuleaux, t'tudes, etc., for pianoforte ; Mu-
thode pour apprendre le pianoforte a I'aide
du guide-mains, op. 108 ; Traitu d'liarmonie
du pianiste. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xv. 29 ;
Allgem. mus. Zeitg. ; Fetis ; Ledebur, Tou-
kiinstler-Lexikou Berlins ; Mendel ; Schil-
ling.
KALLENBACH, GEORG ERNEST
GOTTLIEB, organist of the early part of
the 19th century. He lived chiefly in
Magdeburg, where he was organist of the
Church of the Holy Spirit ; became jiopular
by his songs, most of which were published
in a collection with the title : Oden und
Lieder zum Singen beym Clavier fiir un-
geiibte und geiibtere Siiuger und Spieler
(Magdeburg, 179G). He wrote also an opera,
Das Schattenspiel an der Wand, and the in-
termezzo Ehestandsscenen. — Fctis ; Ger-
ber ; Mendel ; Schilling.
KALLIWODA, J OH ANN WENZEL,
born in Prague,
Feb. 21, 1801, died
at Carlsruhe, Dec.
3, 18GG. Violin
virtuoso, pupil of
Pixis at the Conser-
vatorium, Prague,
in 1810-16 ; played
in the orchestra
of the Prague the-
atre in 181 G-22 ;
visited Munich about 1823 ; was Kapell-
meister to Prince Fiirstenberg at Donau-
eschingen in 1823-53 ; then lived retired
at Carlsruhe. Works : Blanda (or Bianca ?),
opera, given in Prague, 1847 ; Prinzessin
Clu-istine, opera ; Mass, op. 137 ; 6 Sym-
phonies for orchestra, op. 7, 17, 32, GO, ioG,
132 ; 14 Overtures for do., op. 38, 44, 55,
5G, 7G, 85, 101, 108 , 126, 140, 143, 145,
206, 226 ; 13 Fantaisies, op. 1, 33, 41, 64,
74, 125, 157, 158, 173-175, 193, 212; 2
Concertos for violin, op. 9 and 20 (2 vio-
lins) ; 7 Concertinos, op. 15, 30, 72, 100,
110, 133, 151 ; 11 Duos, op. 50, 70, 111,
IIG, 152, 178, 179-181, 213, 234 ; 3 Trios,
op. 121, 130, 200; 3 Quartets, op. 61, G2,
90 ; 9 Divertissements, op. 28, 43, 47, 52,
58, 59, 66, 75, 134 ; 14 Variations, op. 13,
14, 18, 21, 22, 25, 53, 57, 73, 77, 83, 89, 94,
129 ; 12 Rondeaux, op. 10, 11, IG, 19, 23,
24, 37, 40, 42, 49, 80, 84 ; Marches, intro-
ductions with rondos and variations, dances,
songs, duets, and choruses, etc. — AUgem.
d. Biogr., XV. 39 ; Badische Biogr., i. 441 ;
Gassner, Univ. Lex., 472 ; Heindl, Gallerie
beriihmter Pildagogeu, etc., i. 333 ; Wurz-
bach.
KALLIWODA, WILHELM, born at
Donaueschingen, July 19, 1827, still living,
1889. Pianist, son and pupil of Johann
Wenzel Kalliwoda, subsequently pupil of
Mendelssohn at Leipsic, in 1847, and of
Hauptmann in 1848. Director of music,
in 1849, in the Catholic church at Carlsruhe,
where he succeeded his father as Hof-Ka-
peUmeister in 1853, and also conducted the
philharmonic society. He retired in 1875.
He published a symphony, an overture,
piano-forte music, and songs. Fetis ; Men-
del ; Riemann.
KxV:\IENOI-OSTROW (Kamenoi Island,
at the mouth of the Neva, with an imiserial
summer palace), 24 portraits for pianoforte,
by Anton Rubinstein, op. 10. Published by
Schott (Mainz, between 1852 and 18G0).
KAMIENSKI, MATHLVS, born at (iden-
burg, Hungary, Oct. 13, 1734, died in War-
saw, Jan. 25, 1821. The lirst composer of
Polish opera, and an excellent violinist.
When quite young he occupied a jjosition
in the chapel of Count Henkel, then went
to Vienna to study eomixisition and the pi-
anoforte, and settled in Warsaw as a teacher.
His first opera, Nedza Uszczesliwiona (Com-
fort in misfortune), given in 1778, was sung
by Polish singers, and excited much enthu-
siasm. Works : Zo&ka, ezyli wiejskie zaloty
(Sojihia, or wooing in the country), 1779 ;
Prostota szczesliwa (Happy simplicity) ;
Balik gospodarski (The Country ball), 1785 ;
Slowik (The Nightingale), 1786 ; Tradycya
zalatwioua (The adjusted tradition), 1788 ;
Sultan Wampun, German ojiera ; Anton und
Antoinette, do. ; Cantata for the inaugura-
350
KAMMEL
tion of Kiug Sobieski's statue, 1792 ; Masses,
offertories, and j)ol<^ii'^ises. — Biblioteca
Warszawska (1854), i. 23 ; Sowinski, 289 ;
Wurzbacb.
KAJMMEL, ANTON, bom at Hanna, Bo-
hemia, about the middle of the 18th cen-
tmy, died in London, about 1788. Violin-
ist, sent by Count Waldstein to study under
Turtini in Padua. On bis return to Prague
Lis i)laying was greatly admired, and be
travelled tbrougb Germany and to London,
where, though not successful at first, he be-
came court-musician. Works : G Overtures
for orchestra, op. 10 ; G Quartets for strings,
op. i ; do., op. 8 ; 3 do., and 3 for flute or
oboe and violoncello, oj). 17 ; 3 do. for flute,
2 violins, and bass, op. 14 ; 18 Trios for
strings, op. 11, 23, 25 ; G Divertissements
in quartets, op. 21 ; 6 Sonatas for piano-
forte and strings, op. 16 ; 6 do. for 2 violins,
op. 2 ; Do., op. 7 ; G Duos for do., op. 5 ; Do.,
015. 12 ; Do., op. 19 ; 18 do., op. 20, 22, 2G ;
4 do., and 2 for violin and violoncello, op.
15 ; G solos for violin, op. 9 ; 6 Sonatas for
do. and bass, op. 13. — Dlabacz ; Fetis ;
Wurzbacb.
KAMaiEELANDER, KARL, born at
Weisseuhorn, Suabia, April 27, 1828, still
living, 1889. Organist, studied music in
his native town, and at the Stephan College,
Augsburg, in 1840, and was organist of St.
Stephan's for six years. Subsequently he
was a pupil of Carl Kempter, and became
organist of the Studienkirche, then in 1853
choir-master of the church of St. Max, and
in 18G7 of St. Moritz. Works : Psalm Xin.,
with orchestra ; 33 songs and ballads ; 21
songs for male chorus, and others for mixed
chorus ; Church and organ music. — Mendel.
KAMPP UND SIEG (Combat and Vic-
tory), cantata, text by Wohlbriick, music by
Carl Maria von Weber, for soli, chorus, and
orchestra, written in commemoration of the
battle of Waterloo, June 18, 1815, first per-
formed in Prague, Dec. 22, 1815. The work
made a great impression bj' its stirring mili-
tary color, and Weber received a gold medal
from the King of Prussia. Performed in
Berlin under the composers direction, June
18 and 23, 181G. The MS. is in the posses-
sion of Max M. von Weber. A new text was
written by Prof. F. Sieber and the music ar-
ranged by Wieprecht, for the Prussian Mili-
tiir-Musikchure in 1870. Published by
Schlesinger (Berlin, 1870).— Jiihn, Weber
Verzeichniss, 202 ; Upton, Standard Can-
tatas, 34G ; Eeissmann, Weber, 83, 108 ;
Weber, Weber, i. 481 ; iii. 94 ; Allgem.
mus. Zeitung (18), 154, 405 ; (23), 424.
KANKA, JOHANN VON, born in Prague,
Nov. 10, 1772, died there, April 15, 18G5.
He became dean of the University in 1815,
and rector in 1829 ; was much attached to
Beethoven, and was of great assistance to
him in his dispute with the Kiusky family.
He wrote on Austrian and Bohemian law.
Works : A cantata ; Concerto for piano-
forte (Leipsic, 1804) ; Music to Collen's
War Songs (Prague, 1809) ; Themes with
variations for the pianoforte. — Dlabacz ;
Gerber ; Grove.
KANNE, FRIEDEICH AUGUST, born
at Delitzsch, Saxony, March 8, 1778, died
in Vienna, Dec. IG, 1833. Dramatic com-
poser and jioet ; studied law in Leipsic
and Wittenberg, and later music and lit-
erature. For a year he was secretary to
the Prince of Anhalt Dessau ; then studied
composition in Dresden under the cantor
Weinlig, and lived at Leipsic in 1801-1806,
when he ajjpears in Vienna as the j^rotege
of Prince Lobkowitz, who offered him a
home in his palace. In 1809 he became
Kapellmeister of the Theatre at Presburg,
but he was of such an erratic disposition
that he left this, as well as several other
good positions, and returned to Vienna,
where he wrote concert and theatre criti-
cisms and taught music, doing nothing
long or successfully. Works — Operas:
Orpheus, given in Vienna, Kiirnthnerthor
Theater, 1807 ; Miranda, oder das Schwert
der Rache, ib.. Theater an der Wieu, 1811 ;
Das Schloss Tabor oder der Kamjjf der
FlussgOttei", Zaubersi^iel, ib., 1818 ; Die
eiserne Jungfrau, melodrama, ib., 1822 ;
351
KANNEGIESSER
Malvina, Zauberspiel, ib., 1823 ; Lindane,
Oder die Fee und der Haarbeutelscbneider,
do., Theater in der Leopoldstadt, 1824 ;
Die Zauberschminke oder das Land der
Eriindungen, Zauberposse, ib., 182.5 ; Phi-
lipp und Suscben, oder der falscbe Juisiter,
mytbologiscbes Zauberspiel, ib., 1832 ; Der
Cyclop ; Die Elfenkonigiu ; Sappbo ; Der
Untergang des Feenreicbs ; Die Maiuacbt,
oder der Blocksberg, given in Berlin about
1834 ; Ciicilia, cantata ; Mass ; Symphony ;
Trios for jjianoforte and strings ; Sonatas,
rondos, etc., for pianoforte ; 12 duets for
Soprano and Tenor ; Many songs and bal-
lads.—Fetis ; N. Necrol. der D. (1833), 804 ;
Yogi's Volkskalender (Vienna, 1862), 163 ;
Wurzbacb.
KANNEGIESSER, JUSTUS JACOB,
born at Hanover in 1732, died in Berlin,
Feb. 15, 1805. Violinist, court musician to
the Prince of Wiirtemberg in Berlin, 1755,
and royal chamber musician there in 1786 ;
pensioned in 1798. His conipo.sitions,
though popular in his lifetime, remain in
MS. Duets for 2 sojirani, and songs were
published in Berlin. — Mendel ; Gerber ;
Schilling.
KANZLER, JOSEPHINE, born at Markt-
TOlz, near Munich, in 1780, died (?). Pian-
ist, pupil of Marcus Falter and Lauska in
Munich, of Griitz, Dauzi, and Abt Vogler.
She married the oboist Fladt. Works : 2
quartets for pianoforte and strings (Paris,
Vienna) ; German songs ; Sonatas and
themes varies for pianoforte remain in man-
uscript.— Fetis ; Mendel.
KAPP, F. KAEL, born at Sehwansee,
Thuringia, in 1772, died (?). Pianist, and
organist, composer, son of a school-master ;
pupil at Erfurt of the music director Wei-
mar, and of Hiissler. He became organist
of the principal Lutheran church at Miu-
den, Westphalia, in 1795. Works : Quar-
tet for pianoforte and strings, op. 6 ; 12
preludes for the organ, op. 8 ; 6 pieces
finales, for do., op. 9 ; Sonatas for piano-
forte, op. 1-3 ; Themes varies for do., op.
4, 7.— Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilliag.
KAPSBEEGER, JOHANNES HIERO-
NYMUS, born in Germany of noble par-
entage, died in Rome about 1650. Virtu-
oso on the theorbo, lute, guitar, and trumpet ;
lived in Venice about 1604, then went to
Rome, where be won the favor of Athana-
sius Kircher and acquired considerable in-
fluence. He was very vain, and sought to
gain the good will of Urban VIH., by set-
ting this pope's Latin poetry to music and
by servile flattery ; but when he wanted bis
music substituted for Palestrina's, the sing-
ers of the Papal Chapel rebelled and so
spoiled it in the singing that he was de-
feated. He was not a bad musician, how-
ever, although much a charlatan, and his
lute tablatiu'e was simpler and clearer than
that used by bis contemporaries. Works :
Intavolatura di chitarroue (1604, 1616,
1626) ; Madrigali a 5 voci (1609) ; Villanelle
a 1, 2 e 3 voci (1610-32) ; Intavolatura di
lauto (1611, 1623) ; Arie passeggiate (1612,
1623, 1630) ; Motetti passeggiati (1612) ;
Balli, gagliarde e correnti (1615) ; Sinfonie
a 4 con il basso coutinuo (1615) ; Cajiricci a
due sti'omenti, tiorba e tiorbino (1617) ; Two
books of Poemata et Carmiua, written by
Cardinal Barberini, later Urban VIH. (1624,
1633) ; Fetonte, a musical drama, and Pas-
tori di Betlemme, a recitative dialogue
(1630) ; MissieUrbanse, andLitanifcDeiparje
Virginia (1631) ; Apoteosi di S. Ignazio, e di
S. Francesco Xavcrio ; Several nujitial can-
tatas, and other compositions in manu-
script.— Allgem. d. Biogr., xv. 107 ; Ambros,
Gesch., iv. 125 ; Fetis ; Gerber ; Riemann ;
Schilling ; Walther.
KARGEL, SIXTUS, lutist and composer,
living in Mainz in the second half of the 16th
centuiy. He published Carmina italica, gal-
lica, germaniea, ludenda cythara, and other
works for the lute (1569-1574). His Reno-
vata cythara, etc. (ISIainz, 1569 ; Augsburg,
1575), is said to be one of the oldest works
of the guitar school. — Allgem. d. Biog., xv.
121 ; Fetis ; Van der Straeten, i. 95 ; ii. 100.
KARGER, FRIEDRICH WILHELM
ALOYS, bora at Scbreckendorf, Silesia, in
KAENEVAL
179G, died (?) Organist, pupil of bis father ;
accompanied a litany on the organ when
eight years old, and j^layed on the violin in
public at ten. He finished his musical edu-
cation at Breslau, was a singer in the ca-
thedral, and studied the works of Mozart,
Albrechtsberger, and Knecbt. In 1817 he
went to Vienna, Prague, and Dresden, and
in 1818 became organist of the Catholic
church at Neisse. His compositions, con-
sisting of masses, motets, and other church
music, overtures, and a violin concerto
with orchestra, were never published. — Fe-
tis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
KARNEVAL IN EOM, DEE, German
operetta in three acts, text by Josejsh
Braun, music by Johanu Strauss, repre-
sented at the Theater an der Wieu, Vienna,
March 1, 1873. The libretto is founded on
Sardou's " Piccolino." It was sung by
Svoboda, Szika, Friese, and Mmes Geis-
tinger and Charles. Published by Spina.
— Hanslick, Moderne Oper, 338.
KAROW, KARL, born at Stettin, Nov.
15, 1790, died at Bunzlau, Silesia, Dec. 20,
18G3. Pianist, son of a merchant ; he re-
ceived a liberal education and studied the
violin under Lieljert, and the pianoforte,
organ, and harmony under Haak. After
serving in the campaign of 1813-181-1, in
which he was seriously wounded, he re-
sumed his study in Berlin, under Ludwig
Berger and Zeltci-, and in 1818 was appoint-
ed instructor in the teachers' seminary at
Bunzlau. Works : 26 Chorals and 10 cho-
ruses for male voices ; 30 part-songs ; 12 do.
for use in schools ; 25 canons for 3 voices ;
172 preludes for the organ ; 400 choral mel-
odies, arranged in 4 parts for the organ.
He published also Leitfaden zum praktisch-
nietodischcn Unterricht im Gesange, etc.
(Bunzlau, 1838).— FOtis ; Meutlel ; Schil-
ling; do.. Supplement, 231.
KARR, HEINRICH, born at Zweibriick-
en, Bavaria, in 1784, died in Paris, Jan. 10,
1842. Pianist, son and pujiil of a German
viohnist who settled in Paris, was subse-
quently pupil of L'Eteudart on the piano-
forte, and became a salesman in iCrard's pi-
anoforte factory. He was the father of Al-
phonse Karr, the novelist. Works : Sonatas
for pianoforte and violin, op. 8 and 13 ;
Nocturnes for do. (or flute), op. 33, 42, 47,
49, 51, 53, 55, 63, 69, 96, 185 ; Divertisse-
ments for do., 015. 92, 113, 117 ; Sonatas for
pianoforte ; Duos, fantaisies, nocturnes, for
do. (4 hands), etc. — Fetis.
KASSKA, A\TLHELM, born at Ratisbon
iu 1752, died there in 1806. Violinist, pu-
pil of Joseph Touchemoulin ; early in life
he entered the orchestra of the Prince of
Thurn und Taxis, and became Conzertmeis-
ter. He left in manuscript several violin
concertos, symphonies, and masses. — Men-
del ; Fetis.
KASSMAYER, MORITZ, born in Vienna
in 1831, died there, Nov. 10, 1885. Violin-
ist, pupil at the Conservatorium of Sechter
and Preyer ; became leader of several so-
cieties, was violinist at the Imiaerial 02)era,
and later director of ballet music. Works :
Das Landhaus zu Meudon, comic ojsera,
given iu Vienna, 1869 ; Music for court
ceremonies ; Symphonies ; Masses, with or-
chestra ; 6 quartets for strings ; Volks-
weisen und Lieder fiir das Streichquartett
humoristisch und contrajjunktisch bear-
beitet, op. 14-16, 27, 29; Musikalische
Mesalliancen fiir Streichquartett mit Piano-
forte zu vier Hilnden, op. 22 ; Songs, and
choruses for male voices. — Mendel ; Fetis,
Supplement, ii. 36.
KASTNER, JOHANN GEORG, born in
Strasburg, March 9, 1810, died in Paris,
Dec. 19, 1867. Dramatic composer, and
didactic writer, pupil of Maurer and Riimer
at Strasburg, and of Berton and Reicha in
Paris, whither he went in 1835. He held a
position as organist when ten years old.
Sent to a Lutheran theological seminary,
he devoted his spare time to music, mas-
tering several instruments, conqjosiug for
the hai-psichord, and studying harmony.
Though he left much music, he is impor-
tant chiefly on account of his educational
works. Besides many other distinctions.
KATZER
he was made honorary doctor by the Uni-
versity of Tiibingen, member of the Insti-
tut of France, and of several foreign acade-
mies, officer of the Legion of Honoui', etc.
Works — Operas : Gustav Wasa, given at
Strasburg, 1832 ; Der Tod Oscai-'s, ib.,
1833 ; Der Sarazene, comic opera, ib.,
1834 ; Die Konigiu der Sarmaten, ib.,
1835 ; Beatrice, given in Germany, 1839 ;
La maschera, Pai-is, Opera Comique, 1841 ;
Le dernier roi de Juda, biblical opera, Salle
du Consen-atoire, 1844 ; Les nonnes de
Eobert le Diable (1845), not given ; Music
to the drama Die Belagerung von Misso-
longhi, Strasburg, 1829. Vocal music with
orchestra : 4 hymns with chorus ; 2 grand
cantatas ; Sardanapale, dramatic scene ;
Sti'phen, ou la harpe d'Eole, lyric mono-
logue with choruses ; Les oris de Paris,
humorous symphony, with soli and chorus ;
K6ve d'Oswald, ou les Sircnes, do. with
orchestra ; La veuve du marin, dramatic
scene ; Le ncgre, do. ; Le proscrit, do. ;
Pensces d'amour, do. ; Le barde, do. ; Ju-
das Iscariote, do. ; Grand cantata for 2
tenors and 2 basses ; Bibliothcque chorale ;
Suite de cantiques ; Many romances, melo-
dies, and nocturnes ; Choruses for male
voices, and songs. Instrumental music :
3 sj'mphonies for full orchestra ; 5 over-
tures, do. ; 10 serenades for wind instru-
ments ; 30 marches and pas rcdoubh's for
do. ; Grand sextet for saxophones ; many
pieces for vai'ious instruments. Didactic
works: Traite gi'nc'ral d'instrumentation
(Paris, 1837) ; Cours d'instrumentation con-
sideree sous les rapports poetiques, etc. ;
Grammaire musicale ; Theorie abregee du
coutrepoiiit, etc. ; Methode elementaire
d'harmonie, etc. ; 12 mt'thodes t'k'men-
taires, for various instruments, and the
voice ; De la composition vocale et instru-
mentale ; Manuel general de musique mili-
taire, etc. ; Paremiologie musicale de la
langue fran9aise, etc. — Ludwig, J. G. Kast-
ner (Leipsic, 1886) ; Fetis ; do., Supple-
ment, ii. 37 ; Riemann ; Schilling ; Allgem.
mus. Zeitg., xL-L
KATZER, IGNAZ, born at Gross-Auer-
schin, Bohemia, Sept. 30, 1785, died after
1850. Church composer, pupil of Iguaz
Priesel, who was organist in his native
place, then of KOhler at Kronstadt. He
entered the service of Baron Bossangi at
Gross-Boschan, Hungary, where he led an
orchestra for many years. After the baron's
death in 1832, he travelled, giving concerts,
and went as far as Rome. Among his com-
positions, most of which remain in manu-
script, are over 20 masses with orchestra
and organ, litanies, 7 symphonies, quartets,
pieces for wind instruments, and many
songs. — Fetis ; Gassner, 475 ; Wurzbach.
KAUER, FERDINAND, born at Ivlein-
Thaya, Moravia, Jan. 8, 1751, died in Vien-
na, April 13, 1831. Organist, dramatic
and chm'ch comjioser ; filled the position of
organist in the Jesuit college at Znaim, while
yet a boy, then, having been a tutor at Rum-
burg and begun to study medicine at Tyr-
nau, went to Vienna, where he studied
counteqioint under Heidenreich, and taught
the pianoforte. In 1795 he became direc-
tor and first violinist at Marinelli's theati-e.
Afterwards connected with other theatres as
Kapellmeister or composer, he finally eked
out a living as violoncellist in the orchestra
of the Leopoldstiidter Theater. He com-
posed about 200 operas, operettas, vaude-
villes, etc., of which his ojjeras, Die Ster-
nenkOnigin, and Das Donauweibclien, were
best known. Other works : Die Siindfluth,
oder Noah's Versuhnungsopfer, oratorio,
Vienna, 1809 ; 20 masses, several Requiems,
and other church music ; Symi^honies,
quartets, trios, concertos, and other instru-
mental music ; Cantatas, songs, etc. Mo.st
of this music was lost during tlie great
flood in Vienna in 1830. He wrote also
methods for the violin, flute, and clarinet.
— Allgem. d. Biog., xv. 461 ; Fetis ; Gerber ;
Wurzbach.
KAUFFMANN, GEORG FRIEDRICH,
born at Ostermondra, Thuringia, Feb. 14,
1679, died at Merseburg in March, 1735.
Organist, pupil of Buttstedt at Erfurt, then
364
KAZYIS^SKI
at Mersebnrg of Alborti, whom he succeed-
ed as organist at the cathedral and at the
court ; afterwards became KapeUmeister. Of
his comiiositions was isublished only : Har-
monische Seelen Lust niusicalischer Gun-
ner und Freunde, a collection of 75 chorals
(LeiiJsic, 1833-3G). His many works for
the church, the organ, and pianoforte re-
main in manuscript ; also a theoretical
work, AusfUhrliche Eiuleitung zur alteu
und neuen Wissenschaft der edlen Musik.
— Allgein. d. Biogr., xv. 473 ; Fetis ; Ger-
ber ; Winterfeld, Kirchengesang, iii. 488.
KAZYNSKI, VICTOR, born at Wilna,
Lithuania, Dec. 18, 1812, still living, 1889.
Dramatic composer, pupil of Eisner at War-
saw in 1837-39. On his return to "Wilna in
1840 he wrote the music for his drama Fe-
neUa, and an oj)era, The Wandering Jew
(1842), which was very successful. He
lived in St. Petersburg after this, travelled
in Germany and Austria, and on his return
to Eussia published a musical diary (St.
Petersburg, 184.5). He became chef d'or-
chestre of the Imj^erial theatre and brouglit
out an opera, Man and Wife, in 1848.
Published works : Overtures ; Cantatas ;
Fantasias on Eussian themes and tarantel-
las ; Concertos for pianoforte and for violin.
His Album of Song (1855) was very pop-
ular iu Russia and contains some of his
best vocal compositions. — Mendel; Rie-
mann ; Fetis ; Souinski.
KEEBLE, JOHN, born at Chichester in
1711, died in London, Dec. 24, 1786. Or-
ganist, chorister in Chichester cathedral un-
der Thomas Kelway, then pupil of Dr. Pe-
pusch. He became organist of St. George's,
Hanover Square, in 1737, and also at Eane-
lagli Gardens. Works: 5 books of organ
music ; 40 interludes to be played between
the verses of the Psalms (with Kirkman) ;
Songs, etc. He published also The Theory
of Harmonics, or an Illustration of the
Grecian Harmonica (1784).— Grove ; Fetis ;
Burney, Hist., iii. 331.
KEETON, HAYDN, born atMosborough,
Derbyshire, England, Oct. 2G, 1847, still liv-
ing, 1889. Organist, pupil of Sir George
J. Elvey ; in 1870 he was appointed oi-gan-
ist of Peterborough Cathedral, a position
which he still holds. Mus. Bac, Oxford,
1869 ; Mus. Doc, ib., 1877. Works : An-
thems; Benedicite in E-flat ; Magnificat
and Nunc dimittis in B-flat ; Offertory Sen-
tences ; Morning and Evening Service in
B-flat ; Symphony for orchestra (MS.).
IvEHL, JOHxiNN BALTHASAR, born at
Coburg first half of the 18th century, died
soon after 1780. Organist at Erlangen, and
cantor at Bayreuth ; became blind in 1780.
Works : Die Hirten bei der Krippe zn
Betlehem, oratorio ; Die Pilgrime auf Gol-
gatha, do. ; Cantatas ; Sonatas for piano-
forte ; 4 collections of chorals, etc. — Men-
del ; Gerber ; Fetis.
REISER, EEINHAEDT, born at a vil-
lage between Weissenfels and Leipsic in
1C73, died iu Hamburg, Sept. 12, 1739.
Pui^il of his father, a musician of ability ;
then studied at the Thomas.schule and the
University of Leipsic. WTien nineteen
years old (1G92) he was conmiissioned by
the court of Braunschweig- Wolfenbiittel to
set to music a pastoral, Ismene. His suc-
cess procured him the libretto of a serious
opera, Basilius, which was equally well re-
ceived. The flourishing condition of the
Hamburg opera, the leading lyric theatre
in Germany at that period, attracted him
to that city in 1G94. His first opera per-
formed there, Irene (1G97), was followed
by at least 115 others during his forty
years' residence there. In 1700-02 he gave
a series of winter concerts, at which famous
singers and p)layers appeared. He then
undertook the management of the ojiera iu
connection with Driisicke, who soon ab-
sconded ; Reiser, however, was successful
iu his venture, and in 1709 he married the
daughter of a Hamburg i^atrician. In 1716
the winter concerts were resumed ; iu 1722
he went to Copenhagen, where he was made
Rapelmester to the Ring of Denmark, and
in 1728 he was appointed Cantor and Canon
at the cathedral at Hamburg, for which
KEISER
cliurcli he wrote mucli sacred music. His
last opera, Circe, was written in 1734.
During the last few years of Lis life, be
lived witli bis daughter, quite a noted
singer, in the enjoyment of absolute leisure.
Keiser may be called, in a certain sense,
the father of German ojiera. Before bis
day German opera was but a slavish copy
of current French and Italian models. Kei-
ser shone especially by his melodic inven-
tion, by the vigor and truth of his dramatic
expression, and the originality of his treat-
ment of the orchestra. His style was more
distinctly German than that of any dra-
matic comjMser of that or of the succeed-
ing generation. He was one of the most
prolific of writers, and no exact estimate
can be formed of the number of his works,
almost all of those he wrote at Copenhagen
having been lost when the palace was burnt
in 1794. The following list includes all his
works that are now known :
I. Operas : Iftnwne, "Wolfeubiittel, 1092 ;
Der Ki'inigliohe Sehilfer, odor Ba.filius in
Arcadicn, ib., 109;!, and Hamburg, 1G94 ;
Mahmuth H., Hamburg, 1G96 ; Dcr geliebte
Adonis, ib., 1097 ; Die durcli AVilhelm den
Grossen in Britannieu wieder eingefiihrte
Irene, ib., 1097 ; Der bei dem allgemeinen
Wcltfriedcn von dem grossen Augustus
geschlossene Tempel des Janus, ib., 1098 ;
Allernntcrthiinigstor Gchorsam, ib., Nov.
15, 1G9S ; Die bestiiudige und treue Ismene,
ib., 1699 ; Die wunderbar gerettete Iphige-
nie, il)., 1099 ; Die Verbindung des gi-ossen
Hercules mit der schiJnen Hebe, ib., 1099 ;
Die Wiederkehr der giildnen Zeit, ib., 1699 ;
Der aus Hyperboreen nach Cimbrien iiber-
gebrachte goldene Apfel, ib., 1099 ; La
forza dclla Virtil, ib., 1700 ; Dor gede-
miithigte Endymion, ib. , 1700 (repeated as
Phreton in 1702) ; KOnigliches preussisches
Ballet, ib., 1701 ; Stortebecker und Gr.dge
Michaels, first and second parts, ib., 1701 ;
Die wunderschijue Psj-che, ib., 1701 ; Circe,
oder Ulysses, first part, ib., 1702 ; Pomona,
ib., 1702 (repeated as Der Streit der vier
Jahreszeiten in 1703) ; Orpheus, first and
second parts, ib., 1702 ; Die verdammte
Staatssucht, oder der verfiihrte Claudius,
ib., 1703 ; Die Geburt der Minerva, ib.,
1703 ; Die iiber die Liebe triumphirende
Weisheit, oder Salomon, ib., 1703; Nebu-
cadnezar, ib., 1704 ; Die rOmische Unruhe,
oder die edelmiithige Octavia, ib., 170.5 ;
Die kleinraiUhige Selbstmi'irderin Lucretia,
oder die Staatsthorheit des Brutus, ib.,
1705 ; La fedelta coronata, ib., 1706 ; Ma-
saguiello furioso, ib., 1700 ; La costanza
sforzata, odor die listige Rache des Sueno,
ib., 1706 ; II Geuio d' Holsatia, ib., 1700 ;
Almira, ib., 1706 ; Der angenehme Betrug,
oder der Carnev.al in Venedig, ib., 1707 ;
La forza dell' Amore, ib., 1709 ; Die blut-
diirstige liache, oder Heliates und Olympia,
ib., 1709; Desiderius Konig der Longobar-
den, ib., 1709 ; Die bis in und nach dem
Tod inierhiirte Treue des Orpheus (con-
densed from Oi-pheus), ib., 1709 ; La gran-
dezza d' animo, oder Arsinoe, ib., 1710 ;
Der durch den Fall dos grossen Pompeius
ex'hohete Julius Ciisar, ib., 1710 ; Der hoch-
mtithige, gestiirzte und wieder erhobene
Croesus, ib., 1711 ; Die osten-eichische
Grossmuth, oder Carolus V., ib., 1712 ;
Die entdcckte Verstillung, odor die geheime
Liebe der Diana, ib., 1712 ; Die wiederher-
gestellte Ruh, oder die gekri'mto Tapferkeit
des Heraclius, ib., 1712 ; L' inganno fedele,
oder der getreue Betrug (repeated, with a
diflerent beginning, as Die gekriJnte Tu-
gend), ib., 1714 ; Der Triumpf des Frie-
dens, serenata, ib., 1715 ; Fredcgunda, ib.,
1715 ; L' amore verso la jiatria, die Liebe
gegen das Vaterland, oder der sterbende
Cato, ib., 1715 ; Artemisia, ib., 1715 ; Die
romische Grossmuth, oder Calpuruia, ib.,
1716 ; Das romische Ajn-ilfest, ib., 1710 ;
Das vereinigte und triumphirende Haus
Oesterreich, serenata, ib., 1716 ; Das zer-
stOrte Troja, oder der durch den Tod
versohnte Achilles, ib., 1716 ; Die durch
Verstellung und Grossmuth iiber die Grau-
samkeit siegende Liebe, oder Julia, ib.,
1717 ; Der grossmiithige Tomyris, ib.,
1717 ; Der die Festuug Siebeubiirgisch-
356
KfiLER-P.ELA
Weisscnburg crolicrmlc uucT iiber die Da-
cier tiiiunpluieuilo Kaiser Trajaniis, ib.,
1717 ; Das bei seiner Hub uiul Geburt
eiues Prinzeu froblockeude Lycieu unter
der Regierung des KOnigs Jobates uud
Belleroijbon, ib., 1717 ; Die betrogeue iind
iiachmals vergiJtterte Ariadne, ib., 1722 ;
Das froblockende Grossbritanuien, ib.,
1724 ; Das wegen Verbannung der Land-
jilage an deni Geburtstage cet. Friedrich
IV. janclizeude Ciiubrieu, serenata, ib.,
1724 ; Bretislaus, oder die siegende Bestiin-
digkeit, ib., 1725 ; Der hamburger Jabr-
markt, ib., 1725 ; Die hamburger Schlacht-
zeit (marked in the score as his 107th
opei'a), ib., 1725 ; Prologus zum Geburts-
feste Frideriei Ludovici K. H. zu Hanno-
ver, ib., 172G ; Jlistovejus, ib., 1720 ; Der
stumme Priuz Atis, intermezzo, ib., 172G ;
Lucius Verus., ib, 1727 ; Circe, ib., 1734.
n. Other works : R. Keisers Gemiiths-
Ergijtzung, bestehend in einigen Sing-Ge-
dichten, mit einer Stimme xuid uuter-
schiedbchen Instrumenten (Hamburg,
NicoLas Spieringk, 1G98) ; Divertimenti
sereuissimi, duets and airs with cLavecin
(Hamburg, 1713) ; Der fiir die Siinden der
Welt geniarterte und sterbeude Jesus, ora-
torio, Hamburg, Holy Week, 1712-13 (ex-
tracts published ib., 1714) ; Musikalische
Laudlust. cantatas with contiuuo for clave-
cin (ib., 1714) ; Kaiserliche Friedenpost,
songs and duets with clavecin (ib., 1715) ;
Weinachts-Cantate fiir 2 Soprani, 2 Violinen,
Viole und Bass (ib., no date) ; Der verur-
theilte iind gekreuzigte Jesus, oratorio,
poem by Brockes ; Two Passion-musics ;
many other sacred compositions. Extracts
from many of his operas were published in
Hamburg, as follows : From L' ingauno Fe-
dele, 1714 ; From Almira and Octavia,
Zacharias Hilrtel, 1700 ; From La forza
della Virtil (in German), 1701 ; Lindner
has edited an overture, 7 opera arias and a
duet, as the 2d volume of his Die erste ste-
hende deutsche Oper (Berlin, Schlessinger,
1855) ; Other selections in Reissmann's
Allgem. Gesch. d. Musik, iii. 54-73, and
Beilage, Nos. 7 and 4 ; in von Winterfeld's
Evang. Kirchengesang ; in Adam Hiller's
Vierstimmige Motetten, etc., vol. XL, and in
the Auswahl vorz. Musikwerke. — Fetis ;
Grove ; Chrysander, G. F. Hiindel, i. 80.
KELER-BKLA (Albert von Keler), born
at Bartfeld, Hungary, Feb. 13, 1820, died
at W^iesbaden, Oct. 20, 1882. Composer of
dance music, studied at first law, then farm-
ing, but devoted himself to music seriously
in 1845, when he went to Vienna, studied
under Sechter and Schlesinger, at the same
time joining the orchestra of the Theater
an der Wien as violinist ; became leader of
Gungl's band at Berlin, in 1854 ; succeeded
Lanner at Vienna in 1855 ; was Kapellmeis-
ter in an infantry regiment there in 1856-
G3, then went to Wiesbaden, where he be-
came conductor of the Kur orchestra in
18G7 ; he resigned on account of ill-health
in 1873. Works : Overtures ; Violin solos ;
Dance music. — Mendel ; Grove ; Fetis, Sup-
plement, ii. 38.
KELLER, GOTTFRIED, German harp-
sichord player, who settled in London about
the beginning of the 18th century, died
there in 1721. He published G sonatas for
2 violins, trumpet, or oboe, viola, and con-
tinuo (London, 1710) ; 6 sonatas for 2 flutes
and basso continue were j^ublished after his
death, besides " A complete method for at-
taining to play a thorough-bass upon either
organ, harpsichord, or theorbo-lute," etc.,
which was printed also in Dr. William
Holder's work on harmony (London, 1731).
— Mendel ; Hawkins' Hist., v. 170 ; Fetis.
KELLER, JOHANN MICHAEL, born at
Oberelchingeu, Bavaria, Dec. 29, 1800, died
at Augsburg, April 3, 1SG5. Organist, \m-
pil of Franz Biihler, Augsburg. He became
successively organist of the St. Georgskirche,
and the Ulrichskirche, choir-master of St.
Stephans, 1838, and Kapellmeister of the
cathedral in 1839. W^orks : Canticum Za-
charise (1847) ; lu exitu Israel, Psalm with
instrumental accompaniment ; Salve Regina
(1840) ; Te Deum (1846) ; and Vidi aquam,
hymns, graduals, etc. — Mendel.
357
KELLER
KELLER, KAEL, bora at Dessau, Oct, IG,
1784, died at Schaffhausen, July 19, 1855.
Flute player, son of the court organist,
Gottliilf Keller, and educated by several
court musicians. An accomplished per-
former at the age of twenty, he was a great
favorite in Leipsic, where Reichardt gave
him lessons and secured him a position in
the royal chapel. Li 180G he went with him
to Cassel, where Keller was for seven years
first flute in the royal chapel, and singing
teacher to the Queen of Westphalia. After
two years in the royal chapel at Stuttgart, he
made a concert tour through Germany, Hun-
gary, France, and Holland, and finally went to
Tieuua, whence Prince Fiirsteuberg called
him to a post in his orchestra at Douaues-
chingen ; later he was also director of the
theatre there, and of a music-school which he
founded, was pensioned in 1849, and retired
to Schaffhausen. Works : 3 concertos for
flute ; 4 polonaises with orchestra, oj). 7, 13, 24,
34 ; Divertissements for do., op. 10, 31 ; Vari-
ations, do., op. 3, 11, 14 ; Pots-pourris, do., op.
4, 9 ; Soli for flute, op. 17 ; Duos for do., op.
39, 40, 48 ; 6 part-songs for m.ale voices, op.
49 ; Many songs. — Futis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
KELLER, ]\L\X, born at Trostberg, Ba-
varia, in 1770, died at AltOttiug, Dec. 16,
1855. Organist, was a chorister in the
Benedictine convent where he studied the
organ under his elder brother Joseph Kel-
ler, whom he succeeded as organist in 1788
-98. During that time he made journeys
to Salzburg, where he profited by the advice
of Michael Haydn. After three years in Burg-
bausen, he became organist of the chapel at
Altottiug. Works : 6 German masses for
one voice and organ, with a second and
third voices, 2 violins, 2 flutes, 2 clarinets,
etc., ad libitum ; 3 Latin masses, for do.; 3
do. for 3 voices and organ ; Litanies for 4
voices and organ, with other instruments
ad libitum ; Advent hymns, funeral chants,
etc.; Preludes, cadences, versets, etc., for
the organ. — Fotis ; Mendel.
KELLEY, EDGAR STH,LMAN, born at
Sparta, Wisconsin, April, 14, 1857, still liv-
ing, 1889. Pianist, pupil in Minneapolis of
F. W. Merriam, and in Chicago of Clarence
Eddy; studied in Stuttgart, in 1876-80,
theory and orchestration with Musik-di-
rektor Max Seifriz, pianoforte with Wil-
helm Speidel, and organ with Friedrich
Fink. In 1880 he went to San Francisco,
California. Works : Overture and inci-
dental music to Macbeth, given in San
Francisco in 1885, New York, 1887 ; Theme
and variations for string quartet ; Grand
Polonaise (four hands), and other piano-
forte music ; Phases of Lave, a series of
songs, one in the Chinese scale ; Music to a
comic opera, text by A. C. Gunter (MS.).
KELLNER, ERNST AUGUST, born at
Windsor, England, Jan. 26, 1792, died in
London, July 18, 1839. Pianist and bari-
tone singer, probably a grandson of Johann
Christoph Kellner ; began to studj' the pi-
anoforte when only two years old, and played
a concerto by Handel at five. In singing
he was a pupil of William Pearson, and
from 1815 at Naples of Nozzari, Casella, and
Crescentini. After his return to England
' in 1820, he won success as a jjianist and
singer, especially when travelling with Muie
Catalani ; in 1824-25 he sang at the Teatro
della Fenice in Venice, then in Bologna,
, where he was made a member of the Acca-
j demia filarmonica, and in 1828 went to St.
i Petersburg. Having visited Paris in 1833,
he returned to London in 1834, and became
organist of the Bavarian chapel. Among
his comjiositions, left in manuscript, was
an opera, Poland. — Case of precocious mu-
sical talent, etc. (London, 1839) ; Frtis.
KELLNER, GUSTAV, born at Weida,
Saxe-Weimar, in 1809, died in Weimai-,
Feb. 24, 1849. Pianist, and writer on mu-
sic ; was for several years Kapellmeister of
the theatre orchestra at Potsdam, and in
1838 settled at Weimar to teach the piano-
forte. Works : 2 small operas, given at
Potsdam ; Sonatas for pianoforte ; Part-
songs for male voices, and songs. — Fctis.
KELLNER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH,
born at Gri'ifenrode, Thuringia, Aug. 15,
358
KELLNER
1730, (lied at C-xssel in 1803. Organist and
didactic writer, sou and piijiil of Joliaini
Peter Kellner, and pupil of Georg Beuda in
Gotha. He travelled through Germany and
Holland, lived for a while at The Hague
and in Amsterdam ; was organist of the
Catholic church in Cassel, and also of one
of the principal Lutheran churches.
Works : Die Schadenfreude, operetta, given
at Cassel, 1782 ; Die Emijfinduugen bei
dem Tode des Erlijsers, passion oratorio,
ib., 1792 ; Several other passions and can-
tatas, and a complete year of motets and
psalms for 4 voices, with various instru-
ments, and organ obligate ; 7 concertos for
pianoforte, op. 5, 8, 11 ; Trios for piano-
forte and strings, op. 19 ; Sonatas for pi-
anoforte, op. 2, 1.5 ; Preludes, fugues, and
other pieces for the organ. His Grundriss
des Geueralbasses (1783) was once as well
known as nowadays Marx's Compositions-
lehre. — Allgem. d. Biog., xv. .592 ; Fetis.
KELLNER, JOH.^NN PETER, born at
Griifenrode, Thuringia, Sept. 2J:, 1705, died
there in 1788. Organist and church com-
poser, jHipil of the cantor Nagel in singing,
of Nagel's son at Dietendorf, of the organ-
ist Schmidt at Celle on the pianoforte, and
of the organist Quehl at Suhl in composi-
tion. He became cantor at Frankenhayn
in 1725, and in his birthplace in 1727. He
composed preludes, fugues, and dance mu-
sic for harpsichord, contained in the collec-
tion Certamen musicum ; Organ music,
chorals, suites, in Manipulus mu.sices ; Un-
published chorals ; An oratorio ; Cantatas
for 4 voices with organ and instruments,
etc. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xv, 590.
KELLY (O'Kclly), MICHAEL, born in
Dublin, about 17G4, died at Margate, Oct.
9, 182G. Tenor singer, pupil of Passerini,
Peretti, St. Giorgio, and Rauzzini ; after
appearing on the stage in Dublin, he went
to Naples in 1779, and studied under Fena-
roli and Aprile. He was engaged at the
court theatre in Vienna, where he was a
friend of Mozart and remained four years ;
in 1787 he went to London, and sang at
the Drury Lane Theatre until his retirement
from the stage. He became manager of
the King's Theatre in 1793, opened in 1802,
a music shop which failed in 1811, and en-
gaged also in the wine trade. But his
wines seem to have been no more genuine
than his compositions were original, as
Sheridan proposed that he should inscribe
over his shop : Michael Kelly, Composer of
Wines and Lnporter of Music. He wrote
or chiefly compiled the music for 62 dramas,
which are now forgotten, and composed
many English, French, and Italian songs.
His Reminiscences (Loudon, 182(5), written
by Theodore Hook from materials furnished
by Kelly, are a highly entertaining store-
house of musical anecdote, and contain im-
portant personal notices of Mozart. — Grove ;
Mendel ; Fi'tis.
KELWAY, JOSEPH, lived in the 18th
century, died in 1782. Organist, pupil of
Geminiani ; became organist of St. Michael's,
Cornhill, and of St. Martin's-iu-the-Fields,
London, in 1736. He left hai-psichord so-
natas and some vocal music. His elder
brother, Thomas (born about 1605, died
May 21, 1749), was organist of Chichester
Cathedra], 1720. He left services and an-
thems which are still in use. — Grove.
KELZ, JOHANN FRIEDRICH, born in
Berlin, April 11, 1786, died there in Janu-
ary, 1862. Violoncellist, pupil of the city
musician Fuchs until 1801, then of his uncle,
A. F. Metke, while violoncelUst in the ducal
orchestra of Braunschweig-Oels. After the
death of the duke he returned to Berlin, and
became first violoncellist and chamber mu-
sician to the king, in 1811, and was pen-
sioned in 1857. Although really self-taught
in composition, having received only a few
lessons from Zelter, he was a prolific com-
poser, and often wrote in the burlesque
style which Haydn sometimes adopted.
Among his works, numbering about 300,
are : Symphonies, for 2 violins, bass, trum-
pets and other toy instruments ; Quintet
for flute and strings, op. 79 ; do. for strings,
op. 102 ; Introduction and fugue on the
359
KELZ
name of Fesca, for do., op. 108 ; 20 fugues,
for do. ; Sonatas for j^iauoforte ; motets,
psalms, ijart-sougs for male voices, aud
songs. — Fe'tis ; Mendel
KELZ (Kelzius), MATTHAUS, German
composer of the 17tli century, born at Baut-
zen, Saxony, died at Sorau, Brandenburg.
He became cantor at Stargard, Pomerauia,
iu 162G, and later at Sorau. Works : Ope-
retta nuova, a collection of evangelical
songs (Leipsic, 183G) ; Primitisc musicales,
a collection of sonatas, ballets, sai'abauds,
allemaudes, etc., for 2 violins, bass, and
basso continuo (Ulm, 1G58) ; Exercita-
tionum luusicarum a violino e viola da
ganiba, etc. (Augsburg, IGGO). — Fetis ;
Mendel ; Gerber ; Schilling ; Waltber.
KEMMLEm, GEORG MICHAEL, born
at Dingslebcn, Saxe-Meiningen, in 1785,
died (?). Pianist, and baritone singer, pu-
pU of Lis father on the pianoforte and or-
gan, aud of the cantor Staep in harmony.
He studied theology iu the Uuiversitj' of
Jena, in 1806, and afterwards for three
years was private tutor iu a family at Lo-
dersleben, near Querfurt. He returned to
Jena, and in 1812 became cantor and in-
structor at the Biirgcrschule, and was di-
rector of several vocal societies. But few of
his numerous and esteemed compositions
for the church were published. — Jlendel ;
Frtis ; Schilling.
KEMP, JOSEPH, born at Exeter, Eng-
land, iu 1778, died in London, May 22,
1824:. Dramatic and church composer, pu-
jjil of ^Yilliam Jackson ; became organist of
the cathedral, Bristol, in 1802 ; settled in
London iu 1809 ; Mus. Bac, Cambridge,
1808 ; Mus. Doc, 1809. He Uved iu Exeter
in 181-4-18, was in France in 1818-21, aud re-
turned to Exeter. Works : The Jubilee, an
occasional j)iece, given in London, 1809 ;
The Siege of Isca (Exeter), or The Battles in
the West, melodrama (with Domenico
Corri), ib., 1810 ; Anthems : War Anthem,
1808 ; The Crucifixion, 1809 ; I am Alpha
aud Omega ; Twelve Psalmodical Melodies ;
Twenty Double Chants ; Twelve Songs ;
Musical Illustrations of the Beauties of
Shakespeare ; Musical Illustrations of The
Lady of the Lake ; The Vocal Magazine ;
The New System of Musical Education,
Part I. ; Songs, duets, and glees. — Grove.
KE:MPTEE, FRIEDRICH, born at Lim-
bach, Bavaria, Oct. 17, 1810, still living,
1889. Church composer and didactic
writer, ])viinl at the teachers' seminary at
Dillingen of Heindl, Schwarz, A. Sehmid, K.
Laucher, and later, at Augsburg, of Keller.
Became instructor of music in the teachers'
seminary at Lauingen in 1841. Besides
numerous compositions for the church, can-
tatas and songs, he published Unterricht und
Uebungeu im Gencralbass ; Auswahl syste-
matisch geordneter Fingeriibungen und Cla-
vierstiicke ; and Materialien zu Erlernung
eines gediegenen Orgelsjjiels. — Mendel.
KEilPTER, KARL, born at Limbach,
Bavaria, Jan. 17, 1819, died at Augsburg,
March 11, 1871. Organist aud church com-
poser, brother of Friedrich Kempter ; i>a-
pil of Michael Keller at Augsburg, and on
the violin of Domiuik. In 1837 he became
organist of the St. Tlh'ichskirche, and in
1839 of the cathedral, where ho succeeded
Keller as Kaj^ellmeister in 18G5. Works —
Oratorios : Johannes der Tiiufer ; Maria ;
Die Hirteu von Betlehem ; Die Oflfeuba-
rung dcs Herrn. German mass, for 4 voices,
with organ, violoncello, and bass, op. 8 ;
Latin mass, for 4 voices, orchestra, and or-
gan, op. 9 ; 2 solemn masses, for do., op.
11, 17 ; Missa saucta, for Soprano and Con-
tralto, organ, and orchestra, op. 13 ; Pastoral
mass, for 4 voices and orchestra, op. 24 ;
Several other masses, 4 vespers, 15 graduals,
and offertories, etc ; Der Landchorregent,
a collection of various church music. He
also harmonized the German hymns for the
diocese of Augsburg (1859). — Fetis ; Men-
del.
KENIL WORTH, cantata for soli, chorus,
and orchestra, text by Chorley, music by
Arthur Sullivan, first performed at the Birm-
ingham Festival (England), Sept. 8, 1SG4.
It contains parts of a masque offered to en-
KENNIS
tertain Queen Elizabeth during her visit
to the Eavl of Leicester. Published by
Chappell & Co. (London, 18G4).— Athenae-
um (18G4), ii., .378.
KENNIS, GUILLAUME GOMMAIEE,
born at Lierre, Belgium, about 1720, died
at Louvaiu, May 10, 1789. Violinist, while
still quite young was maitre de chaj)elle of
the church of Saiut-Gominaire, at Lierre,
then of Saint-Pierre, Louvain, and master
of the children. He is supposed to have
visited London and Paris, although no record
is found of it. Works : 12 symphonies for
orchestra ; 3 concertos for violin and orches-
tra (Paris) ; G quartets for strings (Loudon) ;
G trios for do. (Paris) ; 6 duos for violin
and violoncello (ib.) ; G do. for 2 violins
(London) ; G sonatas for violin and basso
contiiuio (Louvain) ; 6 do. (Liege). — Fetis.
KENT, J.\j\IES, born at Winchester,
England, March 13, 1700, died there. May
G, 177G. Organist, chorister of Winchester
Cathedral under Vaughau Kichardson, and
later at the Chapel Koyal, London, under
Dr. Croft ; became organist successively at
Fiuedon, Northamptonshire, Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge, and in 1737-71; of the Ca-
thedral and College of Winchester. Works :
IMorniug and Evening Service ; 20 anthems,
among others. Hear my Prayer, and. My
song shall be of mercy. — Grove ; Barrett,
English Church Composers, 122.
KERCHOVE, JOSEPH, born in Ghent,
Sept. 2G, 1804, still living, 1889. Church
composer, pupil of his father, of Jean Ga-
briels, and of Pierre Verheyen. He was a
tenor in several churches, and in 1839 be-
came director of the Socii'to du Saint-Sau-
veur, succeeding Jean d'Hollaudei-. Works :
Masses, a Miserere, motets, and other
church music ; Choruses for male voices,
etc. — Mendel, Ergiinz., 177 ; Fetis, Supple-
ment, ii. 39 ; Viotta.
KERL (Kerll, Kherl, Cherle), JOH.ANN
KASPAIl VON, born at Gaimersheim, near
Ingolstadt, Bavaria, in 1G28, died in Munich,
Feb. 13, 1693. Organist, pupil of Giovanni
Valeutini in Vienna, whither he went early
' in life ; was sent to Rome by Emperor Fer-
dinand ni., and studied under Carissimi,
perhaps also un-
der Frescobaldi.
In 165G he en-
tered the service
of the Elector
of Bavaria, and
at the corona-
tion of the Em-
peror Leopold
I, in Frank-
fort, 1G58, elec-
trified his audience by extraordinary skill
on the organ, and a mass of his composi-
tion became famous from that date. In
1G73 he resigned his position in Munich,
and went to Vienna, where he at first taught
music, but is said to have been apjjointed
organist at St. Stephen's in 1G77. In the
accounts of the coru't he appears as court
organist from Oct. 1, 1680, to the end of
1692. He seems therefore to have returned
to Munich shortly before his death. Works :
Oronte, opera, Munich, 1657 ; Erinto, do.,
ib. 1661 ; II pretensioue del sole, serenata,
ib., 1661 ; Opus primum Missarum (Nurem-
berg, 16G9) ; Missfo sex, adjuncta una j)ro
defunctis, etc. (Munich, 1G89); Missa nigra,
and other masses ; Requiem (1G69) ; Delec-
tus sacrarum cantionum, collection of mo-
tets (Nuremberg, 1669) ; O bone Jesu, motet
for 2 soprani ; Trio for 2 violins and viola
di gamba ; Toccatas, suites, etc., for harpsi-
chord ; Modulatio organica, etc., a collection
of organ pieces (Munich, 1G8G). — AUgem. d.
Biog., XV. 628 ; Fetis ; Gerber ; Mendel ;
Riemann.
KERLE (Keerle), JACOB VAN, born at
Ypres, Flanders, died after 1.590. Contra-
puntist, older eontemjjorary of Orlando
Lasso ; was choir director and canon at
Cambrai, entered the service of the Car-
dinal Prince Bishop of Augsburg, Otto von
Truchsess, with whom he sj)ent several years
in Rome, and returned to Augsburg, (1562-
75). Whether he was ever in the service of
the Emperor Rudolph H., as rej)orted, is
KERPEN
uncertain. Works : G Missse suavissimis
modulationibus, etc. (Venice, 15G2) ; Preces
speciales, etc. (ib., 1560) ; Madrigali a quat-
tro voci (ib., 1570) ; II inimo libro eapitolo
del Trionfo d' amore del Petrarca (ib., 1570) ;
II primo libro dei Motetti (ib., 1571), also
published under the title Selectee qusedam
cautioues, etc. (Nurember;^, 1571) ; Moduli
sacri, cum cautioue contra Turcas (Munich,
1572) ; Motetti et Te Deum laudamus (ib.,
1573) ; Cantio in houorem generosi, etc.
(Nuremberg, 1574:) ; Moteta3, quibus ad-
juncti sunt ecclesiastici hymni (Munich,
1575) ; SacriE cautiones, etc., quibus ad-
juucti sunt hymni de resuiTectione, etc.
(ib., 1575) ; G Missa3 etTe Deum (ib., 157G) ;
4 Missfe suavissimis, etc. (Antwerjj, 1583).
— Allgera. d. Biog., xv. G29 ; Biog. nat
de Belgique, v. 224 ; Biog. de la Flandre
occidentals, i. 2G0 ; Fetis ; Mendel.
KEKPEN, FKIEDBICH HUGO, Biu-on
VON, German amateur violoncellist of the
end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th
century. He was capitular of Wiirzburg
Cathedral and patron of the Amateur Con-
cert Society of that city in 1780. Settled
at Mainz in 1790, and later at Heilbronn.
Works — Operas : Der Schiflfbruch, WiU-z-
burg, 178G ; Das Riithsel, Mainz, 1791 ;
Adelheid von Ponthieu, ib., 1798 ; Cephalus
uud Procris, melodrama, ib., 1792 ; Con-
certo for pianoforte, with orchestra, op. 9 ;
3 trios for pianoforte and strings, op. 1 ;
Sonata for pianoforte ; Do. (4 hands), op. 4 ;
6 grand sonatas for ijianoforte and violin,
op. 8 ; 6 ariettas for 3 voices with piano-
forte ; German songs, etc. — Fetis ; Gerber ;
Schilling.
KES, \VILLEM, born at Dordrecht,
Feb. IG, 185G, still living, 1889. Violin-
ist, pupil of Huyssens and August Bijhme
and on the pianoforte of Nohldenft, then
at Leipsic (1871-73) of Ferdinand David,
at the Conservatoire, Brussels (1875-76),
of Wieniawski, finally at the Conserva-
torium, Berlin, of Joachim, Kiel, and Tau-
bert. Concertmeester of the Pai-k Orches-
tra in Amsterdam. He won the 1st prize
of the Nederlandsche Toonkunstenaars-
Vereeniging, for a concerto for violin and
orchestra, and has
composed other violin
m u s i c. — Fetis, Sup-
plement, ii. 39 ; Vi-
otta.
KESSLER, FER-
DINAND, born at
Frankfort-on-the-
Main, in January,1793,
died there, Oct. 22,
1856. Pianist, pupil
of Vollweiler and Aloys Scbmitt. He com-
posed an opera, symphonies, quartets, sona-
tas, rondos, and variations for pianoforte, of
which few were published. He was the au-
thor of " Sj'stem zum Selbstunterricht in dcr
Harmonie." — Mendel ; Riemann ; Futis ; Vi-
otta, ii. 304.
KESSLER (properly KOtzler), JOSEPH
CHRISTOPH, born at Augsburg, Aug. 26,
1800, died in Vienna, Jan. 13, 1872. Pian-
ist, pupil of the organist Bilek, at Felds-
berg, Moravia, then at the Piarists' Semi-
nary at Nicolsburg. In 1816 he went to
Vienna, to study philosophy, and in 1820
to Lemberg, where he taught the piano-
forte in the house of Count Potocki four
years, and comjjosed his far-famed Etudes,
op. 20, published in Vienna and in Paris,
recommended by Kalkbrenner in his pi-
anoforte school, and played in concerts by
Liszt. He went to Warsaw in 1829, then
to Breslau, and in 1835 again to Lemberg,
where he taught for many years, finally to
Vienna, in 1857. His fitudes rhapsodiques,
op. 51, acquired as much prominence as
op. 20. He published also polonaises, con-
certos, nocturnes, preludes, etc., for piano-
forte ; sacred songs for male chorus with
brass instruments ; and songs with piano-
forte.— Mendel ; Fetis ; Wurzbach.
KESSLER, JOSEPH HEINRICH FER-
DIN.AND, born at Tost, Silesia, Dec. 4,
1808, still living, 1889. Vocal and instru-
mental composer, pupil of Siegert and
Justus Kessler, then of Freudenberg. In
KETTE
1844 he became cantor of the EHzabeth-
kirche, Breslau, where he had been a chor-
ister since 1832. Works : Psalm C for
chorus and orchestra ; 3 cantatas for do. ;
Cantata for male chorus with 4 horns ; In-
strumental compositions ; Choruses for male
voices, and songs. — Mendel ; Fctis.
KETTE, ALBERT (Albrecht), born
near Schwarzenberg, Bavaria, in 172G, died
at Wiirzburg in 17(j7. Organist, jiupil of
his father, then at Wiirzburg of Bayer, or-
ganist to the court and of the cathedral,
whom he succeeded in both positions in
1749. He wrote sacred music, concertos for
organ and for pianoforte, preludes, and oth-
er organ music. — Gerber; Schilling; Fetis.
KETTEN, HENRI, born at Baja, Hun-
gary, March 25, 1848, died in Paris, March
31, 1883. Pianist, pupil at the Paris Con-
servatoire, 1857-6G, of Marmontel on the
pianoforte, and of Halevy and Relier in
comijosition. After travelling several years,
earning applause as a pianist and orchestra
conductor, he returned to Paris. Works:
Persian March, for orchestra ; Sonata for
pianoforte and clarinet ; Songs, etc. — Men-
del, Ergilnz., 178 ; Fetis, Supplement, ii. 39.
KETTENUS, ALOYS, born at Verviers,
Belgium, Feb. 22, 1823, still living, 1889.
Violinist, pupil at the Lii'ge Cousei'vatoire ;
made his first public appearance at the age
of nine, and in 1841 became first violinist
in the theatre of Aix-la-Chapelle ; played
at concerts in Frankfort, Mainz, Darmstadt,
and Carlsruhe, and at the age of twenty-
two was appointed Conzertmeister and
solo violin at the theatre and the court of
Mannheim, where he studied composition
under Viucenz Lachner. In 1855 he went
to London, and became first violin in Ju-
lien's band. He directed an opera in Dub-
lin in 185G, and returned to London, where
he has been a prominent solo player at
many popular concerts. Works : Stella,
opera, given in Brussels, 18G2 ; Concerto
for violin ; Concertino for 4 violins and or-
chestra ; Duo for pianoforte and violin ;
Songs. — Fotis ; Mendel.
KETTERER, EUGENE, born at Rouen,
in 1831, died in Paris, Dec. 18, 1870. Pi-
anist, puj^il at the Paris Conservatoire of
Marmontel ; won first aecessit, 1852. He
published much light pianoforte music,
popular in its day, of which his opera fan-
tasias are the best. — Fetis, Supplement, ii.
40.
KEWITSCH (Kiewicz), KARL THEO-
DOR, born at Posilge, West Prussia, Feb.
3, 1834, still living, 1889. Church com-
poser, first instructed by his father, who
was an organist, then at Pclplin (1845-48)
by Weuzeslaus Maslou, choir director of
the cathedral there, on the violin, piano-
forte, and organ. He was for three years
oboist in the band of a regiment, then in-
structor and organist successively at Wabcz
near Culm (1859), at Schwetz on the Vistula
(1859-G4), at Graudenz (1864-GG), when he
was appointed musical instructor at the
newly founded Catholic teachers' seminary
at Berent, West Prussia, and became prin-
cipal instructor there in 1873. Works :
j\Iissa de Beata Maria Virgine, for mixed
choir, 023. 3 ; Missa de Apostolis, for do.,
op. 5 ; Quatuor Antiphonse, etc., for do.,
op. 7 ; Missa de Spiritu Sancto, for male
voices, op. 15 ; G Polish choral melodies
with double counterpoint, for the organ,
op. 2 ; Collection of Polish hymns, for 4
voices, op. 6 ; Do. for one voice, op. 9 ;
Vademecum for organists ; 500 cadenzas for
the organ ; 30 j^ieces for do., op. 33 ; G4
do. ; 36 do. ; Polish book of chorals for the
diocese of Culm ; German do. ; Festina
lente, waltz for full orchestra, op. 22 ;
Slavic Scherzo for do., op. 23 ; Der Ahneu
Tiiuze, waltz for do., op. 30 ; 12 four-2:)art
songs and canons, op. 16 ; 3 songs for mixed
chorus, o}). 17 ; 6 Wanderlieder, for male
chorus, oj). 18 ; Pianoforte music, etc. — Men-
del, Ergiinz., 178.
KEYRLEBER, JOHANN GEORG, born
in Wiirtemberg, where he lived about the
end of the 17th century. He styled himself
in his works, Magister et liberalium artium
cultor. He was an admirer of the canon
363
KIEL
h
form in compositiou. Gerber quotes the
following as illustrating this taste : Ag-
gratulatio musico-poetica, in G Latin dis-
tichs, witli a perpetual cauou in 16 parts
and 16 violins, capable of being rendered
by 156 voices and as many instruments,
etc., composed for tlie birthday of the Em-
peror Joseph I, King of l?ome (1G91). The
other canons are no less remarkable. — Ger-
ber ; Fi'tis ; Mendel.
KIEL, FEEEDRICH, born at Paderbaeh,
llhenish Prussia,
Oct. 7, 1821, died
in Berlin, Sept. 14,
188.5. Church and
instrumental com-
poser, first instruct-
ed by his father,
who was a village
school teacher, then
by Prince Karl
von Wittgenstein
on the violin (1835)
at Berleburg, where in less than a year he
played in the prince's orchestra, and whither
he returned as Conzertmeister and instruct-
or of his patron's children, after having
studied theory under Kaspar Kummer at
Coburg (1838-39). Being allowed a stipend
by King Friedrich Wilhelm IV., he went to
Berlin in 1842, and studied counterpoint
nnder Dehn, taking up his permanent resi-
dence in Berlin, where he slowlj- but stead-
ily rose to a distinguished position, due
to his eminent activity as an exponent of }
the classical school. As late as 18.")9 and
1861 he was obliged to arrange private per-
formances of his comjjositious, to attract
attention even in Berlin, but after his
Requiem, brought out by Stern's Gesang-
verein in 1862, had been received with
unanimous enthusiasm, and made the round
of the musical world, he at once became
famous. In 1805 he was made member of
the Academy of arts, in 1867 royal profes-
sor, and in 1869 Senator of the Academy,
and professor of composition at the Con-
servatorium, in which capacity he had been
connected with Stern's
Conservatorium in
1866-69. Works : Rc.qi"^'^! ^o^" ^^l'' <=l'°i'"^'
and orchestra, op. 20, I'erlin, Feb. 8, 1862 ;
Missa solemnis, for do.' "P- ^° (1^*^^)' ^^•'
March 21, 1867 ; ChrJ"'' oi'atono, op. 60
(1871-72), ib., April 4, '^^'^^ ' Requiem, op.
80 ; Stabat Mater, f<n- female chorus, soli,
and orchestra, op. 25 (l862); Psalm CXXX.,
for do., op. 29 (1863) ; ^e Deum, for mixed
voices and orchestra. ,'P- ^^> (1«C6) ; Zwei
Gesange, for do., op. ^3 (1881) ; 2 Motets
for female chorus, soli' ^"'^ pianoforte, op.
32 ; 6 sacred songs, fc'^ ^vomen's or boys'
choii-, op. 64 ; 6 Motet^ ^°i" '^'^^'^ '^l'""'^'
op. 82 ; 4 Marches fo"^ orchestra, op. 61 ;
Concerto for pianofort^ '-^"^^ orchestra, op.
30 ; 2 Quintets for pi^f^^^^o^-^^ »"^^ «t""8'^'
op. 75, 76 ; 3 Quartets' ^o^' '^°-' oP- ^'^' ^^'
50 ; 2 String quartets, «P- ^3 ; 2 series of
waltzes for string qu^^"*^^*' oP- '^^' '^^ ' ^
Trios, op. 3, 22, 24, :i:'' 3^' ^"^ ' ^ ^^''^^^^
for violin ; Sonata for violoncello, op. 52 ;
do. for viola, op. 67 ; fiauoforte music, and
songs.-Fetis, Suppl.-'^"'^' »• ^^ ' I""^*'"-
Zeitg. (1885), ii. 364 ; ^^endel ; R.omann.
KIENLEN, JOH.^NN CHRISTOPH,
born in Poland in It!^' ^^'*^^^ ""^ ^^^ssau in
1830. Dramatic comp-^s^'"' ^^"'^'^'^ ^^ P^^^"'
was successively Kape'l^^'^^"- ""^ "^<^ ^^^■''■
tres of Presburg (isd^). Augsburg, Briinn,
and Ba<Ieu, near Vi.''^"^- ^"^^^ "'""'^'''S
Paris, he was director "^ '""«'° '"^ ^^'^ '-"y"^
theatre, Munich, and '^ ^^^^ removed to
Berlin, where he beca™^ vocal instructor at
the royal opera, in 1k23. He accompanied
Prince Radziwill to P^^^n, which he left
again at the time of ^^^ ^""^'^^ revolution,
arriving destitute a* Dessau. Works-
Operas : Die Kaisen-o^^' S^^^"" '"^ V'^°""'
Leopoldstildter The/t^r, 1815; Claudina
von Vmabella, Au"^^"'-^' ^^"''^ ^^^^' '
Scherz, List und ?*«1^« ' I'etrarca und
Laura, C:u-lsruhe, 182° ' ^usic for several
304
KIENZL
dramas ; Hymns, songs, pianoforte music,
etc. — Fotis ; do., Supplement, ii. 41 ; Men-
del.
IQENZL, WILHELir, born at Waizen-
kirclieu. Upper Austria, Jan. 17, 1857, still
living, 1889. Pianist, pujiil at Gratz of
Iguaz Ubl until 1870, and of Mortier de
Fontaine until 1873, and in composition of
W. A. Eey. Went to Prague in 1875, and
studied counterijoint under Joseph Krej6i ;
lie also appeared tliere successfully as a
pianist, and in 187G went to Leipsie, to at-
tend the lectures of Springer, Overbeck, and
Paul, and brought out several of his works.
In 1877 he returned to Gratz, to take his
degree, played repeatedly in public, gave
lectures, and arranged performances of his
own and other modern compositions.
Works : Urvasi, grand opera, text by the
composer after Kalidasa, given at Dresden,
Feb. 20, 1885.— Menilel, Ergiiuz., 180 ; N. Z.
f. M. (18S8), 415, 430.
KIMMERLING, EOBEET, born in Vi-
enna, Dec. 8, 1737, died at MiJlk, Dec. 5,
1700. Church composer ; entered the Bene-
dictine convent of MOlk at the age of six-
teen, and was ordained priest in 1751.
While studying theology at the University
of Vienna, he was a friend and pupil in
composition of Joseph Haydn. He was a
capital tenor singer, and organist, and be-
came director of the choir of his convent in
17G1. Among his church compositions is
a Mass, for 8 voices in two choirs, which
Haydn considered his masterpiece. He left
quartets, trios, and duets for string instru-
ments ; besides many church compositions
in MS. When Marie Antoinette and Josejoh
n. stopped at Miilk in 1770, he performed
in their honour a Singspiel with ballet : Re-
becca, die Braut Isaac's, composed by him,
and which pleased the emperor so much,
that he took the score away with him.
— Fetis ; Schilling ; Wurzbach.
KINDERB.ALL, Six easy dances for pi-
anoforte, four hands, by Schumann, op.
130, written in 1853. I. Polonaise in F ;
II. Walzer in G ; IH. Menuett in D ; IV.
Ecossaise in F ; V. Franyaise in A minor ;
VI. Ringelreihe in C. Published by Breit-
kopf & Hilrtel (LeiiJsic, 1854). Arranged for
pianoforte for two hands.
KINDER DER HAIDE, DIE (Children
of the Heath), opera in five acts, text by
Moscnthal from Carl Beck's romance,
" Janko," music by Rubinstein, first repre-
sented in Vienna, Feb. 20, ISGl ; at Dantzic,
Oct. 4, 1885. Rubinstein's first opera, the
subject, Gipsy life. Published by Sehreiber
(Vienna, 1885).— Siguale (1885), 8G5.
KINDERMANN, JOHANN ERASMUS,
born at Nuremberg, March 29, IGIG, died
there, April 14, 1G55. Organist and church
comi^oser, was organist at St. Egidius, Nu-
remberg, and one of the most famous per-
formers on his instrument. Works : Mu-
sica Catechica (Nuremberg, 1646) ; Har-
monia organica (ib., 1G45) ; Neu-versfimmte
Violen-Lust (Frankfort, 1G52) ; Dillierrns
evangelische Schluss-Reimen der Predigteu
(Nuremberg, 1G52) ; Musicalischer Felder-
und Wiilderfreund (Nuremberg, 1G43.) — All-
gem, d. Biogr., XV. 7G2 ; Fetis ; Schilling,
iv. 87 ; Winterfeld, Kircheugesang, ii. 447 ;
Monatshefte f. Mus. Gesch., xv. 37, 138.
KINDERSCENEN (Scenes of Childhood),
easy pieces for jiianoforte, by Schumann,
op. 15, written in 1838. His last work with
titles for the separate pieces, dating from
the period when he wrote exclusively for the
pianoforte. I. Von fremden Liindern und
Mensehen, in G ; H. Curiose Gesehichte, in
D ; HI. Hasche-Mann, in B-flat minor ; IV.
Bittendes Kind, in D ; V. Gliickes genug, in
D ; VI. Wichtige Begebenheit, in A ; VH.
Traihnerei, in F ; VHI. Am Camin, in F ;
IX. Ritter vom Steckenpferd, in C ; X. Fast
zu ernst, in G-sharp minor ; XI. Fiirchten-
machen, in E minor ; XII. Kind im Ein-
schlunimern, iu E minor ; XHI. DerDichter
spricht, in G. Published by Breitkopf &
Hiirtel (Leipsie, 1839). Arranged for pi-
anoforte for four hands. Am Camin and
Traiimerei are arranged also for oboe
and pianoforte by E. Lund, and for oboe
and string quartet.
3115
KINDER
KINDER-SYilPHONIE (Toy Symphony)
for seven toy instruments, two violins, and
double-bass, by Haydn, written about 1780.
Tiie melodies are sujjposed to have been
suggested by the noises heard at a village
fair, where Haydn is said to have bought
the instruments used at its first performance.
Given at the Swiss musical festival in Lau-
sanne, Aug. 7, 1823. Mendelssohn also
wi-ote a Kinder-Symphonie (1827). — Pohl,
Haydn, ii. 226.
laNDER-SYMPHONIE, by Andreas
Romberg, performed many times, and given
at St. James's Hall, London, May 14, 1880,
■when the following artists appeared :
Arthur Sullivan cuckoo.
Charles Halle quail.
Joseph Barn by nightingale.
Ai-thur Chappell woodjsecker.
A. Randegger drum.
INIr. Blumenthal rattle.
Dr. Staincr and Mr. Kuho trum^jets.
Sir Julius Benedict bellringer.
Mr. Engel triangle.
Mr. Manns and W. G. Cusius. .first violins.
Carl Rosa and Mr. Santley. .second violins.
!Mr. Ganz viola.
Ml-. Daubert violoncello.
Mr. Progatzky double-bass.
Mr. Cowen and J. F. Barnett.. . .pianoforte.
Henry Leslie conductor.
KIND, WILLST DU RDHIG SCHLA-
FEN, seven variations for pianoforte, in F,
by Beethoven, theme from a quartet in
Winter's Unterbrochenes Oj)ferfest, written
in 1799, and published by T. IMollo (Vi-
enna, 1799) ; Andre (Offenbach, 1800) ;
Breitkopf & Hiirtel, Beethoven Werke,
Serie 17, No. 12. — Thayer, Verzeichniss,
C7.
lONG, ALFRED, born at Shelby, Essex,
England, April 21, 1837, still hving, 1889.
Organist at Brighton since 18G5, and to
Brighton corporation, 1878 ; Mus. B.ac, Ox-
ford, 1872. Works: The Epiphany, ora-
torio ; Magnificat for Festal use ; Anthems ;
Part-songs; etc.
KING ARTHUR, opera, text by Dryden,
music by Henry Purcell, first represented
in London in 1791, with great success.
The subject is King Arthur's love for and
recovery of Emmeline, the blind daughter
of a tributaiy prince, who has been cap-
tured by Oswald, King of Kent. Oswald is
aided by Osmond the Saxon magician, and
his spii-its, among whom is Grimbald ; Ar-
thur by Merlin. Emmeline receives sight
through Philidel, a sylph, and is united to
Arthur. Among the best numbers are the
Saxons' sacrifice before battle with the
Britons ; the Britons' battle song, " Come,
if you dare," frequently sung in after-years
by Sims Reeves ; Philidel's song, " Hither,
hither this way bend ; " the frost scene ex-
hibited by Osmond to Emmeline, after she
receives sight ; the Sirens' duet, " Two
daughters of this aged stream are we ; " and
Venus's song, " Fairest isle, aU isles excel-
ling," in the concluding masque of mytho-
logical characters. This is Purcell's master-
piece, and was adapted for the modern stage
as Arthur and Emmeline and revived in
1827 at the English Opera House, London.
Published by the Musical Antiquarian So-
ciety (Loudon, 1843), with the omission of
four lost songs ; only a few songs in the
" Oi-pheus Britannicus " (London, 1698),
and the version by Arne (1770) had been
previously published. — Burney, iii. 492 ;
Hogarth, i. 160 ; Cummiugs, Purcell, 55.
KING, CHARLES, born at Bury St. Ed-
munds, Suffolk, 1687, died in London,
March 17, 1748. Organist, chorister in St.
Paul's under Dr. Blow anel Jeremiah Clark ;
almoner and master of choristers, ib., 1707 ;
organist of St. Benet Fink, London, 1708 ;
Vicar choral, St. Paul's, 1730. His Services
are in constant use in Great Britain. Works :
Services in F, C, D, and B-flat ; Anthems.
KING DAVID, oratorio, by George Alex-
ander Macfarren, first performed at Leeds
(England), Oct. 12, 1883. It was sung by
Mme Valleria, Mme Patey, Edward Lloyd,
and Charles Santley. — Athen£eum (1883), ii.
504, 676.
366
IQNG
KING LEAR, overture by Antonio Baz-
zini, first performeil at the Crystal Palace,
Loutlon, Feb. 28, 1880. For this work
Bazzini received the first prize from the
Societix del Quartetto of Milan. — Athenfeum
(1880) i. 290.
IvING, aiiVTTHEW PETER, bom in
London, 1773, died there, January, 1823.
Dramatic composer, pupil of Charles Fred-
erick Horn. Works — Jlusical dramas : Mat-
rimony, 1801; The Invisible Girl, 1806;
False Alarms (with Braham), 1807 ; One
o'clock, or the "Wood Demon (with Kelly),
1807 ; Ella Rosenberg, 1807 ; Up all Night,
1809; Plots, 1810; Oh this Love, 1810;
The Americans (with Braham), 1811 ; Ti-
mour the Tartar, 1811 ; The Fisherman's
Hut (with Davy), 1819 ; The Magicians (with
Braham). The Intercession, oratorio, 1817 ;
Quintet for pianoforte, flute, and strings,
oj). 16 ; Sonatas for pianoforte, op. 1, 2, 5,
14 ; Rondos for do., op. 13, 22 ; Part-songs,
duets, and songs. — Grove ; FOtis.
laNG OLAF'S CHRISTMAS, cantata by
Dudley Buck, sung by the Apollo Club,
Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov." 29, 1887, the com-
poser conducting.
IvING, OLIVER, born in London, July
5, 185.5, stiU hving, 1889.
Pianist, articled in earlj'
youth to Joseph Barnby,
under whom he studied
the pianoforte, organ,
harmony, and composi-
tion ; pupil in 1871 of
W. H. Holmes on the
pianoforte, and in 1874-
77, at the Leipsic Con-
servatorium, of Ernst
Eichter, Eeinecke, Ja-
dassohn, Paul, and Hermann ; travelled in
1877 through Germany as pianist with
Madame Peschka-Leutner. In 1879 he was
appointed pianist to Princess Louise, whom
he accompanied to Canada, and with whom
he returned to England in 1883. During
his staj' in America he gave pianoforte re-
citals iu the i>riucipal cities of the United
States and of Canada, and in 1882 served
several months as organist at the church of
the Holy Innocents, New York. After 1883
he made concert tours through England,
Ii-eland, and Scotland ; in 1884-86 he was
precentor of St. Maryleboue Parish Church,
London ; and has been organist of Novel-
lo's Oratorio Concerts from their beffinninc
Works : Night, symphony for orchestra ;
Among the Pines, concert overture, Lon-
don, 1883 (Philharmonic Society imze) ;
Concerto for j^ianoforte and orchestra,
1885 ; Sonata in D minor for violin and
pianoforte, 1886 ; Concerto for violin and
orchestra, 1887 ; Concert overture (No. 2)
in D minor, 1888 ; Psalm cxxsvii. for so-
prano solo, chorus, and orchestra, Chester
Triennial Festival, July 26, 1888; Sym-
phonic cantata for soin-ano, tenor, and bari-
tone, soli, double chorus, and orchestra, ib.,
id. ; Pianoforte solos ; Organ and harmo-
nium compositions ; Violin music ; Church
music ; Songs, part-songs, etc.
laNG RENE'S DAUGHTER, cantata for
female voices, text by Frederick Enoch,
from Henrik Hertz's lyric drama, music
by Henry Smart, written iu 1871. — Upton,
Standard Cantatas, 330.
KING, ROBERT, English composer of
the 17th century, died after 1711. He was
graduated at Cambridge iu 1696, and was
a member of the band of William and
Mary and of Queen Anne. Works : Songs
in "Choice Ayres, Songs, and Dialogues"
(1684) ; Songs in Crowne's comedy, " Sir
Courtly Nice " (1685) ; Comes Amoris (1687
-93) ; The Banquet of Music (1688-92) ;
Music to Shadwell's Ode on St. Cecilia's
Day (1090) ; 24 " Songs for One, Two, and
Three voices, composed to a Thorough
Basse for ye Organ or Harpsichord " (Lou-
don, n. d.). — Grove.
KING TROJAN, cantata, for soli, chorus,
and orchestra, text an English version of
Franz Alfred Muth's poem, music by Hora-
tio W. Parker, first performed in Munich
in July, 1885. First given in America by
Jules Jordan iu Providence, R. I., Feb. 8,
367
KIlSfG
1887. Performed at Cliickeriiig Hall, New
York, Nov. 24, 1887.— Upton, Standard
Cantatas, 292.
KING, WILLIA:\r, born at Winchester,
England, in 1G24, died at Oxford, Nov. 17,
1G80. Organist, chaplain of Magdalen Col-
lege, 0.xford, 1650-5i, then became proba-
tioner-fellow of All Souls' College, and in
1GG4: organist of New College, ib. He com-
posed a service in B-flat, anthems, and songs.
— Grove ; Fotis.
KINIvEL, CHARLES, born of German
parentage, in the Khenish Palatinate, Ger-
many, Jan. 27, 1832, still living, 1889. Pian-
ist, studied principally at Griinstadt, and at
Speyer on the Rhine. Li 1850 he went to
America, settled in Cincinnati as a music
teacher, and is now professor of Music in
the Science Hill Female Academy, Shelby-
ville, Kentucky. Works : Pearl and Daisy
Polka ; Polymuia Polka ; Postilion d'Amour ;
Mabel Mazurka ; Angel of Night ; Lover's
Serenade, and other pianoforte music.
KINKY (Kinsky), JOSEPH, born at 01-
miitz, Moravia, in 1790, died ('?). Dramatic
composer, taught music in Vienna, then
played the viola in the orchestra of the
Theater an der Wien, where he became
assistant Kapellmeister to Seyfried, whom
he followed to the Kiirnthnerthor Theater.
He became Kapellmeister of the theatre in
Gratz, and ten years later of the Joseph-
stadt Theater in Vienna ; retired to Olmiitz
several years before his death. His ballet
music was vei-y popular. Works — Operet-
tas : Der Fiirst und der Rauchfangkehrer ;
Lorenz als Riluberhauptmann ; Der iMieths-
mann ; Montag, Dienstag, Mittwoch (with
Gyrowetz and Seyfried) ; Sultan Wampum,
a quodlibet ; etc. Ballets ; Music to sev-
eral plays ; Overtures ; Marches ; Dances ;
Songs ; etc., aU of which were popular in
Vienna. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling ; Wurz-
bach.
KIPPER, HERMANN, born at Coblentz,
Aug. 27, 1826, still living, 1889. Dramatic
composer, pujiil of Anschiitz in Coblentz,
and of H. Doru in Cologne, where he sub-
sequently became professor of music. He
spent several years in Paris, as director of
the German Liederkranz. He wrote many
operettas for men's voices which were very
popular in the German singing societies.
The best known are : Der Fiirst wider Wil-
len, Paris, 1867; FideUa, ib., 18G8 ; Die
Bardeu ; Der Quacksalber ; Kellner und
Lord. He com^^osed also duets and songs.
— Mendel ; Ft'tis, Supplement, ii. 41.
KIRCHBAUER, ALPHONSUS, church
composer at Neresheim, Suabia, middle of
the 18th century. He was a Benedictine
monk and chancellor to the Bishop of Chur.
He published Jubilus curias ccelestis in ter-
restri curia (Augsburg, 1731, 1740), and a
collection of seven short masses with instru-
mental accompaniment. — Mendel ; Gerber ;
Walther ; Fctis.
laRCHHOF, GOTTFRIED, born at Miihl-
beck, Prussian Saxony, Sept. 5, 1G85, died
at Halle, March, 1746. Pianist and organ-
ist, pupil of Zachau in Halle ; Kapellmeister
to the Duke of Holstein-Gliicksburg, 1709 ;
organist of the Benedictine church at Qued-
linburg, 1711 ; music-director and organist
of St. Mary's, Halle, 1714. He published
suites and chorals for organ ; A. B. C. mu-
sical, a collection of fugues and preludes
for pianoforte (Amsterdam). — Mendel ; Ger-
ber ; Walther ; Fctis.
KIRCHNER, THEODOR, born at Neu-
kircheu, near Chemnitz, Saxony, Dec. 10,
1824, still living, 1889. Pianist and organ-
ist, pupil at the Leipsic Conservatorium,
then organist at Winterthur until 18G2,
when he went to Ziirich, where he con-
ducted for ten years a musical society.
After living at Meiningen in 1872-73, he
was appointed director of the royal school
of music at Wiirzburg in 1875, but resigned
in the same year and settled at Leipsic,
whence he was called to Dresden as pro-
fessor at the Conservatorium. His name
has become widely known in musical circles
esisecially by his piano-forte compositions,
which he developed in a manner quite char-
acteristic. Works : 10 Lieder, op. 1 ; 4
KIEKMAN
ilo., op. 4 ; do., op. G ; 3 ilo., op. 40 ; G do.,
op. 50 ; 10 Klavierstiicke, op. 2 ; do., op. 19 ; 6
do., op. 45 ; 6 MsidcLen-
lieder, op. 3 ; Gruss au
meine Freunde, op. 5 ;
Album bUitter, op. 7 ;
Sclierzo, op. 8 ; do., op.
54 ; PriUudien, op. 9 ;
Zwei Kouige, ballad for
baritone, op. 10 ; Skiz-
zen, op. 11; Adagio quasi
fantasia, op. 12 ; Lieder
ohue Worte, op. 13 ; Phantasiestiicke, op.
14 ; Eiu Gedenkblatt, serenade for piano-
forte, violin, and violoncello, op. 15 ; Kleins
Lust- und Trauerspiele, op. 16 ; Neue Da-
vidsbiindlertiinze, op. 17 ; Legenden, op.
18 ; String quartet, op. 20 ; Aquarellen, op.
21 ; Romanzen, oj). 22 ; Walzer, op. 23 ; do.,
op. 34 ; Still und bewegt, op. 24 ; Nacht-
bilder, op. 25 ; Album, op. 26 ; Capricen,
op. 27 ; Nocturnen, op. 28 ; Aus meinem
Skizzeubucli, op. 29 ; Studieu und Stiicke,
op. 30 ; Lu Zwielicbt, op. 31 ; Aus truben
Tagen, op. 32 ; Ideale, op. 33 ; Spielsachen,
op. 35 ; Phantasien am Klavier, op. 36 ; 4
Elegien, op. 37 ; 12 Etuden, op. 38 ; Dorfge-
schichten, op. 39 ; Verwelite Blatter, op. 41 ;
Mazurkas, op. 42 ; 4 Poloniisen, op. 43 ;
Blumen zum Strauss, op. 44 ; 30 Kinder-
und Kiinstlertiiuze, oj). 46 ; Federzeichnuug-
en, op. 47 ; Humoresken, op. 48 ; Neue
Albumblatter, oj). 49 ; Au Stephen Heller,
op. 51 ; Ein ueues Klavierbucb, op. 52 ;
Florestau und Eusebius, op. 53 ; In stillen
Stunden, op. 56 ; Kindertrios, for piano-
forte, violiu, and violoncello, op. 58 ; 60
Pridudien, op. 65 ; Die 12 Mouate des
Jabres, oj). 78 ; Sonata for trio ; Polonaise
^ ^Vc/
for two pianofortes ; ^tude in C ; Many
transcriptions of songs by Brahms, Jen-
sen, etc. — Riemann ; Mus. Wochenblatt, iii.
430 ; V. 120 ; ix. 147, 172, 419 ; x. 90, 318,
612.
IvIRKMAN, JAN, Dutch composer, born
middle of the 18th century, died at Nor-
wich, England, in 1799. He was organist
of the Reformed Lutheran chapel in Lon-
don, in 1782. Works : 3 Trios for piano-
forte and strings, op. 1 ; 4 Sonatas for pi-
anoforte ; Versets for the psalms for organ
(with Keeble) ; 2 Sonatas and a duo, op. 6 ;
3 Sonatas for pianoforte and violin ; Organ
piece.?, op. 9 ; 8 Ballads, op. 10 ; 4 Rondos
for jjiauoforte, op. 14. — Fetis ; Gerber ;
Gregoir, 102.
IQRMAYR, FRIED RICH JOSEPH,
born in Munich in 1770, died at Gotha in
1814. Son and pupil of Wolfgang Kirmayr
(chamber musician to the Elector of Ba-
varia, died in Munich, 1795) ; after passing
his examinations in the law, he determined
on a musical career and visited Germany,
Italy, France, Switzerland, and Holland in
1793. During a second visit to Berlin, in
1795, he became musical instructor to the
Princess Royal, afterwards Queen Louisa of
Prussia, and of the Princess Ludwig. In
1799 he was a bass-singer in the Royal The-
atre in Cassel, and in 1803 Conzertmeister
to the Duke of Gotha. W^orks : Sonatas
for pianoforte, with violin and violoncello,
op. 9, 13, 21, 22, 23 ; do. for pianoforte
solo, OJ). 2, 5, 12, 17, 19 ; Detached pieces
for do., op. 20 ; Themes varies (about 30
works) ; 4 Symphonies for orchestra ; etc.
— Gerber ; Schilling ; Fetis.
laRMS, KARL FERDINAND, born in
Dresden, Dec. 20, 1824, died at Donau-
wOrth, March 9, 1854. Virtuoso on several
instruments, and church comp)oser, lost his
eyesight at the age of four, and was edu-
cated in the Royal Institution for the blind,
1832-41 ; he made successful concert tours
through South Germany, and settled at
Donauworth in 1848. Works : 5 Masses ;
Requiem, and Libera ; 2 Vespers ; Oelbergs-
andacht ; Te Deum ; 2 Misei-ere ; 2 Litan-
ies ; Graduals for Sundaj-s and Feast-days
throughout the year ; Graduals and offer-
KIRNBERGER
tories ; Instrumental music, antl songs.
—Mendel.
KIENBEEGEK, J OH ANN PHILIPP,
_^ bom at Saalfekl,
Thuringia, Api'il
24, 1721, (lied in
Berlin, July 2G
(27), 1783. Or-
ganist, violinist,
contrapuntist, and
famous theoretical
writer, pupil of Jo-
haun Peter Kell-
11 er at Griifenroda,
* and of Gerber at
Sondersliausen, ou the organ, of Meil at
Soudershausen, on the violin, then (1739)
pupil of Bach at Leipsic. In 1741-50 he
was tutor and musical director in different
places in Poland, last at the Nunnery in
Lemberg ; returned to Germany about
1751, and studied violin under Fickler in
Dresden. Soon after he became violinist in
the royal orchestra at Berlin, and in 1758 Ka-
pellmeister to Princess Amalie. Among his
pupils were Fasch, Zelter, and Schulz. His
compositions, consisting of cantatas, motets,
psalms, chorals, songs, pianoforte and organ
fugues, minuets for 2 violins, oboes, flutes,
horns, and continuo, solos for the flute, etc.,
are very learned and correct, but unattrac-
tive, and are now forgotten. He is impor-
tant, however, as a writer, and his most
prominent work is " Die Kunst des reinen
Satzes" (Berlin, 1774-79).— Allgem. d.
Biogr., xvi. 24 ; FOtis ; Gerber ; Mendel ;
Riemann ; Schilling.
KIRSTEN, JO H ANN GOTTFRIED,
born atLuckau, Lusatia, Sept. 5, 1735, died
in Dresden in November, 1815. Organist,
pupil of his father, the city musician, later
of the organist Schaden, and finally of
Graun, in Berlin. In 175G he became mu-
sic-director to Count Promnitz, at Drehna,
after whose death he went to Dresden, and
became organist of the Reformed church
in 17G7, and court organist in 1789. He
left in MS. many cantatas, motets, piano-
forte works, etc. His sou and pupil. Fried-
rich Georg (born Jan. 15, 17G9, died Aug.
10, 1825), succeeded him as organist at the
Reformed church in 1789, and became his
assistant at the Hofkirche in 1794. — Men-
del ; Gerber.
KIRSTEN, mCHAEL, born at Losscn,
Silesia, in October, 1G82, died at Breslau,
June 28, 1742. Organist, son of a poor
cobbler, and serf; he jjlayed dance music
at country fetes on a dulcimer, saving up
his earnings to buy a spinet ou which he
practised ; finally studied the organ at Brieg
under Kaspar Schriiter. Seven years later
he was organist, cantor, carillonneur, and
court and city musician at Louvain, where
he remained fourteen years. In 1720 he
became organist of the Maria-Magdalena
church at Breslau. He composed organ
music, choi-als, etc., and much dance music,
while city musician. — Mendel ; Gerber ;
Schilling ; Ft'tis.
IvIST, FLORENT CORNEILLE, born
at Arnheim, Jan. 28, 1796, died at Utrecht,
March 23, 18G3. Vocal composei', learned
early the pianoforte, flute, and horn, but
studied medicine at Leyden, and practised
it at The Hague in 1818-25. He founded
and directed musical societies at Delft and
The Hague, settled at Utrecht in 1841, ed-
ited the Nederlandsch muzikaal Tijdschrift
until 1844, then founded the Ciicilia, which
he conducted for about twenty years. He
was a member of many musical societies.
Works : Cantata for male voices, with or-
chestra ; Le pclerin, cantata for children's i
voices, chorus, and pianoforte ; Ernst und
Freude, overture, 1842 ; many chorals,
canons, and fugues ; Romances, Italian
arias, and German melodies, with piano-
forte, etc. He published : Toestand van
het protestantische Kerkgezang in Neder-
land (Utrecht, 1840) ; a life of Orlando
370
KISTLER
Lasso ; many articles in musical journals.
— Fetis ; Iliemann ; Viotta.
laSTLEK, CYRILL, born in Bavaria,
March 12, 1848, still living, 1889. Dra-
matic composer, studied in Munich, taught
a few years at the Sondershausen Conserva-
torium, then settled at Bayreuth. His
opera Kuiiiliild, given at Sondershausen in
1884, was much extolled by the Wagner
2)ress, but has not been produced elsewhere.
KITTEL, JOHANN CHRISTIAN, born
at Erfurt, Feb. 18, 1732, died there. May
9, 1809. Oi'ganist, last pupil of Johanu Se-
bastian Bach ; became organist at Langen-
salza, and in 175(3 at the Predigerkirche in
Erfurt. In spite of his great rejmtation, he
was obliged to eke out his miserable pay
by teaching, and as late as 1800 his pov-
erty compelled him to make an artistic tour
through nortliwestern Germany. A small
pension was given him by Prince Primas
von Dalberg. He honored the memory of
his master. Bach, with a touching reverence.
Works : Neues Choralbuch (Altona, 1803) ;
Der praktische Organist, oder Anweisung
zmu zweckmiissigen Gebrauch der Orgel
beim Gottesdieust (in 3 books, 1801-8, Er-
furt ; 3d ed., 1831) ; Grand preludes for
organ ; G sonatas, and variations for the
pianoforte ; 24 chorals ; Hymne an das Jahr-
hundert (1801). — Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 45 ;
Fetis ; Gerber ; Mendel ; Iliemann ; Schill-
ing, iv. 112 ; do.. Supplement, 239.
laXTL, JOHANN FRIEDRICH, born at
Schloss Worlik, Bohemia, May 8, 1806, died
at Lissa, Posen, July 20, 18G8. Dramatic
composer, pupil of Sawora in Prague, and
also of Tomaschek ; became director of the
Prague Couservatorium in 1843, succeeding
Dionys Weber, and in 18G5 retired to Pol-
nisch-Lissa. Works — Operas: Daphuis'
Grab, given in Prague, 1825 ; Bianca und
Giuseppe, oder Die Franzosen vor Nizza
(text by Richard Wagner), ib., 1848 ; Wald-
blume, ib., 1852 ; Die Bilderstiirmer, ib.,
1854 ; Solemn mass for soli, chorus, and
orchestra, ib., Dominican church, 1844 ;
Other masses ; Cantatas ; Symphony in D
minor ; Jagd-Symphonie, op. 9 (dedicated
to Mendelssohn), Leipsic, Gewaudhaus Con-
certs, 1840 ; 8d Symphony, op. 24 ; Con-
cert overture, op. 22 ; Nonet, for pianoforte,
flute, oboe, clarinet, 2 horns, and strings ;
Septet, for do., op. 25 ; Trio for pianoforte
and strings, op. 28 ; pianoforte music and
songs. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Slovnik naucny
(Prague, 1859), iv. G69 ; Wiener allgem.
Mus. Zeitg. (1844), 599, G03, G07, 616;
Wurzbach.
KITZLER, OTTO, born in Dresden,
March 26, 1834, still living, 1889. Violon-
cellist, pupil of Johaun Schneider on the
pianoforte, of Julius Otto in theory, and of
Ernst Kummer on the violoncello ; finished
his studies at the Brussels Conservatoire,
under Servais and Fetis. He was then for
three years violoncellist in the theatre or-
chestras at Strasburg and Lyons, and
orchestra leader at Troyes. In 1857 he
founded a German singing society for men
in Lyons ; was Kapellmeister successively
of the theatres at Linz (1858-60, and 1861-
63), Kijnigsberg (1860-Gl), Temesvar and
Hermannstadt (1863-65), and Briinn until
18G8, when he became director of the Mu-
sikverein and of its music school, and con-
ductor of the Mannergesangvereiu there.
His sonata for violoncello and pianoforte
was highly commended at Mannheim ; he
wrote a Festhynmus on the 50th birthday
of Johann Schneider, besides orchestral,
and vocal music. — Mendel ; Riemann.
K.JERULF, HALFDAN, born Sept. 17,
1815, died in Chris-
tiania, Norway, Aug.
11, 1868. A theologi-
cal student, he took
up music as a in-o-
fession, and studied at
Leipsic ; on his return
he settled as music
teacher at Christiania.
His songs, sung by
Sontag, Jenny Lind,
and Nilsson, became popular. He composed
also pianoforte music for two and four hands,
KLAUS
mucli of which was published iu Berlin
(1875). His songs ami Romances are iu
Norwegian, Danish, French, German, and
English. A monument was erected to his
memory at Christiauia in 1874. — Mendel.
KLAUS, JOSEPH, born at Seitendorf,
near Zittau, March 27, 1775, died there,
March 1, 1834. Organist, pupil of Anton
Kretschmer at Grunau, near Ostritz ; and in
his ninth year was able to accompany diffi-
cult masses. Called Ijy his father's death
to take charge of his business, he still con-
tinued his musical studies, and soon be-
came an authority in his art far beyond
local limits. Works : A little o23era ; 2
solemn masses ; 3 Requiems ; 5 cantatas ;
14 psalms ; 6 offertories ; 4 Ave Maris
Stella ; 4 Salve Regina ; 2 Regina Coeli ; 2
Magnificat ; 42 funeral chants, and other
church music ; Trio for strings ; Concerto
for horn ; Nocturne for do. ; duos and trios
for do. ; Preludes for organ ; Sonatas, and
vai'iations for pianoforte ; 8 marches ; 12
polonaises ; Songs. — Futis ; Schilling.
KLAUS, VICTOR, born at Bernburg,
Nov. 24, 1805, still living, 1889. Organist
in his native town ; became Kapellmeister
to the Duke of Ballenstedt in 1837, and to
the Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg in 1847. He
was remarkable for his playing of Bach's
fugues. He jsublished symj)honies, over-
tures, chorals, songs, hymns, and organ and
pianoforte music. — Fotis.
KLAUWELL, ADOLPH, born atLangen-
salza, Thuringia, Dec. 31, 1818, died at
Leipsic, Nov. 21, 1879. Vocal and instru-
mental composer, pupQ at the seminary of
Weissenfels of Hentschel, Harnisch, and
Prango ; taught in several villages in Sax-
ony, in 1838-54, then for many years at
Leipsic. He is known as a composer
through his songs for children, choruses
for male voices, and pieces for 2 and 4
hands for young pianists. — Mendel ; Rie-
mann.
KLAUWELL, OTTO, born at Langen-
salza, Thui-ingia, April 7, 1851, still liv-
ing, 1889. Instrumental composei-, nephew
of the preceding, pupil of Reinecke and
Richter at the Conservatorium iu Leipsic,
where he also took his degree as doctor at
the university in 1874. He was ai^ijointed
professor of pianoforte, theory, and the his-
tory of music at the Conservatorium, Co-
logne, in 1875, and he took charge also of
the seminary classes for pianoforte in 1884.
He has composed overtures, chamber music,
pianoforte pieces, and songs, and published
several valuable treatises. His romantic
opera Das IMiidchen vom See, will be given,
this year, at the Stadttheater of Cologne.
— Riemann.
IvLAVIERBUCHLEIN, DAS, two music-
books kej)t by Johann Sebastian Bach and
his second wife, Anna Magdalena. The first
is dated 1722, and was probably begun after
their marriage. It contains the choral, Jesu
meine Zuversicht, a fragment of a fantasia
for the organ, a minuet, a set of rules for
thorough-bass, and sketches that were after-
ward worked out in the French suites.
The second book is dated 1725, and in-
cludes two French suites, the C major pre-
lude of the Wohltemperirte Klavier, two
^ partitas (A minor and E minor) in part I. of
j the Klavieriibuug, the air in part IV., hymns,
songs and arias written for Anna Magdar
lena, and several short jjieces written by
her. The autograph copy of these books is
in the KOnigliche Bibliothek, Berlin. Bach
also arranged iu Cothen a KlavierbiichleLn,
dated Jan. 22, 1720, for his son, Wilhelm
Friedemann. It contains progi'essive stud-
ies, including preambles, the choral, Jesu
meine Freude, allemandes, and many pre-
ludes that were revised for the Wohltem-
perirte Klavier. — Sijitta, Bach, i. GGO, 755,
748.
KLAVIER-UBUNG (Clavier Practice), a
collection of fiieces for the pianoforte or
organ, in four parts, by Johann Sebastian
Bach, op. 1. I. Six Partitas ; H. Concerto,
Partita ; HI. Choralevorspiele und Duetten,
containing arrangements of the Lutheran
Catechism Hymns ; IV. Aria with 30 vari-
ations. Bach sent an autograph copy of
372
KLEBER
the first partitca, with a dedicatory poem, to
the cradle of Emanuel Ludwig, son of
Prince Leopold of Saxony, who was born
in 172G when Bach had just finished this
work. Bach published Part I. in 1731 and
Part III. in 1736. Part U. was publish-
ed by Christoph Weigi (Nuremberg, 1735),
and Part IV. by Balthasar Schmidt (ib.,
1712). Published by the Bach-Gesellschaft,
Klavier works, vol. i. (Leipsic, 1855).
— Spitta, Bach.
KLEBER, HENRY, born, of German par-
entage, in Darmstadt, Germany, May 4,
1818, still living, 1889. Organist, educated
in Darmstadt, where he studied the piano-
forte under Iguaz Franz. In 1832 he went
to America, and in 1838 began to teach pi-
anoforte and singing ; in 1810-50 he was
organist of the cathedral in Pittsburgh,
Penn., and later of the Third Presbyterian
Church of that city. In 1840 he organized
the first brass band west of the Alleghanies,
for which he wrote a number of composi-
tions. In 1848 he founded in Pittsburgh
an operatic singing societj'. Works : Atlan-
tic Telegraph, schottisch ; Come out of the
Wilderness, polka ; Hazel Dell, waltz ; Rain-
bow Schottisch ; Stolen Kiss, galop ; Target
March, and other works for pianoforte.
KLEEBERG, CHRISTIAN GOTTLIEB,
born at Gautsch, near Leipsic, April 12,
1766, died at Gera, June 22, 1811. Organ-
ist ; studied theology in Leipsic, but de-
voted his time chiefly to the practice of the
pianoforte and violin. With three other
musical friends, Reuter, Wagner, and
Fourues, he formed a string quartet and
started on a professional tour ; they soon
separated, and he settled as teacher at
Weida, and in 1790 became organist at
Gera. Works : 3 duos for violins ; Sonatas
and other music for pianoforte ; Concerto
for pianoforte and harp ; Canon for three
voices, with chorus and pianoforte ; Songs ;
Church music, and an opera. — Mendel ;
Schilling ; Ft-tis.
IvLEEMAN, liARL, born at Rudolstadt,
Thuringia, Sept. 9, 1848, still living, 1889.
Instrumental and vocal composer, pupil of
Friedrich Miiller ; began as conductor of a
singing society in Westphalia, went to Italy
in 1878 for several years, and after his
return was ai^jjointed assistant conductor
of opera, and ducal director of music at
Dessau. Works : Music to Grillparzer's
drama, Der Traum ein Leben, frequently
performed ; 2 symphonies ; Choral works,
pianoforte music, and songs. — Riemann.
IvLEFFEL, ARNO, born at POssneck,
Saxe-Meiuingen, Sept. 4, 1840, still living,
1889. Dramatic conqjoser ; studied the-
ology at Meiningen, but adopted music as
a profession and became a pupil of Moritz
Hauptmann at Leipsic. In 1863-67 he was
leader of the Musical Society of Riga, and
was subsequently Kapellmeister at the-
atres in Cologne, Amsterdam, Detmold,
Bremen, GOrlitz, Breslau, and Stettin, of
the Friedrich-Wilhelmstiidtisches Theater,
Berlin, in 1873-80, then at Augsburg and
Magdeburg. Works : Des Meermanns Harfe,
opera, given at Riga, 1867 ; Music to the
Christmas fairy tale, Die Wichtelniiiuuchen ;
Overtures ; String quartet ; Violin and pi-
anoforte music ; Choruses for male voices,
and songs. — Mendel ; Riemann.
KLEIN, BERNHARD, born at Cologne,
March 6, 1793, died in Berlin, Sept. 9, 1832.
Church composer, pupil of Zior on the
pianoforte ; went in 1812 to Paris, where
he benefited by Cherubini's advice. On
his return to his native place he conducted
the music at the cathedral. In 1819 he
was sent oflScially to Berlin to study Zelter's
method of instruction, and remained there
as professor of thorough-bass and counter-
point at the newly founded school for or-
ganists, and as director of music and vocal
instructor at the university. He visited
Italy in 1823, and in Rome became ac-
quainted with Baini. Works — Operas : Di-
do, Berlin, 1823 ; Ariadne, Berlin, 1824 ;
Two acts of Irene ; Music to Raupach's
tragedy. Die Erdenuacht. Oratorios: Hiob,
Leipsic, 1820 ; Jephtha, Cologne, Rhenish
Music Festival, 1828 ; David, Halle, 1830 ;
3T3
laEiN
Athalia. Cantata for Good Friday (imfiu-
isbed) ; Worte des Glaubens, cantata (1817) ;
3 masses ; Pater noster for eight voices in
two clioirs ; Stabat Mater ; Magnificats, and
many other sacred compositions ; Sonatas,
and variations for pianoforte ; Many ballads
and songs. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 78 ; AU-
gem. mus. Zeit. ; Fetis ; Ledebur, Ton-
kiinstl. Lex. Berlins ; N. Zeitschr. f. Mus.,
iii. 5-201.
KLEIN, BRUNO OSCAR, born at Osua-
briick, Hanover, June
G, 1856, stiU living-,
1889. Organist, son
and pupil on the pi-
anoforte of Musik-
direktor Carl Klein ;
then studied, at the
I\[unich Conservato-
rium, counterjjoint un-
der Josef Rlieiuberger,
score-reading under
Franz Wiillner, and
pianoforte under Ciwl Baermann. When
only seventeen years old he published a
few compositions which elicited an encour-
aging letter from Liszt. In 1878 he went
to the United States to visit a brother in
Philadelphia, but returned to Germany in
1880 ; in 1881 he settled permanently in
New York, where he has been, since 1884,
organist of the College and Church of St.
Francis Xavier, and head of the pianoforte
department at the Manhattanville Academy
of the Sacred Heart. In 1888 he became
also professor of counterpoint and composi-
tion at the National Conservatory. Works :
Sonata in G minor for pianoforte, op. 1 ; G
songs for one voice with pianoforte, op. 2 ;
do., op. 3 ; do., op. 8 ; do., op. 36 ; 4 songs
for mixed chorus, op. 4 ; 6 songs for male
chorus, op. 5 ; String quartet, op. G ; Sere-
nade for string orchestra, op. 7 ; 8 folk-
songs for one voice with pianoforte, op. 9 ;
Sonata in G for pianoforte and violin, ojJ.
10 ; 5 sacred motets for mixed chorus, op.
11 ; 4 do., op. 12 ; G pieces for pianoforte,
op. 13 ; 2 notturnos for pianoforte, op. 14 ;
Valse caprice for pianoforte, op. 15 ; 2d
do., op. 16 ; Pilgrimage to Kevlaar, ballad
for baritone and orchestra, op. 17 ; Elfeu-
milhrchen, concert-piece for pianoforte, op.
18 ; Scenes de ballet for orchestra, op. 19 ;
Dreams, 5 lyric pieces for pianoforte, op.
20 ; Margaret before the Mater Dolorosa
and Margaret at the Spinning-wheel, 2 pieces
for pianoforte, op. 21 ; Romance and Spin-
ning Song, 2 concert-pieces for violin with
orchestra, op. 22 ; 2 sacred duets for so-
prano and baritone, op. 23 ; 2 overtures for
orchestra, in old and modern style, op. 24 ;
Suite for pianoforte, op. 25 ; Ingeborg's La-
ment, for soprano with orchestra, op. 2G ;
Sacred motets, op. 27 ; do., op. 28 ; Liebes-
lied and Ilochzeilkianye, 2 pieces for or-
chestra; op. 29 ; Concerto in A minor for
pianoforte, op. 30 ; Mass for chorus and
organ, op. 31 ; do., op. 33 ; Deux morceaux,
for pianoforte, oji. 32 ; do., op. 37 ; Trois
do., op. 35 ; Sonata in C for jjiauoforte and
violoncello, op. 34 ; Ballade for violin with
orchestra, op. 38 ; Romance et valse no-
ble, for pianoforte, op. 39. Published by
Schirmer (New York), Leuckart (Berlin),
Hofmeister (Leipsic), and Pracger & Meyer
(Bremen).
KLEINE FREIMAURER CANTATE, for
male soli and chorus, and small orchestra,
text by Em. Schikaneder, music by Mozart,
first performed at a Masonic festival in Vi-
enna, Nov. 15, 1791, Mozart conducting.
It is dated Nov. 15, 1791, and is Mozart's
last work. It is known also under the title.
Lob der Freundschaft (Praise of Friend-
ship). There are six numbers : I. Chorus,
Laut verkiinde uns're Freude ; H. Recita-
tive, Zum ersten Male ; HI. Tenor aria,
Dieser Gottheit Allinacht ; IV. Recitative,
Wohlan ihr Briider ; V. Duet, Lange
sollen diese Mauern ; VI. Chorus, Lasst uiis
mit geschlung'nen Hiiuden. Published by
Jos. Hraschauzky (Vienna, 1792) ; Breit-
kopf & Hilrtel, Mozart's Werke, Serie IV.,
No. 3. — Upton, Standard Cantatas, 279 ;
Jahn, Mozart, iii. 412 ; KOchel, Verzeich-
niss, 623.
KLEIN
KLEIN, HEminCH, boni at Rudels-
dorf, Moravia, iu 175G, died at Presburg
in 1830. Organist and pianist, learned
contrapuntist, pujjil of Ascliermann at ZOp-
tau. He was a good organist at the age of
oigbt, but studied under Hartenschneider,
organist of tbe cathedral at Olmiitz, for five
_years afterwards ; about 1773 he became
Kapellmeister to Count Hodicz, and some
}-ears after settled at Presburg, where he was
a2)poiuted jjrofessor iu the National School
of Music, iu 179G. He comjjosed church
music, and published songs and pianoforte
nuisic. He made improvements in the key-
ed harmonium and invented a sjjecies of
orchestrion. Works : 12 masses ; Te Deum ;
Collection of church music for the entire
year ; 2 cantatas ; Fantasia for pianoforte ;
12 songs with pianoforte, etc. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., xvi. 91 ; Allgem. mus. Zeitg., i. 675 ;
iv. 380 ; Dlabacz ; Gerber ; Wurzbach.
KLEINHEINZ, IvARL FRANZ XAVER,
born at Miudelheim, Suabia, July 3, 1772,
died at Pesth in 1832. Pianist, jxipil at
the convent school at Memmingen ; he was
in the Bavarian state service, but finally
adopted music as a profession, and stud-
ied counterpoint in Vienna in 1799 under
Albrechtsberger. He became musical in-
structor in the family of Count von Bruns-
wick ; later, Kapellmeister of the theatre at
Briinn, and in 1809 of one in Pesth. Works :
Harald, opera ; Der Kiifig, do. ; 2 orato-
rios ; 2 masses ; Overtures, entr'actes, and
incidental music to various dramas, etc. ; 2
trios ; 16 sonatas for jiianoforte ; Variations ;
Ballads, romances, and songs. — Fetis ; Ger-
ber ; Mendel ; Wurzbach.
KLEIN, KARL AUGUST, Freiherr VON,
born at his castle near Mannheim in 1794,
died at Assmauushausen, Feb. 13, 1870.
Amateur pianist and composer, pujDil of
Gottfried Weber at Mannheim, and of
Zulehner at Mainz ; visited Paris in 1817,
and was much encouraged by Mehul, and
after his return to Germany by Beethoven.
Works : Trio for pianoforte and strings ;
Sonatas for pianoforte and violin ; Friih-
lings-Phantasie, for pianoforte ; Gradual for
5 voices ; Songs ; 3 symphonies ; Overture
to Othello ; Concert overture ; 7 quartets
for strings. He published also, Musika-
hscher Katechisnius (Biugen, 1842). — Futis ;
Mendel ; Schilling.
IvLEINKNECHT, JACOB FRIEDRICH,
born at Ulm, June 8, 1722, died at Ans-
pach, Aug. 14, 1794. Virtuoso on the flute,
entered the court orchestra at Bayreuth as
first flutist, and with it went in 1750 to
Anspach, where he afterwards became its
director. Composed symphonies, con-
certos, sonatas, and other music for flute,
and various instruments. — Fetis ; Schilling.
KLEINMICHEL, RICHARD, born at
Posen, Dec. 31, 1846, still living, 1889. Pi-
anist, pupil of his father, a bandmaster, and
at the Leipsic Conservatorium (1863-66) of
Hauptmann, Richter, Moscheles, Reineeke,
and Plaidj'. He settled in Hamburg as
teacher, and in 1876 removed to Leipsic,
where he became music director at the
Stadttheater in 1882. Works : Manon, op-
era ; Schloss de Lorme, do., given at Ham-
burg, 1883 ; 2 symphonies ; Concert over-
ture ; Trio for pianoforte and strings; Other
chamber music, pianoforte pieces, and
songs. — Mendel, Ergilnz., 189 ; Riemann.
KLE:\LA1E, JOHANN, bom about 1593,
died iu 1660. Organist and church com-
poser, pupil at Augsburg of Christian Er-
baeh, and at Dresden of Heinrich Schiitz.
In 1625 he succeeded Georg Kretzschmar
as court organist. He published German
madrigals for four, five, and six voices
(Freiburg, 1629) ; 36 fugues (Dresden,
1631).— Futis ; Gerber ; Schilling ; Men-
del ; Burney, Hist., iii. 574 ; Hawkins, iv. 83.
KLEMai, FRIEDRICH, born in Vienna,
March 29, 1795, died at Meidling, near Vi-
enna, Sept. 13, 1854. Amateur composer,
pupil of Jacob Schauer and Josef Heiden-
reich. He was for years one of the trustees
of the Conservatorium in Vienna. He com-
posed masses, psalms, overtures, violin
quartets, songs, etc. — Fetis ; Schilling ;
Wurzbach.
375
KLENGEL
KLENGEL, AUGUST ALEXANDER,
born in Dresden, Jan. 29, 1784, died there,
Nov. 22, 1852. Pianist, son of the land-
scape ^jainter Klengel, pupO. of Milchmej-er
and of Clementi, with whom he visited sev-
eral German cities and in 1805 went to
Eussia. At St. Petersbui-g, where they sep-
arated, Klengel remained until 1811, then
studied iu Pai-is until 1813, when the war
induced him to go to Italy. In 1814: he
returned to Dresden, played at court with
much success, then lived in Loudon, 1815-
IC, and was appointed court organist at
Dresden in 1816. After that he left Dres-
den only to visit Paris iu 1828, and Brussels
in 1851 and 1852. "Works : Les avant-cou-
reurs (Dresden, 1841) ; Canons und Fugen
(Leipsic, 1854) ; 2 concertos for pianoforte,
op. 4, 29 ; Polonaise concertante, for piano-
forte, flute, clarinet, and strings, op. 35 ;
Trio for pianoforte and strings, op. 3G ;
Sonatas ; Rondos ; Nocturnes, etc. — Allgem.
d. Biogr., xvi. 159 ; Fetis ; Riemann ; Men-
del ; Schilling.
KLENGEL, JULIUS, born at Leipsic,
Sept. 24, 1859, still living, 1889. Virtuoso
on the violoncello, grand-nephew of the pre-
ceding ; pupil of Emil Hegar, and in com-
position of Jadassohn. In his fifteenth
year he entered the Gewandhaus orchestra,
and at sixteen played as a vii-tuoso in Frank-
fort. He rapidly earned reputation as one
of the most remarkable masters of his iu-
strument, and became first violoncellist in
the Gewandhaus orchestra, and instructor
at the Conservatorium, Leipsic. He has
composed a concertino, op. 7, a concerto, op.
10, and several other works for his instru-
ment.
KLERR, JOHANN BAPTIST, born at
Baden, near Vienna, iu 1830, died there,
Sept. 27, 1875. Dramatic composer, Ka-
pellmeister of the theatre at Klageufurt, |
when only eighteen years old ; then succes-
sively at Oedenburg, Presburg, Gratz, and '
Cracow. He was at Baden in 1856, at
Trieste in 1857, at the opera in Pesth three
years, at the Karl-Theater, Vienna, four years, '
and then at the Theater an der "Wien. In
1867 he became director of the Harmonie-
Theater, Vienna, and iu 1868 of the city
theatre at Baden. "Works : Die Nixe, ro-
mantic opera, given with great success at
Oedenburg, Cracow, and Pesth. Operettas :
Die bose Nachbarin, Vienna, Karl-Theater ;
Die Miillerin von Marly, ib. ; Die beiden
Stotterer, ib. ; Die Braut aus der Residenz,
ib. ; Fridolin, ib., Harmonie-Theater ; Die
tanzenden Blumen, ib., Theater an der "Wien ;
Die Macht der Frauen, Baden ; and other
music for the stage. — Mendel.
KLIND"WORTH, K.iRL, born at Han-
over, Sepi 25, 1830, still living, 1889. Pi-
anist, jjupil of Liszt at "Vi^'eimar, where
Hans von Billow, Dyonis Pruckuer, and
"William Mason were his fellow-students.
He lived in London, in 1854-68, as con-
ductor and teacher ; was professor of the
pianoforte at the Moscow Conservatorium, in
1868-84, then went to Berlin, to conduct
the Philharmonic concerts conjointly with
Joachim and Wiillner ; was in America in
1887-88. "Works: Fautaisie-Polouaise for
pianoforte ; May song for 2 female voices,
Pense-tu, que ce soit t'aimer, romance for
tenor or soprano, etc. Far more important
are his literary works : A critical edition of
Chopin ; do. of Beethoven's Sonatas ; Piano-
forte score of "Wagner's Ring des Nibelung-
en, etc. — Mendel ; Grove ; Riemann.
KLIXG, HENRI (ADRIEN LOUIS),
born in Paris, Feb. 17, 1842, still li\dng,
1889. Virtuoso on the horn, and dramatic
composer ; settled at Geneva, where he is
musical instructor at several schools, and di-
rector of military music. "Works — Operas :
Le dernier des Paladins, given at Gieneva,
1863 ; Les dieux rivaux, ib., 1SC4 ; Reine
Berthe ; La dcesse de la liberie ; Le flfttiste,
1877 ; Le castel de EipaiUe, oiDcra-bouffe.
L'echafaud de Berthelier, f)ati"iotic scene ;
Music to the tragedy Huss ; J. J. Rousseau,
cantata ; Stabat Mater ; L'escalade de Ge-
neve, symphonic poem ; Le Saleve, sympho-
nie pittoresque ; Adieux de "Winkelried, elo-
gie ; Overtures for orchestra ; Symphonie
3TG
KLIXGENBERG
concertante, for flute, oboe, clarinet, lioni,
and bassoon, with orcliestra; Quai'tet for
pianoforte, and strings ; Trio for do. ; Con-
certo for born, with orchestra or fiiauoforte ;
Many dances, auel pieces for military band ;
Method for the horn ; Etudes for do., etc.
• — Mendel, Ergiiuz., 189 ; Riemann.
IvLIXGENBERG, FRIEDRICH WIL-
HELM, born at Sulaii, Silesia, June G, 1809,
died at GOrlitz, April 2, 1888. Violinist,
son and pupil of the cantor and organist of
Sulau, then pupil at Breslau, 1820-25, of
Neugebauer, Taschenberg, Ressel, and J.
Schnabel. In 1830 he began to study the-
ology at the University of Breslau, but gave
it up after one j'ear, having been ajjpointed
director of the Academical Music Society,
which he conducted for six years. He was
subsequently leader of the Kiinstlerverein,
and in 18-10 became cantor of St. Peter's
at Giirlitz. In 1844: he was made roj'al
director of music. He composed church
music ; A symphony, ouvertures, and other
instrumental inusic ; Choruses, songs, etc.
—Mendel ; Fetis.
laiNGENSTEIN, BERNHARD, com-
poser cif the first half of the 17th century.
KLOFFLER, JOHANN FRIEDRICH,
died at Burg-Steinfurt, Westphalia, in 1792.
Flutist, Conzertmeister to the Count von
Bentheim-Steiufurt. He published 6 sym-
phonies for orchestra ; 6 concertos for
flute ; 6 trios for do. ; Duos for do. ; 6 so-
natas for harpsichord, etc.— Gerber ; Schil-
ling ; Fetis.
IvLOSE, F. J., born in London in 1790,
died there, March S, 1830. Violinist, son
and pupil of a professor of music and pupil
of F. Tomisch ; was a member of several
London orchestras. He composed ballads,
music for ballets and melodramas, sonatas
for pianoforte, etc. He published, also,
Practical Hints for acquiring Thorough-
Bass (London, 1822).— Mendel ; Fctis.
IvLOSE, HYACINTHE ELEONORE,
born in the island of Corfu, Oct. 11, 1808,
died in Paris, Aug. 29, 1880, Clarinetist,
pupil of Berr, in Paris, whom he succeeded
in 1839 as professor at the Conservatoire.
He formed many distinguished pupils, and
perfected his instrument. He became pro-
fessor of clarinet at the Gymnase Musical
Militaire, and chef de musique in the 10 tb
legion of the Garde Nationale. He pub-
Monk, music director in the Cathedral of lished a great deal of military music, soli,
Augsburg about IGOO, where his MSS. are ' duos, fantaisies, etudes, and a method for
preserved. His printed works were : Trino-
diarum Sacrarum (Dilliugen, 1G05) ; Sym-
phoniarum, etc. (Munich, 1607) ; Rosetum
Marianum, etc., 33 songs for 3 voices (Mainz,
1G09; Augsburg, 1G84).— Mendel ; Gerber;
Fetis ; Burney, History, iv. 575 ; Stetten,
Kunstgeschichte, 539.
KLINGOHR, JOSEPH AVILHELM,
born at Tropplowitz, Silesia, Sejjt. 11,
1783, died, Jan. IG, 1814. Pianist ; com-
posed sonatas for pianoforte, with flute and
violoncello, as early as 1803. During a
stay in Breslau he was influenced by his
friendship with Carl Maria von Weber and
Berner. In 1810 he became Kapellmeister
clarinet. — Fetis ; do., Sujjplement, ii. 42 ;
Mendel ; Riemann.
KLOSS, JOSEF FERDINAND, born at
Berusdorf, Moravia, Feb. 10, 1807, still
living, 1889 (?). Organist and church
composer, entirely self-taught ; without
even knowing the notes, he played the
organ in the church of his native village,
then at Freiberg, and at Olmiitz, where he
was much aided by Emil Titl. In 1834 he
went to Vienna, founded the Erste Lieder-
tafel in 1837, and was for many years very
active in promoting the culture of church
music. He was organist of the church of
Maria am Gestade in 1849-54, and at the
to the Prince of Anhalt-Pless. He pub- university, where he also sang and led the
lished sonatas, variations for four hands,
polonaises, marches, 4-part songs, church
music, etc. — Mendel ; Fetis ; Schilling.
choir, in 1850-58. Works : Quadricinium
ecclesiasticum, containing : Pater noster,
Ave Maria, 7 hymns ad missam per hebdo-
377
KLOSS
madem, 7 do. ad benedictionem, 5 do. de
Beata Maria Virgiue, 16 hymus and anti-
plious for various seasons and feasts, Missa
solemuis, Missa pro defunctis, litany de
B. M. v., Hymnus Ambrosianus, and, as
suijplemeut, a Metbodus brevis et facilis
cantum ecclesiasticum addiscendi ; Tantum
ergo ; Veni sancte Spiritus ; Regina creli,
and many otber works for the church, num-
bering about 100. — Allgem. wiener mus.
Zeitg. (1843), No. G ; Wurzbach.
IvLOSS, KARL JOHANN CHRISTIAN,
born at Mohrungen, Prussian Saxony, Feb.
8, 1792, died at Riga, April 2G, 1853. Or-
ganist and pianist, pupil of his father, and
at Sangerhausen of the organist R^kliger.
He became organist and instructor at
Seena, but went to Halle about 1808, to
study under Tiirk, after whose death in
1813 he went to Leipsic, became vioUnist
in the Gewandhaus orchestra, and finished
his studies under Matthiii. He also ap-
peai'ed successfully' as a pianist in Lcij^sic,
whither he returned after a year's absence
as violinist in the orchestra at KOuigsberg.
In 1818 he became organist of the Lutheran
church at Elbing, where he founded a sing-
ing society ; some years later he was music
director at Dantzic, returned to Leipsic,
and lived for two years at Dresden, then
led a wandering life, giving organ recitals
and lectures. Temporarily he was music
director, and instructor in the household
of Prince von Cai-olath in Silesia, 1838 ;
organist at Kroustadt, Transylvania, 1839 ;
at Eperies, Hungary, etc. "Works : Sonatas
for pianoforte and violin, op. IG, 25 ; do.
for pianoforte solo, op. 23, 27, 29 ; Miscel-
laneous mufsic for pianoforte, op. 3, 5, 14,
24, 2G ; Several collections of motets for 4
voices and organ ; 3 suites of choruses, with
organ ; Choral, op. 2, and other pieces, for
feast days, op. 7, for organ ; Several collec-
tions of songs. — Mendel ; Schilling ; do..
Supplement, 240 ; Fetis.
KLUGHARDT, AUGUST (FRIEDRICH
MARTIN), born at KOthen, Anhalt, Nov.
30, 1847, still living, 1889. Dramatic com-
poser, pupil of Thielc on the pianoforte, and
of Diedicke in theory, at Dessau (18G3-GG),
then of Blassmann
and Adolf Reichel at
Dresden. At the age
of twenty he became
Kapellmeister at the
theatre of Posen, then
at Liibeek, and four
years at Weimar,
where he was apj^ioiut-
ed director of music to
the grand duke. In
1873 he became Hof-Kapellmeister at Neu-
strelitz, and in 1882 at Dessau. Works
— Operas : Mirjam, op. 23, given at Wei-
mar, 1871 ; Iwein, Neustrelitz, 1879 ; Gud-
run, ib., 1882 ; Die Hochzeit des Monchs,
Dessau, 1887 ; Doruriischen, IMiircheu for
soli, chorus, and orchestra, op. 8 ; Overture
and entr'actes to Calderon's Life a Dream ;
Overture to Geibel's Sophonisbe ; Huldi-
gungs-Ouverture, oi). 24 ; Die Wacht am
Rhein, Siegesouvertiire, op. 2G ; Leonore,
symphonic poem, op. 27 ; Waldwebeu, sym-
phony ; Im Friihliug, concert overture, op.
30 ; Symphony in F minor, op. 34 ; do.
in D, op. 37 ; Festmarsch for orchesti-a, op.
33 ; Suite for do., op. 40 ; Conzertstiick for
oboe with orchestra, op. 18 ; Quintet for
pianoforte and sti-ings, op. 43 ; Quartet for
strings, op. 42 ; Trio, op. 47 ; Schilflieder,
5 Phantasiestiicke for pianoforte, oboe (or
violin), and violoncello, op. 28 ; Die Grenz-
berichtigung, for male chorus, op. 25 ; Pi-
anoforte pieces, and 8 books of songs, op.
12, 14, 20-23, 29, 31.— Mus. Wochenblatt,
iv. 417 ; vi. 503 ; x. 164, 180 ; xiv. 4, 18, 32,
42, 54 ; N. Zeitschr. f. Mus. (1884), 78.
IvNAPTON, PHILIP, born at York,
England, in 1788, died there, June 20,
1833. Pianist, pupil of Dr. Hague at Cam-
bridge. Returned to York and taught mu-
sic, and was assistant conductor at the York
Festivals in 1823, 1825, and 1828. Works :
Overtures for orchestra; Concertos for pi-
anoforte and orchestra ; Sonatas for piano-
forte ; Arrangements for do. and harp ;
378
KNECUT
Songs, part-songs, ete. Hifs song, There be
none of Beauty's Daughters, was long in
favour. — Grove ; Fetis.
KNECHT, JUSTIN HEINRICH, born at
Biberacb, Wiirtemberg, Sept. 30, 1752,
died there, Dec. 1, 1817. Organist, church,
and dramatic composer, first instructed by
his father in singing and on the violin, then
pupil of Kramer in thorough-bass. While
studying philology at Essliugeu (from 1768)
he profited much by the advice of music
director Schmidt, whom he also substituted
at the organ. In 1771 he was elected music
director and organist at Biberach, where he
instituted regular concerts, and won rejmta-
tion as a composer and theoretical writer.
In 1807 he became Hof-Kapellmeister at
Stuttgart, but resigned in 1800 and re-
turned to his native town. He was a good
pianist, and besides the violin played the
flute, oboe, horn, and trumpet. As an or-
ganist he was considered the equal of Vogler,
and as a composer and theoretical writer
excelled him. His Tongemillde der Na-
tur is interesting ou account of its simi-
larity in plan to Beethoven's Pastoral Sym-
phonj'. Works — Operas : Der Erudte-
kranz ; Der lahme Husar ; Die Eutfiihruug
aus dcm Serail ; Die treuen Kiihler ; Pyg-
malion ; Der Kohleubrenner ; Die Aeols-
harfe ; Scipio vor Karthago ; Feodora.
Symphonies : Le portrait musical de la na-
ture (1784) ; Don Quixote ; Der Tod des
Priuzen Leojjold von Braunschweig ; Die
unterbrochene Hirtenwonne, sonata for ov-
gan ; Mirjam und Deborah, concert duet
(1780) ; Das Lied von der Glocke ; The 23d
psalm, for 4 voices and orchestra ; The 6th
psalm, for several voices ; The 1st psalm, for
voice and organ ; Te Deuui for double
chorus and orchestra ; Do. for 4 voices and
orchestra ; Hymn to God, cantata for 4
voices, 2 violins, viola, and organ ; Music for
pianoforte, for flute, and for organ ; Songs.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 278 ; Fetis ; Ger-
ber ; Mendel ; Schilling.
KNIGHT, JOSEPH PHILIP, born at
Bradford-ou-Avon, England, July 26, 1812,
died in London, June 1, 1887. Organist,
pupil of Corfe, at Bristol. He visited the
United States in 1839-41, and brought out
there his Rocked in the Cradle of the
Deep, sung with great success by Braham,
and his Why chime the bells so merrily ? ;
was then, two years, vicar and organist at
St. Agnes, in the Scilly Isles. After marry-
ing he lived abroad some time, but re-
turned to England and devoted himself to
composition. He left about two hundred
songs, among the most popular of which
were : Of what is the old man thinking?,
She wore a wreath of roses, The Veteran,
Beautiful Venice, Say, what shall my song-
be to-night, and The Dream. — Grove.
KNIGHT OF SNOWDOUN, THE. See
La Donna del Lago.
KNOW YE NOT ? See Wisset ihr nicht ?
KNUPFER, SEBASTIAN, born at Ascha,
Bavaria, Sept. 6, 1633, died at Leipsic in
1676. Church composer, one of the early
cantors of the Thomasschule, Leipsic ; first
instructed by his father, who was cantor
and organist of Ascha, then studied at
Ratisbou (1646) under the patronage of
Balthasar Balduin, ephorus of the diocese,
and later at Leipsic, where he became can-
tor at the Thomasschule in 1657. He had
the reputation of one of the soundest contra-
puntists of the 17th century. His church
music, madrigals, canzonets, etc., were pub-
lished at Leipsic. In the royal library,
Berlin, are some church cantatas in MS.
—Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 332 ; Fotis ; Ger-
ber ; Mathesoo, Ehrenpforte, 142 ; Winter-
feld, Kirchengesang, ii. 555.
KNYVETT, CHARLES, the younger,
born in London, 1773, died there, Nov. 2,
1852. Organist, son of Charles the elder
(1752-1822, organist of the Chapel Royal),
pupil of William Parsons in singing, and of
Samuel Webbe on the pianoforte and organ.
In 1801, with his brother William, and
with Greatores and Bartleman, he revived
the Vocal Concerts founded by his father
and Samuel Harrison ; became organist of
St. George's, Hanover Square, in 1802. For
379
KNYVETT
more than twenty yeai's lie was considered
the best accompanist in London. Works :
Selection of Psalm Tunes (1823) ; Songs for
tbi'ee and four voices. — Grove ; Fetis ; Eie-
mann.
KNYVETT, WILLIAM, born in Loudon,
April 21, 1779, died there, Nov. 17, 1856.
Tenor singer, brother of Charles Kuj-vett ;
sang at Concerts of Ancient Music, in the
treble chorus in 1788, as ijriucipal alto in
lido ; became gentleman of the Chapel Royal
in 1797, and later lay vicar of Westminster ;
was appointed composer of the Chapel
Royal in 1802. He was a distinguished
singer for about forty years. In 1832-40 he
conducted the Concerts of Ancient Music,
in 1834-43 the Birmingham Festivals, and
iu 1835 the York Festival. Works : Glees,
among others. When the fair rose (1800),
O my loves like the red, red rose, and. The
Bells of St. Michael's Tower ; Anthems for
coronations of George IV. and of Victoria.
— Grove ; Fetis ; Riemann.
KOBELIUS, JOHANN AUGUSTIN.
born at Wtihlitz, near Halle, Feb. 21, 1G74,
died at Weissenfels, Aug. 17, 1731. Or-
ganist, pupil of Nicolaus Brausen and
Schieferdecker on the pianoforte, and for
three years of Johanu Philipp Krieger in
composition. He became chamber musician
at Weissenfels ; then city organist at Sanger-
hausen in 1712, director of the Chapel of
the Holy Cross at Querfurt in 1713, and in
1725 Kapellmeister to the Duke of Saxe-
Wei.sseufels. He produced several operas
iu Weissenfels (171G-29), and left iu manu-
script church music, overtures, concertos,
sonatas, serenades, cantatas, etc. — Fetis ;
Gerber ; Mendel ; Schilling ; Walther.
KOBRICHT, JOHANN ANTON, born at
Raudnitz, Bohemia, in 1720, living there as
organist in 1788. He was organist also in
Laudsberg, Bavaria. He composed many
short masses for the use of country churches
for three or four voices, with two violins
and organ, besides other church music ; 3
collections of sonatas for pianoforte ; Pre-
ludes and fugues for organ. He published
also a method for j)ianoforte (1782), and one
for violin (1788).— Dlabacz ; Fetis ; Gerber ;
Wurzbach.
KOCH, BERNARD, born at Amsterdam
in 1791, died there, July 30, 1858. Violin-
ist and dramatic composer, pupil of Ber-
telman, Stassens, and Biuger, then at The
Hague of Navoigille. He made his first ap-
pearance at the court concerts, and was a
member of Louis Bonaparte's orchestra until
1810 ; then returned to Amsterdam to teach,
conducted a musical society, and later the
orchestra of the German and Italian opera.
Works : La mere Ganz et I'oeuf d'or, opera,
given at Amsterdam, The Hague, Rotter-
dam, and Leyden ; Der hOlzerne Siibel, op-
eretta. The Hague, 1830 ; Das gestohlene
Lammchen, do. ; Pumpernikel, not given ;
Jane Grey, historical scene ; Benjamin, bib-
lical scene, Amsterdam ; De verlatene, can-
tata, ib. ; Moederliefde, do. (prize of the Mu-
sical Society of the Netherlands) ; Elegy
on the death of Mendelssohn ; De dood
van J. Van Speijk ; Prijs-fantazie and varia-
tions (prize of Pliilharmonic Society) ; Quar-
tet for strings ; Romances, etc. — Fetis, Sup-
plement, ii. 43 ; Gregoir, Biogr., 109 ;
Viotta.
KOCH, JOHANN AUGUST CHRIS-
TOPH, born at Zerbst in the early part of
the 18th century. Violinist, director of the
royal opera bufla in Potsdam from about
1774 to the end of the century. He had
travelled a great deal as director of differ-
ent troubles, and before coming to Potsdam
was in Hamburg for a number of years.
He composed operettas, songs, etc. ; trans-
lated Philidor's opera, Le bilcheron, very
successfully iu the original metres. — Men-
del ; Schilling.
KOCHER, KONRAD, born at Diziugen,
Wiirtemberg, Deo. 16, 1786, died (?). Dra-
matic composer, pupil in St. Petersburg,
where he went when seventeen years old, of
Clemeuti, Klengel, and Berger on the piano-
forte, and of J. H. Miiller in counterpoint.
On his return to Germany the book-seller
Cotta became interested in his composi-
380
KOIIAUT
tioDS, and furnisbed him means for a pro-
longed sojourn in Kome, where, by the help
of Baini, he studied the musical treasures
of the Sistiue Chapel. He was organist at
the Stiftskirche, Stuttgart, about 1827, and
founded there the Liederkranz Society.
Works — Operas : Der Elfenkouig, given at
Stuttgart ; Der Kiifig, ib. ; Der Tod Abels,
oratorio, Leipsic, 1819 ; a quartet for piano-
forte and strings ; -1 sonatas for pianoforte ;
Cantatas and motets for 4 voices ; Songs ; 28
melodies in the Wiirtemberger Choralbuch
(Stuttgart, 1828). He published also Die
Tonkuust in der Kirehe, etc. (Stuttgart,
1823) ; a Method for pianoforte, a treatise
on composition, entitled Harmonik, die
Kunst des Tonsatzes (Stuttgart, 1858-59),
and Die Zionsharfe, a choral work. — Men-
del ; Fetis ; Schilling, Ciicilia, ii. Ill ; ix. 8.
KOHAUT, JOSEPH, born in Bohemia in
173G, died in Paris in 1793. Dramatic
composer and lute player. He was a trum-
peter in the Austrian service, deserted, and
fled to Paris, where he became chamber
musician as lute player to the Prince de
Couti. He played at the Concerts Sj^irituels
in 17G3. He composed several operas-co-
miques : Le seiTurier ; La bergere des
Alpes ; Sophie, ou le mariage cache ; etc.,
all given at the Comedie Italienne. Le ser-
rurier was produced also ou German stages.
— Dlabacz ; Fetis ; do., Supjilement, ii. 44: ;
Gassner ; Mendel ; Schilling ; Wurzbach.
much applause for his organ playing.
Works : 12 church cantatas ; 12 choral
works with orchestra ; 9 overtures ; 2 sym-
phonies ; Many compositions for organ and
pianoforte ; Motets for men's voices, etc.
—Fetis ; Schilling ; do., Supplement, 243 ;
Schlesisches Tonkiinstler-Lexicon, 128.
KOHLER, LOUIS (HEINRICH), born at
Brunswick, Sept. 5,
1820, died at KOnigs-
berg, Feb. 17, 1886.
Pianist, pupil of Soune-
mann, and in theory of
Zinkeisen the elder
and of Leibrock, on the
violin of Zinkeisen the
younger, then in Vienna
(1839-43) pupil of Sech-
ter and Seyfried in theory, and Bocklet on
the pianoforte. He was then Kapellmeister
at the theatres of IMarienburg, Elbing, and
(1845-4G) Kiinigsberg, where he settled in
1847 as teacher, director of a school for
pianoforte plaj'ing, conductor of a singing
society, and musical critic ; was ajipointed
professor in 1880. He was one of the most
zealous pianoforte teachers of our time : the
heir, so to speak, of Carl Czerny. With
Liszt, W^agner, Biilow, etc., he founded,
and really was the prime mover in the
foundation of, the Allgemeiner Deutscher
Musikvereiu at Leipsic, 1859. W'orks —
Operas : Prinz und Maler, Vienna, ab. 1844 ;
KOHLER, ERNST, born at Langenbie- Maria Dolores, Brunswick, 1844 ; Gil Bias ;
lau, Silesia, May 28, 1799, died in Breslau,
May 26, 1847. Virtuoso on the organ, and
pianist, pupil of his brother-in-law Haupt-
mann, who was cantor at Langenbielau ;
studied composition at the age of fourteen
under the cantor F. A. Kiihler at Peters-
waldau. In 1815 he went to Breslau, stud-
ied pianoforte under Berner, and violin un-
der FiJrster ; became assistant organist of
the St. Elisabethkirche in 1817, and suc-
ceeded Berner in 1827. He visited Vienna
in 1829, Hamburg in 1830, Berlin, Leipsic,
and Dresden in 1834, the Hartz and the
Erzgebii'ge in 1837, winning everywhere
Der Zauberkomponist, ballet, ib., 1846 ; Mu-
sic to Helena, of Euripides, Vienna, 1843 ;
Overture to Phormio, of Terence, ib. ; Sym-
phony ; Quartet ; Cantata ; Vaterunser, for
4 female and 4 male voices, op. 100 ; Songs,
and about 300 works of pianoforte music,
principally of an instructive character. He
contributed to all the German musical peri-
odicals, and published several didactic works
and critical essays. — Mendel ; N. Zeitschr.
f. Mus. (1886), 99 ; Riemanu ; Signale (1886),
273.
KOLB, JOHANN BAPTIST, born at
Neudettelthau, Franconia, Aug. 31, 1743,
381
KOLB
*
died in tbe early part of the 19th century. '
Instrumental composer, supposed pupil of
Josef Haydn ; while in Paris in 1782 he
published six quartets for two violins, viola,
and violoncello ; afterwards lived at Fiirth,
near Nui-emberg. He published quintets,
quartets, trios for wind instruments ; Con-
certos, rondos, variations, etc., for jsiano-
forte, and left in manuscript vocal music.
— Mendel ; Gerber ; Schilling ; Fotis.
KOLB, JULIUS VON, born in Munich
in 1831, died there in 18GL Pianist, pupil
of the Leipsic Conservatorium in 1848-
51. He appeared as pianist in several
cities ; lived in Berlin in 1853-55, then
gave chamber music concerts with the vio-
loncellist "Wohlers, and returned to Munich
as professor of pianoforte at the Conserva-
torium. He composed many salon pieces
in the bravura style, and songs. — Mendel.
KOLBE, OSCAR, born in Berhn, Aug.
10, 1836, died there, Jan. 2, 1878. Com-
poser and theoretical writer ; pupil in the
Royal Institute for Church Music (1852-54)
of Loschorn, A. W. Bach, and Grell, then
for two years pupil of the Royal Academy.
He received several premiums for his works,
and was instructor in theory at Stern's
Conservatorium in 1859-75. His oratorio,
Johannes der Tiiufer, given in Berlin,
1872, won him the title of royal music di-
rector. He published pianoforte music
and songs, a hand-book on Thorough-bass
(18G2), and one on Harmony (1873). — Men-
del ; Riemann ; Fc'tis, Supplement, ii. 45.
KOLBERG, OSCAR, born in Poland in
1814, still living, 1889 (?). Pianist, pupil
of Rungenhagen and Girschner in Berlin
(1835-37), then settled at Warsaw, to teach
music. His compositions are mostly writ-
ten on the national music of Poland ; be
made many journeys and researches in or-
der to collect the original airs and songs
of his country. He i^ublished several col-
lections of Kujawiaks, Mazurkas, Krako-
wiaks, etc., besides etudes ; a collection of
Polish songs, under the title, Pie&i ludu
(Lemberg, 1842-45). His operetta, Le re-
tour de Jean, was given at Warsaw, 1854.
— Mendel ; Sowinski, 318 ; Fetis.
KOLLM.ANN, AUGUST FRIEDRICH
KARL, born at Engelbostel, Hanover, in
1756, died in London in November, 1824.
Organist, puj)il at Hanover of J. C. Biittner ;
in 1778 went as tutor to London with a
wealthy family, in 1782 became instructor
and sexton, and in 1792 organist, at the Ger-
man Chapel of St. James. Works : The
Shipwreck, or the Loss of the East India-
man Halsewell, symphony ; 12 analyzed
fugues ; Rondo on the chord of the di-
minished seventh ; Melody of the 100th
Psalm, with 100 harmonies ; Introduction
to modulation ; Analyzed symphony ; Con-
certo for pianoforte and orchestra ; First
beginning on the pianoforte (1796). Books :
Essay on Practical Harmony (1796) ; Essay
on Practical Musical Composition (1799) ;
Practical Guide to Thorough-Bass (1801) ;
Vindication of a passage in ditto (1802^ ;
New theory of Musical Harmony (1800) ;
Second Practical Guide to Thorough-Bass
(1807) ; Quarterly Musical Register, only
two numbers (1812) ; Remarks on Logier
(1824).— Grove ; Riemann ; Mendel ; Fe-
tis ; Gerber ; Schilling.
KOMAN, HEINRICH, born at Warsaw
in 1828, still living, 1889 (?). Pianist, pu-
pil of his father, a bandmaster, then of
Eisner at the Conservatorium of Warsaw,
where he became pi'ofessor of pianoforte.
He published sonatas, nocturnes, im-
promptus, concert-waltzes, etc. — Mendel,
Ergiinz., 193 ; Fetis, Sujjplement, ii. 45.
KOMARENSKAJA, for pianoforte for
three hands, by Glinka, written in 1839-40 ;
same title, piece for orchestra, by Glinka,
1847. Published by Schlesinger (Berlin).
KO:\IM HOFFNUNG. See Fidello.
KOMM, MECSf JESU, UND ER-
QUICKE, duet in E-flat major, for soprano
and bass, with accompaniment of organ and
continuo, in Johann Sebastian Bach's can-
tata, /(•/) hatte viel Bekiimmerniss, Part H.
KOMM, SUSSES KREUZ, aria in D
minor for the bass of Coro I., with accom-
KOMIMT
paniment of viola di gamba, orgau and con-
tinuo, in Joliaim Sebastian Bach's Faanon
nacb Matthiius (No. GB). In Franz's edition
of the score the viola di gamba part is tran-
scribed for violoncello solo.
KOMMT, IHR ANGEFOCHT'NEN
SUNDER, alto aria in A major, with
accom2:)animent of flute, sti'ings complete,
organ and continuo, in Johann Sebas-
tian Bach's cantata, Freue dich, erlOste
ScLaar.
KOMilT, mil TOCHTER, treble chorus
in E minor, v^'ith two orchestras, in Johann
Sebastian Bach's Pa.'isioii uach Matthiius
(No. 1). Coro I. rejjresents the Daughters
of Ziou, Coro 11. the Believers ; at intervals
a third chorus in unison (soprano ripieuo)
sings the choral, O Lamm Gottes unschul-
dig, the melody of which is by Nicolaus
Decius (died 1.541).
KONEN, FRIEDRICH, born at Rhein-
bach, near Bonn, April 30, 1826, died at Co-
logne, July 6, 1887. Church comjjoser, pupil
of his fatlier on the pianoforte and organ,
antl of Biermann on the violoncello. He be-
came a priest in 1854, founded the choir of
the Catholic Vocal Society of Cologne ; was
sent to Ratisbon by Cardinal von Geissel,
in 18G2, to study church music under the
cathedral Kapellmeister Schrems and Pro-
fessor Witt. On his return he became vo-
cal instructor in the archbishop's seminary,
and director of the cathedral choir. Mem-
ber of the Cilcilia Society in 1860 ; founded,
same year, in Cologne, a diocesan vocal so-
ciety of which he became first president.
Works : 2 masses for male choir ; .5 do. for
mixed choir ; the 41st Psalm ; Other chui-ch
music, etc., Te Deum ; Collection of motets
for mixed choir ; Latin and German hymns
for female voices ; Orgau accompaniment
to the Cologne Kyriale ; 25 songs with
pianoforte. His brother Heinrich (born,
June 6, 1827, died at Cologne, June 16,
1865) followed the same course of study,
also became a priest, and did much for
the promotion of church music. He pub-
lished a collection of old canticles, ar-
I'anged for mixed choii', and a mass, Tota
pulchra es, for do. — Mendel, Ergiiuz., 191 ;
Viotta.
KONIG ALFRED, opera in four acts, by
Joachim Raff, first rei:)reseuted at the Court
Theatre, Weimar, under Liszt's direction.
It was written in Stuttgart in 1847, but was
remodelled for its production. Transcrip-
tion by Liszt (Magdeburg, 1855). — Neue
Zeit. fiir Mus. (42), 170.
KONIG ERICH, ballade for chorus with
piianoforte accompaniment, by Rheinberger,
op. 71. Pubhshed by Simrock (Berlin, be-
tween 1868 and 1873).
KONIG MANFRED, opera in five acts,
text by F. Ruber, music by Carl Reinecke,
op. 94, represented in Wiesbaden, July 24,
18G7. Performed in Leipsic, Ajjril 23,
1885. Published by Breitkopf & Hiirtel
(Leipsic, 1868).— Signale (1885), 468 ; Mus.
Wochenblatt (1885), 331.
KONIG STEPHAN, vorspiel with cho-
rus, text by Kotzebue, music by Beethoven,
op. 117, written for and first jDerformed at
the opening of the new theatre in Pesth,
Feb. 19, 1812. The subject is King Ste-
f)han, Hungary's first benefactor. Overture ;
I. Chorus, Ruhend von seineu Thaten ;
II. Chorus, Auf dunklem Irrweg in fiustern
Haiuen ; IH. Siegesmarsch ; IV. Chor der
Frauen, Wo die Uuschuld Blumen streute ;
V. Melodram ; VI. Chorus, Eine neue strah-
lende Sonne ; VH. Maestoso con moto ;
VHI. Geistlicher Marsch ; IX. Schlusschor.
A sketch of the work is owned by Paul
Mendelssohn, and the original MS. by Ar-
taria & Co. The Philharmonic Society of
London bought the MS. of the overture in
1815. Published first by Haslinger (Vienna,
1828) ; by Breitkopf & Hiirtel, Beethoven
Dramatische Werke, Serie 20, No. 4. Over-
ture and Siegesmarsch arranged for two pi-
anofortes for eight hands by Winkler (Me-
chetti, Vienna). — Thayer, Verzeichniss, 1G7 ;
Nottebohm, Verzeichniss, 112. Lenz, Beet-
hoven, vol. ii. Part IV. 127 ; Marx, Beet-
hoven, ii. 179 ; Hanslick, Coucertwesen in
Wien, ii. 352.
KOXIGIN
KONIGIN MARIETTE, comic opera in
tliree acts, text by Zell and Geiit'e, music
by Ignaz Brilll, first represented in Munich,
June 16, 1883 ; in Leipsic, Nov. G, 1884.
Subject from the French.— Signale (1883),
1089.
KONIGIN VON SABA, DIE (The Queen
of Sheba), German opera in four acts, text
by Mosenthal, music by Goldmai-k, op. 27,
first represented at the Hofopern theater,
Vienna, March 10, 1875. The subject is
the Queen of Sheba's visit to Solomon.
Original cast :
Die KOuigin von Saba Frau Materna.
Sulamith Frl. Wilt.
Salomo Herr Beck.
Assad Herr "Walter.
Der Hohe Priester Herr Eokitansky.
First represented at the Metropolitan Opera
House, New York, Dec. 2, 1885 :
Die Konigin von Saba. Frau Kramer- Wiedl.
Sulamith Frl. Lilli Lehmann.
Astaroth Frl. Brandt.
Salomo Herr Kobinson.
Assad Herr Stritt.
Der Hohe Pxiester Herr Fischer.
Published by Pohle (Hamburg, 1876).
—Signale (1875), 257 ; Mus. Wochenblatt
(1875), 175 ; Hanshck, Musikalische Statio-
nen, 298 ; Athenaeum (1875), i. 465 ; Krehbiel,
Beview (1885-86), 54.
kOnigslOwe, johann wilhelm
VON, born in Hamburg, March 16, 1745,
died in Ltibeck, May 14, 1833. Organist,
pupil of his father, and at Lflbeck of Adolf
Karl Kunzen, becoming his assistant at the
Marienkirche in 1773 and his successor in
1781, and holding that position for fifty
years. He founded a singing school. Com-
posed several small oratorios ; Organ and
pianoforte music, mostly remaining in MS.
— Mendel ; Gerber ; Schilling ; Fetis.
KONIGSPERGER, Pater F. MARIANUS,
born at Boding, Upper Palatinate, Dec. 4,
1708, died at Priifening, near Ratisbon,
Oct. 9, 1769. Organist, educated at the
Benedictine monastery of Priifening, took
holy orders in 1734, and remained there as
organist and director of music until his
death. Works : Masses, and other church
music ; Der wohlunterwiesene Klavier-
schiiler (Augsburg, 1755) ; Fingerstreit
Oder Ivlavieriibung durch ein Prseambulum
und Fugen (ib., 1760).— Fetis ; Gerber ;
Schilling.
KONIGSSOHN, DER (The King's Son),
ballad by Uhland, for solo voices, chorus,
and orchestra, by Robert Schumann, op.
116, written in June, 1851, first performed
at the ninth concert of the Allgemeiner
Musikverein in Diisseldorf, May 6, 1852 ;
in Leipsic, March 5, 1853. I. Feierlich, D
minor ; H. Lebhaft, B-flat ; IH. In miis-
sigem Tempo, A minor ; IV. Sehr lebhaft,
F-sharp minor (later, F-sharp) ; V. Ziemlich
langsam, B minor (later, B) ; \T!. Feierlich
bewegt, G. Published by F. Whistling
(Leipsic, 1853).
KONINCK, SERVAAS DE, Dutch com-
poser, died in Amsterdam about 1720. He
published choruses for Racine's Athalie ;
Motets for one and four voices with instru-
mental accompaniment ; Trios for different
instruments ; 12 flute sonatas with bass ;
Ballet music, etc. — Fetis ; Gerber ; Schilling.
KONING, DAVID, born at Rotterdam,
March 19, 1820, died at Amsterdam, Nov.
6, 1876. Pianist, puj^il of Hutschenruijter,
and at Frankfort (1834-38) of Aloys
Schmitt. Having visited Vienna, Paris, and
London, he returned to his native city, re-
ceived a prize from the Netherland Musical
I Society in 1839, and settled, in 1840, at Am-
sterdam, where he became director of the
Felix Meritis Choral Society, and was secre-
tary of the Ciicilia in 1848-58, and its presi-
dent in 1858-62. Member of the Accade-
mia di Santa Cecilia, Rome, 1844. Works :
Het Visschersmeisje, comic oisera (prize of
Music Society of the Netherlands) ; Do-
mine salvum fac, op. 1 ; Overture, op. 7
(prize, 1839) ; 12 chorals, op. 8 ; Hymn for
chorus, soli, and pianoforte, op. 13 ; Aurora,
chorus for 4 female voices ; Hymn for 4
384
(
I
KONNEN
female voices ; Dodccachorde, 12 chorals
for 4 voices ; Huwelijks feestvieriug, for
mixed voices, with piauoforte ; Elegy on
the death of an artist, op. 22 ; String quar-
tets, sonatas for pianoforte, etudes, songs,
etc. — Fetis; Gregoir, Biogr., 110; Eie-
mann ; Schilling, SuiJi^lement, 245.
KONNEN THRANEN JIEINE WANG-
EN, aria in G minor for the alto of Coro
II., with accompaniment of violins in uni-
son, organ, and continuo, in Johann Sebas-
tian Bach's Pattsion nacli Matthiius (No. Gl).
KONNTE JEDEB BEAYE MANN. See
Zauherfiolc.
KONRADIN, DER LETZTE HOHEN-
STAUFE (The Last Hohenstaufen), German
opera in three acts, text by E. Reiuicke,
music by Ferdinand Hiller, represented at
Dresden, Oct. 13, 1847.
KONRADIN, KARL FERDINAND, Aus-
trian composer, contemjjorary, who brought
out the following works in Vienna : Goliath,
operetta, May, 18G4 ; Eiu junger Caudi-
dat, operetta, Oct. 20, 186G ; Turandot, op-
eretta, Nov. 29, 18G6 ; and at Munich, Ein
erster Versuch, 18GG. — Fotis, Supplement, i.
196.
KONTSKI, ANTOINE DE, born at Cra-
cow, Oct. 27, 1817,
still living, 1889.
Pianist, pujiil at
Warsaw of Johann
Elarkeudorf, and at
Moscow (1830) of
Field. After many
concert tours he
lived in Paris until
1851, and then in
Berlin for about two
years, and was made court pianist ; in 1854-
67 he lived in St. Petersburg, whence he
made many professional tours, and went to
London to teach the higher grades of pi-
anoforte jjlaying. He visited the United
States, and gave a series of concerts in 1885-
86. Among his numerous compositions
for the pianoforte, brilliant and full of tech-
nical difficulties, but of no high order, the
best known is Le reveil du lion, which has
made the round of the world, in its origi-
nal shape, as well as arranged for orchestra.
Other works : Les deux distraits, opera,
given in London, 1872 ; An oratorio ;
Masses ; Overtures ; Symphonies ; 2 con-
certos for pianoforte with orchestra. — So-
winski, 322 ; Schilling ; Wurzbach.
KONTSia, APOLLINARY DE, born at
Warsaw, Oct. 23, 1825, died there, June 29,
1879. Virtuoso on the violin, pupil of his
brother Charles (1815-67), played concertos
by Rode and other masters, when only four
years old, and made such a favourable im-
pression on Paganiui, after his second pub-
lic appeai'ance in Paris, that the great
master undertook his further instruction,
and afterwards left him his violin and com-
positions in his will. Having travelled
through France, he was equally successful
in Germany, 1848, ajipeared in St. Peters-
burg, 1851, also with brilliant success, and
in 1853 became solo virtuoso to the Czar ;
in 1861 he settled at Warsaw, where he
founded the Conservatoriuni, and was its
director until his death. His compositions
for the violin, consisting of pieces de salon,
caprices, mazourkas, etc., have no especial
merit. — Fctis ; Sowinski, 32G ; Mendel ;
Wurzbach.
KOPPRASCH, WENZEL, born, probably
in Bohemia, about the middle of the 18th
ceuturj-. Bassoonist, member of the
prince's orchestra at Dessau, where he
composed the ojaera. Finer jagt den Andern,
for the court theatre. He published 2 con-
certos for bassoon, arias with variations
for do., aU with small orchestra ; 6 waltzes
for pianoforte. — Mendel; Gerber; Fetis.
KOPEZnVA, KARL, born at Zitolib, Bo-
hemia, Feb. 9, 175G, died there, March 15,
1785. Organist, son and f)upil of Wenzel
KoprKwa (1708-90), and pupil of Segert
in Prague. His church music, 7 masses,
motets, etc. ; 12 symphonies, 8 concertos
for organ, preludes, fugues, remain in MS.
— Mendel ; Gerber ; Schilling ; Wurzbach ;
Fetis.
KOPllZIWA
KOEBAY,
KOPKZRVA, WENZEL, called Uitica,
born at Brdlocb, Boliemia, Feb. 8, 1708,
died at Zitolib, probably in 1790. Organ-
ist, studied at the DoUhopf school, famous
at that time. He lived in Prague for a
long time, was called to Zitolib as rector of
the college and organist, which positions he
retained for more than sixty years. His
church music, consisting of masses, offer-
tories, litanies, vespers, etc., known in Bo-
hemia as Urtica's, was never published.
— Mendel ; Gerber ; Schilling ; "Wurzbach ;
Fetis.
FRANCIS ALEX.\NDER,
born in Budapest,
Hungary, May 8,
184G, still living,
1889. Pianist and
singer, first in-
structed by his pa-
z'ents,both of whom
were distinguished
amateurs, and pu-
pil of Roger in sing-
ing, of i\Iichael Mo-
' sonyi and Robert
Volkmann in composition ; studied the
higher branches of music under Liszt, who
was his godfather. In 18G5-68 he was a
tenor singer at the National Opera House
in Budajjest, then travelled in Germany,
England, an<l America as a concert pianist,
and in the autumn of 1871 settled in New
York, to teach the pianoforte and singing.
He has also made a specialty of giving
vocal recitals here and in Boston, in which
he plays his own accompaniments. Works :
Nuptiale, for full orchestra, repeatedly per-
formed by the orchestras of Thomas, Seidl,
and Gericke ; Le Matin, for a voice and
pianoforte, arranged for orchestra by Liszt
(Paris) ; Duets for soprano and contralto
(Paris and Leipsic) ; Collection of Hun-
garian folk-songs, ti-anscribed for the j^iauo-
f orte (London, 1889) ; Pianoforte pieces and
songs, among which the Schilflieder (Reed-
Songs), a cycle of 5 lyric poems by Lenau,
deserve es^Decial mention.
KOEBER, GEORG, born at Nuremberg
in 1550, died at Altdorf in 1620. Church
composer, assistant teacher at the College
of St. Loreuz, Nuremberg ; magister at
Altdorf in 1601. He published motets for
3 voices in Tyrocinium musicum (Nurem-
berg, 1589) ; Disticha moralia, 5 voc. (ib.,
1599) ; Benedictioues Gratiarum, i voc.
(ib.). — Mendel; Gerber; Schilling ; Fi'tis.
KOSCHAT, THOMAS, born at Viktring,
Carinthia, Aug. 8, 1845, still living, 1889.
Bass singer and vocal composer ; studied
medicine at the University of Vienna and
was induced by Heiurich Esser to become
chorus singer at the court opera ; led the
chorus, and was also in the court chapel.
He became known in 1871 by his quartets
for men's voices, and attained great popu-
larit}'. In 1875 he organized the Kiiruthner
quintett with some of his fellow singers.
Among his favourite compositions ai'e Am
Wiirthersee, eiue Walzeridylle ; Eine Bau-
ernhochzeit in Kilrntheu (1879) ; Ivirchtags-
bilder aus Kiirnthen (1880). He afterwards
combined his most famous vocal composi-
tions in the Liederspiel, Am WiJrthersee,
which was given with great success in Vi-
enna, and many provincial theatres. He has
composed over two hundred works. Mendel,
Ergiinz., 193 ; Fetis, Supplement, ii. 46.
KOSPOTH, OTTO KARL ERD^HANN,
Freiherr VON, born at Miihltroff, Saxony,
middle of the 18th century. Pianist and
dramatic composer. After travelling several
years in Italy he became roj'al chamber-
lain at the court of Prussia, and secular
canon of Magdeburg. Works — Singspiele :
Der IiTwisch ; Adrast und Isidore ; Bella
und Fernando, oder die Satyre (1790) ; Der
Miidchenmarkt zu Ninive (1795) ; Oratorio,
given in Venice, 1787 ; Symphonies, quar-
tets, trios for strings, overtures, concertos
for different instruments, serenades, songs,
etc. — Mendel ; Gerber ; Schilling ; Fetis.
KOSSMALY, KARL, born in Breslau,
July 27, 1812, still living, 1889. Comiwser
and writer on music, pujjil of Ludwig Berg-
er, Zelter, and Bernhard Klein in Berlin.
386
KOTIIE
He was appointed director of the united
theatres of Wiesbaden and Mainz in 1830,
of the New Opera, Amsterdam, in 1834, of
the theatres of Detmold and Bremen in
1841-44, and of the city theatre of Stet-
tin in 1846-49. Since tlien he has lived in
Stettin, teaching, conducting concerts, and
writing for musical periodicals. Of his com-
positions, consisting of symphonies, over-
tures, and other instrumental and vocal
music, only songs and part-songs have been
published. As a writer he is a prominent
adversary of the new German tendency.
— Fetis ; Mendel ; Riemann.
KOTHE, BERNHAED, born at GrObnig,
Silesia, May 12, 1821, still living, 1889.
Church composer, pupil at the Royal Insti-
tute for Church Music of Berlin and of A.
B. Mars. He became in 1851 church music
director and vocal instructor at Oppelu, and
in 18G9 instructor of music at the seminary
in Breslau, where he founded the Ciicilien-
verein for church music. He has comf)osed
masses, motets, organ music, and published
Musica sacra, a collection of hymns for
male voices ; Singtafeln, for instruction in
schools ; a vocal method, and two books on
music. — Mendel ; do., Ergiinz., 194 ; Rie-
mann.
KOTT, FRANZ FRIEDRICH, born at
Klein-Zbieschitz, Bohemia, Ajnil 15, 1808,
died (?). Pianist and organist, pupil of
Dionys Weber at the Couservatorium,
Prague, then settled at Briinn, Moravia,
where he became organist of the cathedral,
and was a favourite teacher of the piano-
forte for many years. Works : Zizka's
Eiche, opera, given with great success at
Brtiun, 1842, 1843, afterwards at Prague ;
Dalibor, do., Prague, 1847 (?) ; Several
masses, oratorios, cantatas, overtures, cho-
ruses, etc. — Mendel ; Wurzbach.
KOTTLITZ, ADOLPH. born at Treves,
Sept. 27, 1820, died at Uralsk, Siberia, Oct.
20, 1860. Violinist, pujnl at the age of five
of Fischer, Kapellmeister of the cathedral ;
appeared in public three years later, and at
Cologne at the age of sixteen ; went to
Paris for three years with Liszt, and after
his return settled at Breslau, whence he
went to Konigsberg as Conzertmeister in
1848. On a concert tour through Russia
and Siberia he accepted a position as music
director in 1856 at Uralsk, where he was
killed by accident at the chase. Very few
of his compositions, consisting of concertos
for the vioHn, string quartets, songs, etc.,
have been pubh.shed.— Mendel ; Riemann ;
Fctis, Supplement, ii. 44.
KOTZOLT, H EI N RICH, born at
Schnellenwalde, Silesia, Aug. 26, 1814, died
in Berlin, July 2 (3), 1881. Bass singer,
pupil of his father, with whom he went in
1826 to Posen, where he became chorister in
the cathedral. In 1834 he began to study
theology at Breslau, but gave it up and
went to Berlin in 1836, obtained a position
in the Kiinigstildter Theater, and studied
composition under Dehn and Rungenhagen
until 1838, when he was engaged as bass
at the City Theatre of Dantzic, and on leav-
ing the stage lived there as teacher until
1842. After several concert tours he be-
came first bass-singer in the cathedral
choir, Berlin, in 1843, studied the organ
under A. W. Bach, and counterpoint under
Dehn, founded a singing society, which
bears his name, in 1849, and in 1862 be-
came assistant director of the cathedral
choir. He was apjjointed royal music di-
rector in 1866, and professor in 1876. He
published instruction books for the school
he directed in Berlin, an a cappella method
which went through six editions, and a col-
lection of songs for school choirs. His pub-
lished compositions are: The 54th psalm,
for double chorus a capjjella ; Lobet den
Herru alle Heiden, for eight voices ; Te
Deum, and Macte senex for full choir uni-
sono, and small choir in four parts, a cap-
pella.— Mendel ; Riemann.
KOTZWARA (Koczwara), FRANZ, born
in Prague about 1750, died in London,
Sept. 2, 1791. Violinist and pianist, played
in Gallini's orchestra in Ireland in 1790,
and in a baud at the Handel Commemora-
387
KOZELUCII
tion in London in May, 1791. He was a
dissipated, though clever man, and little is
known of him beyond the fact that, while
in gay company, he allowed himself to be
hanged for the jest of the thing, and was
cut down too late. Works : The lialtJe of
Prague, for pianoforte, with vioUu, violon-
cello, and drum ; 12 trios for strings ; 3
serenades for violin, with violoncello and
two horns ; 0 duos for flute and violin ; 3
sonatas for pianoforte and violin ; 3 sona-
tinas for pianoforte ; Songs. — Fetis ; Ger-
ber ; Grove ; Wurzbach.
KO:^ELUCH (Kotzeluch), JAN .\NTON-
IN, born at AVelwaru, Bohemia, Dec. 13,
1738, died in Prague, Feb. 3, 1814. Dra-
matic and church composei', studied at
Prague, then was choirmaster at Rako-
nitz and at Welwarn, whence he returned to
Prague, and studied comisosition under Se-
gert. To perfect himself he went to Vien-
na, where he was kindly received by Gluck
and Gassmann, and studied recitative under
Hasse. On bis return to Prague he was
appointed choirmaster of the KreuzheiTn-
kirche, and in 1784 Kapellmeister of the
cathedral. Works : Alessaudro uell' Indie,
opera, given in Prague, 1774 ; Demofoonte,
do. ; La morte d' Abele, oratorio ; Gioas, re
di Giuda, do., performed in the Ki'euzherni-
kirche, Prague, 1777 ; Masses for four voices
and orchestra for every Sunday and feast
day in the year ; Several solemn masses and
grand vespers for festivals ; 5 Requiems ;
110 graduals and offertories ; 147 motets
for the entire year ; Litanies, anthems, etc.
— Dlabacz ; Fetis ; Gerber ; Mendel ; Schil-
ling ; Wurzbach.
KOl^ELUCH (Kotzeluch), LEOPOLD,
born at Welwarn, Bohemia, in 1754, died
in Vienna, May 7, 1818. Dramatic and
instrumental composer, cousin of the pre-
ceding ; studied jurisprudence at Prague in
17G.5, but took up music as a profession in
1771, and became music-master of the
Archduchess Elizabeth in Vienna in 1778.
In 1792 he was appointed court Kapellmeis-
ter and composer, succeeding Mozart.
Works — Operas : Le Mazet, Vienna, 1780 ;
Didone abbandonata, ib., ab. 1795 ; Judita,
o la liberazione di Betulia ; Deborah und
Sisara ; Ottone, heroic ballet ; Die Bege-
benheiten Telemach's auf der Insel der
Kalypso, characteristic tableau (1798) ;
Mose in Egitto, oratox'io, Vienna, 1787 ;
Krouungs-Cantate, Prague, National Thea-
tre, 1791 ; Joseph, der Mensehheit Segen,
cantata ; Denis' Klagen auf den Tod Maria
Theresiens, do. ; 24 ballets ; 3 pantomimes ;
30 symphonies ; 50 concertos for piano-
forte ; GO sonatas and trios for pianoforte,
violin, and violoncello ; G concertos for vio-
loncello ; 2 do. for clarinet ; 2 do. for horn ;
6 quartets for strings ; 7 collections of min-
uets, etc., for pianoforte ; Several collections
of German and Italian songs, etc. — Dlabacz ;
Fetis ; Gerber ; Schilling ; Wurzbach ; All-
gem, wiener mus. Zeitg. (1841), No. 127-
129.
KOZLOWSKI, IGNAZ PLATO, born
at Vinnitsa, Podolia, in 1786, died in War-
saw in 1859. Pianist, pupil of John Field
in St. Petersburg ; taught successively in
his native place, in Warsaw, St. Petersburg,
Moscow, and Odessa. He wrote an opera,
JIarylla ; published a collection of Polish
songs, which became very popular in Po-
land, polonaises for pianoforte, etc. His
most important work is a pianoforte method
in Polish (Warsaw).— Sowifiski, 338 ; Men-
del ; Fetis.
KOZLOWSKY, JOSEPH, born in War-
saw in 1757, died in St. Petersburg, Feb.
27, 1831. Instrumental and vocal composer.
After serving in several musical capacities
in Poland he went to Russia and became
aide-de-camp to Prince Dolgoruki in the
war against the Turks. Prince Potemkin
took him under his protection and intro-
duced him at the court of Catherine H. ; in
time he became music director of the im-
perial theatres, and held this position also
under Paul L and Alexander L until 1821,
when he was pensioned, and lived in St.
Petersburg tiU his death. He was a clever
and prolific composer and left a great nuin-
KRACHER
ber of cantatas, choruses, and polonaises,
written for court occasions, overtures and
incidental music to dramas, songs, etc.
His masterpiece was the Requiem comj)osed
for the obsequies of the last King of Po-
land, Stanislas Poniatowski, in 1798. — So-
winski, 337 ; Fetis.
KRACHEE, JOSEPH aiATTHIAS, born
at Mattighofen, Salzburg, Jan. 30, 1752, died
at Koehl, ib., about 1830. Church com-
poser ; entered the choir of the convent of
Fiirstenzell at the age of nine ; was cantor
of several places, and in 1772 became organ-
ist at Seekirchen, which jiositiou he held for
forty-two years, exchanging it afterwards
for a similar one at Kochl, near Hallein.
On the advice of IMichael Haydn he studied
composition through the W'orks of the great
masters, and from 1775 composed a great
deal of church music, much used, but never
published. Works (in 1803) : 22 masses,
4 Requiems ; 21; graduals ; 15 offertories ;
2 Te Deum ; 6 Tenebrto ; 1 Vesper de
Beata ; 20 Vesper-hymns ; 4 litanies, etc.
— Biogr. Schilderuugeu Salzburger Kiiustler
(Salzburg, 1821), 117 ; F6tis ; Wurzbach.
KRAFF, fflCHAEL, born in Franconia
about 1580. Vocal composer, famous in
his time. He is known by Die neun Musen
mit acht stimmeu imd Geueralbass (Dil-
lingen, IGOG) ; Missfe, 12 vocum (1624) ; Sa-
crte concentus, 2, 3, 4, 7 vocum (Ravens-
burg, 1624).— Fi'tis ; Gerber.
KRAFFT, FRANgOIS JOSEPH, born at
Brussels, July 22, 1721, died at Ghent, Jan.
15, 1795. Church composer, was chorister
in Ghent, and then music teacher in Brus-
sels. Became director of music at Saint-
Bavon's, Ghent, in 17G8. Works : Mass for
8 voices and organ ; 3 Te Deum for do. ;
]Mass for 4 voices and do. ; 2 masses for 5
voices and do. ; Mass for orchestra ; Con-
fitebor tibi, for chorus with orchestra ;
Beatus vdr, for do. ; Lretatus sum, for do. ;
2 Laudate pueri, for do. ; Ave verum, for
do. ; Dixit, for small orchestra ; Ave Regina
Ccelorum, for do. ; O salutaris, for 5 voices
with orchestra ; O Sacrum Convivium, for 8
voices and full orchestra ; Do., for tenor and
bass, with full orchestra ; Dixit, for 6 voices
and do. ; etc. — Fetis.
KRAFT, ANTON, born at Rokitzan, near
Pilsen, Bohemia, Dec. 30, 1752, died in Vi-
enna, Aug. 28, 1820. Virtuoso on the vio-
loncello, pupil at Prague of Werner, after-
wards in Vienna of Haydn in composition.
Was musician to Prince Eszterhazy in 1778
-90, to Prince Grassalkovics in 1790-95,
and to Prince Lobkowitz in 1795-1820.
With bis son Nikolaus he made concert
tours to Berlin and Dresden in 1792 and
repeatedly afterwards. Works : Concerto
for violoncello and orchestra ; G sonatas for
violoncello and bass ; Divertissement for
do. ; 3 duos concertants for violin and vio-
loncello ; 2 duos for two violoncellos.
— Dlabaez : Fc'tis ; Gerber ; Mendel ; Schil-
ling ; Wurzbach.
KR.AFT, NICOLAUS, boru at Eszterhaz,
Hungary, Dec. 14, 1778, died at Stuttgart,
May 18, 1853. Violoncellist, son and pupil
of Anton Kraft, whom he accompanied on
his concert tours while still young, then for
a year inipil of Duport in Berlin. He
played with Mozart in Dresden, 1789, and
settled in Vienna in 1790 ; was one of Prince
Karl Lichnowsky's famous quartet party
which first introduced many of Beethoven's
works ; chamber musician to Prince Lob-
kowitz, who sent him to Berlin in 1801, to
study with Louis Duport. He gave con-
certs there, and in Leipsic, Dresden, Prague,
and Vienna, where he entered the orchestra
of the opera in 1809 ; was engaged by the
King of Wiirtemberg for his chapel, in
Stuttgart, in 1814. He undertook a con-
cert tour with Hummel in 1818, and one
with his son Friedrich (born 1807), who had
inherited the talent of father and grand-
father, in 1821. An accident to his hand
obliged him to give up playing, in 1834,
when he was pensioned. Works : 5 con-
certos for violoncello ; Polonaise for do. and
orchestra, op. 2 ; Bolero, for do., op. 6 ;
Scene pastorale for do., op. 9 ; Rondo a la
chasse, for do., op. 11 ; 3 divertissements
KRAHMER
progressifs for 2 violoncellos, op. U ; 6
duos for do., op. 15, 17 ; Fautaisie for vio-
loucello, with quartet, oj). 1. — Fctis ; Men-
del ; Schilling ; "Wurzbach.
KRAHMER, JOH.AJSTN ERNST, born at
Dresden, March 30, 1795, died in Vienna,
Jan. IG, 1837. Virtuoso on the oboe, pupil
of Krebs, Kummer, and Jackel. He en-
listed with the Saxon volunteers in 1814,
but could not endure the hardships of the
campaign, and returned to Dresden, whence
he went to Vienna in 1815 as first oboist
in the opera orchestra ; in 1822 he became
also a member of the imjierial court and
chamber music. His compositions, which
won great admiration as jjlayed by him in
his concerts, remain in MS. — Fctis ; Men-
del ; Schilling ; "Wurzbach.
KU.\K.\MP, EMM AN TELE, born at Pa-
lermo, Feb. 3, 1813, died at Naples in No-
vember, 1883. Flutist, pupil of his father,
a director of military music. He made eon-
cert tours to Messina, Catania, and ^lalta ;
and visited Mexico, the Antilles, and Can-
ada, returning to Naples in 1837, when he
became bandamster of the 92d Regiment
of Corfu, and in 1811 assistant inspector of
classes at the Conservatorio San Pietro a
Majella, Naples, and solo flute to the Count
of Syracuse. In 1818 he went to Rome, be-
came bandmaster of the first Roman legion,
and after the fall of the republic made
other concert tours ; in 18G0 he became
professor in the Conservatorio Albergo de'
Poveri, Naples. He composed about 255
works for flute, a method and studies for
do., also methods for clarinet, oboe, and
bassoon, which are introduced in all the
conservatories of Italy. — Mendel, Ergiinz.,
li)4 ; Futis, SiippU'raeut, ii. 10.
KRAMER, TRAUGOTT, born at Coburg,
Nov. 19, 1818, still living, 1889. Violinist,
pupil at the Conservatorium of Prague in
1834-37, became court musician, and first
violinist of the ducal orchestra of Coburg
and Gotha, and in 1851 Conzertmeister.
He founded and conducted for many years
a string quartet society in both cities ; later
he was appointed Kapellmeister, and in this
capacity conducted the operas with dia-
logue. He has published symphonies, over-
tures, string quartets, violin solos, cantatas,
songs, hymns, etc. — Mendel ; Fetis, Supple-
ment, ii. 40.
KUANZ, JOHANN FRIEDRICH, born
at Weimar in 1754, died at Stuttgart in
1807. Violinist, pupil of Gopfert imtil 1781,
when he was sent by the duke to finish
his studies in Italy, where he enjoyed con-
siderable reputation as a violinist ; re-
turning in 1787, he lived in Munich for a
year, then became second Conzertmeister
of the court orchestra in AVeimar, and suc-
ceeded Zumsteeg as KaiDellmeister in Stutt-
gart in 1803. He composed a violin con-
certo (1807), music to the Gross-Cophta, and
other dramas, a concerto for viola (1778),
songs, etc. — Mendel ; Schilling.
KRAUS, JOSEPH MARTIN, bom at
Mannheim in 1756, died at Stockholm, Dec.
15, 1792. Dramatic composer, pupil of Abt
Vogler on the pianoforte and in composi-
tion ; studied at several universities and
finally went to Stockholm, where his talent
soon won the notice of Gustavus HI., who
sent him in 1784 to Italy to study. Two
years later he joined the king there, and
went with him to Rome and as court Ka-
pellmeister to Vienna, whence he went to
finish his studies in Paris, and remained
there until 1789. Works : Dido and J^neas,
Swedish opei'a, given in Stockholm, 1790 ;
Interludes to the comedy Amphitryon ; Can-
tata for the funeral of Gustavus HI.; Sym-
phonies ; String quartets ; Quintet for wind
instruments ; Canons, arias, songs ; Stella
cceli, motet with instruments ; Pianoforte
music, etc. — Gerber ; Mendel ; Schilling ;
Fotis.
KRAUSE, ANTON, born at Geithain,
Saxony, Nov. 9, 1834, still living, 1889.
Pianist, pupil of Spindler, Friedrich Wieck,
and Reissiger in Dresden ; then studied
at the Leipsic Conservatorium in 1850-53.
He became conductor of the Leipziger Lie-
dertafel in 1855 : succeeded Karl Reinecke
390
KRAUSE
Riemann.
at Barmen in 1859, in tliP direction of tlie
city Gesangverein, Gymnasiiil-.SiliigercLor,
and Concordiaconzerte ;
■\vaf3 afterwards appoint-
ed royal music director.
Works : 2 operas ; Ky-
rie, Sanctus, and Ben-
edictusfor chorus, solos,
and orchestra ; 10 son-
atas, 60 etudes, and
other music for piano-
forte ; Songs. — Men-
del; Fetis, Supplement, ii. 47
KRAUSE, CHRISTIAN GOTTFRIED,
born at Winzig, Silesia, in 1719, died in
Berlin, July 21, 1770. Instrumental and
vocal composer, pupil of his father, who was
city musician ; studied law in Breslau and
Frankfort-on-the-Oder, went to Berlin in
1747, was at first secretary to General von
Rothenburg, and from 1753 attorney to tlje
magistrate and at the French district court.
He composed symphonies, concertos, trios,
and other instrumental music, cantatas,
odes, and songs, all left in MS. He was
author of Von der musikalischen Poesie
(Berlin, 1753), and other writings. — Men-
del ; Gerber ; Schilling ; Fetis.
KRAUSE, EmL, born in Hamburg in
1810, stih living, 1889. Pianist and writer
on music, pupil at the Conservatorium,
Leipsic, 1858-GO, of Hauptmann, Rietz,
Mo.scheles, Plaidy, and Richter ; then taught
the pianoforte and theory in Hamburg,
where he became professor at the Conser-
vatorium in 1885. Works : 3 cantatas ;
Ave Maria for female double chorus in six
parts ; Chamber music ; Songs ; Beitriige
zur Teehnik des Klavierspiels, op. 38 and
57 ; Aufgabenbuch fiir die Harmonielehre.
—Mendel ; Fetis, Supplement, ii. 47 ; Rie-
mann.
KRAUSE, THEODOR, born at Halle,
May 1, 1833, still living, 1889. Baritone
oratorio singer, pupil of Eduard Mautius
and Martin Blumner in singing, of Greger,
Naue, E. Hentschel, and Grell, later of Mo-
ritz Hauptmann in Leipsic, in theory. He
studied at the teachers' seminary, Weis-
senfels, in 1851-54. He was a teacher in
1854 at Hettstildt, where he organized a
singing society ; appeared first as a singer
at Halle in an oratorio, went to Berlin in
1858, sang at the Bach Society concerts and
in the Siugakademie, and made a reputation
as an oratorio singer there and at concerts
ia Leipsic, Zeitz, Gera, Dresden, etc. He
was appointed principal teacher of a i^ublic
school in Berlin, vocal instructor of the
cadet corps, and director of the society for
church nuisic a cappella. He is musical re-
porter for the Deutsche Rundschau, the
Reichsbote, and the Berliner Zeituug, and
has published string quartets, songs, quar-
tets for male voices, choruses for mixed
voices, etc. — Mendel.
KRAUSS, BENEDICT, born in Salzburg
in the first part of the 18th century, died in
the early part of the 19th century. Church
and dramatic composer, Kapellmeister to
Duke Clemens of Bavaria ; then director of
the court theatre at Weimar in 1785.
Works : Die Pilgrime auf Golgotha, orato-
rio ; Die SchOpfung, cantata ; Amor's Zu-
fiille, operetta ; Symphonies, and other in-
strumental music ; Italian and German
arias ; Songs, etc. — Mendel ; Gerber ; Schil-
ling ; Fi'tis.
KRAUSSE, THEODOR, born at Weimar,
May 31, 1822, died at Minister, March 10,
18G8. Pianist, pupil of Topfer on the or-
gan and in theory, and in Paris (1839-41)
of Kalkbrenner on the pianoforte ; made
concert tours through Russia, Sweden,
Denmark, Holland, Germany, finally settled
at Minister to teach music, and with Bis-
ping founded in 1853 a musical institute,
which is still flourishing. His comj)ositions
are chiefly studies and other instructive
music for pianoforte. — Mendel.
KREBS, JOHANN BAPTIST, born at
Ueberancheu, Baden, April 12, 1774, died
at Stuttgart, Oct. 2, 1851. Tenor singer
of reputation, pupil of Weiss at Donau-
eschingen ; made his debut in Stuttgart,
1795, and was a great favourite until he
891
KREBS
KEEBS, KAEL
retired from the stage in 1823. He com-
posed many songs and pai-t-songs, which
were very popular. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
xvii. 98 ; Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
KREBS, JOHANN LUDWIG, born at
Biittelstiidt, Thuringia, Oct. 10, 1713, died
at Altenburg in 1780. Organist of great
fame, sou and j^upil of Johanu Tobias Krebs
(1G90-1759, cantor and organist) ; entered
the Thomasschule, Leipsic, in 1726, and for
nine j'ears was the favourite pupil of Bach.
After studying j)hilosophy at Leipsic for
two years, he became organist at Zwickau in
1737, at Zeitz in 1744, and court organist
at Altenburg in 175G. Works : Klavier-
libungen (Nuremberg, 1743-49) ; Concerto
for pianoforte ; Sonatas for pianoforte and
flute ; Trios for flutes ; Suites, preludes,
etc., for pianoforte ; Organ music ; Vocal
church music. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 9G ;
Fctis ; Schilling.
AUGUST, born at
Nuremberg, Jan. IG,
1804, died in Dresden,
May IG, 1880. Pian-
ist, son of August and
Charlotte Miodcke,
but adopted on the
death of his mother by
Johaun Baptist Krebs;
pupil of Schelblc, and,
in 1825, of Seyfried
at Vienna. He jjlayed
concertos by Mozai-t, Dussek, Kies, etc.,
when only six years old, and composed his
first opera, Feodore, at the age of seven ;
was Kapellmeister at the Stadttheater in
Hamburg from 1827 to 1850, court Kapell-
meister at Dresden until 1871, and then
conductor in the Catholic court chapel.
His second wife, Aloysia Michalesi, was a
celebrated opera singer, and his daughter,
Mary Krebs, is a distinguished pianist.
Works : Silva, oder die Macht des Gesanges,
opera, given in Hamburg, 1830 ; Agnes,
der Engel von Augsburg, do., ib., 1834, re-
written and given in Dresden, 1858 and
1863 ; Masses ; Te Deum ; Pianoforte mu-
sic, and songs. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 99 ;
Futis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
KEEIBE, JOHANN KONEAD, born at
Gotha, Aug. 15, 1722, died at Ballenstiidt,
Oct. 25, 1780. Instrumental composer, pu-
pil of Georg Benda ; studied also in Berlin
and Dresden, and in 1765 became Kapell-
meister to Prince Friedrich Albrecht von
Bernberg, at Ballenstiidt. Composetl church
music, symphonies, concertos for pianoforte
and for violin, quintets, quartets, trios, and
other instrumental music. His son Benjamin
Felix Friedrich (born April 3, 1772, died
about 1840?) entered the court orchestra at
Ballenstiidt in 1787 as violinist, was a pupil
of Bust and Agthe, became Couzcrtmcister,
and in 1834 Hof-Kapellmeister. Of his
compositions, several concertos for various
instruments, and music for violin, were
published. — ^leudel ; Gerber ; Schilling ;
F6tis.
KREIPL, JOSEPH, born in Austria in
1805, died in Vienna, June, 186G. Tenor
singer, and vocal composer ; lived in Ham-
burg, Schwerin, and later in Linz (1847).
He became famous through his song. Das
Mailiifterl, written to the words of Kles-
heim. — Mendel ; I'V'tis, SupjDk'meut, ii. 49.
IvEEISLERIANA, eight pieces for piano-
forte, by Robert Schumann, oj). 16, com-
posed in 1838 and dedicated to Chopin.
Title from Ernst T. A. Hoffmann's Fantasio-
stiicke in Callots Manier (Bamberg, 1814),
and it is thought that in the figure of Ka-
pellmeister Kreisler Schumann reflected
himself. I. Aeusserst bewegt, in D minor ;
n. Sehr innig und nicht zu rasch, in B-
flat ; Intermezzo 1, in B-flat ; Intermezzo 2,
in G minor ; HI. Sehr aufgeregt, in G
minor ; rV". Sehr langsam, in B-flat; V.
Sehr lebhaft, in G minor ; VI. Sehr langsam,
in B-flat ; \IL Sehi* rasch, in C minor ;
\Trr. Schnell und spielend, in G minor.
Published by C. Haslinger (A'ienna, 1838) ;
F. Whisthng (Leipsic, 1850) ; and Gustav
Heinze (Leipsic, 1858). Nos. I. and MIL
arranged for j^ianoforte for four hands, by
Gustav Heinze (Leipsic).
krejCI
KEEJCf, JOSEPH, born at Milostin,
Bolieinia, Feb. G, 1822, died in Prague,
Oct. 19, 1881. Organist and cburcli com-
poser, jjupil of Josepb Kutban, on tbe pi-
anoforte and otber instruments, at Senomat,
wbere be substituted the leader of tbe town
orchestra, when only thirteen years old.
Through his acquaintance with Cbladek,
organist at Kakonitz during those years, he
made a close study of Bach's works. In
1837 he went to Prague, became a pupil of
Fiihrer at the organ school, taking tbe first
prize, although he was tbe youngest scholar,
and private puj)il of Vitasek in composition
and instrumentation, and after that teacher's
death studied theory under Joseph Prokscb.
In 1844 he became organist and in 1853
choir director of tbe Kreuzberrn Church,
having meanwhile acted in tbe latter capac-
ity at the Minoriten Church, in 1848-53.
He was appointed instructor of harmony and
organ at tbe new Bohemian School in 1849,
director of tbe Organ School in 1858, and
director of tbe Conservatorium in 18G5.
He was equally remarkable as an organist,
leader, and teacher ; his compositions for
the organ rank among tbe best in modern
times. Otber works : An oratorio ; Masses ;
Te Deums ; Antiphons, etc. ; Overtures for
orchestra ; Quartets for male voices ; Songs,
etc. — Mendel; Slovnik naucny (Prague,
1859), iv. 981 ; Wurzbaeb.
KREMPELSETZER, GEOKG, born at
Yilsbiburg, Bavaria, April 20, 1827, died
there, June 9, 1871. Dramatic composer ;
was established as a cloth-maker when he
adopted music as a profession, and at the
age of thirty became a pupil of Franz Lach-
ner at Munich ; later on he found a friend
and adviser in Josef Rbeiuberger. Win-
ning success as a composer of songs, an
operetta, and comic scenes for tbe Akademie
Singing Society, he became assistant Ka-
pellmeister of the Actientbeater in 1865;
then lived for a time privately in Munich,
went as Kapellmeister to GOrlitz in 1868,
and to Berlin and Konigsberg in 1870.
His serious illness caused bim to return to
bis native place, whence he went once more
to Munich, and wrote a mass and a festive
overture for tbe return of the victorious
German army. "Works — Operettas : Der
Onkel aus der Lombardie ; Hilnsel uud Gre-
tel, Miircbenspiel ; Der Vetter auf Besucb,
given in Munich, Hoftheater ; Die Kreuz-
fahrer ; Das Orakel in Deljjbi ; Die Geister
des Weins ; Der Rotbmantel ; Die Frauzo-
sen in Gotha, romantic comic opera ; Lands-
knecbtlieder, and other songs, duets, etc.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 122 ; Mendel.
KREJISER, EDUARD, born in Vienna,
April 10, 1838, still living, 1889. Vocal
composer, became conductor of tbe Miin-
nergesangverein in 1869, and composed
for it a number of choruses, which have be-
come very popular in many places. Otber
works : Eine Operette, oj)eretta given in
Pestb, 1875 ; Orchestra, and pianoforte mu-
sic, and songs.
IvRENN, FRANZ, born at Dross, Nether
Austria, Feb. 2G, 181G, still living, 1881).
Organist, pupil of Seyfried in Vienna in
1834 ; was organist in several churches of
Vienna, then became Kapellmeister at St.
Michael's in 1862, and j)rofessor of har-
mony in the Conservatorium, 1869. Works :
Bonifacius, oratorio ; Die vier letzten
Dinge, do. ; Cantatas ; 15 Masses, 3 Re-
quiems, Vespers, and other church music ;
One symphony ; Several quartets ; Piano-
forte and organ music ; Songs, and cho-
ruses ; Method for the organ ; Vocal method
for schools, etc. — Mendel ; Riemann.
KRETSCHMER, EDMUND, born at
Ostritz, Saxony, Aug,
31, 1830, still Hving,
1889. Organist and
dramatic composer,
first instructed by bis
father ; then in Dres-
den pupil of Julius
Otto and Johann
Schneider. In 1854
be became organist of
tbe Catholic court chapel, and in 1863 court
organist ; he founded the Ciicilien-Verein,
KRETZSCIIMAII
and in 1850-70 conducted several musical
societies. At the international competition
in Brussels, 18G8, he was awarded the first
prize for a mass, and in 187J: won signal
success with his first opera, which soon
made the round of all the principal stages
of Germany. Works : Die Foltiunjer, op-
era, given in Dresden, 1874 ; Heinrich der
LiJwe, do., Leipsic, 1877 ; Der Fliichtling,
do., Ulm, 1881 ; SchOn Kotraut, do., Dres-
den, Nov. G, 1887 ; Missa a cappella, op.
15 ; Mass for 2 tenors and bass, with organ ;
do. for mixed voices, op. 22 ; 2 motets for
do., op. 17 ; 4 hymns for do., ojx 18 ; do.,
oj). 21 ; Die Pilgerfahrt uach dem gelob-
ten Lande, for male chorus, solo, and or-
chestra, op. 12 ; Festgesaug, for male
chorus, and wind instruments, oj^. 27 ; Mu-
sikalische Dorfgeschichten, for small or-
chestra, op. 26 ; Pianoforte music, and
songs. — Mendel ; Fetis, Supi:)lement, ii. 50 ;
]\Ius. Wochenblatt, x. 164 ; xi. 459.
KRETZSCHMAR, (AUGUST FERDI-
NAND) HER:MANN, born at Olbernhau,
Saxony, Jan. 19, 1848, still living, 1889.
Organist aud winter on music, first instruct-
ed by his father ; then in Dresden jiupil of
Julius Otto, and at the Couservatorium, iu
Leipsic, of Paul, Richter, Papperitz, and
Reinecke, aud remained there as teacher in
1871. He became leader of the Bach, Eu-
terpe and other societies, went as Kajjell-
meister to Metz, in 1876, and as director of
music at the university, to Rostock, in 1877 ;
has been city music director there since
1880. His compositions consist of choral
works, organ music, and songs. — Mendel,
Ergiinz., 196; Riemann.
KREUBfi, CHARLES FRliDfiRIC, born
at Luncville (Meurthe-et-Moselle), France,
Nov. 5, 1777, died near Saint-Denis in 1846.
Violinist, studied in his native city, where he
became chef d'orchestre at the theatre, then
in Paris (1800) under Rodolphe Kj-eutzer ;
entered the orchestra of the Opera Comique
in 1801, became its assistant conductor in
1805, conductor in 1816, aud retired iu
1828. From 1814 to 1830 he was also a
member of the royal chapel. Works — Op-
eras : Le forgerou de Bassora, 1813 ; Le
portrait de famille, 1814 ; La perruque et la
redingote (with Kreutzer), 1815 ; La jeuue
belle-mere, 1816 ; Une nuit d'intrigue,
1816 ; L'heritiere, 1817 ; Edmoud et Caro-
line, 1819 ; La jeune tante, 1820 ; Le phi-
losophe en voyage (with Pradhei-), 1821 ; Le
coq de village, 1822 ; Le paradis de Maho-
met (with Kreutzer), 1822 ; Jenny la bou-
quetiore (with Pradher), 1823 ; L'oflScier et le
paysan, 1824 ; Les enfauts de Maitre Pierre,
1825 ; La lettre posthume, 1827 ; Le man-
age a I'anglaise, 1828. Duets, trios, quar-
tets, nocturnes, aud other pieces for violin.
— Fetis ; Larousse.
KREUSER (Kreusser), GEORG AN-
TON, born at Heidingsfeld, Bavaria, iu
1743, died at Maiuz iu 1802. Violinist, pu-
pil of his brother Adam Kreuser (1727-91,
hornist and coucertmeester in Amsterdam),
then went to Italy to study till 1775 ; ka-
pelmeester in Amsterdam in 1776, subse-
quently Conzertmeister to the Elector of
^lainz. Works : Der Tod Jesu, oratorio ;
30 (?) symphonies for orchestra ; 18 quartets
for strings ; 12 trios for do.; 6 quartets for
flute and strings ; 3 sonatas for pianoforte
and violin ; 3 do. for pianoforte ; German
songs. — Fctis ; Schilling.
KREUTZER, (JEAN NICOLAS) AU-
GUSTE, bom at Versailles, Sept. 3, 1778,
died in Paris, Aug. 31, 1832. Violinist,
brother and pujjil of Rodolphe Kreutzer at
the Paris Conservatoire, where he won the
first prize in 1801. He was violinist at the
Theatre Favart in 1798, at the Opera in
1802, and pensioned in 1823 ; was assistant
professor at the Conservatoire for many
years, and succeeded his brother as profes-
sor in 1826. He was also first violin in the
chapel of Napoleon, of Louis X\'1H., and of
Charles X. He j'ublished 2 concertos, 2
duets, 3 sonatas, several airs varies, and so-
los for violin. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Larousse ;
Schilling.
KREUTZER (Kreuzer), KONRADIX,
born at MOsskirch, Baden, Nov. 22, 1780,
394
KREUTZER
■■^/^•■'«^
died at Eiga, Dec. 14, 1840. Dramatic com-
poser, pupil of Johaim Baptist liieger, then
at the Abbey of Zwie-
falten, where he pur-
sued his literary stud-
ies in 1792-9G, pupil
of the priest Ernst
Weiurauch in com-
position; began to
study medicine in
1799 at Freiburg;
then spent about
five years at Con-
stance, whence he went to Vienna in 1804,
and for two years was a pupil of Albrechts-
berger. Having remained in Vienna until
1811 he travelled for a year, apjiearing suc-
cessfully as a pianist ; was Kapellmeister to
the King of "Wiirtemberg in 1812-16, to the
Prince von FiLrstenberg in 1817-21, at the
Kiirnthnerthor Theater, Vienna, in 1825,
1829-32, and 1837-40, at the Josephstiidter
Theater, ib., in 1833-40, at the Stadt-
theater, Cologne, in 1840-4G, again in Vi-
enna in 1847-49. He had made concert
tours in 1817-18, earning especial applause
in Berlin and Dresden, and with his daugh-
ter Ciicilie, in 1840 ; he conducted the 23d
Nether-Rhenish Music Festival at Cologne
in 1843, was repeatedly in Paris, 1827, 1843-
44, to bring out his operas, and with Ganz
conducted opera in Ghent in 1844. For
his daughter's sake, who had obtained an
engagement at Eiga, he went thither in
1848. Of his dramatic music only Das
Nachtlager von Granada and the music to
Der Verschwender have held the stage to
this day, and his choruses for male voices
are still popular. "Works — Operas : Die
lilcherliche Werbung, given at Freiburg,
1800 ; Jery und Biitely, Vienna, 1810 ; Kon-
radin von Schwaben, Stuttgart, 1812 ; Zwei
Worte, oder die Nacht im Walde, ib., 1813 ;
Der Taucher, ib., 1814 ; Adele von Budry,
ib., 1814, Kiniigsberg, 1821 ; Alimon und
Zaide, Stuttgart, 1815 ; Die Insulanerin,
ib., 1815 ; Feodora, ib., 1816 ; Die Alpen-
hiitte, 1816 ; Orestes, Prague, 1817 ; Cor-
delia, Donaueschingen, 1819 ; Libussa, Vi-
enna, 1822 ; Siguna, ib., 1823 ; Erfiillte
Hoflnung, ib., 1824 ; Die lustige Werbung,
1826 ; L'eau de jouvence, Paris, 1827 ; Baron
Luft, Prague, 1829 ; Denise, das Milch-
mildchen von Montfermeil, ib., 1829 ; Die
Jungfrau, ib., 1831 ; Der Lastentriiger an
der Themse, ib., 1832 ; Melusine, Berlin,
1833 ; Das Nachtlager in Granada, Vienna,
1834 ; Tom Rick oder der Pavian, ib., 1834 ;
Der Brautigam in der Klennne, ib., 1835 ;
Traumleben, ib., 1835 ; Der Verschwender,
ib., 1836 ; Die HOhle von Waverley, ib.,
1837 ; Fridolin, oder der Gang uach dem
Eisenhammer, ib., 1837 ; Die beiden Figaro,
ib., 1839; Der Edelknecht, Wiesbaden,
1842 ; Die Hochliinderin am Kaukasus,
Hamburg, Gratz, and Prague, 1846 ; Au-
relia ; Die Sendung Mosis, oratorio, Stutt-
G^
t^
gart, 1814, Zurich, 1815 ; 11
masses ; Te Deum, and other
church music ; Chamber and
pianoforte music ; Songs, and about 150
choruses for male voices. — AUgem. d. Biogr.,
xvii. 145 ; Fetis ; Mendel ; Riemann ; Eiehl,
Mus. Charakterknpfe, i. 263; Schilling;
Wurzbach.
KREUTZER, LEON (CHARLES FRAN-
C;OIS), born in Paris, Sept. 23, 1817, died
at Vichy, Oct. 6, 1808. Pianist and musical
critic, son of Auguste Kreutzer, pupil of
Fleche on the pianoforte and of Benoist in
composition. He was musical critic to La
Quotidienue, L'Union, Revue et Gazette mu-
sicale de Paris, Revue contemporaine, anil
other periodicals. Works : Seratine, comic
opera ; and Les filles d'azur, fairy opera ;
Stabat Mater, for two choruses ; 2 sympho-
nies for orchestra ; Fantaisie burlesque for
do. ; Fantaisie militaire for do. ; Concerto
symphonique for pianoforte and orchestra ;
String quartets ; Trios ; Sonatas ; Preludes,
etc., for pianoforte and for violin. — Fetis;
395
KREUTZER
do., Supplement, ii. 50 ; Pougin, Lt-on K.
(Paris, 18G8).
KREUTZEK, RODOLPHE, born at Ver-
, ., sailles, Nov. 16,
^ 'a 1766, died in Ge-
neva, June 6, 1831.
Violinist and dra-
matic composer, pu-
pil of Lis father and
of Stamitz ; played,
when thirteen years
old, a violin con-
certo of his own
composition at a
Concert Spirituel in Paris. Through the
influence of Marie Antoinette he became first
violin in the king's chapel in 1782, and
eight years later was made solo violinist at
tlie Theatre Italien. In 1797 he made a con-
cert tour through Itah', Germany, and the
Netherlands, and on his return was made
professor of violin in the Conservatoire.
He became first solo violin at the Opera in
1801, first violin in the chapel of the First
Consul in 1802, to the Emperor in 1806,
and maitre de la chapelle to Louis XVHI.
in 181.5 ; was vice-conductor of the Acade-
mic in 1816, conductor in 1817-24 Legion
of Honour in 1821. Beethoven dedicated
to him the Ivreutzer Sonata. He ranks
with Viotti, llodc, and Baillot, as a master
of the classical violin school of Paris.
Works — Operas (all given in Paris) : Jeanne
d'Arc :i Orleans, 1790 ; Paul ct Virgiuie,
1791 ; Lodo-id-a, 1791 ; Charlotte et Wer-
ther, 1792 ; Le franc Breton, 1792 ; Le de-
serteur de la montagne de Hamm, 1793 ;
La journee de Marathon, 1793 ; Le siege
de Lille, 1793 ; Le congres des rois, with
others, 1793 ; On respire, 1794 ; La jour-
nee du 10 aoftt, 1792, ou la chute du der-
nier tyran, 1795 ; Le brigand, 1795 ; Le
lendemain de la bataille de Fleums, 1795 ;
Le petit page, 1795 ; Imogene, ou la ga-
geure indiscrete, 1796 ; Flaminius a Co-
rinthe, 1800 ; Ash/ana.r, 1801 ; Les surprises,
ou I'etourdi en voyage, 1806 ; Jadis et au-
jourd'hui, 1808 ; Frani^ois I", 1808 ; Aiis-
' tippe, 1808 ; Antoine et Cleopatre, 1809 ;
La mort d'Abel, 1810 ; Le triomphe du
mois de mai's, 1811 ; L'homme sans fayou,
1812 ; Le camp de Sobieski, 1813 ; Con-
stance et Theodore, 1813 ; Les Bearnais,
1811; La fete de Mars, 1811 ; L'oriflamme,
1811 ; L'heureux retour (with Persuis and
Berton), 1815 ; La princesse de Babylone,
1815 ; La perruque et la redingote (with
Ki'eube) ; Le maitre et le valet, 1816 ; Les
dieux rivaux (with Spontini, Persuis, and
Berton), 1816 ; Le carnaval de Venise (with
Persuis), 1816 ; La servante justifiee, 1818 ;
Clari, 1820 ; Le negociaut de Hambourg,
1821 ; Blanche de Provence, ou la cour des
fees (with others), 1821 ; Le paradis de Ma-
homet, 1822 ; Ipsiboe, 1823 ; Pharamoud
(with Berton and Boieldieu), 1825 ; Matilde.
19 violin concertos ; Sonatas for violin and
violoncello ; 15 string quartets ; 15 trios
and a symphonie concertaute for two vio-
lins and violoncello ; Duos and two sym-
phonies coucertantes for two violins ; 40
caprices and etudes for violin ; Airs with vari-
ations, etc. — Fetis ; do.. Supplement, ii. 50 ;
Gerber; Grove; Mendel; lliemaun ; Schil-
ling, iv. 231 ; "Wasielowski, Die Violine, 269 ;
Hart, The Violin, 295 ; Dubourg, The Vio-
lin, 201.
laiEUTZER SONATE, name given to
the sonata for pianoforte and violin in A,
by Beethoven, op. 47, first performed bj'
Beethoven and George A. P. Bridgetower at
the Augarten, Vienna, May 17, 1803. The
variations were jilayed from the MS. without
rehearsal. The finale was originally written
for the sonata in A, op. 30. This sonata,
the most elaborate and difficult of Beetho-
ven's violin sonatas, is dedicated to Rodoljjhe
Kreutzer, who never played it. Published
by Traeg (Vienna, 1805), and Simrock
(Bonn, 1805) ; by Breitkopf & Hilrtel, Beet-
hoven Werke, Serie 12, No. 9. Arrange-
ments for grand orchestra, 2 violins, viola,
and violoncello by Hartmann ; for piano-
forte solo, and for 4 hands, by Czerny ; and
for pianoforte and violoncello by Griitz-
macher. — Grove, ii. 73 ; Lenz, Beethoven,
KREUZFAIIRER
i., Part n. 257 ; Thayer, Verzeicliniss, 111 ;
Marx, Beethoven, i. 292 ; Berlioz, Voj'age
Musical, i. 261.
KREUZFAHKEE, DIE (The Crusaders),
cantata iu three jaarts, test by Carl Ander-
sen, music by Niels Wilhelm Gade, op.
50, first given iu CojDenhagen, in 18GC,
and, under the composer's own direction,
at the Birmingham (England) Festival, Aug.
31, 1876, with an English translation by
Eev. J. Troutbeck. I. In the Desert ; 11.
Armida ; III. Towards Jerusalem. Char-
acters represented : Peter the Hermit, Ri-
naldo, Armida, Choruses of Crusaders, Si-
rens, and Pilgrims. It is one of the best of
Gade's works and one of the most beautiful
of modern cantatas. Published by Novello,
Ewer & Co. (London), and by Breitkopf
& Hilrtel (Leipsic, 1867). — Athenseum
(187(i), ii. 311: ; Uiitou, Standard Cantatas.
119. See also The Cruttaders.
KREUZFAHRER, DIE, romantic opera
in three acts, text and music by Spohr,
from Kotzebue's drama, first represented at
Cassel, Jan. 1, 1845, afterwards in Berlin,
Spohr conducting. Published by J. Schu-
berth (Leipsic, 1845).— Sjaohr, Autobiogra-
phy, ii. 261 ; Neue Zeitschrift fiir Musik
(•24), 73.
KRIEGER, ADAM,
Neumark, Jan. 7,
1634, died in Dres-
den, June 30, 1666.
Organist, pupil of
Samuel Scheldt at
Halle, and of Schiitz
in Dresden, where
he became court or-
ganist in or after
1657. His only
known work, published after his death, bears
the following title : Herru Adam Krieger's,
Churf. Durchl. zu Sacbsen, etc., wohlbestalt
gewesenen Cammer und Hofmusici, Neue
Alien in 5 Zehen eingetheilet, von Finer,
Zwo, Drey und Fiinf Vocal-Stimmen, etc.
(Dresden, 1667). Gerber says he published
Aiie fiir 2 Discantstimmen, uebst eiuem
born
Driesen
Eitorn. von 2 Violen (Leipsic, 1656). Some
of his chorals continue in use. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., xvii. 164 ; Gerber, 769 ; Mendel ;
N. Zeitschr. f. Mus. (1849), 205, 213 ; Fiirst-
enau, Zur Gesch. der Mus. am Hofe zu
Dresden, i. 153.
KRIEGER, JOHANN, born at Nurem-
berg, Jan. 1, 1652, died at Zittau, July
18, 1736. Organist and church composer,
brother and pupil of Philii^p Krieger, whom
he succeeded at Baireuth iu 1672 ; about
l(i77 he went to live at Nuremberg, and iu
1678, became Kapellmeister at Greiz, in
1681 at Eisenberg, and in the same year
music director and organist at Zittau.
Works : Masses ; Motets ; Chorals ; Musika-
lische Ergetzlichkeiten, arias for 5-9 voices
(1684) ; Musikalische Partieu, dance music
for pianoforte (1697) ; Anmuthige Clavier-
iibungen, preludes, fugues, etc. (1699).
— Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 459 ; Fetis ; Ger-
ber ; Schilling.
KRIEGER, (JOHANN) PHILIPP, born
at Nuremberg, Feb. 26, 1649, died at Weis-
senfels, Feb. 6, 1725. Organist and dra-
matic composer, puj^il of J. Drechsel on the
harpsichord, and of Gabriel Schiitz on sev-
eral other instruments, then about 166G at
Copenhagen pupil and for five years assist-
ant of the court organist J. Schroter, and
pupil in comjjositiou of Georg Furster.
He ai^peared as harpsichord player in Nu-
remberg with success ; became court organ-
ist in Baireuth, went to Italy in 1672, and
studied under Rosenmiiller and Rovetta in
Venice, and Abbatini and Bernardo Pasquini
in Rome. On his return to Baireuth he
resumed his former occupation, and was
loaded with favours by the Emperor Leopold
I., while visiting Vienna. He lived after-
wards in Cassel as Kapellmeister and in
Halle as court organist, and finally became
Hof-Kapellmeister to the Duke of Sase-
Weisseufels. His ojjeras were given at dif-
ferent courts. Der Wettstreit der Treue,
and Hercules (2 parts), were produced in
Hamburg, in 1694. Other works : 24 sona-
tas for 2 violins and bass (1687) ; Musika-
KRIEGK
lischer Seelenfriede, 20 sacred arias, with 1
violin and bass (1G97) ; Lustige Feldmusik, I
for 4 wind instru-
ments;etc. — Allgem.
d. Biogr., xvii.
458 ; F.'tis ; Ger-
b e r ; Mendel;
Schilling ; Mattbeson, Ehreupforte.
KEIEGK, J. J., bom at Bebra, near
Merseburg, June 25, 1750, died at Mein-
ingen in 1813. Violinist and virtuoso on
the violoncello ; vs-as a singer and violinist
at the court of Meiningen when twelve
years old ; at the age of nineteen entered
the service of the Landgrave of Hesse-
Philippsthal, with whom he went twice to
Holland, and in 1773 became first violinist
at the opera, Amsterdam. In 1774 he went
to Paris with the Marquis de Taillefer, be-
came a pupil of Duport the younger on the
violoncello, appeared at concerts, and was
violoncellist to the Prince de Laval-Mont-
moreucy for four years. On his return to
Meiningen he was made chamber musician,
and in 1798 Conzertmeister. He composed
concertos and sonatas for violoncello. — Men-
del ; Gerber ; Schilling.
KRIFFT, WILLIAM DE, born in Eng-
land in 17G5, died (?). Amateur pianist, pu-
pil of Clementi. He appeared in public
with success in 1791 at Coblentz, where he
produced a symphony of his own composi-
tion. He lived in London from 1793. He
published symphonies, sonatas with and
without accompaniment, and a Stabat Mater
with orchesti'al accompaniment. — Mendel ;
Gerber; Fctis.
KRIGAR, (JULIUS) HERilANN, born
in Berlin, April 3, 1819, died there, Sejit.
5, 1880. Pianist, fii-st studied painting,
but in 1843 adopted music as a profession.
He went to Leipsic, became a pupil of ^Xlen-
delssohn, Schumann, Hauptmann, Fink,
and Knorr ; returned to Berlin in 1845, to
teach music, and to write for musical periodi-
cals. In 1852 he founded a singing society,
and in 1854-57 con-
'h CL.^'^ ducted the Neue
■^/P j/y ' Berliner Leiderta-
f^J> »/^il^^^a.r-: fel, for which he
^^ wrote many chorus-
es for men's voices.
In 1857 he was appointed royal music di-
rector, and later member of the Royal Musi-
cal Experts' Society. He composed music
for plays, motets, psalms, songs for one or
more voices, pianoforte music. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., xvii. 171 ; Fc-tis, SuppK-raent, ii. 51 ;
MendeL
KRILLE, GOTTLOB AUGUST, born at
Wehlen, Saxonj', in 1778, died in Dresden,
Oct. 14, 1813. Church composer, cantor,
and director of the Kreuzkirche, Dresden.
He composed many cantatas, motets, and
other vocal music, which were much es-
teemed for their flowing style. — Mendel.
KROGULSKI, JiJZEF," born at Tar-
now, Galicia, in 1817, died at Warsaw, Jan.
9, 1842. Church composer, pupil of his
father and of Joseph Eisner ; appeared in
public in Warsaw, in 1825, with great suc-
cess. He became choir director of the
Piarist church, and in 1839 vocal instructor
at the convent of the Sisters of Charity.
Works : 10 Polish masses, for 2-4 voices,
some with organ and instrumental ac-
companiment ; Requiem ; Psalm cxxxii. ;
Passion oratorio for Good Friday ; 2 can-
tatas ; 3 hymns ; Sonatas, quartets, varia-
tions for i^ianoforte, etc. ; Zbii'ir spiewuw
koScielnych, a collection of church music.
— Fi'tis ; Mendel ; Sowinski, 345.
I KROLL, FRANZ, born at Bromberg,
jJune 22, 1820, died in Berhn, May 28,
1 1877. Pianist, pupil of Liszt in Weimar
and Paris ; settled in Berlin in 1849, to
teach music, and was instructor at Stern's
Conservatorium in 18G3-G4. He is less
[known as a composer than through his
critical editions of Bach's Wohltemper-
irtes Clavier, Bach's chromatic fantasia, Mo-
zart's fantasias for pianoforte, and other
KKOLLMANN
works. — Mendel; Eiemaun ; Fetis, Suj)j)le-
meiit, ii. 52.
KROLLMANN, ANTON, born at Seu-
Hngen, near Guttingeu, June 3, 1798, died
(?). Flutist, 2>npil of Lis father, who was a
town musician ; then pupil of HOnecke at
Celle. He appeared with great success at
concerts in Hanover, Brunswick, Oldenburg,
and the Rhenish jirovinces ; was appointed
bandmaster of the Body Guards in Han-
over in 1829, and was a well-known teacher.
He published music for jiianoforte, flute,
and other instruments. — Mendel ; Schil-
ling ; Fetis.
KROMJMER, FRANZ, born at Kamenitz,
Moravia, May 17,
1760, died in Vi-
enna, Jan. 8, 1831.
Violinist, pupil of
his uncle, who was
choirmaster at
Turas, Hungary;
was organist there
in 1776-84. Hebe-
c a ra e violinist to
Count Ayrum at ^— ----^
Simontornya, Hungary, and later director
to the same ; was choir director at Fiinf-
kirchen, Kajjellnieister of the Karoly Regi-
ment, then to Prince Grassalkovics, witli
whom he went to Vienna, and in ISli be-
came court Kaj^ellmeister. Works : Mass
for i voices, with orchestra ; 5 symphonies
for full orchestra, op. 12, 40, 62, 102, 105 ;
5 concertos for violin ; 2 do. for clarinet ;
18 quintets for strings ; 7 do. for flutes ; G9
quartets for strings ; C do. for flutes ; 2 do.
for clarinets ; Trio for strings ; Symphonies
concertantes for various instruments. — All-
gem, d. Biogr., xvii. 188 ; Dlabacz ; Fetis ;
Gerber ; Mendel ; Riehl, Mus. Charakter-
kfipfe, iii. 129 ; Wurzbach.
KRUFFT, NICOLAUS, Freiherr VON,
born in Vienna, Feb. 1, 1779, died there,
April 16, 1818. Pianist, i^recocious mu-
sical genius, first instructed by his mother,
an accomplished pianist ; while still very
young he could play Haydn's music from
memory, after once hearing it. He was
subsequently a pupil of Albrechtsberger.
Compelled by his family to study law and
enter the State service, he gave up all his
spare time and his nights to musical com-
position, but this arduous life broke his
health and he died young. He published
string quartets, sonatas for pianoforte with
and without accomjjanimeut, 24 fugues and
preludes for pianoforte, variations, and
more than 100 songs, some for 4 voices
with chorus, etc. — Blendel ; Schilling ; Wurz-
bach ; Fotis.
KEUG, ARNOLD, born in Hamburg,
Oct. 16, 1849, still living, 1889. Pianist,
son and pupil of Dietrich Krug, and pupil
of Gurlitt ; also, in 1868, at the Leipsic Con-
servatorium, in 1869 of Reinecke, and in
1871, in Berlin, of Kiel and of Ed. Frank.
Mozart prize, Frankfort, 18G9 ; Meyerbeer
prize, Berlin, 1877. He was in Italy and
France in 1877-78, then settled in Ham-
burg, where he founded a singing society,
and in 1885 became professor at the Con-
servatorium and conductor of the Singaka-
demie at Altoua. Works : Der Tod Rizzio's,
opera ; Overture, for orchestra ; Symphony
for do., op. 9 ; Italienische Reiseskizzen,
for violin and string orchestra, op. 12 ;
Liebesnovelle, idyl for string orchestra
and harp, op. 14 ; Trio for pianoforte, vio-
lin, and violoncello, oj^. 1 ; La regine Avril-
louse, for female chorus, with orchestra, op.
10 ; Nomadenzug, for male chorus with or-
chestra, op. 11 ; Der Abend, for mixed
chorus with orchestra, op. 15 ; Ich harre
des Herrn, for chorus a ca252)ella, op. 6 ; 5
songs for mixed chorus, op. 7 ; Quartet for
pianoforte and strings, op. 16 ; Several
pieces for pianoforte, and many songs. — Fe-
tis. Supplement, ii. 52 ; Riemann ; Mus.
Wochenblatt, vi. 291, 494 ; vii. 628 ; ix.
492, 502 ; xi. 359.
KRUG, DIETRICH, born in Hamburg
in 1821, died there, April 7, 1880, Pianist,
pupil of Jacob Schmitt. He published
about 350 compositions for the pianoforte ;
his principal work is a method in four parts,
KRTJG
with very prtictical melodious studies.
— Mendel ; Fi-tis, Supplement, ii. 52.
IvKUG, FRIEDRICH, born in Cassel,
July 5, 1812, still living, 1889. Baritone
singer, and dramatic composer ; appeared
with success ou the German stage, and
while in Carlsruhe was ajipointed, in 1849,
court music director ; became chorus-mas-
ter at the court theatre, and conductor of '
the Liederhalle Singing Society. Works
— Operas : Die Marquise, given at Cas.sel,
1813 ; Meister Martin der Kiifer und seine
Gesellen, Carlsruhe, 1845 ; Der Nacht- 1
wachter, Mannheim, 1816 ; Songs and cho- <
ruses for male voices. — Fetis ; Mendel. '
KRUG, GUSTAV, born in Berlin in 1810, '
still living, 1889. Pianist, pupil of Lud-
wig Berger. He studied law, and in 1815
was appointed Ober-Landsgerichtsrath of ]
Naumburg. He comijosed quartets and •
trios for pianoforte and strings, quartets for
strings, duo for pianoforte and violin (prize
of the Norddeutseher Musikverein, 1813) ;
Sonatas, etc. — Mendel ; Futis ; do., Supj)le-
ment, ii. 52.
KRUGER, WILHELM, born at Stutt-
gart in 1820, died there, June 20, 1883.
Pianist, pupil of Lindpaintuer, then studied
for two years in Paris under the patronage
of the King of Wiirtemberg, and remained
two years longer, teaching the pianoforte
and playing at concerts. On his return he
became court pianist and travelled through
Germany in 1810, lived in Berlin a year,
and was a pupil of Dchn in counterpoint.
After a long stay in Stuttgart he returned
to Paris, where he held an important posi-
tion as teacher in 1845, visiting Germany
yearly in 1851-1871 ; finally returned to
Stuttgai-t at the outbreak of the Franco-
Prussian war, and was apj^ointed professor
of pianoforte in the royal Conservatorium.
He composed many pianoforte pieces in
salon style, some of which have become <
widely known. — Mendel; Fetis ; Weitz-
mann, Geschichte des CLv-ierspiels, 138.
KRUilPHOLZ, JOHANN BAPTIST, i
born at Zlonitz, near Prague, about 1745,
died in Paris, Feb. 19, 1790. Harpist,
pupil of his father, who was bandmaster in
a French regiment in Paris ; appeared in
concerts in Vienna in 1772 ; was a member
of Prince Eszterhiizy's orchestra at Eszter-
haz in 1773-7G, at the same time studying
composition under Haydn. After a concert
torn- through Germany, he settled in Paris
as teacher and virtuoso. He drowned him-
self in the Seine from grief at the infidel-
ity of his wife, who had become by his in-
struction a finer player even than himself.
Works : 6 concertos, 52 sonatas, duets, pre-
ludes, and variations for the harp ; Quartet
for harji anel stringed instruments ; Sym-
phony for harp, violins, flute, horns, violon-
cello, and other instruments. — Futis; Gerber;
Mendel ; Riemann ; Schilling ; Wurzbach.
KUCHARZ (Kuchori), JOHAXN B.VP-
TIST, born at Chotecz, Bohemia, March 5,
1751, died in Prague, Feb. 18, 1829. Or-
ganist, pupil at the Jesuit College at KOnig-
gi'iitz, and the Jesuit Seminary at Gitschiu,
where he was organist ; then of the organist
Seeger in Prague. He was successively or-
ganist of St. Heinrichskirche and of the
monaster}' of Strahow, and conductor at the
opera, Prague, in 1791-1800. He was a
finished artist on the pianoforte, the man-
dolin, and harmonica. Works : 3 cantatas
(1807-8) ; 2 concertos, and other music for
organ ; Sonatas for i^ianoforte ; Several com-
positions for mandoUn, and harmonica.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 284 ; Dlabacz ;
Wurzbach ; Frtis.
KUCHLER, JOHANN, German coin-
poser of the 18 th century. Bassoon vir-
tuoso, member of the Elector of Cologne's
orchestra at Bonn in 1780, and ten years
later of the ducal orchestra at Mainz. Ho
played in Paris at the Concerts Spirituels
with great success. He published many
symphonies, quartets, concertos, and duets.
The ojiera Azakia is credited to him in the
Calendrier des theatres de Gotha (1782).
— Mendel ; Fetis.
KUCKEN, FRIEDRICH W I L H E L M ,
born at Bleckede, Hanover, Nov. IG,
400
KUDELSKI
1810, died at Schwerin, April 3, 1882. Vocal
composer, puj)!! of Liihrss, Ai'ou, aud
Rettberg iu Schwerin,
where he played in
the duke's orchestra ;
studied under Biru-
bach in Berhn in 1832,
under Sechter in Vi-
enna in 1841, and un-
der Halevy aud Bor-
dogni iu Paris in 1843.
He was Kapellmeister
in Stuttgart iu 1851
-CI, the first five years jointly with Lind-
jiaintncr ; resigned in 18G1, and retired to
Schwerin. He was judge of a competition
in Strasburg in 1863, with Abt aud Berlioz,
and met with a most enthusiastic recejjtion.
His songs were immensely popular with the
masses, but found little favour with musi-
cians. Works: Die Flucht nach der Schweiz,
opera, given in Berlin, 1839 ; Der Prilten-
deut, Stuttgart, 1847 ; Sonatas for pianoforte
aud violin, and for pianoforte aud violon-
cello ; Quartets for male voices ; Many songs
and duets. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 290 ;
Jlendel ; Neumann, Biogr. (Baldc, Cassel) ;
Schilling, Supplement, 24G ; Eiemann.
KUDELSKI, KARL MATTHIAS, born
in Berlin, Nov. 7, 1805, died at Baden-Ba-
den, Oct. 3, 1877. Violinist, pupil of Edu-
ard Ritz aud of Lafont, and in composition
of Urban ; for several years first violin in
the orchestra of the KOnigstadtisches The-
ater, he joined the quartet in Dorpat, 1830,
and iu 1839 became Kapellmeister to a Rus-
sian nobleman, and in 1841 Conzertmeis-
ter and director of the Imperial Theatre in
Moscow. Ho was jjensioned in 1851, and
lived subsequently in Hamburg. He pub-
lished concertos for violin and violoncello ;
duets for violins aud for violin and violon-
cello ; sonatas for violin and pianoforte,
etc., and a treatise on harmony (Hamburg,
1865).— Mendel ; Sowinski, 350.
KUTFERATH, HUBERT FERDINAND,
born at Miihlheim, June 10, 1808, still living,
1889. Pianist, brother and pujjil of Johann
Hermann Kuiiferath ; pupil of Hartmann in
Cologne, of Schneider in Dessau (1833-36),
aud of Mendelssohn aud David in Lcipsic.
He was director of the Milnnergesangvereiu
at Cologne in 1841-44, settled iu Brus-sels
iu 1844, and became professor at the Con-
servatoire in 1872. Works : Symphonies ;
Concertos and other music for pianoforte ;
Songs. — Mendel ; Fetis ; Riemann. '
KUFFERATH, JOHANN HERINIANN,
born at Miilheim-on-the-Ruhr, Prussia, May
12, 1797, died at Wiesbaden, July 28, 1864.
Violinist, pupil of his father and of Alex-
ander, and later of Hauptmann and Spohr
at Cassel. He was music director in Biele-
feld in 1823, and in 1830 city music director
of Utrecht, where he was also vocal instruc-
tor at the music school, and conducted sev-
eral societies ; retired to Wiesbaden in
1862. Works : Jubelcantate for the 200th
anniversary of the Academy of Utrecht, and
other cantatas for special occasions ; Over-
tures, motets, etc. In 1836 he received a
prize from the Music Society of the Nether-
lands for his Manuel de chant, for the use
of schools. — Fetis; Gregoir, Biog., 113;
Eiemann ; Viotta.
KUFFERATH, LOUIS, born at Miihl-
heim, Prussia, Nov. 10, 1811, died near Brus-
sels, March 2, 1882. Pianist, brother and pu-
pil of Johann Hermann Kufferath, and pupil
of Friedrich Schneider at Dessau. He was
director of the music school at Leeuwarden
iu 1886 ; conducted the Euphonia-Crescen-
do aud Tot nut van t'algemeen, and found-
ed the Groote Zang vereeniging ; went to
Ghent in 1850, aud was appointed director
of the Societe Royale des Choeurs. Works :
Artevelde, cantata ; Mass, for 4 voices, with
organ and orchestra ; 250 canons ; Choruses
for men's voices ; Compositions for piano-
forte ; Organ preludes ; Chamber mu.sic ;
Songs, etc. — Gregoir, Biog., 113 ; Fetis,
Supplement, ii. 53 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 200 ;
Riemann ; Viotta.
KUFFNER, JOHANN JACOB PAUL,
born at Nuremberg in 1713, died at Ratis-
bon, June 12, 1786. Organist and j^ianist ;
401
KUFFNER
at first organist of the Walpurgiskirche in
liis native citj-, Le entered, in 1750, the ser-
vice of the Prince of Thurn und Taxis at
Ratisbou. He published sonatas and other
music for pianoforte. His concertos for pi-
anoforte, which were especially esteemed,
remain in MS. — Futis ; Gerber ; Schilling,
iv. 25.
KUFFNER, JOSEPH, born at Wurzburg,
March 31, 177G, died there Sept, 8, 1856.
Instrumental composer, son and pupil of
Wilhelm Joseph Kiiffner ; studied the violin
under Ludwig Schmitt, and composition
under FrOhlich. He was attached to the
court orchestra of Wiu-zburg in 1797, and
became court musician in 1801. When
Wiirzburg became part of Bavaria, in 1802,
he lost his place, and accepted the office of
a military music director. Then Wiirzburg
being erected into a duchy, he was cham-
ber musician until 1814, when Bavaria
again took possession and he was j'cn-
sioued, and thenceforth devoted himself to
composition. Works : Sporn and Schilrpe,
opera, given at Wiirzburg ; Der Cornet, do.,
ib. ; 7 symphonies ; 10 overtures ; Military
music ; Quartets for strings ; Flute duets
and trios ; Clarinet duets ; Fantasia for
violin and orchestra ; Music for guitar, and
for wind instruments ; Sonatas and duets
for pianoforte and violin ; etc. — Fctis ; Men-
del ; Schilling ; do., Supplement, 248.
KUFFNEE, WILHELM JOSEPH, born
at Kalmiinz, near Ratisbou, in 1738, died
in England in 1798. Pianist, son and pupil
of Johaun Jacob Paul Kiiffner. He was
chamber musician to Prince von Palm, in
Vienna, 1758 ; then Kapellmeister to the
Prince Bishop of Wiirzburg, but resigned
to visit Pai'is, in 1786. In 1793 he went to
London, and became celebrated as a pianist.
His string quartets and sonatas for piano-
forte were published in Paris and London.
— Fetis ; Gerber ; Mendel ; Schilling.
KUGLER, FRANZ (THEODOR), born
at Stettin, Jan. 19, 1808, died in Berhn,
March 18, 1858. The famous art liistorian ;
studied music under Karl Loewe. His
music to Lindane was performed with suc-
cess. His Skizzenbuch (Berlin, 1830) is a
collection of poems, musical compositions,
and sketches. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 307 ;
Mendel.
KUHE, WILHELM, born in Prague,
Dec. 10, 1823, still
living, 1889, in Lon-
don. Pianist, pupil
of Tomaschek. He
exhibited a j)reco-
cious taste for mu-
sic, and at the age
of four picked out
Paganiui's melodies
on thepianoforte
from memory. He
lived in Upper Aus-
tria, in 1843-44,
studying music ; made his first public ap-
pearance at Liuz, and then at Salzburg,
Innsbruck, Augsburg, Munich, and Stutt-
gart, with great success. In 1845 he ac-
companied Pischek to England, where he
has since resided, latterly as a teacher and
conductor at Brighton. Among his numer-
ous salon pieces, Le feu follet, and a few
others, became favourites of the amateur pi-
anist. He has published also many tran-
scriptions, songs, etc. — Mendel, Slovnik
naucny (Prague, 1859), iv. 1044 ; Wurzbach.
KUHLAU, FRIEDRICH, born at Uelzen,
Hanover, Sept. 11,
1786, died in Co-
penhagen, March
12, 1832. Dra-
matic composer,
pupil of Schwenke
in Hamburg ; went
to Copenhagen in
1810 to escape
the French con-
scription, and be-
came violinist in
the royal orchestra and won reputation as a
pianist. His success in raising the standard
of national Danish opera led to his appoint-
ment in 1829 as court composer, with the
402
KtJIIMSTEDT
title of professor ; he retired to Lyugby,
where grief over the loss of many valu-
able mauuseripts iu a fire, 1830, uuder-
mined his health, causing a premature
death. Works — Operas : KOverborgeu, given
in 181-4 ; Trylleharpeu, 181G ; Ehsa, 1819 ;
Lulu, 1824 ; Hugo og Adelheid, 1827 ; Mu-
sic to Heiberg's drama Elverhui, 1828 ;
Choruses for male voices ; 12 comic canons
for 3 men's voices ; 3 quintets for flute and
strings, op. 51 ; Quartet for flutes, op. 103 ;
Trios for flutes, op. 13, 8G ; Trio for 2 flutes
and pianoforte, op. 119 ; 3 duos for flute
and pianoforte, op. 110 ; Sonatas for do., op.
64, C9, 71, 83, 85 ; Divertissements, varia-
tions, etc., for do. ; Duos for flutes, op. 10,
39, 80, 81, 87, 102 ; Quartets for pianoforte
and strings, op. 32, 50, 108 ; Sonatas for
do., op. G, 33, 74, 88 ; Concerto for piano-
forte, op. 7 ; Sonatas for do., op. 52, GG,
127, etc.— Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 320;
Oversliou, Den danske Skueplads, iv.-v. (Co-
penhagen, 18G2-G4) ; Thrane, Fr. Kuhlau
(Leipsic, 188G).
KUHI\ISTEDT, FRIEDEICH, born at
Oldisleben, Saxe-Weimar, Dec. 20, 1809,
died at Eisenach, Jan. 10, 1858. Although
destined for the church by his parents, he
left the University of Weimar and went to
Darmstadt, where for three years he was a
pupil of Rinck. He taught music iu Wei-
mar, and iu 183G became instructor in the
seminary at Eisenach, and afterwards di-
rector of music and professor. Works : Die
Verklilrung des Herrn, oratorio ; Die Pfade
zur Gottheit, do. ; Die SchlaugenkOuigin,
opera ; Mass with orchestra ; Motets, and
other church music ; 2 ballads with chorus
and orchestra ; 3 symphonies ; Overtures ;
Fugues and preludes for the organ ; Concer-
tos, rondos, etc., for pianoforte ; Gradus ad
Parnassum ; Theoretisch-practische Har-
monic- und Ausweichuugslehre (1838) ;
Kunst des Vorspiels fiir Orgel. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., xvii. 332 ; Mendel ; Fetis ; Schilling ;
Supplement, 253.
KUHN, JOSEPH KARL, born at Elbing,
Prussia, April 20, 1803, still living, 1889 (?).
Instrumental and vocal composer, pupil of
Urban. He travelled as pianist through
Germany in 1825, taught music in Breslau
three years, and, after living a while at Neisse,
founded at Liegnitz a public singing school.
Works : 3 operas ; Te Deum, with orches-
tra, and other church music ; 2 symiihouies,
several overtures, and fantasias for orches-
tra ; Concertos, caprices, etc., for oboe, and
for bassoon ; Quartets, sonatas, rondos, for
pianoforte ; Songs, etc. — Fetis ; Mendel.
KUHNAU, JOHANN, born at Geysing,
Saxony, in April, 1G67, died iu Leipsic,
June 25, 1722. Organist and harpsichord
player, one of the greatest musicians and
most learned men of his time ; pupil at the
Kreuzschule, Dresden, of Alexander Hering
and of Vincenzo Albrici, under whom he
also studied Italian. He then studied un-
der Musikdirektor Edelmann at the Gym-
nasium of Zittau, where the composition of
a motet for the election of the town coun-
cil procured him the position of cantor. In
1682 he went to Leipsic to study at the
university, and in 1684 succeeded Kiihnel
as organist at the Thomaskirche. At this
time he took up the study of law, of mathe-
matics, of philology, and other studies, and
afterwards practised law. In 1700 he was
elected Musikdirektor of the university and
of two of the principal churches, and Cantor
of the Thomasschule in 1701, when he gave
up his law practice, and devoted himself
entirely to music. He was distinguished
as a translator from the Greek, Hebrew,
Latin, Italian, and French, and as a satiri-
cal writer. As a com^joser for the piano-
forte he ranks very high, and was the first
to give the sonata its name and form in
several movements ; his fugues continued
as models even after Bach had given this
form its highest perfection. Bach was his
successor at the Thomasschule. Works :
Neue Clavier-Uebung, 2 collections of 7
suites each (Leipsic, 1689, 1695) ; Frische
Clavierfriichte oder sieben Suonaten von
guter Invention (169G) ; Musikalische Vor-
stellung einiger biblischer Historien in
403
KUHNAU
secbs Sonaten (1700). His writings com-
prise : Jura circa musicos ecclesiasticos
(Leipsic, 1688) ; Der musikalische Quack-
salber, a satirical romance directed against
Italian music then in favour at the court of
Saxony (Dresden, 1700). Other works in
MS. : Tractatus de monochordo ; Introductio
ad compositionem musicalem ; Disputatio
de Triade harmonica. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
xvii. 313 ; Fctis ; Gerber ; Mattheson, Eh-
reupforte, 153 ; Spitta, Bach, i. 232 ; ii. 26,
162.
KUHNAU, JOHANN CHRISTOPH, born
at Volkstiidt, near Eisleben, Feb. 10, 1735,
died in Berlin, Oct. 13, 1805. Vocal com-
poser, studied music at Magdeburg, became
professor in the normal school, Berlin, where
he founded a singing school, which was
considered one of the best in Germany.
When thirty years old he studied the haii)-
sichord and composition under Kirnberger.
He was appointed Musikdirektor and Can-
tor of Trinity Church in 1788. He com-
posed cantatas, chorals, preludes for organ,
and published a collection of chorals for
four voices, entitled : Vierstimmige alte und
neue Chor'algesange, mit Provincial-Abwei-
chungen (Berlin, 1786-90). This, which
was considered his best work, went through
many editions. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 346 ;
Fetis ; Gerber ; Mendel ; Schilling.
KUHNE, JEREMIAS NICOLAUS, bom
at Erfurt, May 1, 1807, still living, 1880 (>).
Organist, first instructed by his father on
the flute and violin, then pupil of Gebhardi
on the pianoforte, and, at the teachers' sem-
inary, of M. G. Fischer ; became organist
of St. Andrew's Church, and in 1827 in-
structor at the Predigerschulc ; went as
Cantor and organist to Gebesen in 1828,
and was finally Musikdirektor at Corbach,
Waldeck. He published church music, or-
gan, pianoforte, and violin pieces, dances,
songs, and choruses. — Mendel ; Fetis.
KUHNEL, AUGUST, born in Delmen-
horst, Aug. 3, 1645, died about 1700. Vir-
tuoso on the viol da gamba, pupil of Stef-
fani. He was Kapellmeister in Cassel in
1695-1700. His compositions, which were
left to the Museum of Cassel, consist of so-
natas or divertissements for one or two viole
da gamba with basso continuo (Cassel, 1698).
— Gerber ; Schilling ; Fctis.
KUHNER, JOHANN WILHEL:\I, bom
in Stuttgart, Nov. 17, 1812, still hving, 1889.
Flutist, pupil of his uncle Beck, who was
Kapellmeister of a regiment. At the age
of fourteen he was flutist in the brigade
music corps ; during a furlough was a pu-
pil of Liud2)aintner, and of Seyfried in Vi-
enna, and soon after his retui-n to his regi-
ment was appointed leader of the first
infantry brigade band, Stuttgart. Few of
his compositions, which consist of arrange-
ments for military baud, symphonies,
dances, etc., and the ballet, Majah, were
published. — Mendel.
KUL See Cui.
KULENKAIVIP, GEOEG KARL, born at
Witzcnhausen, Hesse-Cassel, May 19, 1799,
died (?). Pianist, mostly self-taught, but
studied composition under Grossheim in
Cassel. He taught music in GOttiugen
while attending the lectures at the univer-
sity for five years, and became so well
known as a teacher that he remained there
in that caixacity. He comijosed overtures,
quintets, etc., pianoforte music, hymns, and
songs. — Mendel ; Schilling ; Fetis.
KULLAK, ADOLPH, bom at Meseritz,
Posen, Feb. 23, 1823, died in Berlin, Dec.
25, 1862. Pianist and didactic writer,
brother of Theodor Kullak, pupil of Agthe
and Marx while studying in the University
of Berlin ; after taking the degree of Doc-
tor of Philosophy he devoted himself to
scientific and aesthetic studies. He after-
wards taught music at his brother's acad-
emy. He comjiosed pianoforte music,
mostly salon pieces, and songs. He pub-
lished Das Musikalisch-Schone (1858), and
Aesthetik des Klavierspiels (1861, 1876).
— Mendel ; Fetis.
KULLAK, FRANZ, bom in- Beriin in
1842, still living, 1889. Pianist, son and
pupil of Theodor Kullak, and pupil of
404
KULLAK
Wieprecbt in 1858-59 iu instrumentation ;
for a short time also pupil of Liszt at Wei-
mar. Iu 18G7 be became professor of pi-
anoforte and director of the orchestra class
iu the Academy, established by his father.
He composed sougs, pianoforte music, and
an opera, Iiies de Castro. — Mendel ; Fetis,
Suijplement, ii. 53.
KULLAK, THEODOR, boru at Kroto-
schiu, Posen, Sept.
12, 1818, died iu
Berlin, March 1,
1882. Pianist, jjupil
of Albert Agthe,
Dehu, and in Vienna
(1812) of Sechter,
Nicolai, and Czeruy.
After a successful
concert tour through
Austria he became
musical instructor, in
Berlin, to the princes and princesses of the
royal family, and in 181(j was appointed
court composer to the King of Prussia.
He founded with Stern and Marx a Con-
servatorium in 1850, and, retiring from the
management in 1855, established the Neue
Akademie der Tonkuust, which iu 1880 had
a hundred teachers and more than a thou-
sand pupils. He was not only an excellent
pianist, but a teacher of the first rank.
Works : Concerto for pianoforte and or-
chestra, op. 55 ; Trio for pianoforte and
strings, op. 77 ; 3 duos for pianoforte and
violin, op. 57 (with Richard Wiierst) ; An-
dante, with violin or clarinet ; Symphonie
de piano, op. 27 ; Sonata, op. 7 ; Many salon
pieces, paraphrases, fantasias, etc. ; Selnile
des Oktavenspiels, op. 18 ; Songs, op. 1 and
10.— AUgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 3G1 ; Mendel ;
Riemann, 192 ; Futis, Supplement, ii. 53.
KUMMER, FRIEDRICH AUGUST, born
in Meiningeu, Aug. 5, 1797, died in Dres-
den, May 22, 1879. Violoncellist, pupil of
Dotzauer iu Dresden ; learned also the
oboe, and was made a member of the court
orchestra in 1811, but returned to his first
instrument in 1817. He made jjrofessional i
tours in Germany and Italy, and having
celebrated, iu 1861, the fiftieth anniversary
of his appointment in
the Dresden orches-
tra, he retired on a
25ension. Among his
pupils were Coss-
mann in Wiesbaden,
Hausmann in Lon-
don, and Goltermann
in Stuttgart. Works :
Concertos for vio-
loncello, op. 18 ; Concertino for do., with
orchestra or quartet, op. 16; Divertisse-
ments, fantasias, and variations for violon-
cello ; Concert pieces for oboe, clarinet,
horn, trumpet, etc. ; About 200 entr'actes
for the Dresden Theatre. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., xvii. 369 ; Fc'tis ; Mendel.
KU:\niER, GOTTHELF HEINRICH,
born at Neustadt, near Dresden, Jan. 23,
1774, died iu Dresden, Jan 28, 1857. Bas-
soon player, son and pupil of Gottfried
Kummer (1730-1812). He was first bas-
soon player in the Elector's Grenadier
Guard ; travelled iu 1798, playing with
great success in Stockholm and Copenha-
gen. In 1809 he became bassoonist in the
Electoral Chapel of Saxony, and retired in
1842. Works : 7 concertos for bassoon and
orchestra ; Airs varies for do. ; Trios and
duos for bassoons ; Concertos for violin,
with orchestra or quartet, and other violin
music. — Mendel ; Fetis.
KUMMER, KASPAR, born at Erlau,
Prussian Saxonj', Dec. 10, 1795, died at
Coburg, May 21, 1870. Virtuoso on the
flute, pupil of Neumeister, city musician at
Schleusingen, and of the Cantor Staps ; be-
came flutist in the ducal chapel, Coburg, in
1813, and afterwards Musikdirektor. He
published concertos, trios, duos, rondos,
variations, etudes, etc., for flute ; Quintets,
quartets, and trios for flute and strings ;
Cantatas and church music. — Mendel ; Fe-
tis.
KUNC, ALOYS MARTIN, born at Cinte-
gabelle (Haute-Garonne), France, Jan. 1,
405
KtNDINGER
1832, still living, 1889. Church composer ;
was a choir boy iu the Cathedral of Toulouse,
theu studied organ and composition under
Hommey while attending the Esquile Semi-
nar}', where he became a teacher in 1849.
He was organist of Notre Dame at Lom-
bez, in the diocese of Auch, in 1852-57, and
maitre de chapelle of the Cathedral of Auch
in 1857. He took part in the Congress held
iu Paris for the revival of the French choral
service, 18G0, and was sent in 1861, in this
behalf, to Home, where he was elected
member of the St. Cecilia Society. He was
appointed professor and maitre de chapelle
of the Jesuit College, Toulouse, and organist
of Saint-Aubiu, ib., iu 1863, organist and
maitre de chapelle of the Church of Jesus
iu 1865, and of the Cathedral of Toulouse
iu 1870 ; at the same time he became pro-
fessor at the Conservatoire and the Nor-
mal School. He received the orders of St.
Sylvester and of the Golden Spur from the
Pope in 1868, and obtained a prize from
Rome for some of his didactic works in
1870. Works : 2 masses ; 15 motets for
festivals ; 32 canticles to the Holy Virgin ;
Corona sacra, collection of 100 religious
pieces ; Chants de la milice du Pape ; Ecrin
de rOi'ganiste ; Pianoforte music ; Songs.
Among his didactic works are : Le plain-
chant liturgi(iuo dans I'archidiocc'se d'Auch
(1858) ; Memoire sur le nouveau chant li-
turgique de Toulouse (1860) ; Essai sur le
rhythme qui convieut au plain-chant (ib.) ;
L9 plain-chant romain et le nouveau chant
liturgique de Toulouse (1861). — Fetis ; do.,
Suppli'ment, ii. 54 ; Mendel.
KUNDINGER, AUGUST, born at Kit-
zingen, Bavaria, Feb. 13, 1827, still living,
1889. Violinist, son of Georg Kiindinger,
pupil of the court musician Horn, and the
court organist Ett in Munich, and in 1842
of BiJhm and Preyer at the Vienna Conser-
vatorium. In 1845 he travelled through
Germany as violinist, lived in Jena for two
vears, and in 1852 went to St. Petersburcr,
where he became violinist of the Imperial
orchestra. He composed concertos for vio-
lin, a symphony, overtures, mazurkas for
pianoforte, songs, etc. — Mendel ; Viotta.
KUNDINGEE, GEORG (WILHELM),
born at Konigshofen, Bavaria, Nov. 28,
1800, still living, 1889. Church composer,
studied singing, pianoforte, and organ in
the convent of Heilbrouu, and (1816) at the
teachers' seminary of Nuremberg, where he
was a pupil of the Cantor ZOsinger ; be-
came Cantor at Windsheim iu 1819, and
Cantor and organist at Kitzingeu in 1820.
He then studied theory under Frohlich and
Kiiftuer, at Wiirzburg, 1825-31, and often
apjDeared in concerts as a pianist there,
and at Nuremberg, Frankfort, etc. In 1831
he went as Cantor and Musikdirektor to
Nordlingen, and in 1838 to Nuremberg,
where he conducted several singing socie-
ties. He afterwards retired to Fiirth, where
he taught music. He composed church can-
tatas, hymns, etc., and instrumental music.
— Mendel ; Fetis.
KUNDINGER, RUDOLF, born at NOrd-
lingen, May 2, 1832, still living, 1889. Pi-
anist, son and pupil of Georg Kiiudiugor on
the pianoforte and organ, and of Bluniruder
in harmony and counterpoint ; went as
private tutor to St. Petersburg, where he
appeared in the concerts of the Imperial
Music Society, and in 1860 became instruc-
tor to the children of the Grand Duke Con-
stantino ; since then he has confined him-
self to instruction at the imperial court. In
1879-80 he was professor at the Conserva-
torium. Of his compositions only a trio
for pianoforte and strings, and some salon
pieces, have been published. — Mendel; Rie-
mann.
KUNKEL, FRANZ JOSEPH, born at
Dieburg, Hesse, Aug. 20, 1804, died at
Frankfort, Dec. 31, 1880. After learning
several instruments and studying compo-
sition, he became a school teacher at Hep-
penheim in 1824, rector of the Biirger-
schule at Beusheim in 1828, and from 1834
taught vocal music at the Gymnasium, and
later also at the Seminary there. He was
pensioned in 1854, and retired to Frank-
4U6
KUNST
fort. Works : Dev Tod Jesu, cantata ; Ger-
man mass ; Psalms and motets ; Choruses
and songs ; 12 choral preludes ; 9 festival
pieces, and many fugues for organ ; Kath-
olisches Choralbuch ; Musical articles and
pamphlets. — Mendel ; Fetis.
KUNST DER FUGE, DIE (The Art of
Fugue), for the clavier, by Johaun Sebastian
Bach, consisting of separate fugues, de-
veloped from the same theme through in-
tricate device.s of counterpoint and inver-
sion, and forming one large fugue. The
greater part was engraved under Bach's
supervision ; but, through the ignorance of
the editors, it was first published in much
disorder, many sketches, completed move-
ments, and two fugues for two claviers be-
ing interpolated by mistake. After their
excision the work contains 15 fugues and 4
canons ; but how Bach intended to com-
bine these is not known. The autograph is
in the Kuuigliche Bibliothek, Berlin. It
was published by Emanuel Bach's order
(Marburg, Berlin, 17.52), but only 30 copies
were jirinted, and on Sept. 14, 17G6, Bach
offered the GO plates for sale. The score
was edited by Carl Maria von Weber (Nii-
geli, Zurich, 1803) ; and by Czerny (Peters,
Leipsic, 1839). The latter contains the Ei-
cerca and the Thema regium from Bach's
Musikalisches Opfor, to which was prefixed
Moritz Hauptmann's Erliluterungen (pub-
lished separately by Peters, Leipsic, 1841).
An analysis of the Art of Fugue was read,
by James Higgs, before the Musical Asso-
ciation of London, and published in its
proceedings in 187G-77. An unfinished
clavier fugue of colossal dimensions, on
three themes, the last being the name
Bach, was published by mistake in the orig-
inal edition of the Art of Fugue. An
edition of the Kunst der Fuge, by Dr. Wil-
helm Rust, is published by the Bach-Gesell-
schaft, vol. XXV. (Leipsic, 1875). — Spitta,
Bach, ii. 671, G84 ; Poole, Bach, 116 ; Cil-
cilia (24), 17.
KUNTZ (Kunz), THOMAS ANTON,
born in Prague, Dec. 21, 1756, still living
there in 1830. Pianist, inventor of the
orchestrion and perfecter of the Bogen-
clavier, or flute-pianoforte. Works : Die
Bezauberten, opera, given in Prague, 1779 ;
Music to the drama Konig Wenzel ; Pyg-
malion, cantata (1781) ; Other operas, can-
tatas, several overtures ; Pianoforte music,
and many songs. — Gerber ; Wurzbach ; Fc-
tis ; Schilling.
KUNTZE, KARL, born in Treves, May
17, died at DeHtzsch, Sept. 7, 1883. Pian-
ist and organist, pupil of his fathei', and at
Magdeburg of A. Miihling ; then at the
Royal Institute for Church Music, Berlin,
pupil of A. W. Bach, Marx, and Rungen-
hagen. He became Cantor and organist at
Pritzwalk, and in 1852 was made royal Mu-
sikdirektor, in 1858 organist at Aschersle-
ben, and in 1873 musical instructor at the
seminary in Delitzsch. He conducted sev-
eral musical festivals, and was especially
popular as the composer of humorous and
comic quartets for male voices. Works :
Im Gebirge, operetta, given at Dessau,
1875 ; Motets, Ave Maria, and other church
music ; Overtures for full orchestra, and
for wind instruments ; Marches, dances, etc. ;
Many choruses, quartets, duets, and songs.
— Mendel ; Fc'tis, Supplement, ii. 54.
KUNZ, KONEAD ILiX, born at Schwan-
dorf, Bavaria, Dec. 30, 1812, died in Mu-
nich, Aug. 3, 1875. He studied music
while in the Gymnasium at Amberg ; and
while studying medicine subsequently, in
Munich, supported himself by teaching the
pianoforte, and became a pupil of Hart-
mann Stuntz. He conducted afterwards
several singing societies, among others the
Liedertafel, which he helped to found, and
for which he wrote a number of choruses
that became widely popular. His best
known work is a collection of 200 canons,
op. 14, a supplement to every pianoforte
method, which went through several Ger-
man and foreign editions. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., xvii. 399 ; Fetis ; Mendel.
KUNZEN, ADOLPH KARL, born at Wit-
tenberg, Sept. 22, 1720, died at Liibeck
407
KUKZEN
in 1781. Organist and harpsichord player,
son of Johauu Paul Kuuzeu, with whom he
made a concert tour to Holland and Eng-
land at the age of eight ; in London he was
a favourite of Dr. Pepusch. From 1729 he
lived in Hamburg, and nothing is known
of him until 1750, when he became Kapell-
meister at Schwerin. In 1757 he succeeded
to his fathers position as organist in LU-
beck. His hand having become useless
from pai-alysis in 1772, his pupil Kdnigs-
lowe was assigned him as adjunct. He
was greatly honoured as organist and pian-
ist. Works : Die gijttlicho Berufung des
Glaubens Abrahams, oratorio ; Passion
oratorio ; Symphonies ; 21 concertos for
violin ; 8 do. for flute ; G do. for oboe ;
Motets, cantatas, etc., none of which were
published. Much of this music is now in
the library of the Conservatoire, Brussels.
A few of his sonatas were published in
London, and some of his music is to be
found in Cramer's collection entitled Flora.
— Mendel ; Fetis ; Gerber ; Schilling ; Bur-
ucy, Hist., iv. ()52.
kUNZEX, FRIEDllICH LUDWIG
.15MILIUS, born in Liibeck, Sept. 24, 1701,
died in Copenhagen, Jan. 28, 1817. Dra-
matic composer, son and pupil of Adolph
Karl Kunzen ; studied harmony in Ham-
bui"g, and in 1784 entered the University
of Kiel. In 1787 he went to Copenhagen,
where he taught music and won success
with his first opera ; in 1790 he went to
Berlin, and with Keichardt founded the
Musikalisches Wochenblatt (1791), and Mu-
sikahsche Mouatsschrift (1792). For a short
time Kapellmeister of the theatres at Frank-
fort and at Prague, he became, in 1795,
court Kapelmester in Copenhagen. Royal
professor ; Order of Danebrog ; member of
Stockholm Academj'. Works — Oi^eras : Hol-
ger Danske (Oberon), given at Copenhagen,
1789 ; Das Fest der Winzer, oder die Wein-
lese, Prague, 1795 ; Hemmeligheden (The
Secret), Copenhagen, 179G ; Dragedukken,
ib., 1797 ; Jokeyen, ib., 1797 ; Erik Ejegad,
ib., 1798 ; Min bedstemoder, ib., 1799 ;
Ossian's Harfe (not given) ; Naturens Rost
(The Voice of Nature), ib., 1799 ; Hjemkom-
sten (Return home), ib., 1802 ; Husarerue
paa Frieri (The Hussars a-wooiug), 1813 ;
Music to the dramas Eropolis, 1803, Hussi-
terne, 1806, and Gyrithe, 1807. Oratorios
and cantatas : Die Auferstehung, 179G ; Das
Hallelujah der Schopfung, 1798 ; Der Ero-
berer und der Friedensfurst, 1802 ; Ti-auer-
cantata on the death of J. A. P. Schulz,
1800 ; Hymne auf Gott, 1800 ; Overtures,
pianoforte music, songs, etc. — AUgem. d.
Biogr., xvii. 403 ; Allgem. mus. Zeitg., xvii.
G5 ; xix. 185 ; Fetis ; Gerber ; Mendel; do.,
Ergiinz., 201 ; Schilhng.
KUNZEN, JOHANN PAUL, born at
Leisnig, Saxony, Aug. 30, 1G9G, died at Lii-
beck in 1770. Organist ; went to Torgau
when nine years old, then to Freiberg, and
finally to Leipsic (171G), where he taught
music to support himself, and through his
teachers llau and Kuhnau obtained lucra-
tive patronage and a position as violinist in
the theatre and concert orchestras ; he also
sang in opera and was assistant organist at
the Nicolai Church. In 1718 he became
Kapellmeister at Zerbst, but went to Wit-
tenberg in 1719, where he founded the
public concerts. In 1723 he went to Ham-
burg, and brought out some of his oi^eras,
travelled in Holland and England with his
eight year old son Adolph Karl in 1728-29,
and was organist in Liibeck in 1732-57.
Mattheson calls him one of the best com-
posers of his time, but his Passion music,
his vocal works, etc., were never published
and ai"e all forgotten. His oratorio, Belsa-
zar, was considered his best work. — Gerber ;
Schilling ; Mendel ; Fetis.
KUPSCH, KARL GUSTAV, born in
Berlin, Feb. 24, 1807, died at Naumburg,
July 30, 1846. Dramatic composer, pupil
of Berger on the pianoforte, of A. W. Bach
on the organ, of Ritz on the violin, of Be-
nelli in singing, and of Zelter and Bernhard
: Klein in composition ; became organist of
i the Werder Church, Berlin, in 1825, and
1 founded a music school on Logier's system.
40S
KURPIXSKI
After living in Leipsic and Dresden lie went j Le bonrgeoia gentilhomme, Terpsichore sur
to Liibeek as musical director of the Stadt-
theater ; tbence, in 1838, to Rotterdam as
director and professor of the Singing Acad-
emy, and orchestral conductor of the Eru-
ditio Musica concert societj'. Returning to
Germany in ISiu, he was musical director
la Vistule, Mars et Flore, etc. Masses ; Can-
tatas ; Symphonies ; Nocturnes ; Fugues ;
JIusic for strings, for pianoforte, and for
wind instruments. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Schil-
ling ; Sowiiiski, 3.53.
KURZINGER, PAUL, born at Wiirzbur"
of the theatre at Freiburg im Breisgau, and in 17G0, was living in Vienna in 1807. Dra-
in 181G at Nauniburg. He was Schumann's
teacher in theory for a short time. Works :
Fridolin, opera, about 1840 ; Music to Wal-
matic and church composer, sou and pupil
of Iguaz Franz Xaver Kiirzinger, who was
Kapellmeister at Mergentheini about 1750.
leustein's Tod, and to the ixantomime, Der Destined to the law by his father, he finally
Zauberkessel ; Pianoforte pieces ; Songs, adopted music as a profession, and became
—Mendel; Fi'tis.
KURPINSKI, KARL (KASIMIR), born
at Luschwitz, Posen, March 5, 1785, died
at Warsaw, Sept. IS, 1857. Dramatic com-
poser, entered the orchestra of the Starosty
Felix Polanowski in Galicia ; was made as-
sistant conductor at the National Theatre
violinist in the Elector's orchestra in Mu-
nich ; afterwards lived again at Wiirzburg,
but soon went to Ratisbon, where he entered
the service of the Prince of Thurn und
Taxis ; was called to Vienna by Joseph II.
and made director of music in a school iu
Vienna. Works : Die Griifin, opera, civen
in Warsaw about 1810 ; ajjpointed court iu Munich, 1773 ; Die Illumination, Vieni:
Kapellmeister to Emperor Alexander I. in
1819, and decorated with the order of St.
Stanislaus in 1823 ; he then visited Ger-
many, France, and Italy, to study the con-
dition of music iu those countries, returned
in 1824, and retired to private life iu 1841.
Works— Operas : Dwie Chatki (Two Huts),
1811 ; Palac Lucyfera (Lucifer's Palace),
1811 ; Martynowa w Seraju (^Martin's Wife ' the pianoforte and organ, then, at the Acad-
ia,
1792 ; Robert uud Calliste, ib., 1794 ;
Church music ; Songs, dances, etc. — Fetis ;
Mendel ; Schilling.
KUSSER. See Coustter.
KUSTER, HERMANN, boru at Templin,
Braudenburg, July 14, 1817, died at Her-
ford, Westphalia, March 17, 1878. Organ-
ist, pupil of the Cantor Christiau Koch on
in the Harem), 1812 ; Ruiny Babilonu (The
Ruins of Babylon), Szarlatan (The Char-
latan), 1814 ; Laska Imperatora (The Em-
peror's Favour), 1814 ; Jadwiga (Hedvig),
1814 ; Agar na pu.szezy (Hagar in the Des-
ert), 1814 ; Alexander i Apelles, 1815 ;
Obl^zenie Gdanska (The Siege of Dantzic),
1815 ; Nadgroda (Recompense), 1815 ; Mala
Szkota Ojcow (Father's bad Example), 1816 ;
Nowe Krakowiaki, 1816 ; Dziadek, 1816 ;
Ero i Leander, 1816 ; Jan Kochanowski,
emy and at the Royal Institute for Church
Music iu Berliu, pupil of A. W. Bach, Lud-
wig Berger, Rungenhageu, and Marx. He
was Musikdirektor at Saarbriicken iu 1845
-52, then taught iu Berlin, where he found-
ed the Tonkiinstlerverein, and in 1857 suc-
ceeded Grell as court and cathedral organ-
ist and royal Musikdirektor. He was made
professor in 1874. Works — Oratorios :
Judith ; Julian der Abtriinnige ; Die Er-
scheinung des Kreuzes : Johannes der Evan-
1817 ; Baterya o jednym zotniezu (Battery ^ gelist ; Das Wort des Herrn ; Die ewige
served by a single soldier), 1817 ; Czaro- j Heimath ; Hermann der Deutsche. Church
mySl, 1818 ; Zamek na Czorstynie (The and orchestral music, songs, etc. More im-
Castle of Czorstyn), 1819 ; Le forestier,
1819 ; Kalmora, 1820 ; Casimir le grand ;
Nasze przebiegi ; Cecile de Piasczezno ; INIu-
sic to the tragedy Zbiguiew, 1819. Ballets :
portant are his writings : Populilre Vortriige
fiber Bildung und Begriindung eines mu-
sikalischen Urtheils (Leipsic, 1870-77) ;
Ueber Handel's Israel in Aegypten (1854) ;
409
KUTTXOIIORSIvY
Ueber die Formen in der Musik (1872) ; etc.
— Allgeiu. d. Biogr., xvii. 43G ; Meudel ;
Futis ; do., Supplement, ii. 54.
KUTTNOHOKSKY, JOHANN NEPO-
MUK, born in Prague about 1735, died
there in 1781. Tenor singer, pupil of bis
father ; became tenor in the Metropolitan
Church, then in St. Maria de Victoria, choir-
director at the castle, and in the Benedic-
tine church on the Hradschin. He was
one of the best singers of his time and a
favourite composer, though none of his mu-
sic, among which are 2 masses and 8 sym-
phonies, was ever pubUshed. — Mendel ;
Schilling ; "Wurzbach.
KUZZI, ANTON JOSEPH, Uved in St.
Petersburg in 1796. Dramatic composer,
pupil of Dittersdorf. Among bis oj^eras
was Belmonte und Constanze. He com-
posed also symphonies, concertos, and Ger-
man and Italian arias.— Mendel ; Gerber ;
Schilling.
LABAKRE, LOUIS JULIEN CASTELS
DE, born in Paris, March 24, 1771,
died (?). Violinist, pupil of Viotti,
later at the Conservatorio dell Pietu, Naples,
of Sala. He retui-ued to France in 1793,
and studied composition and counterpoint
with Mehul ; was for two years first violin-
ist at the Theatre de Moliere, then from
1795 at the Opera, which he left for a po-
sition iu the family of the Emperor Napo-
leon. Works : Les epoux de seize ans,
opera, given in Paris, Theatre de Moliere,
1798 ; Scene from Les adieux du Cid i Chi-
m6ne ; 2 collections of romances ; Duets,
capi-ices, and airs varies for violin. — Fetis ;
Mendel.
LABARRE, mCHEL DE, born in Paris
about 1675, died there iu 1743. Flutist
autl dramatic composer. Works : Pj'gma-
liou, opera, and Le triomphe des arts, oiJt'ra-
ballet, given at the Acadcmie Koyale de Mu-
sique, 1700 ; La Vcnitieuue, comedie-ballet,
ib., 1705 ; Duos and trios for the flute. — Fe-
tis ; "INIeudel.
LABARRE, THEODORE, born in Paris,
March 5, 1805, died there, March 9, 1870.
Harpist, pupil of Cousineau, Bochsa, Nader-
man, and at the Conservatou-e of Dourlen,
Eler, Fetis, and Boieldieu. He visited Eng-
land in 1824, and then lived alternately in
London and in Paris, where he became chef
d'orchestre at the Opera Comique iu 1847-
49. He went again to London, but returned
to Paris in 1851 to direct for Napoleon IH.
Later he was appointed professor of harji at
the Conservatoire. Works — Operas : Les
deux families, given in Paris, Opera Comique,
1831 ; L'aspirant de marine, ib., 1834 ; Le
menetrier, ou les deux duchesses, ib., 1845 ;
Pautagruel, OjJera, 1855. Ballets: La re-
volte au serail, OiJora, 1833 ; Jovita, ou les
boucaniers, ib., 1853 ; La Fonti, ib., 1855 ;
Graziosa, ib., 1861 ; Le roi d'Yvetot, ib.,
1865. Duos for harp and violin ; Duos for
harp and pianoforte ; Trios and duos for harp
and wind instruments ; Numerous pieces,
and a Methode complete for harp. — Futis ;
do.. Supplement, ii. 56 ; Mendel; Riemaun.
L.ABAT, JEAN BM'TISTE, born at Ver-
dun, France, June 17, 1802, died at Laga-
rosse (Tarn-et-Garonne), Jan. 6, 1875. Or-
ganist, pupil of Jacques Caussu in Toulouse,
and of Benoist and Fetis at the Paris Con-
servatoire. He was organist in his native
city, then organist and maitre de ehajielle at
Montauban, where he founded a philhar-
monic society and established a course on
harmony, from which issued many able pu-
pils. Works : Grand opera (unpublished) ;
Noel, La Sybille, oratorios ; Messe solen-
nelle with orchestra, and two short masses
with organ ; Grand Magnificat ; 2 collections
of motets ; Collection of cantatas ; do. of
canticles ; do. of fugues for the organ ; 2
anthems, alia Palestrina, for six voices ; Le
siege de Montauban, overture for grand or-
chestra ; Leyons d'harmonie and Leyous de
contreiDoint, after the system of Fetis ; Pi-
anoforte music and many songs. — Fetis ;
do.. Supplement, ii. 56 ; Mendel.
LABITZKY (Labitski), JOSEPH, born at
Schonfeld, Bohemia, July 4, 1802, died at
410
LA BOCCA
Carlsbad, Aug. IS, 1881. Violinist, pupil of
Veit at Petschaii, and of Winter in Munich in
composition ; played
in the orchestra at
Marienbad in 1820,
at Carlsbad in 1821;
then formed an oi'-
cbestra of his own
and made concert
tours. He settled at
Carlsbad as director
of orchestra in 1835,
visited St. Peters-
burg in 1839, Loudon iu 1850, and as-
sociated his son August with him in direct-
ing his orchestra. His numerous compo-
sitions shared the popularity of those of
Strauss and Lanner. Works : Waltzes, pol-
kas, galops, quadrilles, marches ; String quar-
tets ; Concertos ; Divertissements and vari-
ations for different instruments. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., svii. 4G7 ; Wurzbach ; Mendel; Eie-
mann ; Fetis ; Schilling, Supplement, 258.
LA BOCCA VAGA, alto aria of Euggiero,
in E major, with accompaniment of strings
complete and continuo, in Handel's Alcina,
Act I., Scene 12. Published separate!}', in
filled-out pianoforte score, by Otto Dresel
(Leipsic, Breitkopf & Hiirtel).
LABORDE (de la Borde), JEAN BEN-
JAMIN DE, born in Paris, Sept. 5, 1734,
died there, July 22, 1794 Dramatic com-
poser, pupil of Dauvergne on the violin,
and of Rameau in composition. An atten-
dant of Louis XV., he became one of the
Compagnie des Permiers Generaux ; but
after the death of the king he retired
from court life and devoted himself to
composition and study. He was one of the
victims of the Revolution. Works — Op-
eras : Gilles, gar9on-peintre, given at the
Theatre de la Foire-Saint-Germain, 1758 ;
Les epreuves de I'amour, ib., 1759 ; Les
bons amis. Opera Comique, 1761 ; Annette
et Lubin, private theatre of Richelieu, 17G2 ;
Ismene et Ismenias, ou la fete de Jupiter,
given at court, 17G3, and in the Academie
Royale de Musique, 1770 ; L'anneau perdu i
et retrouve, Comedie Italienne, 17G4 ; Leg
amours de Gonesse, Nouveau Theatre Ita-
lien, 17G5 ; Amphion, Opera, 17G7 ; La cin-
quantaiue, ib., 1771 ; Adele de Ponthieu, ib.,
1772 ; Trois deesses rivales ; Collection of
songs. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Gerber.
LA BRISE EST MUETTE. See Le
Proplule.
LA CALUNNIA 15 UN VENTICELLO.
See n IJarhierc di Siviglia, Rossini.
LAC DES FEES, LE, opera in five acts,
text by Scribe and Melesville, music by
Auber, first represented at the Academie
Royale de Musique, Paris, April 1, 1839.
The overture alone survives. Published by
Breitkojjf & Hiirtel (Leipsic, 1840). Same
subject, Italian opera, by Carlo Coccia, Tu-
rin, 1841 ; by Cesare Dominiceti, text by
Zanardini, Naples, May 18, 1878.
LA CHAiNE DE L'HYMEN M'E-
TONNE. See Armide et Reuaud.
LACHER, JOSEPH, born at Haunstetten,
near Augsburg, Nov. 5, 1739, died at Kemp-
ten, Bavaria, about 1804. Virtuoso ou the
oboe, the clarinet, and the English horn,
first instructed by his father, but mostly
self-taught. After having served several
years in Bavarian military bands, he made
concert tours in Switzerland and Germany,
and afterwards became Kajsellmeister to
the Prince Abbot of Kemjiten. Works :
A duodrama, Emma und Edgar ; Octets,
quintets, quartets, and concertos for differ-
ent instruments. — Mendel ; Fetis.
LACHNER, FRANZ, boru at Rain, Ba-
-r^^*^^
varia, April 2, 1804,
still living, 1889.
Pupil of his father, a
poor organist, then
at Neuburg pupil of
Eisenhofer, becoming
proficient on the pi-
anoforte, organ, and
violoncello. After
deciding to make
music his profession,
he went to Munich, earned his living by
teaching and playing in an orchestra, and
LACIINER
received iustructiou from Ett. In 1822 he
made his way to Vienna, long the goal of
his desires, secured a situation as organist
of the Protestant Church, and studied com-
position and counterpoint under Stadler
and Sechter. He became very intimate
with Schubert, and his talent was recog-
nized by Beethoven. In 182G he was made
Vice-Kapellmeister, in 1828 first Kapell-
meister, at the Kiirnthnerthor Theater, and
during all his residence in Vienna he was
an industrious composer. Summoned to
Mannheim in 1834, to conduct the opera, he
was induced, in 1836, to accept the appoint-
ment as court Kapellmeister in Munich. He
did great service as director of the opera, the
sacred music of the court, and the concerts
of the Musical Academj-, and in 18.52 was
appointed music director-general. The in-
creasing devotion of the public to Wagner's
music made his position in Munich uncom-
fortable, so that he was moved in 1SG5 to
ask for his retirement, which was granted
in 1868. The Munich University confeiTed
a doctor's degree upon him in 1872. In
Southern Germany he is regarded as a
classic writer. His suites are mastei-pieces.
His style is natural, without an abnormal
striving after originality, and with a thor-
ough command of harmony and counter-
point. Works— Operas : Die Biirgschaft,
given at Pesth, 1828, Munich, 1834 ; Alidia,
Munich, 1839 ; Catarina Cornaro, ib., 1841 ;
Beuvenuto Cellini, ib., 1840 ; Music to the
drama Lanassa, Vienna, 1832. Oratorios :
Moses ; Die vier INIenschenalter ; Requiem,
op. 146 ; 2 Stabat Mater, op. 154, 168 ;
Solemn mass, op. 52 ; Other masses ; Psalms
and motets ; Fugues, sonatas, and other
pieces for organ ; Suites for orchestra, op.
113, 11.5, 122, 129, 135, 150, 170 ; Sinfonia
appassionata, op. 52 ; 7 other symjihonies ;
Concert overtures ; Festival march for brass
instruments ; Nonet for wind instruments ;
Sextets, quintets, quartets, trios, and sona-
tas for pianoforte and strings ; 5 quartets
for strings ; Elegy for five violoncellos ;
Serenade for four do. ; 2 concertos for harjj ;
Choruses ; Quartets for male voices ; Trios
for female voices ; Many pieces for the pi-
anoforte, and songs. — Fetis ; do.. Supple-
ment, ii. 57 ; Mendel ; Wurzbach ; Kiemann ;
Schilling ; Schumann, Ges. Sehriften, i. 93,
131, 263 ; ii. 107 ; Ambros, Bunte Bliitter,
ii. 115 ; Hanslick, Concertwesen in Wien, i.
363 ; ii. 292, 315, 422.
LACHNER, IGNAZ, born at Rain, Ba-
varia, Sept. 11, 1807, still living, 1889.
Brother of Franz and Vincenz Lachner.
Pupil of his father, then at Augsburg of
Neugebauer on the violin, of Keller on the
pianoforte, and of Witschka in composi-
tion. Summoned by his brother Franz to
Munich to join the orchestra of the Isar-
thor Theater, he followed him to Vienna in
1824, became a member of the Kiirnthner-
thor Theater orchestra and organist of the
Evangelical Church, and in 1825 Vice-Ka-
pellmeister at the Opera. Went to Stutt-
gart as court music director in 1831, and to
Munich in 1842 as second Kapellmeister
under his brother Franz. In 1853 he was ap-
jiointed Kajicllmoister of the theatre in Ham-
burg, in 1858 court Kapellmiiistare at Stock-
holm, and in 1861 Kapellmeister at Frank-
fort, where he still lives, retired since 1875.
Works — Ojieras : Der Geisterthurm, Stutt-
gart, 1837 ; Die Regenbrikler, ib., 1839 ;
Loreley, Munich, 1846. Ballets, melodra-
mas, and entr'actes ; Classes ; String quar-
tets ; Trios ; Symphonies ; Concert pieces
for difl'eront instruments ; Pianoforte sona-
tas, and many songs. — Mendel ; Riemann ;
Fetis ; do., Suppk'meut, ii. 57 ; Schilling,
Supplement, 2G1.
L.\CHNER, \1NCENZ, born at Rain,
Bavaria, July 19, 1811, still living, 1889.
Brother of Franz and Ignaz Lachner, pupil
of his father on the pianoforte, organ, and
violin ; for several years private tutor at
Posen, he went to Vienna, studied under
his brothers, and in 1831 succeeded Ignaz
413
LACHNITIl
as organist of the Evangelical Churcb. He
took the place of Franz as court Kapell-
meister at Mannheim in 183G, and remained
there until pensioned in 1873 ; but in 1842
he conducted the German opera in Loudon,
and in 1848 the Stadttheater at Frankfort.
Works : Symphonies ; Overtures, including
a prize Festouvertiire ; Music to SchiUer's
Turandot, and to Demetrius ; String quar-
tets ; Quartet for pianoforte and strings ;
Many songs and choruses. — Mendel ; Eie-
mauu ; Schilling, Supplement, 2G1 ; Fetis ;
do., Supplement, ii. 57.
LACHNITH, LUDWIG WENZEL, born
in Prague, July 7, 174G, died iu Paris, Oct.
3, 1820. Virtuoso on the horn, first in-
structed in Prague, by his father and other
teachers, on the violin, j^ianoforte, and horn.
Having been for several years iu the service
of the Duke of Zweibrilcken, he went to
Paris in 1773, studied the horn under Ro-
dolphe, and appeared with great success in
the Concerts Spirituels. C'omjjelled bj' ill-
health to give up his instrument, he stud-
ied composition under Philidor in 177G, and
gave pianoforte lessons. He adapted many
operas, one of which Fetis called " a mon-
strous compilation," and sometimes he even
combined the music of several celebrated
composers into one piece. Works — Ope-
ras : L'heureux divorce, ou la reconciliation,
given iu Paris, Comedie Italienne, 1785 ;
L'autiquaire, Theatre de Monsieur, 1789 ;
Eugenie et Linval, ou le mauvais fils. Thea-
tre INIontansier, 1798 ; Les fetes lacedemo-
niennes ; Adajjtatiou of Die Zauberflote,
called Les mysteres d'Isis ; Saiil, and La
prise de Jericho, arrangements made to-
gether with the elder Kalkbrenner ; About
18 symphonies ; Quartets and trios for
strings ; Concertos for horn ; Sonatas for
pianoforte and yiolin. He iniblished also a
pianoforte method (with Adam). — Fetis ;
Mendel ; Wurzbach.
LA CI DAREil LA MANO ! See Bon
Giovanni.
LACOJIBE, LOUIS (BROUILLON-),
born at Bourges, Nov. 2G, 1818, died at
Saint-Vaast-de-la-Hogue, Sept. 30, 1884.
Pianist, pupil at the Conservatoire, Paris, of
Zimmerman in 1829, and obtained first prize
in 1831. With his sister, Felicie Lacombe,
and accomjjanied by his parents, he began
in 1832 a concert tour through France and
Germany, and on arriving in Vienna studied
the pianoforte under Czerny and Fischoft",
and theory under Sechter and Seyfried.
He travelled through Germany again in
1840, and after studying harmony in Paris
under Barbereau devoted himself to com-
position. He is of the school of Berlioz
and David, and aims to produce peculiar
effects bj' calling into action great instru-
mental and vocal masses. Works — Operas :
Madone, given in Paris, Theatre Lyrique,
18G1 ; L'amoui', melodrama. Theatre Saint-
Marcel, 1859. Dramatic symphonies : Man-
fred, 1847 ; Arva, 1850. A lyric epos ; Sa-
pho, prize cantata for the Exposition of
1878 ; Quintet for pianoforte and strings ;
2 trios for strings ; Sonatas and other pieces
for pianoforte and violin ; Pianoforte pieces,
and many songs. — Fetis ; do.. Supplement,
ii. 57 ; Riemann ; Mendel ; Schilling ; Schu-
mann, Ges. Scbriften, ii. 132, 151.
LACO:\IBE, PAUL, born at Carcassonne
in 1837, still living, 1889. Pupil of Teys-
seyi'e ; visited Paris and other cities to ex-
tend his musical knowledge, and has made
a name for himself especially through his
chamber music. Works : Symphonic over-
ture ; Pastorale for orchestra ; Sonatas for
pianoforte and violin ; Trio for pianoforte
and strings. Pianoforte jjieces and songs.
— Fetis, Supplement, ii. 58 ; Mendel.
LACO JIE (D'ESTALENX), PAUL (JEAN
JACQUES), born at Houga (Gers), March
4, 1838, still living, 1889. Dramatic com-
poser, studied music at home, and, after
obtaining a good education, became a pupil
of Don Jose Puig y Absubide. Later he
went to Paris, where one of his operettas
was awarded the first prize. He is also a
reporter for musical papers. W^orks — Ope-
ras ; Amphitryon, 1874 ; Jeanne, Jeannette et
Jeanneton, 187G ; La dot mal placee. Oj)^
413
LACOSTE
rettas : Le dernier des paladins ; L'epicier
par amour, 1870 ; J' veux mon peignoir ;
En Espagne, 1872 ; Le mouton enrage, say-
nete, 1873 ; La gardeuse d'oies, Paris, Oct.
26, 1888 ; others, not performed ; Trio for
pianoforte and strings ; Dances and other
pieces for pianoforte ; Songs ; Pieces for
comet and saxophone ; Douze psaumes des
h'riques fraujais ; The collections, Le bon
vieux temps, Echos d'Espague, and Le tour
du moude. — Futis, Supplement, ii. 58 ; Men-
del, Ergiinz., 202.
LACOSTE, , French di-amatic com-
jjoser of the 18th century, died after 1757.
He was chorist at the Opera in Paris
in 1693-1708. Works -Operas, given in
Paris and Versailles : Aricie, 1697 ; Philo-
mela, 1705 ; Rhadamante, 1707 ; Grouse,
1712; Tele-gone, 1725; Orion, 1728; Bi-
blis, 1732 ; Pomone. Collection of Canta-
tas.— Fetis ; Mendel.
LACRDIAS, two scenes for solo voice
with pianoforte accompaniment, by Schu-
bert, op. 124, from " Lacrimas," drama by
Wilhelm von Schiitz, composed in Septem-
ber, 1825. Scene L Delphine ; Scene II.
Florio, Nun, da Schatten nicdergleiten.
Published by Penauer and Schreiber (Vien-
na, 1829), and bj' LitoltF and Senflf (Leipsic).
LACROIX, ANTOINE, born at Rember-
ville, near Nancy, in 1756, died at Llibeck
in 1812. Violinist, pupil of Antoine Lo-
renziti ; appeared in Paris in concert about
1780, left France on account of the Revolu-
tion, and lived some j-ears in Bremen ; in
1793 he made a concert tour through Ger-
many and Denmark, and in 1800 was ap-
pointed music director at Liibeck, where he
established a music trade in 1803. Works :
Quartets and duets for strings ; Sonatas and
variations for violm and pianoforte. — Men-
del ; Fetis ; Schilling ; Gerber ; Wasielew-
ski. Die Violine, 258.
LACY, mCHAEL ROPHINO, born at
Bilbao, Spain, July 19, 1795, died in Lou-
don, Sept. 20, 1867. Violinist, son of an
English merchant ; educated in Bordeaux
and Paris, and studied the wolin under Ro-
dolphe Ivi-eutzer. In 1805 he played be-
fore Napoleon at the Tuileries, and then
went to Loudon, where he became a pupil
of Viotti and played in concerts with great
success. He was called at first the Young
Spaniai'd, his real name being announced
later. A few years afterwards, he went
upon the stage, and acted in Dublin, Edin-
burgh, and Glasgow in genteel comedy ;
but in 1818 resumed his instrument, and
was made director of concerts at Liverpool,
whither he returned in 1821, having served
in London in 1820 as ballet composer for
the Italian opera. Works : Quintet for pi-
anoforte and strings ; Fantasias, rondos,
etc., for pianoforte ; Songs. He adapted
very skilfully to the English stage both
words and music of several pojiular ojieras,
by Rossini, Meyerbeer, Weber, etc. — Fetis ;
do.. Supplement, ii. 59 ; Grove ; Mendel ;
do., Ergiiuz., 209.
LA DONNA E MOBILE. See EigoMto.
L.ADURNER, IGNAZ ANTON FRANZ
XAVER, born at Aldeiu, Tyrol, Aug. 1, 1766,
died at Villain, in the Commune of Massy
(Seine-et-Oise), March 4, 1839. Pianist,
pupil of his father, an organist, whose po-
sition he supplied before going to Munich
in 1784 to complete his studies. In 1788
he settled in Paris, and taught with suc-
cess, and later was ajjpointed professor at
the Conservatoire, where Auber and Boely
were among his pupils. In 1836 he retii-ed
to a villa at Massy. AVorks — Operas : Wen-
zel, ou le magistrat du peuple, given in
Paris, Theatre Montansier, 1794 ; Les vieux
fous. Theatre Feydeau, 1796 ; 9 sonatas for
pianoforte and violin ; 12 sonatas, variations,
and numerous other pieces for pianoforte.
— Fetis ; Mendel ; Riemann ; Schilling.
LADY OF THE L.\KE, THE, cantata in
two parts, text by Natalia ]\Iacfarren, from
Walter Scott's poem, music by George Alex-
ander Macfarren, first performed at the in-
auguration of the New Town Hall, Glasgow,
Nov. 15, 1877. It was given at the Crystal
Palace, London, March 16, 1878.— Athe-
naeum (1877), ii. 673 ; (1878), i. 388.
LAFAGE
LAFAGE (Lafasge), JUSTE ADRIEN
LENOm DE, bom iu Paris, March 28,
1801, died at Cliareuton, Marcli 8, 1862.
Cburcb comjjoser aud writer ou music,
pupil of Perne aud Cboron, aud tbeu
teacber of singing. In 1828 be went, with
a goverumeut stipend, to Rome, where be
studied under Baiui ; in 1829 be was made
maitre de cbapelle of Saint-Etienne-du-Mout
in Paris, and iu 1833-3G, and again in 1848,
weut to Italy, visiting also Germany, Sjjain,
and England. He died in an insane as_ylum.
Works : I creditor!, farce, given iu Flor-
ence ; Masses, motets, psalms, and other
church music ; Duos, fantasias, etc., for
flute. He was author also of Manuel com-
plet de musique (Paris, 183G-38), begun by
Cboron ; Scmeiologie musicale (ib., 1837) ;
Histoire generale de la musique et de la
dause (ib., ISH, 2 vols.) ; Miscellauees mu-
sicales, containing biographical material
about Haydn, Tritto, Bellini, aud others
(ib., 1844) ; Biographical notices of Mattei
(1839), Zingarelli, Cboron (1844), Bocquil-
lon-Wilhem, Baini (1844), Donizetti, etc.
— Fetis ; do.. Supplement, ii. 59 ; Mendel ;
Eiemann.
LAFAGE (La Faghe, La Fague, La
Farge), PIERRE DE, French composer of
the latter half of the fifteenth century.
Works : Motet iu Petrucci's Motetti della
Corona (1519) ; 2 motets in Pierre Attai-
gnant's collection (1534) ; Other composi-
tions in various collections mentioned by
Fetis.— Fetis.
LAFONT, CHARLES PHILIPPE, born
in Paris, Dec. 1, 1781, died between Ba-
gneres-de-Bigorre and Tarbes, Aug. 14, 1839.
Virtuoso on the violin, nephew and j^upil of
Bertheaume, with whom he travelled in
Germany in 1792 ; then studied the violin
in Paris under Kreutzer aud harmony under
Navoigille and Berton. His voice having
been much praised by Garat, be became his
pupil in singing, aud ap^jeared in concerts
at the Theatre Feydeau ; but soon returned
to the violin, and studied under Rode. He
made concert tours iu Belgium, Holland, j
Germany, Italy, England, and Northern
Europe. In 1808 be succeeded Rode as
solo violin to the Emperor of Russia ; had
a public contest in Milan with Paganini in
1812 ; and on returning to Paris iu 1815
became first violin to Louis XVHI. In
1831 he travelled iu Germany with Henri
Herz, aud while on another tour with him
was killed iu au accident to the mail-coach.
He was a brilliant player, but bis compo-
sitions are not very valuable, musically.
Works : La rivalitc villageoise, comic opera,
given iu Paris, 1803 ; Another small ojjera,
given at the imperial theatre of the Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg ; 7 concertos for violin
aud orchestra ; Fantasias, variations, rondos,
and other jsieces for violin ; About 20 duets
for violin and pianoforte (with Herz, Kalk-
brenuer, and others) ; About 200 songs.
— Fetis ; do.. Supplement, ii. CO ; Mendel ;
do., Ergiiuz., 203 ; Schilling, Supplement,
264 ; Wasielewski, Die Violine, 369 ; Du-
bourg. The Violin, 203 ; Hart, The Violin,
311 ; Phipson, Celebrated Violinists, 98.
LA GARDE PASSE, IL EST INIINUIT.
See Les deux avares.
LAGEL, JOHANN GOTTLIEB, born at
FlOssberg, Saxony, Dec. 13, 1777, died at
Gera, June 5, 1843. Pupil of his father, a
village musician, on the pianoforte aud vio-
lin ; later, at AJtenburg, of the cantor Krebs
in composition. He was apijoiuted Cantor
at Weyda in 1800, at Eiseuberg iu 1812, and
Musikdirektor at Gera in 1815. Works :
Several oratorios ; Cantatas for church
festivals ; Sonatas for the i^ianoforte ;
Songs. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
LAGUERRE, ELISABETH CLAUDE
DE, born (Jaquet)iu Paris, 1669, died there,
June 27, 1729. Pianist, in great favour at
the court of Louis XIV. for her talent as
an improviser. Works : Cephale et Procris,
opera, given in Paris, 1694 ; Te Deum, for
grand chorus, performed in 1721 in the
Cbapelle du Louvre for the celebration of the
king's recovery ; 2 collections of cantatas ;
2 collections of sonatas and other pieces for
pianoforte. — Fetis ; Mendel.
416
LAHEE
LAHEE, HENRY, born at Chelsea, Eng-
kua, April 11, 1826, still living, 1889. Or-
ganist, jjiipil of Goss
/
■5=.-.-.^
Ship, 18G9 ;
1870; The
in composition and of
Cipriani Potter and
Sterndale Bennett on
the pianoforte. He
was organist of Holy
Trinity Church,
Bromjiton, in 1817-
74 ■\Vorks — Canta-
tas : Building of the
The Blessing of the Children,
Sleeping Beauty, for female
voices. Anthems, concerted vocal music,
songs, and pianoforte j)ieces. Many of his
madrigals have been awarded prizes.
— Brown.
LAHOUSSAYE, TIERKE, born in Paris,
April 12, 1735, died there in 1818. Violin-
ist, first self-taught, then pupil of Pififet and
Pagiu ; afterwards at Padua of Tartini and
at Parma of Traetta in composition. In
1772 he went with Giiglielmi to London,
where he conducted the orchestra of the
Italian Opera for three years, then returned
to Paris, and in 1779 assumed the direction
of the Concert Hpirituel and in 1781 that
of the Comcdie Italienne. In 1790-1800
he was chef d'orchestre of the Thc'atre de
Monsieur, conjointly with Puppo, but lost
his place when that theatre was consolidated
with the ThOatre Favart. In 1802, on the
reorganization of the Conservatoire, he lost
his appointment as professor of violin and
became second violinist at the Opc^'ra, but
becoming deaf in 1813, passed his last years
in poverty. "Works : Collection of sonatas
for violin (Paris) ; 12 church concertos, 7
collections of sonatas, and 3 of duos for the
violin. — Fetis ; Mendel.
L.AISSE-JIOI CONTEJIPLEE TON
VISAGE. See Faust, Gounod.
LAJARTE, THEODORE (i:DOUAED
DUFAURE) DE, born at Bordeaux, July
10, 1826, still living, 1889. Dramatic
composer and writer on music, pupil of
Graff on the pianoforte and violin, and at
the Conservatoire, Paris, of Leborne in
composition and counterpoint. Works —
Operas : Le secret de I'oncle Vincent, given
in Paris, Ojiera Comique, 1855 ; Le duel du
commandeur, ib., 1857 ; Mamzelle Pene-
lope, ib., 1859 ; Le neveu de Gulliver, ib.,
1861 ; La farce de maistre Villon, Theatre
de TAthenee, 1872 ; Pierrot tenor, at En-
gliien, by the company of the Opera Co-
mique, 1876 ; Ou guerit de la peur, opera
de salon ; Le portrait d'un grand homme.
Opera Comique, in two acts, Paris, June 18,
1883 ; Le roi de Carreau, operette in three
acts, Paris, Oct. 27, 1883. IMilitary mu-
sic ; Grande messe militaire ; L'Oi'jjheou de
I'armee ; 6 choruses with accompaniment ;
25 marches and pas redoubles ; Marche
triomphale, and other military music. — Fe-
ti-s. Supplement, ii. 64.
LAKME, opera-comique in two acts, text
by Gondiuet and Philippe Gille, adapted
L'Ailemand, as Lakm^.
from the romance " Le mariage de Loti,"
music by Leo Delibes, first represented at
416
LALANDE
the Opera Comique, Paris, April 14, 1883.
Scene in India. Characters represented :
Lakme, daughter of Nilakantlia ; Nilakan-
tha, a Brahniiu priest ; Gerald, an English
officer, lover of Lakiue ; Frederick, a brother
officer ; Mallika, slave of Laknie ; Hadji,
do.; Ellen, Rose, and Mrs. Benson, English
women. Gerald makes love to Lakme, is
stabbed by the fanatical father, is borne by
Lakme and Hadji to a concealed hut in the
forest, where he recovers, and is found by
Frederick, who informs him that he must
rejoin his regiment. He is freed from
his dilemma in the struggle between love
and duty liy Lakme, who eats of a poi-
sonous flower and, to the relief of her
parent, goes to Brahma. The title-role
was sung in Paris by Marie Van Zandt.
The opera was given in New York by the
American Opera Company, March 1, 1886,
with Pauline L'Allemand as Lakme. The
score is published by Heugel (Paris). — Mus.
Wochenblatt (1884)', 032 ; Krehbiel, Review
(1885-86), 1-53.
LALANDE, MICHEL RICHAED DE,
born in Paris, Dec.
15, 1657, died
there, June 18,
1726. Organist
and church com-
poser, pupil of
Chajjeron on the
pianoforte, violin,
and in composi-
tion. About 1675
ho was appointed organist to four churches
in Paris and music-master to the royal
princesses, daughters of Louis XTV., and in
1683 was made chef de musique in the
Royal Chapel. He was a great favourite
with the king, who bought from his widow
his church compositions, left in manuscript,
for 40,000 livres. Works: Ballet de la
Jeunesse, divertissement, Versailles, 1686 ;
L'amour flechi par la Constance, pastorale,
Fontainebleau, 1097 ; Les folies de Carde-
nio, ballet, Tuileries, 1720 ; Les elements,
ballet (with Destouches) ; Music to Moli-
ere's Melicerte ; Or nous ditcs, a Christmas-
song ; 00 motets for chorus and orchestra.
— Clement, Mus. celebres, 41 ; Fetis ; do.,
Supplement, ii. 00 ; Mendel ; Schilling.
LALLA EOUI\iI, opera in two acts, text
by Hippolyte Lucas and Michel Carre, from
Thomas Moore's poem "Lalla Rookh," mu-
sic by Felicieu David, first represented at
the Opera Comique, Paris, May 12, 1802 ;
revived in November, 1870. It is one of
David's best operas. Published by Schott
(Mainz, 1863). — Clement et Larousse, 393.
LALO, EDOUAED, born about 1831,
still living, 1889. Vi-
olinist, i^uiDil at the
Conservatoire, Lille, of
Banmann. He went
to Paris about 1858,
played there in cham-
ber concerts, and de-
voted himself mostly
to the composition of
orchestral works.
Works : Fiesque, opera, accepted in Paris
and Brussels, but never performed ; Le Boi
d'Ys, opera, Paris, May 7, 1888 ; Rhapsodie
norvegienne, for orchestra ; Divertissement
for do.; Allegro symphonique, for do.; 2 vio-
lin concertos ; String quartet in E-flat, op.
19 ; Symphonie espagnole, for violin and or-
chestra, op. 21 ; 2 trios ; Sonatas and other
pieces for i>ianoforte and strings ; Concerto
for violoncello ; Songs. — Fetis, Supuslement,
ii. 06 ; Rlemann.
LALOUETTE (Lallouette), JEAN FRAN-
<^'OIS, born in Paris
in 1651, died at Ver-
sailles, Sept. 1, 1728.
Violinist, pupil at
the Maitrise Saint-
Eustache of Guy-
Leclerc, and later
of Lulli in comjiosi-
tion. He was first
violin, then chef
d'orehestre at the
Opera until 1684. From 1693 he was mai-
tre de chapelle of the metropolitan church
417
LA LUNA
at Rouen, and in 1695 at the Church of
Noti-e Dame, at Versailles. Works : Several
ballets and intermezzos, which remain in
manuscript ; Motets and a Miserere. — Fetis.
LA LUNA IM:\I0BILE. See 3Iefislofele.
LAiLy:^E, JACQUES MCHEL HUREL
DE, born in Paris, May 1, 1772, died at
Caen, March 27, 1823. Violoncellist, mu-
sic page to the king, and pupil of Diipout ;
member in 1794-1800 of the orchestra at
the Theatre Fej-deau ; was professor of vio-
loncello at the Conservatoire, but resigned
in 1801 to make a concert tour in Germany
and Russia, where he remained until 1809,
when he returned to Paris. "Works : Un-
der his name have appeared concertos,
duets, and variations for violoncello, but
they are said to have been written by Au-
ber, who was then unwilling to be known
as a composer. — Ft'tis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
LAJMBERT, GEORGE JACKSON, born
at Beverley, York, England, Nov. 16, 1791,
died there, Jan. 21, 1880. Organist, pupil
of his father, afterwards in London of Lyon
and Dr. Crotch. He succeeded his father
as organist at the principal church of Bev-
erley. Works : Septet and 3 trios for pi-
anoforte and strings ; Sonatas for jjiano-
forte. — Fetis.
LAJUBERT, J\nCHEL, born at Vivonne
(Poitou) in 1610, died in Paris in 1G9G.
Virtuoso on the lute and theorbo ; went to
Paris when very young and became music
page to Gaston d'Ork'ans, brother of Louis
Xni. ; received lessons from de Niel, or de
Niert, and was very celebrated as a singing
master. He was appointed, about 1650,
master of chamber music to Louis XIV.
Works : Au-s et brunettes (1660 ; 2d ed.,
1689); Au-s et dialogues (1698).— Fetis ;
Mendel ; Riemann.
LAINIBERTI, lAJlGl, born at Savona,
Italy, Oct. 22, 1769, died (?). Dramatic
composer, pupil of Slariani, whom he suc-
ceeded as choirmaster at the cathedral of
his native town. In 1806 he went to Paris,
where he still lived in 1812. Works — Ope-
ras : I due fratelli origiuali, given in Na-
ples about 1790 ; L' aniante schernito,
Orfeo, Italy, about the end of the 18th
century ; Masses and other church music ;
Symphonies ; Concertos, quintets, quartets,
and trios for strings ; Sonatas for j^iano-
forte. — Fotis ; Jlendel.
LA3IBETH, HENRY ALBERT, born at
Hard way, near Gosport, Hants, England,
Jan. 16,"l822, still living, 1889. Organist,
pupil of Thomas Adams. He went in 1853
to Glasgow, where he was conductor of the
Glasgow Choral Union in 1859-80 ; organ-
ist and conductor at the Park Chui-ch ; or-
ganist to Corporation of Glasgow ; and con-
ductor of various choirs. Works : Bow
down Thine ear, cantata ; By the Waters of
Babylon, do. ; The Scottish Book of Praise,
edited with D. Baptie (1876) ; Arrange-
ments of Scotch songs for choral purposes ;
Songs, part-songs, pianoforte i)ieces, ar-
rangements, etc.
LA:\IBILL0TTE, POre LOUIS, born at
Charleroi, Hainaut, March 27, 1797, died
at Vaugirard, France, Feb. 27, 1855. Or-
ganist and church composer, and didactic
writer ; at an early age he became organist
in his native town, then at Dinant-sur-la-
Meuse, and in 1822 maitre de chajjelle in
the Jesuits' College at Saint-Acheul. In
1825 he joined the Order of Jesus, and,
after having been ordained priest, lived al-
ternately in the convents at Saint-Acheul,
Freiburg in Switzerland, Aix, Savoy, Bruge-
lette, Brieg, and Vaugirard. Works : 4
masses with organ and orchestra ; Motets,
hymns, canticles, and other church music ;
Fugues for the organ. — Fetis, ii. 70 ; Men-
del.
LAiyiENTATIONS, symphony in D minor,
by Haydn, composed in 1772. It received
its name from the theme of the Adagio,
Lamentationes Jeremise. I. Allegro assai
con spirito ; H. Adagio ; HI. Menuett ; IV.
Presto assai. — Polil, Haydn, ii. 263.
LAMPE, GEORG FRIEDRICH, born
at Wolfenbiittel in 1714, died at Schwedt,
beginning of the 19th century. Dramatic
composer ; appeared as a tenor singer in
LAMPE
Dragon of Wantley,
Hamburg in 1779, -went to Schwedt in 1788
as member of the Court Theatre, reth-ed
after some years, and devoted himself to
teaching and composition. Works — Op-
eras : Das Miidchen im Eichthale, Die
Liebe, given about the end of the 18th cen-
tury ; Cantatas, symphonies, and other or-
chestral works, and many pieces for various
instruments. — Futis ; Mendel.
LAMPE, JOHANN FBIEDMCH, born in
Saxony, or at Helm-
stadt, Brunswick (?),
in 1703, died in Ed-
inburgh, July 23,
1751. He went to
England about 1725,
and became musi-
cian at the Opera in
London ; visited
Dublin in 1718, and
Ediubui'gh in 1750.
Works — Operas :
Amelia, 1732 ; The
1737 ; Margery, or A Worse Plague than
the Dragon, 1738 ; Roger and Joan, 1739 ;
Pyramus and Thisbe, 1745 ; Music for the
masque, The Sham Conjurer ; A cantata ;
Songs ; A Plain and Compendious Method
of teaching Thorough-Bass (1737) ; The Ai-t
of Musick (1710).— Mendel ; Fetis ; Schil-
ling ; Grove.
LA31PERT, ERNST, born at Gotha, July
3, 1818, died there, June 17, 1879. Pian-
ist, pupil of Hummel in Weimar, and of
Spohr and Hauptmaun in Cassel. After his
return to Gotha he was appointed chamber
musician in 1842, Conzertmeister in 1844,
and Hof-Kapellmeister in 1855. Works —
Operas : Nanon, Ninon, Maiutenon, comic
ojiera, given in Gotha, 1841 ; Dido, ib.,
1845 ; Overtures ; Cantatas ; Quartets for
strings, and various pieces for pianoforte.
— Fetis ; do.. Supplement ; Mendel.
LA]\1PUGN.ANI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA,
born in Milan in 1706, died there about
1773. Dramatic composer, lived for some
time in his native city as instructor, espe-
cially of vocal music, and in 1743 became
conductor of the Italian Opera in London ;
the date of his return to Milan is unknown.
Works — Operas : Ezio, given in Venice,
1737 ; Angelica e Medoro, ib., 1738 ; De-
mofoonte, Piacenza, 1738 ; Candace, Venice,
1740 ; Roxana, London, 1743 ; Alfonso, ib.,
1744 ; Alceste, ib., 1745 ; Tigrane, ib.,
1747 ; Alessandro in Persia, 1748 ; La scu-
ola deUe cantatrici ; L' Olimpiade, about
1750 ; Siroe, Milan, 1755 ; Artaserse, 1757 ;
Amor coutadiuo, Lodi, 17G6 ; Symphonies ;
Church music. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling ;
Burney, iv. 450.
LANCTIN, CHARLES FRANCOIS
HONORK, called Duquesnoy, born at Beau-
vais (Oise), May 18, 1758, died in Brussels,
May 9, 1822. He was a singer for a long
time at the theatre in Brussels, and in 1799
-1802 in Hamburg ; was music director sev-
eral years in Alost, and from 1814 in Brus-
sels. Works : Almanzor, ou le triomjjhe de
la gloire, opera-ballet, Brussels, 1787 ; Le
mystificateur mystifie, opera-eomique, ib.,
1789 ; Le prix des arts, ou la fete flamande,
opera, ib., 1791 ; Le voeu des Muses
reconnaissantes, cantata, Hamburg, 1795 ;
Psalms ; Motets ; Hymns. — Fetis ; do.. Sup-
plement, ii. 72.
LANDI, STEFFANO, born in Rome
about the end of the 16th century, died
about 1640. Composer of church music,
and chantry-priest in the Pajsal Chajsel. He
lived till 1629 in Padua as maestro di cap-
pella at the churches Del Santo and Santa
Maria in Monte. Works : Sant' Alessio, mu-
sical drama ; La morte d' Orfeo, pastorale ;
Missa in benedictione nuptiarum ; Psalms for
4 voices ; Madrigals for 4-5 voices ; Collec-
tion of masses for 4-5 voices a cappella ;
Poesie diverse in musica ; 8 collections of
songs and duets. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Riemann.
LANDING OF THE PILGRIM FA-
THERS, THE, cantata, text the poem by
Mrs. Felicia Hemans, music by Otto Singer,
written in 1876, and first sung in that year
by the Cincinnati Harmonic Society, then
conducted by the composer. — Upton, Stand-
ard Cantatas, 325.
41»
LANDLICllE
LANDLICHE HOCHZEIT (Couutiy
'Wedding), symiihonj', by Karl Goldmark,
op. 26, first j)ei-foi-med iu Vienna, March
12, 1876. Given by the Philharmonic So-
ciety, New York, iu the season of 1876-77 ;
at the Crystal Palace, Loudon, March
2, 1878. I. Moderato niolto (Wedding-
March, with variations) ; 11. Allegretto
(Bridal Song) ; IU Allegretto moderato
scherzaudo (Serenade) ; IV. Audaute (In
the Garden) ; V. Fiuale, Allegro molto
(Dance). Published by Schott (Maiuz,
1876).— Mus. "Wocheublatt (1876), 353 ;
Atheureum (1878), i. 325 ; Upton, Standard
Symphonies, li6 ; Bayreuther Blatter
(1880), 81.
LANG, ADOLF, born at Thorn, Prussia,
June 10, 1830, still living, 1889. Violiuist,
pupil of David, Meudelssohu, and Haupt-
mann from 1811 till 18-17 at the Couserva-
torium, Leipsic ; was appointed first violin
in 1851, and Kapellmeister in 1854, of the
Friedrich-Wilhehustiidtisches Theater, Ber-
lin, then devoted himself to composition.
Works : Several operettas ; Overtures ;
Marches ; Songs. — Fetis, Supplement, ii.
72 ; Mendel.
LANG, ALEX.\NDER, born at Eatisbon,
March 6, 1806, died at Erlangen, Feb. 18,
1837. Amateur pianist, first pupil of Choir-
master Braig iu his native town ; then con-
tinued his study of music while studying
law at the Universities of Erlangen and
Heidelberg. He was appointed professor
at the University of Erlangen, and institut-
ed there in 1831 the Cilcilia music soci-
ety, which he conducted until his death.
Works : Concerto for pianoforte and orches-
tra ; Variations for ijiauoforte and strings ;
Quartet for strings ; Duo for pianoforte
and guitar ; Many pieces for iiianoforte ;
Songs. — Fetis ; Mendel.
LANG, BENJAMIN JOHNSON, born, of
American parents, in Salem, Massachusetts,
Dec. 28, 1837, still living, 1889. He stud-
ied the pianoforte under his father, an or-
ganist in Salem, then under Francis G. Hill, |
of Boston, and later under Alfred Jaell and
to Europe,
iu Berlin,
giving
Vienna,
Gustav Salter. His talent was jjrecocious,
and he entered upon his career as pianist,
church organist, and
teacher at the age of
fifteen. In 1855 he
went abroad, studied
composition in Ber-
lin and elsewhere,
and continued his
pianoforte practice
under Liszt's direc-
tion. In 1869 he
made a second visit
concerts with success
and Dresden. Since
1852 he has been successively organist at
Dr. Neale's church in Somerset Street,
Boston, the Old South Church, for twen-
ty years at the South Congregational
Church, and now at King's Chajsel. He
has also been for many years organist of
the Handel & Haydn Society. He was an
influential member of the Concert Com-
mittee of the Harvard Musical Associa-
tion during the seventeen years in which
it gave symphony concerts, and has been
conductor of the Apollo Club and the Ce-
cilia since their formation, besides giving
many orchestral, choral, and chamber con-
certs on his own account. As pianist and
conductor he has brought out in Boston
more works of importance than any other
resident musician ; among these may be
mentioned especially Mendelssohn's Wal-
purgisnacht, and Berlioz's Danmation de
Faust, besides the various larger cantatas
given by the Cecilia and the Apollo Club.
He is in great demand as a teacher, and
has formed many excellent pupils. Al-
though in no sense a Wagnerian, he was on
terms of intimacy with Wagner both at
Triebschen and Bayreuth, and was actively
instrumental iu raising funds in Boston for
the first Bayreuth Festival in 1876. His
works, which are as yet all in MS., comprise
an oratorio, David ; several symphonies and
overtures for orchestra ; and a large num-
ber of compositions in almost every form of
420
LANG
cburcli, chamber, aud pianoforte music, be-
sides many songs. Of these about one
hundred and fifty works of church music
(Te Deum, Anthems, etc.), and a few songs
and fugitive pianoforte pieces, have been
performed. His daughter, Margaret Kuth-
ven Lang (born in Boston, Nov. 27, 18G7,
still Hving, 1889), is his pujiil on the piano-
forte, and has studied under Schmidt in
Boston, and Drechsler and Abel in Munich,
for the violin, and under Gluth of Munich
for composition. She has published some
excellent songs, and has other works iu va-
rious forms in MS. Several of her songs
and a part-song have been sung in pubhc
iu Boston.
LANG, JOSEPHINE, born in Munich,
March 14, 1815, died at Tubingen, Dec. 3,
1880. Dramatic singer and vocal compos-
er, daughter and pupil of the famous singer
Kegina Hitzelberger Lang, and pupil of
Frau Berlinghof- Wagner, and iu theory of
Mendelssohn, who speaks highly of her in
his letters. She taught singing and piano-
forte and sang in the court chapel at Mu-
nich, and iu 1812 married Professor KOstlin
of Tubingen, after whose death, iu 1856, she
taught music again. Her songs, number-
ing about 10 works, rank very high. She
has also composed some pianoforte pieces.
^Sammlung mus. Vortrilge, iii. 49 ; HiUer,
Tonleben, ii. 116 ; Riemann, 502 ; Grove,
ii. 89.
LANGDON, RICHARD, born iu Exeter,
England, about 1735 ('?), died there, Sep-
tember, 1803. Organist of Exeter Cathe-
dral iu 1770-77, of Bristol Cathedral in
1777-82, and of Armagh Cathedral in 1782
-94. Mus. Bac, Oxford, 1761. Works:
Twelve Sougs and two Cantatas (Loudon,
u. d.) ; Twelve Glees for three and four
voices (ib., 1770) ; Divine Harmony, Collec-
tion iu Score of Psalms and Anthems (ib.,
1774) ; Anthems, etc. — Brown.
LANGE, GUSTAV, born at Schwerstedt,
near Erfurt, Prussia, Aug. 13, 1830, still
living, 1889. Pianist, pupil of his father, of
Kribitzsch, and Gebhardi at Erfurt, and of
Liisehhorn, G. Schumann, and Grell in Ber-
lin. He played in concerts with great suc-
cess iu 1860-70, and thence devoted himself
more especially to composition. His works,
comprising original pieces and many fan-
tasias, transcrii^tious, etc., for jjianoforte in
salon style, numbering more than two hun-
dred and fifty, became, for the greater part,
very popular. — Meudel.
LANGE (Langius), HIERONYMUS
GEORG, boru at Havelberg, Brandenburg,
first half of the 16th century, died in Bres-
lau, May 1, 1587. He was Cantor at Frauk-
fort-on-the-Oder, and was one of the most
learned musicians of his time. Works :
Cantiones sacne for 4-8 voices (Nuremberg,
1580, 1584) ; Tricinia (Erfurt, 1618).— Fe-
tis ; Meudel ; Gerber.
L.ANGE, JOSEPH, born at Wurzburg,
April 1, 1751, died in Vienna, Sept. 18,
1831. Dramatic composer, studied music
in Vienna, devoted himself in 1770 to the
stage, and was engaged at the court thea-
tre iu Vienna, where he became a public
favourite. Works : Adelheid vou Ponthieu,
operetta, given in several German theatres,
1796.
LANGE, SAMUEL DE. See De Lange.
LANGER, FERDINAND, boru at Lei-
men, near Heidelberg, in 1839, still living,
1889. Violoncellist and dramatic composer,
mostly self-taught ; afterwards, as violoncel-
list of the court orchestra at Mannheim, f)u-
pil of Hetsch in theory. Since 1868 he has
been music director of the court theatre
at Mannheim. Works — Operas : Die ge-
fiihrliche Nachbarschaft, given at Mann-
heim, June, 1868 ; DornrOscheu, ib., March
18, 1873 ; AschenbrOdel, ib., July 7, 1878 ;
Murillo, three acts, Mannheim, 1887, re-
written and given, ib., Sept. 16, 1888. — Fetis,
Supplement, ii. 73 ; Mendel ; Riemanu.
LANGERT, AUGUST, boru at Coburg iu
1830, still living, 1889. Dramatic comjjoser,
from 1860 Kapellmeister at the theatres of
Coburg, Mannheim (1865), Basel (1867),
and Trieste (1868) ; then lived at Coburg,
Paris, and Berlin ; became iu 1872 iustruc-
421
LANGHANS
tor at the Conservatoire in Geneva and in
1873 Hof-Kaijellmeister at Gotba. "Works
— Operas : Die Jungfrau vou Orleans, given
at Coburg, 18G1 ; Des Siiugers Much, ib.,
1863 ; Doiia Maria, Infantiu von Spanien,
Darmstadt, 1866 ; Die Fabier, Coburg,
1866, Berlin, 18G8 ; Dornroschen, Leipsic,
1871 ; Jean Cavalier, Coburg, 1880 ; rewrit-
ten, and given as Die Camisarden, ib., Dec.
15, 1887.— Fetis ; Mendel ; Riemann.
L.VXGHANS, WILHELIM, born in Ham-
burg, Sept. 21, 183-2, stiU living, 1889. Vio-
linist and writer on music. While at the
Johauueum, Hamburg, he was taught mu-
sic, then studied in 1849-52 under David
and Richter at the Couservatorium in Lei2>
sic, and was admitted to the orchestra of
the Gewandhaus and the theatre. He went
repeatedly to Paris, to study under Alard ;
was Conzertmeister in Diisseldorf in 1857-
60, appeared at concerts in Hamburg, 1860,
in Paris, 1863, and in 1869 at Heidelberg,
where he was made Doctor by the university.
In 1871 he settled in Berlin, devoting himself
to teaching, composition, and musical criti-
cism. In 1874: he was appointed professor of
the history of music at the Keue Akademie
der Tonkunst, and in 1881 at Scharwenka's
new Couservatorium. Honorary member
of the Musical Academies, Florence (1878),
and Rome (1887). Works : Quartet for
strings (prize, 1864, by the Societu del Quar-
tetto in Florence) ; 20 etudes for viohn ;
Sonata for violin ; Duo for violin and piano-
forte ; Two sonatinas for pianoforte ; Par-
erga, a collection of songs. He published
Die Geschichte der Musik des 17, 18, und
19 Jahrhundcrts (1882-86), as a sequel to
the history of music by Ambros. — Fetis ;
Mendel ; Riemaun.
LANGLE, HONORfi FRANCOIS MA-
RIE, born at Monaco in 1741, died at Vil-
liers-le-Bel, near Paris, Sept. 20, 1807. Pu-
jjil of Caffai'O at the Conservatorio della
Pieta in Naples ; was music director at
Genoa, and in 1768 went to Paris, where he
devoted himself to teaching and composi-
tion. He was teacher in the Ecole Royale
de Chant et de Declamation in 1784-91, and
librarian and professor of harmony at the
Paris Consei-vatoire. Works — Ojieras :
Oreste et Tyndare (1783) ; Antiochus et
Stratonice, given at Versailles, 1786 ; Cori-
sandre, Academic Royale deMusique, 1791 ;
Soliman et Eronime, ou Mahomet H.,
(1792) ; La mort de Lavoisier (1794) ; Le
choix dAlcide (1801) ; Medee ; L'auberge
des volontaires ; Tancrode ; Les vengeances.
Cantatas ; Motets ; Monologues of Alcide,
of Sapho, and of Cii'ce ; 6 symphonies.
Theoretical works : Traito d'harmonie et de
la modulation (Paris, 1797) ; Traite de la
basse sous le chant (ib., 1798) ; Nouvelle
mcthode pour chiffrer les accords (ib.,
1801) ; Traite de la fugue (ib., 1805).— F6-
tis ; Riemann ; Mendel ; Gerber ; Schil-
ling.
LANGUE, GEME, duet in E minor, for
soprano and alto, by Handel, No. 13 of the
Chamber Duets (Hiindelgesellschaft, vol.
32B). Published separately, with addi-
tional accompaniments by Robert Franz
(Leipsic, Kistner).
L.ANliRE (Lanier, Lanieri), NICHOLAS,
born in Italy
about 1588, died
in London in
1665-1670. Sou
of Jerome Lanieri,
who emigrated
from Italy to Eng-
land. His name
first appears as a
composer and
singer in a masque performed in 1614 at
the English court. He wrote the music for
a masque by Ben Jonson, plaj-ed in 1617,
and in it first introduced the recitative style
into English compositions. He was also an
exi^ert in painting and engi-aving, and was
sent by Charles L to Italy in 1625, and again
in 1627, to buy pictures. In 1626 he was
appointed Master of the King's Musick, and
in 1630 first marshal of the corporation of
musicians ; lost both the appointments dur-
ing the Revolution, and regained them on
433
LANNEll
the accession of Charles 11. Works : Music
for masques ; Pastoral on the birtli of Prince
Charles ; Funeral hymn for Charles I. ; New
Year's Songs. Songs and other pieces by
him are in the British Museum MSS., and
in the collections, Select Musicall Ayres and
Dialogues (1G53, 1659) ; The Musical Com-
panion (1G67) ; The Treasury of Musick
(1669) ; and Choice Ayres and Songs (1685).
— Fetis ; Eiemann ; Granger, Biogr. His-
tory of England, ii. 107 ; Burney, Hist, of
Music, ii. 346 ; Hawkins, do., iii. 380.
LANNER. JOSEPH (FRANZ liKRh),
born in Vienna, April
12, 1801, died at
Oberdubling, near
Vienna, April 14,
1843. Composer of
dance music, self-
taught on the violin
and in composition ;
played at first in an
amateur quartet, in
which Strauss, his fu-
ture rival, supplied
the viola, and which gradually assumed the
proportions of a full orchestra, being much
in demand in places of amusement ; he
conducted the court balls alternately with
Strauss. He was appointed Kapellmeister
of the 2d Biirger regiment. He created
the modern Vienna waltz, which formerly
had been only a short piece of dance mu-
sic. "Works : A symphony ; Overtures ;
Galops ; Quadrilles ; Marches ; Polkas ;
Waltzes. Other compositions, in all about
210. — Wurzbach.xiv., 134; Allgem.d. Biogi-.,
xvii. 698 ; Mendel ; Fctis.
LANNOY, flDOUARD, Baron DE, born
in Brussels, Dec. 3, 1787, died in Vienna,
March 29, 1853. Dramatic composer and
writer on music ; began his studies at Gratz,
Styria, whither his parents bad emigrated ;
returned to Brussels in 1801, continued his
studies at the Lj-cee there, then in Paris,
becoming proficient in jurisprudence, phi-
losophy, mathematics, philology, on several
musical instruments, and in composition.
He returned to Styria in 1806, and from
1813 lived alternately there and in Vienna,
where he was director of the Conservatorium
in 1830-35. Works — OjDeras : Margaretha,
oder die Riiuber, given in Gratz, 1814, Vi-
enna, 1819 ; Die Morlaken, Gratz, 1817 ;
Libussa, Briinn, 1819. Melodramas : Ein
Uhr, Vienna, 1822 ; Kiitly, ib., 1827 ; Der
Murder ; Emmy Teels ; Die beiden Galleer-
ensclaven ; Der Lowe von Florenz ; Der
schwarze Aba, all represented, in 1823-30,
on difl'erent stages in Vienna and Germany.
Music to the drama Czar Iwan ; 2 sympho-
nies ; Overtures ; Solos for various instru-
ments, with orchestra ; Quintet for piano-
forte and wind instruments ; Grand trio for
pianoforte, clarinet, and violoncello ; So-
natas for pianoforte and violin ; Sonatas,
rondos, variations, and other pieces for
pianoforte. — Fctis ; Mendel ; Schilling ;
Wurzbach.
LANZELOT (Launcelot), heroic opera, in
three acts, by Reiuhold L. Herman, written
in 1880, in MS. The introduction and
some scenes from this opera were given at
the Liederkranz concert, Steinway Hall,
New York, April 22, 1888.
LANZI, PETRONIO, born in Bologna,
Italy, first half of the 18th century. Church
composer, pupil of Predieri ; was maestro di
cappella in his native city, and twice presi-
dent of the Accademia Filarmonica. In hon-
our of his second election, in 1770, a mass
of his composition was performed in the
Church of S. Giovanni in Monte, which was
highly commended by Burney in his mu-
sical journey in Italy. No other works by
him are known. — Futis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
LAPICIDA, ERASMUS, born in the sec-
ond half of the 15th century. Church com-
poser, well known in his time, as he was
often called Rasmo simply, or his name in-
dicated only by the initials E. L. Neither
the land of his birth nor anything of his
life is known ; his name is evidently latin-
ized from stonecutter. His compositions
are to be found in Petruccfs Motetti B
(1503), Frottole (1507), Motetti a quattro
LAriS
voci (1507), and Lamentazioui (150G) ; iu
Petrejus's Auszug guter alter unci ueuer
deutscbcv Liedlein (1539) ; in G. Ebaw's
83-mpboni;c jucundse (1538), etc. — Fetis ;
Riemann.
LAPIS, SANTO, born iu Bologna, Italy,
beginning of the 18th century, died after
1762 (?). Dramatic comijoser ; lived mostly
in Venice, teaching the mandoHu and sing-
ing ; went, about 1762, to Amsterdam in
quest of a permanent situation, but after a
short absence went back to Italy. Works :
La generosita di Tiberio, opera, given in
Venice, 1729 ; La fede in eimento, do., ib.,
1730 ; 6 trios for violin and flute ; 6 duets
for voices, and 2 collections of French
chansons. — Fctis ; Mendel ; Gerber ; Schil-
ling.
LAPPE, PAUL, dramatic composer, mem-
ber of the ducd orchestra at Schwerin,
about 1840. Works : Die Obotriteu, opera,
given at the court theati'e of Schwerin,
1810 ; Petermiinnchen, comic ojiera, ib.,
ISH ; Overtures ; Entr'actes for dramas ;
Ballet music ; Symphonies ; Concert-pieces
for various instruments ; Songs. — Fotis ;
Mendel.
L.4.PPI, PIETRO, Italian church com-
jjoser of the 17th century, born in Florence.
In 1601 he was maestro di cappella of S.
M. delle Grazie, Brescia. Works : Classes
for 8 voices (Venice, 1601-7) ; Masses for
3-5 choruses (ib., 1616) ; Litanie della
Madonna for 4-8 voices ; Salmi concertati
for 5 voices (ib., 1600) ; Sacraj melodire
(Frankfort, 1621 ; Antwerp, 1622) ; Ro-
sarium musicale, containing a magnificat, a
mass, Te Deum, psalms, and litanies for 2
and 3 choruses (Venice, 1639). — Fetis ;
Mendel ; Gerber ; Schilling.
L.\R.l, overture in E minor, on Byron's
poem, by Johanu H. Beck, first performed
in Boston, Massachusetts, June 30 and
July 2, 1886. Not published.
LARGO AL FACTOTUM. See II Barbi-
ere di Siviglia.
LA EWEDRA NELL' ESTASL See
II Ballo in Maschera.
LARUE (La Rue), PIERRE (Pierchon)
DE, born in Picardy, lived in the latter part
of the 15th and early part of the 16th cen-
tury. He is sometimes designated by the
Latin name Petrus Platensis, and by the
Italians is called Piersou, Pierzon, Perisone,
and Pierazon de la Ruellien. He was a
contemporary of Josquin Despres, and a jdu-
pil of Okeghem. In 1492-1510 he was a
singer of the chapel at the court of Bur-
gundy, in 1501 he held a prebend at Cour-
trai, and later another in the Church of Saiut-
Aubin of Namur, which he resigned in 1510.
Fetis supposes that he then became a canon
of some collegiate church until his death.
He appears to have been in high favour
with INIargaret of Austria, who had some of
his compositions embodied in sumjDtuous
manuscripts. He was a master of musical
knowledge, and his works show a deeji and
earnest spirit. Works : 5 masses, printed
by Petrucci in 1513 and entitled, Beatse
Virginis, Puer nobis est, Sexti toni, ut, fa,
L'homme arme, and Nunquam fuit j'oena
major ; A mass, De Saucto Antonio, iu Pe-
trucci's Missse diversorum (1508) ; Ave
Maria, and O salutaris hostia, in Liber
quiudecim missarum (Rome, 1516) ; Cam
jocunditate, O gloriosa, and De Sancto
Antonio, in MissfB tredecim (Nuremberg,
1539) ; Tons les regrets, iu Liber quindeeim
missarum (ib., 1538) ; A mass in Petrucci's
MisscB Antonii de Fevin (1515). The fol-
lowing are in manuscript : A beautiful
volume iu the Brussels Library, containing
seven masses, De concejjtione Virginis j\Ia-
riffi, Ista est speciosa, De doloribus, Pas-
chale, Ave sanctissima Maria, De sancta
cruce, and De feria ; a volume in the ar-
chives of Mechlin, containing Fors seule-
ment, Eesurrexit, Sine nomine, De sancta
cruce. Super alleluia ; a manuscript iu the
Brussels Library with two De septcm dolo-
ribus, one being like that in the first manu-
script mentioned, and a Stabat Mater do-
lorosa ; a manuscript in the Papal Chapel
in Rome with two masses, L'amour de moy,
and 0 gloriosa Margarita ; iu the Munich
424
LAKUETTE
Library two masses, Cum jucunditate, and
Pro defunctis, besides a Credo, 5 Salve Ee-
gina, and several songs, altogether 29 dif-
ferent masses being known ; Motets ; Salve
Eegina in Petrucci's Motetti della Corona
(Venice, 1505) ; Laiida anima mea Domi-
num, in Nureniburg collection (15G4:) ; Songs
in Petrucci's Harmonica musices Odbecatou
(Venice, 1501), and in Rhaw's Bicinia (1545) ;
and Madrigali a quattro voci mutate, under
the name of Perisone (Venice, IS-l-l). — Fetis ;
Eiemann ; Mendel ; Ambros, Geschicbte der
Musik, iii. 234.
LARUETTE, JEAN LOUIS, born at
Toulouse, March 27, 1731, died there, Jan-
uary, 1792. Dramatic composer, and in
1752-79 actor at the Opera Comique and
the Comedie Italienne, Paris. He passed
the last years of his life in his native city.
Works — Operas: Le docteur Sangrado,
given at the Ojiera Comique, 1758 ; L'heu-
reux deguisement, Theatre de la Foire Saint-
Laurent, 1758 ; Le medecin de I'amour, ib.,
1758 ; L'ivrogne corrige, ib., 1759 ; Cen-
drillon. Opera Comique, 1759 ; Le depit
genereux, Comedie Italienne, 17G1 ; Le Gui
de Chene, ib., 17G3 ; Les deux comperes,
ib., 1772 ; La fausse aventuricre (with other
composers?). Opera Comique, 1757. — Fetis ;
do., Supplement, ii. 76 ; Mendel.
LASCEUX, GUILLAUME, born at Pois-
sy (Seine-et-Oise), France, Feb. 3, 1740,
died in Paris, 1829. Organist ; studied in
his native town, and became organist at
Chevreuse at the age of eighteen. In 17G2
he went to Paris, where for five years he
was a pupil of Noblet, and in 17G9 became
organist in the Churches of Saint-Etienne
du Mont and the Seminaire de Saint-!Ma-
gloire. Later he succeeded his teacher
Noblet as organist in the Churches des
Mathurins and of the College de Navarre.
Works : 3 operas-comiques, given in sev-
eral theatres in Paris, 1780 ; Messe solen-
nelle with orchestra, performed in Saint-
Gervais, 1804 ; 2 masses ; Te Deum ; Suite
de NoOls varies ; Hymnes de I'office de la
Fete-Dieu, for organ ; 3 quartets for piano-
,C-:*^'~^V
forte and strings ; 2 collections of sonatas
for pianoforte ; Method for the organ. — Fe-
tis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
LASCIA CH' 10 PIANGA, soprano aria
of Almirena, in F major, with accompani-
ment of 2 oboes, strings complete, and con-
tinuo, in Handel's BadamiMo, Act IT., Scene
4. Meyerbeer's additional accompaniments
to this air introduce some ungrammatical
harmony, quite unauthorized by the orig-
inal score.
LASSEN, EDU.ARD, born in Copen-
hagen, April 13,
1830, still living,
1889. Dramatic
comjjoser ; entered
the Brussels Con-
seiwatoire in 1842,
received first prize
for pianoforte play-
ing in 1844, for har-
mony in 1847, later
the second composi-
tion j)rize, and in
1851 the grand government prize,
travelled through Germany and Italy, and
spent some time in Eome. In 1858 he was
apipoiuted court music director in Weimar,
and on the retirement of Liszt, in 1861, suc-
ceeded him as Hof-Kapellmeister. He pro-
duced there Tristan und Isolde in 1874, when
only the Munich Theatre had dared to repre-
sent it. He is an eminent conductor, and to
his efforts is due much of the high position
Weimar holds in the musical world. Works
— Operas : Landgraf Ludwigs Brautfahrt,
given in Weimar, 1857 ; Frauenlob, ib.,
18G0 ; Le captif, Brussels, 1865, and iu
German at Weimar, 1868 ; Music to Oedi-
pus in Kolonos, Weimar, 1874, to Faust, ib.,
1876, to Hebbel's Nibelungen, and to a play
f.cA
by Calderon ; 2 symphonies ; Overtures ;
To Deum, for chorus and orchestra ; Can-
LASSER
tatas ; Choruses for male voices, and many
songs. — Fetis ; do., Supplement, ii. 78 ;
Mendel ; Riemaun.
LASSER, JOHAXN BAPTIST, born at
Steinkirclien, Nether Austria, Aug. 12,
1751, died at Munich, Oct. 21, 1805. Dra-
matic composer ; studied first in Linz, then
in Vienna, where he stayed several years,
teaching music. Having become an excel-
lent singer, he devoted himself to the stage
in 1782, acted in different Austrian towns,
and was called to Munich in 1791 as court
singer. Works — Operas : Das wiithende
Heer, given in Munich about 1792 ; Die
gliickliche Maskerade, ib., 1791 ; Der Ka-
pellmeister, ib., about 1810 ; Die kluge
"Wittwe, ib., 1792 ; Die unruhige Nacht,
ib., 1792 ; Die Modehiindlerin, ib., 1795 ;
Der Jude ; Cora uud Alonzo, ib., about
the end of the 18th century ; Die Huldi-
gung der Treue, prelude, ib., 1791. Masses,
and other church music. He was author
also of a vocal method. — Fi'tis ; Mendel ;
Schilling ; Gerber.
LASSO, FERDIN.IND DI, the elder,
born in Munich in 1562, died there, Aug.
27, 1609. Church composer, son and pu-
pil of Orlando Lasso, and pupil of Tosta,
whom he succeeded, in 1603, as KapeU-
nieister at the Bavarian court. Works :
Magnificat ; Cautiones sacrre suavissimse, a
collection of motets (1587). — Fetis; Men-
del ; Schilling.
LASSO, FERDINAND DI, the younger,
born in Munich about 1590, died, 1036.
Church composer, sou and pupil of Ferdi-
nand the elder. He was sent to Rome, in
1609, by the Elector of Bavaria, to com-
plete his studies, and returned in 1016 to
succeed his father as Kapellmeister, but
was dismissed for unknown reasons, re-
ceiving at the same time a government
appointment. Works : 2 masses for 10
voices ; do. for 3 choirs ; Stabat Mater for 2
choirs ; Motets, Misereres, Magnificats for
8-16 voices ; 2 Te Deum for 4 choii-s ; Lit-
anies; Psalms, etc. — Fetis; Meudel; Schil- ,
linsr.
LASSO, 0RL.4.ND0 (real name Roland
Delattre, but variously given as Roland
de Lattre, Orlaud de
Lassus, Roland Las-
Bus, Orlandus Las-
sus, Orlando di Las-
so, etc.), born at
Mons, in the Hai-
nault, in 1520, died
in Munich, June 15,
1594. He was a choir-
boy at the Church
of Saint-Nicolas at Mons, and is said to
have been kidnapjjed three times on ac-
count of his beautiful voice. In 1532 he
accompanied Ferdinand de Gonzaga, Vice-
roy of Sicily, to Milan, and thence to Sicily.
In 1538 he went to Naples, where he spent
about three years in the service of the Mar-
chese della Terza. In 1541 he was received
into the household of the Cardinal Arch-
bishop of Florence, then living in Rome ;
he staid sis months in the cardinal's palace,
and then was ajipoiuted maestro di caj^peUa
at the Basilica of S. Giovanni in Laterano,
although only twenty-one years old. He
held this post until 1548. Returning to
Mons, he found that all his near relatives
were dead, so he set out for England about
1554, in company with an Italian nobleman,
Giulio Cesare Brancaceio, who introduced
him to Cardinal Pole, in whose honour he
wrote some music (Grove, ii. 94) ; then he
probably visited France, but did not get as
far as Paris, and settled before the end of
1554 in Antwerp, where he lived for two
years in the most brilliant and cultivated
society. In 1557 he was invited to Munich
by Albert V. of Bavaria, whose famous
" Kapelle " he entered. In 1558 he mar-
ried Regina Weckinger, maid of honour at
the ducal court. From this union sprang
four sons, Ferdinand, Rudolph, Johannes,
Ernst (of whom the first two became mu-
sicians of some note), and two daughters,
Anna and Regina ; the latter was married
to Johaun d'Ach, the distinguished court-
painter of Emperor Rudolj)h H. In 1562
43G
LASSO
he was appointed ilucal Kai^ellmeister ; iu
the autumn he made a brief visit to Venice
to see about having some compositions pub-
Hshed by Gardano, and went also to Ant-
werp, partly on similar business, but mainly
to engage the best musicians he could tind
for the Munich Kapelle. On Dec. 7, 1570,
the Emperor Maximilian II. granted him
letters of nobility at the Reichstag at
Speier (a fac-simile copy of the grant is
iu Bi-ussels, Bibl. de Bourgogne, 14:,405).
Soon afterwards he went to Paris, where
he excited the wildest admiration, and was
loaded with gifts by Charles IX. The le-
gend that he wrote his Penitential Psalms,
his most famous if not his greatest work,
by order of Charles, to help that king to
expiate the Saint Bartholomew massacre
(1572) and bring peace to the royal con-
science, has no foundation. The Psalms
were all written at Munich before 1565. It
is true, however, that Charles IX. engaged
him as maitre de chapelle in 1571: ; the ne-
gotiations were all concluded, but the king's
death prevented their going into effect. In
the same year Pope Gregory XIII. made
him a Knight of the Golden Sj^ur. Lasso
spent the rest of his life in Munich, afflu-
ent, esteemed by all, and working as few
men have worked. The number of his com-
positions is estimated at more than two
thousand. As he was untiring also in his
superintendence of the ducal Kapelle, the
strain proved too severe, and shortly before
his death he fell into a piteous condition
of nervous prostration and almost imbe-
cility. Orlando Lasso was the greatest of
all the great composers of Netherlandish
extraction ; together with Giovanni Gabri-
eli and Palestrina, he represents the highest
development of the great epoch of strict
single counterpoint. His portrait, in the
MS. copy of the Penitential Psalms in the
Munich Royal State Library, is reproduced
in Grove's Dictionary.
Published works. I. Masses : Missarum
quatuor vocum liber primus, Venice, Gar-
dane, 1515 ; 1 Mass (In te, domiue, speravi,
G voc), in Liber missarum quatuor, etc., ib.,
Gardano, 15GG ; 1 Mass, G voc. (Congratu-
lamini), and two, 5 voc. (Domine secundum
actum meum, and Susan' un iour), in Proe-
stantissimorum divinte musices auctorum
missse decern, Louvain, Phalesius, 1570 ; G
Masses, 5 voc, iu Missfe aliquot quinque
vocum (part of the Patrociuium musices),
Munich, Adam Berg, 1574 ; Liber missarum
quatuoret quinque vocum, Nuremberg, 1581;
Missse cum cantieo Beatae Marife octo modis
musicis, Paris, R. Ballard, 1583; Misste decem
cum quatuor vocibus, Venice, Gardano, 1588 ;
3 Masses in Orlandi Lassi . . . missse, etc.,
liber primus, Milan, heirs of Simone Tini,
1588 ; Missfe aliquot quinque vocum (2d vol.
of masses in Patrocinium musices), Munich,
Adam Berg, 1589 ; 2 Masses (Sexti toui, 5
voc, and Ad j)lacitum, 1 voc.) in Selectissi-
marum missarum flores, etc., Antwerp, Pha-
lesius, 1599 ; 3 Masses, 5 voc, with continuo
(Octavi toni, Sydus ex claro sexti toni, and
Officium defunctorum), in Joannes Don-
frid's Corolla musica, missarum xxxvii., etc.,
Strasburg, heirs of Lazarus Zetzner, 1599 ;
Lassi (Orlandi) Belgse, musicorum Orphei
. . . Missae posthumse sex, etc. (edited
by his son Rudolph), Munich, Nicolaus
Heuricus, IGIO.
n. Magnificat : Magnificat octo tonorum,
quatuor, quinque et sex vocum, Nuremberg,
1567 ; Magnificat octo tonorum, quinque et
sex vocum, ib., 1572 ; Octo cantica divte
Marife Virginis, quae vulgo Magnificat appel-
lantur, secundum singulos octo tonorum
quaternis vocibus, Munich, 1573 (second
edition of the same, Paris, Le Roy & Ballard,
1581) ; Magnificat aliquot 1, 5, G et 8 vocum
(part of Patrocinium musices), Munich,
Adam Berg, 1576 ; Lassi sereniss. . . .
cantica sacra . . . sex et octo vocibus,
ib., Adam Berg, 1585 ; Magnificat i, 5 et
6 vocibus ad imitationera cantilenarum, etc.,
ib., ib., 1587 ; Magnificat octo tonorum,
. . . quatuor vocum, Milan, heirs of Si-
mone Tini ; Magnificat octo tonorum 4, 5 et
G vocum, Augsburg, 1601 ; Lassi (Orlandi)
. . . centum Magnificat, etc. (5, 6, 7, 8,
427
LASSO
10 voc), edited by liis son Rudolph, Mu-
nich, 1619.
m. Psalms and litanies : 1 Psalm, 5 voc,
in Beati omnes, Psalmus cxsvii. Davidis
. . . a variis, iisdemque prsestantisslmis
musiciB artificibus, etc., Niu-emberg, Ulrich
Neuber, 1569 ; 1 Psalm (Lretatus sum, 3
voc), in Premier livi'e du meslange des
Pseaumes et Cantiques, etc. [no name]
1577 ; 2 Psalms, 3 voc. (Beati omnes, and
Domiue nou est esaltatum), in Second livre,
id., etc., 1577 ; Lassi . . . Psalmi Da-
vidici jjoeuitentiales . . . His accessit
Psalmus, "Laudate Dominum de coelis,"
quinque vocum, Munich, Adam Berg, 1581 ;
Psalmi sacri, 3 vocum, Munich, 1588 (the
same, with Gei-niau text, Zurich, 1594;) ; 12
Litanies (4-9 voc.) in Thesaunis Litania-
rum, etc., Munich, Adam Berg, 1596 ; Ciu-
quante Pseaumes de David, aveo la niusique
a ciuq parties d'Orlaude de Lassus, etc.,
Heidelberg, Jc'rosme Commelin, 1597.
IV. Lamentations and lessons : Sacrse
lectioues novem ex propheta Job, quatuor
vocum, in officiis defuuctorum cantari so-
litae, etc., Venice, Gardano, 1565 (other edi-
tions with changes in title : Lyons, 1566 ;
Nuremberg, Gerlach, 1567 ; Louvain, 1572 ;
Munich, Adam Berg, 1582 ; Nuremberg,
1597) ; Passio, 5 vocum. Item lectiones Job,
et lectiones matutiuis de Nativ., 4 vocum,
Munich, Adam Berg, 1575 ; Lassi .
Hieremite pi-ophette lamentationes, etc., ib.,
ib., 1585 ; Jeremiseprophetsedevotissimie la-
mentationes cum passione Domini . . .
quinque vocum, Paris, Le Roy & Ballard,
1586 (reprint of the above-mentioned) ; Mo-
duli quatuor et octo vocum partim a queri-
tationibus Job, jjartim e psalm. Davidis et
aliis scripturaj locis descripti, Orlando Las-
susio auctore. La Rochelle, P. Haultin,
1576 (2d edition, Paris, Le Roy & Ballard,
1587) ; Le Lagi-ime di S. Pietro descritte
del Signor Luigi Tansillo (with portrait of
Lasso, setat. 62), Munich, Adam Berg,
1595.
V. Motets — Original collections : II pri-
me libro de' Motetti di Orlando di Lasso,
Venice, Gardane, 1545 ; II prime libro de'
motetti a 5 e 6 voci, etc., Antwerp, Jean
Laet, 1556 (possibly a 2d ed. of the pre-
ceding) ; Sacr£e cantioues (vulgo moteta
apijellatffi), 5 et G vocum, liber secundus,
Venice, Ramjsazetto, 1560 [2d ed., ib.,
1562] ; Sacrfficautiones quinque vocum cum
viva voce turn omnis generis iustrumeutis
cantatu commodissimse, Nuremberg, 1562
(contains 25 motets) [2d ed. of do., Venice,
Gardano, 1565] ; do., liber secundus, 5 et
6 vocum, Venice, Gardano, 1565 [another
ed. of Books I. and II., Venice, Scoto,
1565] ; Sacrse cantiones (vulgo moteta ap-
pellate), 5 et 6 vocum, liber tertius, Venice,
Gardano, 1566 (contains 30 motets) ; do.,
6 et 8 vocum, liber quartus, ib., ib., 1566
[2d ed., ib., 1569 ; 3d ed., ib., 1586] ; Lassi
. . selectiorum aliquot cantionum sa-
crorum sex vocum fasciculus adjuuctis in
fine tribus dialogis octo vocum, etc., Mu-
nich, Adam Berg, 1570 (this is the 5th book
of motets, containing 20) ; Sesto libro de'
Mottctti a ciuquo voci, Venice, Claudio
Merulo, 1569 [another ed., with title Mo-
duli quinis vocibus, etc., Paris, Le Roy &
Ballard, 1571. This fii'm jjublished also
Books I., II., and III., 5 voc, 1571 ; Moduli
quatuor et octo vocum, 1572 ; Moduli sex,
septem et duodecim vocum, 1573. Book
VL, 5 voc, was also jjublished in Munich,
1571] ; Cantionum (piosmotetos vocaut opus
novum, etc. (Part I. of Patrocinium musices),
Munich, Adam Berg, 1573 [another ed.,
with title, II settimo libro di motetti del
Orlando di Lasso, a cinque voci, Venice,
1585] ; NovtB aliquot ad duas voces cantio-
nes suavissimije, Munich, Adam Berg, 1577
[another ed., with title, Moduli duarum vo-
cum, etc., Paris, Le Roy & Ballard, 1578] ;
Lassi . . . Motetta sex vocum, ]\Iu-
nich, Adam Berg, 1582 ; Lassi . . .
Sacrre Cantiones, quinque vocum, ib., ib.,
1582 (these last two form one collection ;
Fetis is in doubt whether it is the 8th book
of motets, or a compilation) ; Lassi . . .
sacrse cantiones . . . quatuor vocum,
Munich, Adam Berg, 1585 [2d ed., with
438
LASSO
title, Sacrarum cantionum moduli quatiior
vocibus contexti. Auctore Oilaudo Las-
susio, Paris, Le Koy & Ballard, 1586]
(8th or 9th book of motets) ; Saera; cau-
tioues quiuque vocum, etc., Muiiioh, Adam
Berg, 1587 (9th or 10th book of motets) ;
Cantiones sacrre sex vocum, quas vulgo
motectas vocaut . . . turn vivte vocis,
turn omuivario iiistrumeutorum concentui
accommodatse, etc., Gratz, Georg Widman-
stadt, 1594. The following, nearly com-
plete, comjjiled edition is of importance :
Magnum opus musicum Orlandi di Lasso
. . . complectens omnes cantiones quas
vulgo motetas vocant, tam antea editas quam
hactenus noudum jJublicatas, 2, 3, 4, 5, G, 7,
8, 10, 12 vocum. A Ferdinando . . .
et Rudolpho . . . authoris filiis, summo
studio collectum, et impensis eorundem
tyj)is mandatum, Munich, N. Henricus,
1G04:, 6 vols, (contains 51G motets) ; In
magni illust. . . . Orlandi de Lasso
magnum opus musicum, Bassus ad organuai
. . . Sejitima pars, Wiirzburg, J. Vola-
mari, 1G25.
VL Madrigals and chansons— Original
collections : II primo libro de' madrigali a
cinque voci, Venice, Gardane, 1555 ; II se-
condo libro do., ib., Gardano, 1559 [another
ed. of 1st and 2d books, ib., Scoto, 1559 ;
2d ed. of 2d book, Scoto, 15G2 ; other eds.,
Gardano, 15GG-G8-70] ; Di Madrigali a
quattro voci il secondo libro, Rome, Antonio
Barre, 15G2 [reprinted, Venice, 1569-73] ;
H terzo libro de' Madrigali del eccellentis-
simo Orlando di Lasso a quattro voci,
Venice, Gardano, 1561 ; II libro terzo de'
Madrigali a cinque voci, ib., ib., 1566 ;
De' Madrigali dell' ottimo Orlando di
Lasso a cinque voci il quarto libro, Ven-
ice, Gardano, 15G7 ; II quinto libro de'
Madrigali a 4 voci, del Orlando di Lasso,
Venice, 1587 ; H sesto libro de' Madrigali
a 4 e 5 voci, di Orlando di Lasso, ib.,
1588 ; Libro di Villanelle, moresche ed altre
canzoni a 4, 5, 6 ed 8 voci, Paris, Le Eoy
& Ballard (no date) [reprinted, Antwerp,
1582] ; Le quatorziume livre a quatre parties
contenant . . . par Rolando de Lassus,
Antwerp, Tylman Susato, 1555 ; Lassus
. Nouvelles chansons a quatre parties
. . . Le premier livre, Antwerp, Jean
Laet, 1566 ; Lassus, le second livre des
nouvelles chansons tant a quatre comme it
cinq parties, ib., ib., 1566 ; Tiers livre des
chansons a quatre, cinq et six parties, etc.,
Louvain, Phalesius, 1566 ; Le quart livre des
chansons, etc., Antwerp, Jean Laet, 1564
[another ed., with the title Quatriesme livre
des chansons, etc., Louvain, Phalesius,
1564] ; Livre de chansons nouvelles a cinq
parties, avec deux dialogues a huict, Paris,
1571 [2d ed., with the title, Livi-e v. de
chansons nouvelles a 5 parties, avec deux
dialogues, Louvain, Phalesius, 1572 ; 3d
ed., Paris, Ballard, 1599] ; Moduli duobus
vel tribus vocibus, auctore Orlando de
Lasso, lib. i., Munich, 1582 ; Cantiones ele-
giacs suavissimai duobus vocibus, lib. ii.,
Antwerp, 1598 ; Orlandi di Lasso prophe-
tiiie Sibyllarum quatuor vocibus chromatico
more, etc., Augsburg, Georg Wilier, 1600 ;
Lassus . . . Nouvelles chansons alle-
mandesacinq voix, etc., Munich, Adam Berg,
15G7 ; do.. Part II. (title in German), ib., ib.,
1573 ; do.. Part III, ib.,ib., 157G ; Teutsche
uud franzosische Gesilng mit G Stimmen,
ib., ib., 1590 ; Etliche ausserlesene . . .
Liedlein 4 Stimmen, etc. (contains 30 chan-
sons), ib., ib., 1582 ; Sex cantiones latins,
quatuor, adjuncto dialogo octo vocum, ib.,
ib., 1573 [different copies of this ed. have
title and text in French, German, or Ital-
ian] ; Neue teutsche Liedlein mit fi'inf
Stimmen ... I., IL, DI. Tlieil, ib., ib.,
1567-76 ; Neue teutsche und etliche fran-
zosische Gesilng mit sechs Stimmen, ib.,
ib., 1590 (5th book of chansons). For re-
printed editions and compilations of Motets,
Madrigals, and Chansons, and for miscel-
laneous collections that contain such works
by Lasso together with those of other com-
posers, see Fetis ; Eitner's Bibliographie
der Musik-Sammelwerke des xvi. and xvii.
Jahrh. ; and Eitner's Chrouolog. Verzeich-
niss.
4S9
LASSO
or
CtiK^O uddO
Vn. Modern editions in score : Psalmos
Vn. pcenitentiales modis musicis adaptavit
Orlandus de Lassus, etc. (edited hy S. W.
Dehn), Berlin, Crantz, 1835 ; Eegina coeli
(4 voc), Salve Regina (4 voc), Angelas ad
pastores (5 voc), Miserere (5 and 6 voc), in
Rocblitz, vol. i., Mainz, Scbott, 1838 ; Psalm
xxxiii. (5 voc), Motet, Quo properas (10
voc). Magnificat (5 voc), Berlin, Scble-
singer ; Confirma hocDeus (6 voc), Berlin,
Guttentag ; Sis German chansons (4 voc.)
and one dialogue (8 voc.) iu Dehu's Samm-
lung alter Musik, etc., Berlin, Crantz ;
Twelve motets (4, 5, G, 7 and 8 voc) in
Commer's CoUectio operum Musicorum Ba-
tavorum sseculi x^t;., vols. vii. and viii.,
Mainz, Scbott ; Twenty motets (4 voc.) in
Proske's Miisica Divina, etc., Ratisbon,
1855 ; Mass, Qual donna attende (5 voc) in
Proske's Selectus novus missarum, etc., vol.
i., Ratisbon, 1856 ;
Mass, Or sus a coup
(4 voc), edited by
Ferreuberg, Cologne, Heberle, 1847; Six
unpublisbed masses, edited by Commer,
Berlin, 1860. — H. Delmotte, Notice biog-
rapbique sur Roland de Lattre, etc (Va-
lenciennes, Prignet, 1836) ; The same
translated into German by Dehn (Berlin) ;
Ambros, iii. 332-346 ; Mus. Wocbenblatt
(1871), No. 17; Monatsb. f. Musikgescb.,
vi. 107 ; Robert Eitner, Cbronologiscbes
Verzeicbniss der Druckwerke des O. di L.
(Berlin, 1874) ; Fotis ; Grove.
LASSO, RUDOLPH DI, born in Municb
about 1564, died there in 1625. Church
comj)osei-, son and pupil of Orlando Lasso ;
from 1587 organist and instructor of sing-
ing and composition at the court chapel in
Munich. He succeeded his brother Ferdi-
nand, in 1609, as Kapellmeister there.
Works : Cantioues sacrae, for 4 voices
(1606) ; Circus sympboniacus (1609) ; Mo-
duli sacri ad sacrum convivium, for 2-6
voices (1614) ; Virginalia eucharistica, for
4 voices (1616) ; Alphabetum Marianum
(1621) ; 3 masses ; 3 Magnificats. — Fctis ;
Mendel ; Schilling.
LASST UNS SINGEN VON DER
GNADE, arioso of Paulus in F major, in
Mendelssohn's Paulus, Part II. (No. 27).
LA STESSA, LA STESSISSIMA, ten
variations for the pianoforte, in B-flat, by
Beethoven, on the duet of the same title in
Salieri's opera of Falstaff, which was first
represented iu Vienna, Jan. 3, 1799. It is
dedicated to Mile la Comtesse Babette de
Keglivics, and was composed in 1799.
Published by Artaria k Co. (Vienna, 1799) ;
Breitkopf & Hiirtel, Beethoven Werke, Se-
rie 17, No. 11. — Thayer, Verzeicbniss, 31 ;
Allgem. mus. Zeitg. (1799), 607.
LAST ROSE OF SUMMER, 'TIS THE,
song by Thomas Moore, wi-itten to the tune
" The Groves of Blarney," which is probably
a variation of an older air, "The Young
Man's Dream," composed in 1788-89 by R.
A. MilUkin, of Cork. Beethoven included
this air among his Irische Lieder (No. 6).
Mendelssohn wrote a Fantasia (op. 15) ujDon
it, and Flotow used it for a motif iu bis
of)era Martha. — Grove, iv. 129.
LATILLA, GAET.INO, born at Bari,
Kingdom of Naples, iu 1713, died at Najiles
soon after 1788. Dramatic composer, pupil
of Domeuieo Gizzi ; was second maestro di
cappeUa at S. M. Maggiore, Rome, in 1738-
41 ; in 1756 became chorus-master at the
Conservatorio della Pieta, Venice, and suc-
ceeded Galuppi as second maestro di cap-
pella at S. Marco in 1762-72. "Works— Op-
eras : Li mariti a forza, Naples, 1732 ; Lo
sposo senza moglie, ib., 1736 ; II Gismondo,
ib., 1737 ; Demofoonte, ib., 1738 ; Orazio,
Rome, 1738 ; La finta cameriera, Naples,
1843 ; La gara per la gloria, Venice, 1844 ;
Madama Giana (with Galuppi), ib.; H Ba-
rone di Vignalunga, Naples, 1747 ; Griselda,
Rome, 1747 ; Amore iu tarantola, Venice,
1750 ; La pastorella al soglio, ib., 1751 ; Gl'
impostori, 1751 ; L' Opera in prova alia
moda, 1751 ; L' isola d' amore ; Urganosto-
car, 1752 ; L' Olimpiade, 1752 ; Amore ar-
tigiano, 1761 ; Alessaudro nell' Indie, 1753 ;
Merope, 1763 ; La giardiniera contessa ; La
commedia in commedia ; Don Calascione ;
430
LATOUU
La buona figliuola creduta vedova, Venice,
17GG; Antigone, Naples, 1775. L' onuipo-
tenza e la misericordia divina, oratorio ;
Masses ; Psalms ; Vocal music- — Fetis ; do.,
Suj)plement, ii. 78 ; Mendel ; Schilling ;
Gerber ; Burnej% iv. 558.
LATOUK, JE.A.N, born in Paris iu 1766,
died there in 1840. Pianist ; went at the
beginning of the French Revolution to Lou-
don, where he taught with success, and be-
came pianist to the Prince of Wales, later
George IV. ; returned to Paris about 1830.
Works : 5 duos for harp and j^ianoforte ; 30
divertissements and rondos for pianoforte
and violin, or flute ; Concerto militaire for
pianoforte ; Souates ^progressives ; 60 col-
lections of variations, divertissements, and
caprices ; 25 duos, waltzes, and other dance
music for pianoforte. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Schil-
ling.
LATROBE, Rev. CHRISTM.N IGNA-
TIUS, born at Fulueck, near Leeds, York-
shire, England, Feb. 12, 1758, died at Fair-
field, near Liverpool, May 6, 1836. He
studied at the college of the United Breth-
ren at Niesky, Upper Lusatia, in 1771, and
on his return to England, after thirteen
years, took orders iu the same church, and
became secretary to the Society for the
Furtherance of the Gospel ; in 1795 held a
similar jDosition to the United Moravian
Brethren in England. Works : Sonatas ;
Concertos ; Variations ; Dies irpe (1799) ;
The Dawn of Glory (1803) ; Anthem for the
Jubilee of George III. (1809) ; Anthems
(1823) ; Te Deum, performed in York
Cathedral ; Miserere, Psalm LI. ; 6 airs on
serious subjects, words by Cowper and Han-
nah More. He edited also Moravian Hymn
Tunes ; Selection of Sacred Music from
the works of the most eminent composers
of Germany and Italy (6 vols., 1806-25) ;
Anthems by various composers (1811). His
son, John Antes Latrobe (1792-1878), or-
ganist in Liverpool, composed anthems and
other church music. — Mendel ; Fetis.
LAUB, FERDINAND, born iu Prague,
Jan. 19, 1832, died at Gries, near Botzen,
Tyrol, March 17, 1875. Violin virtuoso,
pupil of Mildner at the Conservatorium,
Prague ; was sent by the Grand Duke
Stej)han to Vienna in 1847, and later
vi.sited London and Paris. Iu 1853 he
succeeded Joachim as Conzertmeister in
Weimar ; was instructor iu Stern's Conser-
vatorium, Berlin, in 1855-57, later Conzert-
meister of the court orchestra there, and
chamber virtuoso. In 1864 he made an ex-
tended concert tour with Carlotta Patti, the
pianist Jaell, and the violoncellist Keller-
mann, and in 1866 became professor of vio-
lin at the Conservatorium in Moscow. His
health was much broken, and the baths of
Carlsbad afforded him only a temporary
relief. He was one of the greatest of recent
violinists. Works : Elegy ; Polonaise ; 2
collections of Czech songs ; Other violin
music. — Wurzbach ; Mendel ; Riemann ; Fe-
tis ; do.. Supplement, ii. 79.
LAUBENSONATE, Sonata quasi una
fantasia, iu C-sharp minor, by Beethoven,
the second of the two sonatas which make
op. 27. It was written about 1801, and is
dedicated to the Damigella Contessa Giu-
lietta Guicciardi. It is said to have received
its name in Vienna from a tradition that
the first movement was composed in a leafy
alley (Laubengang). In England and iu
America it is sometimes called the Moon-
light Sonata, a name derived from a remark
made by Rellstab, who compared the first
movement to a boat drifting on the Lake of
Lucerne in the moonlight. It is one of the
best loved of Beethoven's pianoforte works,
but he professed to care more for the so-
nata iu F-sharp minor, ojJ. 78. I. Adagio ;
H. Allegretto ; HI. Presto agitato. The
Adagio has been arranged to the Kyrie
eleison with orchestra, by Bierey, to the
same words with pianoforte by Often, for
voice and jjiauoforte with words by Grie-
penkerl (Leibrock, Brunswick), and for two
violins by Hartmann. The Allegretto has
been arranged for two violins, viola, and
violoncello. The sonata was first published
by Cappi (Vienna, 1802), Breitkopf & Har-
LAUDA
tel), Beethoven Werke, Serie 16, No. 14.
— Thayer, Verzeichniss, 45 ; Nottebohrn,
Verzeichniss, 30 ; Thayer, Beethoven, ii.
172 ; Leuz, Beethoven, Part II. 56 ; Lenz,
Beethoven et ses trois styles, i. 219 ; Nohl,
Beethoven, ii. 122 ; iii. 170 ; Mai-x, Beet-
hoven, i. 130 ; Mai"x, Anleitung zum Vor-
trag Beethoven'scher Klavierwerke, 114 ;
BerHoz, Voyage musicale en Alleiuagne, i.
362 ; Allgein. mus. Zeitg., iv. 650.
LAUDA SION, sequence sung after the
gi-adual at High Mass on the Feast of Cor-
pus Christi, to verses written by Saint
Thomas Aquinas in 1261, chosen by Men-
delssohn as the subject of a cantata for four
solo voices, chorus, and orchestra, op. 73.
Composed for the celebration of this feast
by the Church of Saint-]Martin in Liege, and
performed there, June 11, 1846. I. Intro-
duction with chorus, Lauda Sion (andante
maestoso) ; 11 Chorus, Laudis thema spe-
cialis (andante con moto) ; HL Soprano solo
and chorus. Sit laus plena (sostenuto) ; IV.
Quartet, In hoc mensa (andante ) ; V. Cho-
rus, Docti sacris institutis (grave) ; Dogma
datur Christianis (andante con moto) ; VI.
Soprano solo, Caro cibus (andante) ; YU.
Solo and chorus, Sumit unus. Publislied by
Schott (Mainz, 1847) ; Breitkopf & Hiirtei,
Mendelssohn's Werke, Serie 14, No. 94.
Palestrina left two settings of the Lauda
Sion : First, for a double chorus of eight
voices, first printed by Alessandro Gar-
dano in Book III of Motets for 5, 6, and 8
voices (Rome, 1575) ; Breitkopf & Hiirtel,
Palestriua's AVerke, vol. iii. ; second, for a
chorus of four voices, the MS. of which is
in the library of the Collegio Romano,
Rome ; Breitkopf & Hiirtel, Palestrina's
Werke, vol. vii. — Grove, ii. 103 ; Chorley,
Modern German Music, ii. 320 ; Upton,
Standard Cantatas, 265.
LAUDI, by Giovanni Animuccia, com-
piled for the use of the Laudisti — a relig-
ious confraternity organized in Florence in
1310. After Animuccia's death, Francesco
Soto edited and published in 1588 a thii-d
volume of unacknowledged compositions
and in 1591 a fourth. The text was alwaj-s
written in Italian, and several ancient speci-
mens have been attributed by Crescentini
to St. Francis of Assisi. The words of Lo-
renzo de' Medici, Paliziano, Pulci, Bembo,
Filicaia, Giambellari, Ludovico Martelli, and
other eminent poets were employed. A MS.
volume belonging to a company of Laudisti
enrolled in 1336 is in the Magliabecchiana
Library, Florence. The earliest printed col-
lection is dated 1485. Sei'afino Razzi pub-
lished a large collection in 1608, which was
followed by many others. The oratorio is
said to have been developed from the Laudi
Spirituals — Grove, ii. 105 ; Burney, ii. 325.
LAUDON, symphony in C, by Haydn,
written in 1779. Subject, the hero Gideon,
Freiherr von Laudon (or London). Pub-
lished by Artaria (Vienna, 1779). — Pohl,
Haydn, ii. 198.
L.\UER-]MUNCHHOFEN, A, Freiherr
VON, born, May 16, 1796, died in Berhn,
Jan. 4, 1874. Amateur pianist and dra-
matic composer ; studied music while an offi-
cer in the Prussian armj- ; lived last in Ber-
lin, having attained the grade of general.
Works — Operas : Rosa, die Miillerin, given
in Hamburg, 1829 ; Der Orakelspruch ;
Requiem, performed in Berlin, 1852 ; Quar-
tets for strings ; Pianoforte music, and
songs. — Fctis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
LAUR, FERDm.AND, born at Mark-
dorf, on the Lake of Constance, Feb. 22,
1791, died (?). Vocal composer ; was able,
at the age of eighteen, to fill the post of
instructor of music in a school at Gottstadt,
canton Berne. In 1810-20 he held a simi-
lar position at Hof\vyl ; then was appointed
professor of singing, first at the gymnasium,
later also at the univorsitj- in Basel. In
1824 he founded there a singing societ}',
which he conducted still in 1858. Works :
Choruses for church, for schools, and sing-
ing-clubs ; Choruses for men's voices ; Col-
lection of duets for schools. — Fetis; Men-
del ; Schilling.
LAURENT DE RILLT5, FRANgOIS
ANATOLE, born at OrlC-aus, France, 1828,
432
LAUEENTI
still living, 1889. Dramatic composer, pupil
of Comoghio and Ehvart, in Paris ; inspect-
or of vocal instruction in the public schools
of Paris. Works — Operas : Trilby, given
in the Theatre des Folies Nouvelles, 1858 ;
Aime pour lui-meme, ib., 1857 ; Bel-Boul,
ib., 1857 ; Le jugement de Paris, ib., 1859 ;
AchiUe a Scyros, ib., 1857 ; Le moulin de
Catherine, ib., 1858 ; La demoiselle de la
Hochetromblon, ib., 1857 ; Le sultan Mysa-
pouf, ib., 1859 ; Frasquita, Bouffes Parisi-
ens, 1859 ; Au fond du verre, Baden-Ba-
den ; Le Petit-Poucet, Athcnce, 18G8 ;
Pattes blanches, Bouffes Parisiens, 1873 ;
La liqueur d'or, Menus Plaisirs, 1873 ; Babi-
ole, Bouifes Parisiens, 1873 ; La part a Dieu,
published in the Magazin des Demoiselles ;
Cantate officielle. Opera Comique, 1867.
Five masses ; Salut, vierge lEarie, cantique
for three female voices, with organ ; More
than one hundred choruses for the church,
for schools, and singing-clubs. — Fotis, Sup-
pk'ment ; Mendel, Ergiinz. ; Eiemann.
LAURENTI, BARTOLOMEO GERO-
NIMO, born in Bologna, Italy, in 16-41, died
there, Jan. 18, 172G. Violinist in the or-
chestra of the collegiate church Santa Pe-
tronia, Bologna, and one of the earliest
members of the Philharmonic Academy es-
tablished in Bologna in 1G6G. "Works : So-
natas for violins and violoncello (Bologna,
1G91) ; 6 concertos for violin, violoncello,
and organ (ib., 1720). — Fetis ; Mendel.
LAURENTI, GERONI]\IO NICOLC),
died in Bologna, Dec. 2G, 1752. Violinist,
son and pupil of the preceding, then pupil
of Torelli and Vitali ; for many years first
violin in San Petronio and other churches
in Bologna. Member of the Philhai'monic
Academy, 1698. Works : G concertos for
three violins, viola, violoncello, and organ.
— Fetis ; Mendel.
LAURENTINO, LAURENT, born at Hu-
sum, Schleswig, June 8, 1660, died in
Bremen, May 19, 1722. Church composer,
studied in the gymnasium of his native
town and in the university at Kiel ; then
devoted himself to music, and in 1684 was
ajjpointed cantor and director of music in
the cathedral in Bremen. Works : Geist-
liche Lieder und Lobgesiinge, a collection
of 150 sacred songs. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
xviii. 62 ; Koch, Gesch. des Kirchenliedes,
iv. 281 ; Gerber ; Fe-tis.
LAUSIvA, FRANZ (SEK.APHINUS IG-
NATIUS), born at Briinn, Moravia, Jan. 13,
1764, died in Berlin, April 28, 1825. Pi-
anist ; studied composition and counteri:)oint
binder Albrechtsberger in Vienna, was ap-
pointed court musician to the Elector of
Bavaria before he was twenty-four years
old, travelled later for several years, appear-
ing in concerts, and in 1798 settled in Ber-
lin, and taught there with great success.
Meyerbeer was one of his pupils. Works :
Sonatas and other pieces for pianofoi'te ; So-
natas for pianoforte and strings ; Quartets
for men's voices ; 2 collections of songs ; A
practical method for pianoforte. — Fetis ;
Mendel ; Eiemann ; Gerber ; Wurzbach.
LAUTERB.\CH, JOHANN CHRIS-
TOPH, born at Culmbach, Bavaria, July
24, 1832, still living, 1889. Virtuoso on
the violin, isupil at the school of music in
Wiirzburg of Frohlich and Bratsch, then at
the Conservatoire, Brussels (1850), of de
Beriot and Fetis ; received the gold medal
there in 1851, and the next year took Leo-
nard's place, during a temporary absence, as
professor of violin ; became Conzertmeister
and professor of violin in the Conserva-
torium, Munich, in 1853, and went as Con-
zertmeister to Dresden in 18G0, where he
also became professor of violin in the Con-
servatorium. In 1864-65 he a2ipeared in
England, and he played at the last concert
in tlie Tuileries before the War of 1870. He
has received many decorations. Works :
Compositions for the violin. — Mendel ; Fe-
tis, Supislement, ii. 80 ; Riemann ; Wasie-
lewski, Die Violine, 362.
LAVAINE, FERDINAND, born at Lille,
France, in 1810, still living, 1889. Pianist,
mostly self-taught ; published in 1833 his
first compositions for pianoforte ; professor
in the Conservatoire, Lille. Works— Op-
43.3
lavallSe
eras : Une matinue :i Cayenne, given at Lille,
183G ; Ni'rida, ib., ISCiO ; Tircis et Margo-
ton, ib., 1801. Music to the drama Artus et
Eikemer, ib., 1840 ; Overture to La mort
du Tasse ; La fuite en Egypte, oratorio ; Te
Deum ; De profundis ; Psalms for chorus and
orchestra ; Messe soleunelle for men's voices ;
Symphonies ; 2 quintets and 3 trios for pi-
anoforte and strings ; Fantaisie dramatique,
and many other pieces for pianoforte. — Fe-
tis ; do., Supplement, ii. 80 ; Mendel.
LAVALLEE, CALIXA, born, of French-
Canadian parent-
age, at Verchores,
Canada, Dec. 28,
1842, still living,
1889. Pianist,
pupil of his father ;
about 1857 he went
to Paris, where he
was a pupil on the
pianoforte of Mar-
montel, and in com-
jiosition and instru-
mentation of Bazin and Boieldieu. He
made his first appearance as a pianist when
ten years old, and in 1881 was solo pianist
of Mme Gerster's first concert tour in the
United States. In 1886-87 he was presi-
dent of the Music Teachers' National Asso-
ciation, and is at present chairman of the
Examining Committee of American Compo-
sitions, and was the first delegate sent to
England by that association to the Confer-
ence of the Society of Professional Musicians
held in 1888 in London. In 1884 he gave
at Cleveland, Ohio, before the Association
the first concert in America the programme
of which consisted entirely of American
compositions, and during the last three
years he has repeatedly given concerts of
American compositions in Boston, where he
has resided for some time. Works : A sym-
phony ; 2 operas ; An offertory for solo, cho-
rus, and orchestra ; 30 etudes for j^ianoforte;
Sonata for pianoforte and violin ; Suite for
pianoforte and violoncello ; 2 suites d'or-
cbestre ; Several overtures ; Trio for piano-
forte, violin, and violoncello ; 2 string quar-
tets ; King Solomon, oratorio (unfinished).
LA VENDETTA. See Nozze di Figaro.
LA VENDETTA PltT TKEMENDA See
Ernaiii.
LAVENU, LOUIS HENKY, born in Lon-
don in 1818, died at Sydney, New South
Wales, Aug. 1, 1859. Violoncellist, puj^il
of Potter and Bochsa at the Eoyal Academy
of IMusic ; was a member of the orchestra
in the London Opera, went to Australia
about 1848, and was appointed music di-
rector of the theatre in Sydney. Works :
Loretta, opera, given in Drury Lane The-
atre, London, 1848 ; Numerous glees and
English songs ; Pieces for pianoforte.— Fc-
tis ; Brown.
LAVIGNA, VINCENZO, born in Naples
in 1777, died in Milan about 1837. Dra-
matic composer, studied music and compo-
sition at the Conservatorio della Pieta de'
Tiirchini ; went to JMilan, where he taught
singing and became accompanist at La Scala
in 1809. Works — Operas : La muta per
amoi'e, given in Milan, La Scala, 1802 ; L'
idolo di se stesso, Ferrara, 1803 ; L' impos-
tore avvilito, ib., 1804 ; II Coriolano, Parma,
180G ; Di posta in posta, Milan, 1808 ; Zaira,
Florence, 1809 ; Orcamo, Milan, 1809 ; Chi
s'c visto s'c visto, ib., 1811 ; Le metamorfosi,
comic opera, Venice, Teatro Fenice, 1807 ;
Music to the ballets Gengis-Kan and Emilio
e Carolina, Milan, 1802 and 1804.— Fetis ;
do., Suppli'ment, ii. 80 ; Mendel.
LA WES, HENRY, born at Dinton, Wilt-
shire, England, De-
cember, 1595, died
iu London, Oct. 21,
1G62. Pupil of Gi-
ovanni Coperario ;
entered the Chapel
Royal of Charles I.
in lG2f) ; composed
music for court en-
teiiainments ; after
the Restoration, in
ICGO, he was reinstated in his appointments
at the court. Works : Music for Shirley's
43i
LAW SON
masque, The Triumplis of Peace, 1G33 (with
his brother WiUiam and Simon Ives) ; Music
for Carew's masque, C(ukim Britaunicum,
about 1G33 ; Songs for Milton's C'omus,
1G34 ; A Paraphi-ase upon the Psalmes of
David (1G37) ; Songs for WilUam Cart-
wright's plays and poems ; Christmas songs
in Merrick's Hesperides ; Ayres and Dia-
logues for One, Two, and Thi-ee Voyces
(1653, 1655, and 1658) ; Music for Dave-
naut's First Day's Entertainment of Musick
at Rutland House, 1656, with others ; Za-
dok the Priest, anthem ; Songs iu other
collections ; Select Musicall Ayres and Dia-
logues (1652, 1653, and 1659), and The
Treasurey of Musick (1669). His brother
William also was a member of the Chapel
Eoyal, and afterwards chamber musician to
Charles I. He was killed, as a soldier of
the Royalist army, during the siege of Ches-
ter. Anthems and other vocal compositions
by him are to be found iu some collections
of the time. — Grove ; Mendel ; Fetis ; Schil-
ling; Gerber; Burney, iii. 381, 393; Haw-
kins, iv. 48; Barrett, Eug. Church Com-
posers, 64.
LAWSON, MALCOLM LEONARD, born
at Wellington, Shropshire, England, iu 1849,
still living, 1889. Organist, studied under
various masters iu London, France, Italy,
and Germany ; was appointed organist and
choirmaster of the Roman Catholic Church
iu London, 1876, conductor of the Gluck
Society, 1877, director of the musical branch
of the Kyrie Society, 1878, and Associate of
the Philharmonic Society, 1878. Works :
The Three Princesses, ojiera ; Airs and in-
terludes to the play of " England," London,
1876 ; Music to the play of " Olivia," Lon-
don, 1877; Overtui-e to Savonarola; 2 fes-
tival services ; G anthems for 4 voices and
organ ; 6 motets for female voices ; 2 sym-
phonies ; Numerous songs and pieces for
pianoforte. — Brown.
LAYOLLE, FRANCOIS DE, born, prob-
ably in France, about the end of the 15th
century. In Italian he was called Fran-
cesco Ajolla, or dell' Aiolle. He became
organist in Florence, where his talents
gained him considerable reputation, and
later returned to France. He is said to
have been Benvenuto Cellini's music
teacher, and Andrea del Sarto put his por-
trait into his fresco of the Adoration of the
Magi in Florence. Works : Masses, motets,
songs, and madrigals, in various contempo-
rary collections. — Futis ; Riemann.
LAZARUS, oratorio, text by August Her-
mann Niemeyer, music by Schubert, first
given in Vienna, March 27, 18G3. It was
written in February, 1820, for an Easter
cantata for that year, but was unfinished.
For many years the original score was in
the possession of the firm Diabelli (after-
wards Spina), of Vienna. Kreissle von Hell-
born discovered iu 1859 the first jiart in
Sjiaun's collection, and the second part was
found in 1861 among Schubert's MSS. in
Alexander W. Thayer's collection. Another
MS. was discovered in the possession of
Ferdinand Schubert's wife. The MS. is
in the Musikvereiu of Vienna. Characters
represented at the first jserformance, under
direction of Johann Herbeck : The man of
Bethany, Lazarus, Olschbauer ; Mary, Frl.
Tellheim ; Martha, Frl. Konig ; Jemima,
Jairus's daughter, Frau Wilt ; Nathanael,
Herr Schultner ; Simon the Sadducee, Herr
Mayerhofer. Published by Spina (Vienna,
1866). — Hellboru, Schubert (Coleridge),
180 ; Allgem. mus. Zeitung (1863), 373 ;
Austin, Schubert, 51.
LE.YL, JO AO, Portuguese composer of the
early part of the 19th century. Of a family
of musicians, he was skilled in the comj)o-
sition of a kind of love-song called in Por-
tugal modinhas, the words and melody of
which are simple. — Fetis, Supplement, ii.
85 ; Mendel, Ergiluz., 210 ; VasconceUos,
190.
LEBEAU, FRANgOIS, bom at Liege,
Aug. 4, 1827, still living, 1889. Amateur
composer, pupil of Michelot on the piano-
forte, and of Bosselet in harmony. He was
secretary of the administrative commission
of the Conservatoire, Brussels. Work :
LEBEWOHL
Esmoralda, opera, libretto by Victor Hugo,
given at Liege, 185G, Antwerp, Brussels,
1857. — Fc'tis, Supplement, ii. 85.
LEBEWOHL, DAS, die Abwesenlieit, das
Wiederselin (Leg adieux, I'absence, et le re-
tour ; Farewell, Absence, and Return), Son-
ate cai'acteristique in E-flat, by Beethoven,
op. 81a, written in 1809, and dedicated to
the Erzherzog Rudolph of Austria. L Ada-
gio, Allegro ; EL Andante ; IH. Vivacissimo,
poco Andante. Published in two parts :
Ai-taria & Co. (Vienna, 1810) ; Breitkopf &
Hiirtel (Leipsic, 1811), Breitkopf & Hiu'tel,
Beethoven Werke, Scrie 16, No. 26.— Thayer,
Verzeichniss, 77 ; Mars, Beethoven, ii. 189 ;
Lenz, Beethoven, vol. ii., ^lart ii., 201.
LEBLANC, , born about 1750, died
in Paris, March, 1827. Violinist and dra-
matic composer, chef d'orchestre at the
Tlu'atre Comique et Lyrique, Paris, 1791 ;
afterwards connected with the Theatre d'E-
mulation as composer till 1801. Reduced
in circumstances, he was then obliged to
play second violin in the Theatre du Boule-
vard du Temple, and finally earned his liv-
ing by copying music. Works — Operas:
La noce bearnaise, Theatre de Bcaujolais,
1787 ; Gabrielle et Paulin, ib., 1788 ; La
folle gageure, Theatre Comique et Lyrique,
1790 ; Rosine et Zely, ib., 1790 ; Le ber-
ceau de Henri TV., ib., 1790 ; Nicodeme
dans la lune, ib., 1791 ; Le mariage de Na-
non, ou la suite de Madame Angot, Theatre
d'Emulation, 1796 ; Music to Telemaque,
pantomime, ib., 1797. Melodrames: Elisa,
ou le triomphe des femmes ; Le serail ; Eg-
bert I., roi d'Austrasie ; Azemire, ou les
refugies peruviens. Ballets : L'enfant du
bonheur. Theatre d'Emulation, 1798 ; La
foret enchantee, ou Isaure et Florestan,
Gaite, 1800 ; Huon de Bordeaux, ib., 1801 ;
Saphiriue, ou le reveil magique, ib., 1811 ;
Riquet a la houppe, ib., 1811. — Fetis ; do..
Supplement, ii. 86 ; Mendel.
LEBORNE, AIME AMBROISE SIMON,
born in Brussels, Dec. 29, 1797, died in
Paris, April 1, 1866. Dramatic composer
and didactic writer, pupil at the Paris Con-
servatoire of Dourlen and Cherubini ; ob-
tained the second prize for composition in
1818, and the first in 1820. He was in-
structor at the Conservatoire in 1816-36,
then succeeded Reicha as professor of com-
position. Li 1834 he was made librarian
of the Opera, antl later of the chapel of
Napoleon HI. W^orks — Operas : Les deux
Figaros, given at the Odeon, Paris, 1827 ;
Le camp du drap d'or. Opera Comique,
1828 ; CLnq ans dentr'acte. Theatre de la
Bourse, 1833 ; Lequel, ib., 1838. A treatise
on harmony remains unpublished. — Fetis ;
do., Su^jplement, ii. 86 ; Riemann.
LEBOUC, CHARLES JOSEPH, born at
Besan<;on, Dec. 22, 1822, still living, 1889.
Virtuoso on the violoncello, pupil at the
Paris Conservatoire of Fi-anchomme on the
violoncello, and of Halevy and Colet in
composition. He was awarded the first
prize for violoncello in 1842, the second
prize for harmony in 1843, and the first in
1844. He belonged to the orchestra of the
Opera in 1844-48, was elected member of
the Societe des Concerts du Conservatoire
in 1842, and was its secretary in 1856-60 ;
established the Soii-ees de Musique Clas-
sique. W'orks : Ave verum, for one voice,
with violoncello and organ ; La vision de
Sainte-Cecile, melodie for voice, with vio-
loncello and pianoforte ; Trio de concert,
for isianoforte and strings ; Duos for piano-
forte and violoncello ; Fantaisie, mazurka,
for violoncello, and a method for do. — Fe-
tis ; do.. Supplement, ii. 86 ; Mendel.
LEBRUN, LOmS Sf:BASTIEN, born in
Paris, Dec. 10, 1764, died there, June 27,
1829. Dramatic composer ; at the age of
seven he became chorister in Notre Dame,
where he received his musical education.
He was appointed director in the Church of
Saint-Germain I'Auxerrois in 1783 ; was
tenor at the Opera in 1787 and in 1791-
1803, and at the Feydeau in 1791. He was
instructor of singing at the Opera in 1803-
7, tenor of Napoleon's chapel in 1807-10,
and later its director. Works — Operas :
L'art d'aimer, ou I'amour au village, 1780 ;
LEBEUN
Us ne savent pas lire, 1791 ; Le bou fils,
1795 ; f'milie efc Melcour, 1797 ; Le men-
teur maladroit, 1798 ; L'astronome, 1798 ;
Un momeut d'erreur ; La veuve americaine,
1799 ; Eliiouore et Dorval, ou la suite de la
cinquantaiue, 1800 ; Le majou, 1800 ; Mar-
cellin, 1800 ; Les petits aveugles de Fran-
conville, 1802 ; Le rossignol, 1816 ; Zeloide,
ou les fleurs encbantees, 1818 ; L'An 11. Te
Deum, 1809 ; Messe solennelle, 1815 ; Mass
for strings, 1826 ; Collection of romances.
— Fctis ; Mendel ; Eiemann ; Gerber ; Scbil-
ling ; Micbaud, Biog. Univ., xxiii. 505 ; N.
Biog. Gun., XXX. 161.
LEBRUN, LUDWIG AUGUST, born in
Mannbeim in 1746, died in Berlin, Dec. 16,
1790. Virtuoso ou tbe oboe, probably tbe
greatest of tbe 18tli century. In 17G7 be
became a member of tbe electoral orcbestra
in Municb, and from 1775 made concert
tours tlirougb Germany, Italj', France, and
England, winning great applause in London
(1781) and Paris (1784). Works : 7 concer-
tos for oboe witb orcbestra; 12 trios for
oboe, violin, and violoncello ; Duos for flute.
His Vfiie Francesca (born at Mannbeim, 1756,
died in Berlin, May 14, 1791), sister of Franz
Danzi, one of tbe most eminent singers of
ber time, accompanied ber busband on bis
concert tours. Sbe was also a good pianist,
and composed trios, duos, and pianoforte
pieces. — Futis ; Mendel ; Scbilliug ; Allgem.
d. Biogr., xviii. 102.
LEBWOHL, IRENE. See Eioizi.
LECERF, JUSTUS A^IADEUS, born at
Rosendorf, near Weissenfels, Saxony, June
23, 1789, died in Dresden, Marcb 28,
1868. Pianist, pupil of Moritz Berger and
August Eberbard jMiiUer in Leij^sic, later in
Dresden of Weinlig in tbeory, and in Paris
of Reicba in composition. He was music
director at Aix-la-Cbapelle in 1825-29,
lived tben in Berlin till 1843, and settled
finally in Dresden, to teacb music. Works :
Jery und Biitely, Singspiel, given in tbe
court tbeatre, Dresden, 1846 ; Des Lebens
Tag ist scbwer, motet ; Marcb for orcbestra ;
Sonatas and otber pieces for pianoforte ;
Songs and part-songs. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
xviii. 104 ; Mendel.
LECHNER, LEONHARD, born near
Glarus, Switzerland, in tbe first balf of tbe
16tb century, died at Nuremberg about
1594. Cburcb composer, pupil of Orlando
Lasso. He was town musician at Nurem-
berg in 1578-84, and later Kapellmeister to
tbe Duke of Wiirtemberg. Works : Mo-
tectae sacrfe for 4-6 voices (1576) ; Motecta
octo vocum, ad duos cboros (1576) ; Sacra-
rum cantionum, etc., for 5-6 voices (1581) ;
Epitbalamium 24 vocum ; Harmonia paue-
gji'ica for 6 voices (1582) ; Harmonise mis-
cellse (1583) ; Masses, canticles, and psalms ;
Several collections of songs for 3-5 voices ;
Bicinia und dreystimmige deutscbe Vil-
lanellen (1586) ; History of tbe Passion after
tbe ancient Latin cboral, for 4 voices (1594).
— Fetis ; Mendel ; Gerber ; Scbilling ; All-
gem. d. Biogr., xviii. 106 ; Monatsb. f. Mus.
Gescb., i. 179.
LE CIEL NOUS A PLACES D.ANS LES
RANGS. See Ambaumdrice.
LECLAIR, JEAN MARIE, born in Lyons
in 1697, died in Paris,
Oct. 22, 17G4. Vio-
linist, was a dancer
in Rouen and went
as ballet-master to
Turin, wbere be be-
came a pupil of So-
mis on tbe violin ;
studied composition
under C b e r o n in
Paris in 1729, was ripieno-violinist at tbe
Opw-a, and in 1731 became a member of
tbe royal orcbestra, but soon resigned botb
positions. Tbe rest of bis life was spent in
teacbing, and in composition. He was as-
sassinated in tbe street near bis bouse, but
no particulars are known of tbe crime. He
bolds tbe first place among Frencli compos-
ers for tbe vioUn. Works : Glaucus et
Scylla, opera, given at tbe Academic Royale
de Musique, Paris, 1746 ; Apollon et Cli-
mene, opera-ballet, private tbeatre of tbe
, Due de Gramont, 1750 ; Concerti grossi, for
437
LECOCQ
strings and organ ; Overtures and sonatas,
as trios for violins and bass ; 48 sonatas for
violin, -with eontinuo ; Duos for violins ;
Trios for violins, with continue ; etc. — Fe-
tis ; do., Supplement, ii. 87 ; Mendel ; Rie-
mann ; Schilling ; Wasielewski, Die Violine,
23G ; Dubourg, The Violin, 187 ; Hart, The
Violin, 284 ; Hawkins, Hist., v. 383.
LECOCQ, (ALEXANDRE) CHARLES,
born in Paris, June
3, 1832, still living,
1889. Dramatic com-
poser, pupil at the
Conservatoire of Ba-
zin in harmony, of
Halt'vy in composi-
tion, and of Benoist
on the organ ; took
the first prize for har-
mony in 1850, and
the second for fugue in 1852. He was the
rival of Offenbach, and his operettas have
become universally popular on account of
the light and lively melodies which charac-
terize his style. Works — Operettas : Le
docleiir Miracle, 1857 ; Huis-Clos, 1859 ;
Le baiser a la porte, 18G4 ; Liline et Valen-
tin, 18G4 ; Les ondiues au Champagne,
1865 ; Le myosotis, 1866 ; Le cabaret de
Ramponneau, 1867 ; Fleur de the, 1868 ;
L'amour et son carquois, 1868 ; Les ju-
meaux de Bergame, 1868 ; Le carnaval d'un
merle blauc, 1868 ; Gandolfo, 1869 ; Deux
I^ortieres pour uu cordon (with Herve and
Legouix), 1869 ; Le Rajah de IMysore,
1869 ; Le beau Dunois, 1870 ; Le testament
de M. de Crac, 1871 ; Le harhier de Trou-
ville, 1871 ; Sauvons la caisse, 1872 ; Les
cent vierges, 1872 ; Jjafillc de madame An-
got, 1873 ; G a-of U-Gh-o&a, 1874 ; Les Pros
Saint-Gervais, 1874 ; Le pompon, 1875 ; La
petile mariee, 1876 ; Kosiki, 1876 ; La Mar-
jolaine, 1877 ; Le 2^<'t>l Due, 1878 ; Camargo,
1878 ; La 2)eti/e Mademoiselle, 1879 ; Le
grand Casimir, 1879 ; La jolie Persaue,
1880 ; Le Marquis de Windsor, 1880 ; Janot,
1881 ; La roussotte, Le jour et la nuit, Le
cceur et la main, 1882 ; La princesse des
Canaries, 1883 ; L'oiseau bleu, 1884 ; Plutus,
1886 ; Les grenadiers de Mont-Cornette,
1886 ; Ali Baba, 1887 ; La voliere, 1888.
Les fantoccini, ballet-pantomime, for piano-
forte ; a gavotte, and Les miettes, 20 char-
acteristic pieces for pianoforte ; Songs ; La
Chapelle au Convent, a collection of sacred
songs (1885) ; Arrangement of Rameau's
Castor et Pollux, 1877. — Fetis, Supplement,
ii. 88 ; Riemann ; Grove ; Mendel ; do., Er-
giinz., 211.
LE COUPPEY, FtLIX, born in Paris,
April 14, 1814, died there, summer, 1887.
Pianist and didactic writer, pupil at the
Paris Conservatoire of Dourlen ; at the age
of fourteen took the first prize for piano-
forte, and two years later for harmony. He
was instructor at the Conservatoire in
1828-43, and succeeded Dourlen as pro-
fessor of harmony in 1843. Works : Chants
du cceur, etudes, and other pieces for pi-
anoforte ; Cours de piano elementaire et
progressif. He published also De I'en-
seignement du piano, conseils aux jeunes
professeurs (1865). — Fetis ; Mendel ; Rie-
mann.
LEDENT, Ff:LIX ]^:TIENNE, born at
Liege, Nov. 20, 1809, died there at the end
of 1886. Pianist, pupil of Jules Jalheau at
the Conservatoii'e of his native city, where
he won the first prize in 1832, afterwards
pupil of Daussoigne-Mehul in composition ;
won the second prix de Rome in 1843, and
was appointed professor of pianoforte at the
Conservatoire in 1844. Order of Leopold.
Works : Adagio and rondo for pianoforte
and orchestra ; Pianoforte pieces, and many
vocal melodies. — Fetis, Supplement, ii. 90.
LEDERER, JOSEPH, born at Ziemets-
hausen, WUrtemberg, in 1733, died at
Ulm, October, 1796. Dramatic and church
composer, and writer on music. He was
canon in the Order of Augustin Friars, and
professor of theology in the Convent of St.
Michael at Ulm. Works : Die jugendlichen
Rekruten, opera, 1781 ; Etwas aus China,
operetta, 1777 ; Gesang auf den frohen
Liebesbuud, and other cantatas ; G masses ;
438
LEDESMA
Te Deum ; Stabat Mater ; Magnificats,
psalms, and other church music ; Collec-
tion of preludes, minuets, trios, sonatas,
and airs for organ. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Ger-
ber ; Schilling.
LEDESMA, MARIANO EODRIGUEZ
DE, born at Saragossa, Spain, Dec. 17,
1779, died in Madrid in 1817. Dramatic
singer and church composer ; studied music
while chorister in the Cathedral of Sara-
gossa, went to Bladrid in 1804 as tenor
singer at the OjJera, and in 180G was ai>
pointed singer of the royal chapel. The
French invasion of Spain, in 1810, caused
him to go to England, where he became
vocal instructor to Princess Charlotte,
daughter of the Prince of Wales. In 1815
he returned to Madrid, was made royal
chamber-singer, and in 1836 director of
the court chapel. Works : 3 masses ; Re-
quiem ; Stabat Mater ; Motets and other
church music ; Divertissements for piano-
forte and flute ; Pieces for pianoforte ; Airs
for bass voice ; Spanish and German songs.
— Fetis; Mendel.
LEDESMA, NICOLAS, born at Grisel,
Aragou, July 19, 1791, died at Bilbao, Jan. l,
1881. Organist and church composer ; stud-
ied singing and the elements of music while
chorister at the Cathedral of Tarragona ;
later pupil at Saragossa of Ramon Ferrenac
on the organ and in composition. At the
age of sixteen years he was apjjointed organ-
ist and choirmaster to the chapter of Borja,
in 1809 organist and instructor at Tafalla in
Navarra, and in 1832 director of the church
music and instructor at Bilbao, a position
which he still held in 18G2. Works: 8
masses with orchestra ; Miserere ; Stabat
Mater for three voices with string quartet ;
Psalms ; Motets ; G sonatas for organ ; Col-
lection of church music for organ. — Fetis ;
Mendel.
LEDUC, ALPHONSE, born at Nantes,
March 9, 1804, died in Paris, June 17, 1868.
Pianist and virtuoso on the bassoon, the
flute, and the guitar ; pupil of his father,
then at the Paris Conservatoire of Reicha in
harmony. He obtained the second prize
for bassoon in 1825 ; went back in 1826 to
Nantes, where he studied pianoforte under
Rhein. In 1841 he established a music
business in Paris, which is still carried on
by his son. Works : 26 pieces for organ ;
9 collections of etudes ; 328 pieces for i^i-
anoforte ; 632 do. of dance music ; 13 do.
for bassoon, 52 for guitar, and 38 for flute ;
94 romances et melodies for 1-3 voices ;
Method for pianoforte. — Fetis, Supplement,
ii. 91 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 211.
LEDUC, SIMON, born in Paris in 1748,
died there in 1787. Violinist, pupil of Ga-
vinies. He was one of the conductors of
the Concerts Spirituels. Works : 6 sym-
jshonies for orchestra ; Concertos for violin
with orchestra ; Symphonie concertante for
2 violins ; 2 collections of sonatas for violin,
with viola, bass, or pianoforte ; Sonata for
violin, with bass. — Fetis ; Mendel.
LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER, born in
London in 1802, died there, Oct. 8, 1851.
He appeared as a tenor singer at the Dub-
lin Theatre in 1825, and at the Haymarket,
London, in 1826 ; later became a music-
dealer ; gave English operas at the Totten-
ham Street Theatre in 1829 ; became lessee
of Drury Lane Theatre in 1830 ; managed
Lenten oratorios at Drury Lane and Covent
Garden in 1831 ; was director and composer
at the Strand Theatre in 1832, and at the
Olympic in 1845. Works — Music to the
dramas : The Sublime and the Beautiful,
1828 ; The Invincibles, 1828 ; The Nymph
of the Grotto, 1829 ; The Witness, 1829 ;
The Devil's Brother, 1831 ; The Legion of
Honour, 1831 ; Waverley (with Stansbury),
1832 ; Love in a Cottage ; Good Husbands
make Good Wives ; Sold for a Song ; Auld
Robin Gray, composed about 1838. Songs :
Away, away to the mountain's brow, Come
where the aspens quiver. The Macgregors'
Gathering, etc. — Grove.
LEE, LOUIS, born in Hamburg in 1819,
still living, 1889. Virtuoso on the violon-
cello and the pianoforte, brother of Sebas-
tian Lee ; pupil of J. N. Prell. He began
439
LEE
to appear in concerts when twelve years of
age ; made concert tours in Germany and
Denmark, and then lived in Paris several
years. He went back to Hamburg to teach
music there, established chamber quartet
concerts, became first violoncellist at the
Philharmonic Society, and till 1884: was in-
structor at the Conservatorium. Works :
Music to SchOler's Jungfrau von Orleans ;
do. to Wilhelm Tell ; Symphonies ; 2 quar-
tets for strings ; Quartet, op. 10, and trio,
op. 5, for pianoforte and strings ; Sonata,
op. 9, and sonatina, op. 15, for violoncello ;
Sonata, op. 4, and sonatina, op. 13, for vio-
lin ; Duos for pianoforte and violoncello ;
Pianoforte pieces. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Eie-
manu.
LEE, SEBASTLVN, born in Hamburg,
Dec. 24, 1805, died there, Jan. 4, 1887.
Violoncellist, brother of Louis Lee, j^ujnl
of J. N. Prell ; appeared in concerts in 1830-
36 in the principal towns of Germany, at the
Thi'atre Italien in Paris, with Gusikow, and
in London. He was solo violoncellist at the
Opera, Paris, in 1837-68, and settled finally
in his native city. Works : Variations, di-
vertissements, fantasias, for violoncello and
orchestra ; Variations for violoncello and
string quartet ; Duos for violoncellos ;
Method for do.— Fetis ; Mendel ; Eiemann.
LEEVES, WILLLVM, born in England,
June 11, 1748, died at Wrington, Somerset,
]May 25, 1828. He was rector of Wrington
from 1779, and an amateur composer of
some merit. He left much church music,
now forgotten, but is remembered as the
compioser of " Auld Robin Gray," written in
1770 to the words of Lady Anne Barnard
(1750-1825).— Grove.
LEF^BURE-WELY, LOUIS JAMES
ALFRED, born in Paris, Nov. 13, 1817, died
there, Dec. 31, 18G9. Organist, son of An-
toine Lefebure-Wely (1761-1831). When
eight years old was able to take his father's
place at the organ, and at fifteen succeeded
him as organist at Saint-Roch. He entered
the Conservatoire in 1832, and studied the
organ under Benoist, pianoforte under Lau-
rent and Zimmerman, and composition under
Berton and Hak'vy ; received second prizes
for pianoforte and
organ in 1834, and
the first prize for
both in 1835 ; took
private lessons in
composition of
Adolphe Adam, and
on the organ of
Sejan. For some
time he gave himself
up to teaching and
composition, retaining his position at Saint-
Roch ; was organist at the Madeleine in-
1847-58, and succeeded St'jan at Saint-
Sulpice in 1863. Legion of Honour, 1850.
His imj^rovisatious on the organ were wonder-
ful, and his bright and striking harmonies
gave peculiar charm to his playing and com-
positions. Works : Les recruteui-s, opera-
comique, 1861 ; Apres la victoire, cantata,
1863 ; 3 symphonies ; Mass with orchestra ;
2 masses with organ ; a quartet and quintet
for strings ; Cantiques ; Offertoires ; An 0
salutaris ; Fantasias for harmonium ; Organ
music ; 50 etudes and other jjiauoforte
music, including Les cloches du monastere.
— Fetis ; do.. Supplement, ii. 92 ; Grove ;
Mendel ; Riemaun.
LEFEBVRE, CHARLES £dOUARD,
born in Paris, June 19, 1843, still living,
1889. Instrumental composer, pujjil at the
Paris Conservatoire of Ambroise Thomas.
In 1870 he obtained the first prize for his
cantata, Le jugement de Dieu. Works :
Zaire, opera, given at Lille, November, 1887 ;
Judith, lyric drama ; Dalila, scenes for or-
chestra ; Symphony ; Symphonic suite ;
Pieces symphoniques ; Overtures ; Le juge-
ment de Dieu, cantata ; Psalm for chorus
with orchestra ; Chorus and a romance for
horn ; Quartet for pianoforte and strings ;
Pianoforte music and songs. — Fetis, Sup-
plement, ii. 92 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 211.
LEFEBVRE, JACQUES, born at Prenz-
low, Brandenburg, in 1723, died in Berlin
in 1777. Violinist, pupil of Graun, and of
440
LEFEBYEE
Pliilipp Emanuel Bach in composition. He
became first violinist in the orchestra of
Prince Henry of Prussia about 1750, later
taught music in Berlin ; was appointed chef
d'orchestre at the French theatre there in
1777, but died before he entered ujjon his
office. Works : Concertos, solos, duos, and
trios for violin ; Collection of odes, jssalms,
and songs. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
LEFEBVRE, \T1CT0R LOUIS AIME
JOSEPH, born at Lille, France, Jan. G, 1811,
died at Douai about 1840. Pianist, pupil
at the Paris Conservatoire of Senriot, Jeleus-
perger, and Eeicha ; took the second prize
for composition in 1828, the first in 1829 ;
studied under Berton till 1832, then settled
at Douai, and taught music. Works : 2
trios for pianoforte and strings ; Quartet
for strings ; Fantasias and other pieces for
pianoforte ; Romances and melodies for
voice with pianoforte. — Fetis ; Mendel.
LEFfiVEE, JEAN XAVIEE, born at
Lausanne, Switzerland, March 6, 1763, died
in Paris, Nov. 9, 1829. Virtuoso on the
clarinet, pupil in Paris of Michel Yost ;
joined the band of the Guards, began in
1787 to appear in concerts, was a member
of the Opera orchestra in 1791-1817, and
professor at the Conservatoire in 1795-1825.
lu 1807 he entered the imjierial chapel.
Legion of Honour. Works : 6 concertos for
clarinet with orchestra ; 2 symphonies con-
certantes for clarinet and bassoon ; Concer-
tante for oboe, clarinet, and bassoon ; 2
works of quartets for clarinet and strings ;
2 works of duos for clarinets ; Duos for
clarinet and bassoon ; 6 sonatas for clarinet
and bass ; 6 trios for two clarinets and bas-
soon ; Method for clarinet, in use at the
Conservatoire. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Gerber ;
Riemann ; Schilling.
LEFfiVRE, MAURICE, Belgian dramatic
composer, contemporary. Works : L'ami
Pierrot, opera-comique, text by composer,
given at the Flemish Theatre, Brussels, Oct.
9, 1887 ; Le diner de Madelon, do., text by
Desaugiers, Theatre de la Monnaie, ib.,
March 6, 1888.
LEFEVRE, VICTOR GUSTAVE, born at
Provius (Seine-et-Marne), June 2, 1831,
still living, 1889. He entered the Paris
Conservatoire, becoming a member of Colet's
class in harmony, but remained only two
months ; was then pupil of Pierre Maleden
for ten years. He became a director in
1865 of the school for sacred music,
founded by Niedermeyer, and in 1872 took
charge of the vocal society of classical mu-
sic, also founded by Niedermeyer. Works :
Masses ; Quartets ; Music for Romeo and
Juliet. He was author also of a Traite d'har-
monie and a Traito d'accompagnement et de
la basse chiffroe. — Fetis, Supplement, ii.
93 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 211.
L:fiGAT DE FURCY, ANTOINE, born
at Maubeuge (Nord), France, in 1740, died
about 1798. Organist, dramatic and in-
strumental composer, pupil in Paris of No-
blet and Rameau on the pianoforte and in
composition ; later organist at the church
Sainte-Croix de la Bretonnerie and one of
the best teachers in Paris. Works — Operas :
Philire ; ApoUon et Daphne ; Le saut de
Leucade ; Les rendez-vous ; Le jardinier de
Sidon ; Palmyre. Cantatas : Le retour
d'Eglo ; Les soupirs ; La uaissance de
Venus ; LY'loge de la voix, 6 sonatas for
two flutes ; 2 collections of duets and sev-
eral do. of airs, romances, and songs ; Le-
mons de Minerve, romances morales ; 2 col-
lections of solfeges ; Pianofoi-te music.
He wrote with Laborde the treatise, Essai
sur la musique. — Fetis ; Gerber ; Mendel ;
Schilling.
LEGEND OF DON MUNIO, dramatic
cantata in two parts, for solos, chorus, and
orchestra, by Dudley Buck, written in 1874.
Subject from Washington Irving's "Legend
of Don Munio Saucho de Hinojosa," in his
" Spanish Papers." It is among the best
of American compositions of its class. Per-
formed in New York for the first time at
Chickering Hall, Dec. 14, 1886, by the
Courtney pupils, with pianoforte and organ
accompaniment. — Upton, Standard Canta-
tas, 103 ; Atlantic Monthly, xxxiv. 758.
LEGENDE
LEGENDE YON DER HEILIGEN
ELIZABETH, DIE (The Legend of St Eliza-
beth), oratorio in two parts, text by Otto
Koquette, music by Liszt, first given at the
twenty-fifth anniversary of the Conservator-
ium at Buda-Pesth, Aug. 15, 1865. This
work, dedicated to Ludwig 11. of Bavaria,
was suggested bj' the frescos in the Wart-
burg, painted by Moritz von Schwindt, illus-
trating scenes fi'om the history of the Saint,
daughter of King Andreas 11. of Hungary,
whose life was devoted to good deeds. Char-
acters represented : Herrmann, Landgrave of
Tluu-ingia ; Sophie, his wife ; Ludwig, their-
sou ; Elizabeth, Ludwig's bride ; Friedrich
U. of Hoheustaufen ; a Seneschal ; and cho-
ruses of Children, Crusaders, Hungarians,
and Angels. The two parts are each divided
into three scenes corresjjouding to the sub-
jects in the six frescos. The themes are
mostly from Hungarian folk-songs. The
oratorio was given at Weimar, June 11,
1871, under Liszt's direction ; first time in
London, Feb. 24, 187G ; in Brooklyn, New
York, Feb. 28, 1884. Published by Kahnt
(Leipsic, 1873).— Pohl, Liszt, 331 ; Allgem.
mus. Zeitg. (18G5), 505, GG4 ; Mus. Woch-
eublatt (1871), 412 ; Athenroum (1870), i.
337 ; Upton, Standard Oratorios, 180.
LEGENDEN (Legends), for the piano-
forte for four hands, by Antonin Dvofak, op.
59, dedicated to Eduard Hauslick. Pari 1 :
L Allegretto, in D minor ; II. Molto mode-
rate, in G ; HI. Allegro giusto, in G minor ;
TV. Molto maestoso, in C ; Y. Allegro giusto
in A-flat ; Part 2 : VI. Allegro con moto, in
C ; VU. Allegretto grazioso, in A ; \TII.
Un poco allegretto e grazioso, in F ; IX.
Andante con moto, in D ; X. Andante, in B-
flat. Published by Simrock (Berhn, 1881).
Lfei:RES HIEONDELLES. See
Miqnon.
LEGNANI, LUIGI, born in Milan in
1790, died at Geneva after 1835. Virtuoso
on the guitar, appeared in concerts in
1819-25 with great success, then settled in
Geneva as instructor. Works : Terramoto
con variazioni, solo for guitar ; Variations
for guitar, pianoforte, and strings (with Lei-
desdorf) ; Duos for guitar and llute ; 30
works of exercises, rondos, caprices, and va-
riations ; Method, op. 250.— Fctis ; Mendel ;
Schilling.
LEGOUIX, ISIDORE liDOUAED, born
in Paris, April 1, 1834, still living, 1889.
Dramatic composer, puj)il at the Conserva-
toire of Henri Eeber ; received first prize
for harmony in 1855 ; as pupil of Ambroise
Thomas obtained second prize for fugue in
1856, and honourable mention for the prix
de Eome in 1860. Works — Operas : Un.
Othello, given in the Theatre des Champs_
Elvsces, 1863 ; Le lion de Sahit-Marc, Thu,
atre Saint-Germain, 1864 ; Malbroug s'eii
va-t-en guerre (with Bizet, Leo Delibes, am.
Jonas), Athcnoe, 1867 ; Les dernieres gri
settes, Brussels, Fantaisies Parisiennes_
1874. Operettas : Ma fille, Delassements Co
miques, Pai-is, 1866 ; Le vengeur, Athcnrtg
1868 ; Le mariage d'une etoile, Boutle..
Parisiens, 1876 ; Quinolette ; La clef d'ar_
gent ; La tartaue ; Madame Clara sonnani-
bule, Palais Royal, 1877 ; Deux portiere,
pour un cordon (with Hervu and Lecoc(,
under the collective p.seudonym of Alciiu
dor), ib., 1869 ; Romances and mclodit
for voice. — Futis, Supplement, ii. 94.
LEGRENZI, GIOVANNI, born at (lu"
sone, near Bergamo, about 1625, died
Venice in July, 1690. Dramatic and churcl_
composer, pupU of Pallavicino ; became oi,
ganist of S. M. Maggiore in his native citvL
then maestro di cappella of the churc,_
dello Spirito Santo at Ferrara, and in o^'
after 1664 director of the Conservatorio dt
Mendicant! at Venice, where he was alsi
from 1685, maestro di cappella at Sa._
Marco, the orchestra of which he conside,_
ably enlarged and improved. His opcrjjg
show a marked progress over those of h.
predecessors, especially in the instrument^„
tion. He was the master of Lotti. Worl .
— Operas : Achille in Sciro, Venice, 161^ .
Zenobia e Radamisto, 1665 ; Tiridate, 16(iLi
Eteocle e Polinice, and La divisione d__
mondo, 1675 ; Adone in Cipro, and Ge
1
LEIIMANN
manico sul Reno, 1G7G ; Totila, 1G77 ; An-
tioco il Grande, II Creso, and Pausauia,
1G81 ; Ottaviauo Cesaie Augusto, and Lisi-
macco ricamato da AJessaudro, 1G82 ; I due
Cesari, Ginstino, and L'anarchia dell' im-
pero, 1GS3 ; Publio Elio Pertiuace, 1G84.
Concerto di messe e salmi a 3 e 4 voci (Yen-
^ --^^^fi^^
ice, 1654) ; Motetti a 2, 3 e 4 voci (1G55) ;
do. a 5 voci (IGGO) ; Sacri e festivi con-
cert!, messo e salmi a due cori (1G57) ; Seu-
timeuti devoti a 2 e 3 voci (IGGO) ; Com-
piete con litanie ed antifone, etc., a 5 voci
(1GG2) ; Cantate a voce sola (1G74) ; Idee Musikalische Akkordenlehre (1875).
armouicbe a 2 e 3 voci (1678) ; Ecbi di re- ^ tis ; Mendel ; Eiemann.
vereuza, 14 cantate a voce sola (1679) ; Mo- LEICESTER, ou le chateau de Kenil-
tetti sacri a voce sola con tre stromeuti i worth, French opcra-comique in three acts.
(1692) ; Suouate per chiesa (1655) ; Suonate , text by Scribe and Melesville, music by Au-
da chiesa e da camera a tre (165G) ; do. a 2, ber, represented at the Optra Comique,
Works : Christus, oratorio ; Chorals ; Sa-
cred part-songs ; Songs for schools. Sev-
eral theoretical works. — Mendel.
LEIBROCK, JOSEF ADOLF, born at
Brunswick, Jan. 8, 1808, died in Berlin,
Aug. 8, 1886. Violoncellist, pupil of Con-
zertmeister Maucourt on the violin, of Gi'i-
deke on the violoncello, and of Zinkei-
sen in theory. On the point of taking
up the study of theology at the univers-
ity, he accepted a position as violoncellist
in the court orchestra at Brunswick, which
he resumed after having conducted the the-
atre at Ratisbon in 1830. Works : Music to
Schiller's Die Riiuber, and to several melo-
dramas; Overtures; String quartets, pi-
anoforte music, and songs. He published
Fe-
di suonate
e violone
3 e 4 voci (1793) ; Una muta
(1664) ; Suonate a 2 violini
(1667) ; La cetra, suonate a 2, 3 e 4 stro-
meuti (1673) ; Suonate a 2 violini e violon-
cello (1G77). — Fetis ; Mendel; Gerber ;
Schilling ; Riemann.
LEHMANN, FRIED RICH ADOLF,
Freiherr VON, born at Meissen in 1768, died
atHalle, Jan. 11, 1841. Amateur jjianist and
instrumental and vocal composer. Till the
time of Schubert his songs were the most
appreciated. W'orks : 6 marches for grand
Paris, Jan. 25, 1823. Subject from Walter
Scott's romance. The opera had but little
success. Published by Haslinger (Vienna,
1840). — Allgem. mus. Zeitung, xxix. 20.
LEIDESDORF, MAX JOSEF, born in
Vienna in 1780, died in Florence, Sept. 20,
1839. Pianist and instrumental composer,
settled in Florence after 1827. Works:
Esther, oratorio for 4 voices, with chorus
and orchestra ; Quintet for pianoforte and
strings, op. 66 ; Quartet do., op. 123 ; Trio
do., O}). 70 ; Rondeau brillant, for piano-
orchestra ; Marches and variations for piano- \ forte, strings, flute, and clarinet, op. 128 ;
forte ; Part-songs for 3-4 voices ; Many
songs. — Fetis ; Gerber ; Mendel ; Schilling.
LEHMANN, JOHANN GOTTLIEB, born
at Ponsdorf, near Finsterwalde, Prussia,
Jan. 26, 1821, still living, 1889. Vocal
composer and didactic writer, pupil of
Sonatas for pianoforte and violin ; Con-
certos, sonatas, variations, fantasias, and
other pieces for pianoforte. — Fotis ; Men-
del ; Wurzbach.
LEIDGEBEL, AMANDUS LEOPOLD,
born at Guhrau, Dec. 26, 1816, died in
Hentschel at the seminary at Weissenfels Berlin, September, 1886. Pianist and or-
in 1838-40 ; for fourteen years school- 1 ganist, studied music in Breslau, and settled
master and music teacher in different in 1843 in Berlin, whei-e he completed his
places, and finally appointed instructor in \ course of composition under Marx, and be-
the seminary at Elsterwerda. He is an came a successful teacher. Works : Quintet
esteemed contributor to musical i^apers. for pianoforte and strings ; Quartet, do.;
443
LEIGIITOX
Sonatas for pianofoi'te and violin ; Duos,
sonatas, caprices cle concert, and other
pieces for pianoforte ; Several collections
of songs. — Fetis, Supj>lement, ii. 95 ; Men-
del.
LEIGHTON, Sir WILLL\]M, English
comjjoser of the IGth and 17th centuries.
He lived iu London, and was one of the
Gentlemen Pensioners of Elizabeth and
James I. Works : The Teares or Lamen-
tacions of a Sorrowfull Soule ; Composed
with Musicall Ayres and Songs both for
Voj'ces and Divers Instruments (1G14), a
collection of 54 psalms and hymns. Only
the first 8 are by Leighton, the other con-
tributors being Byrd, Bull, Dowlaud, Ford,
Orlando Gibbons, Giles, Hooper, Wilbye,
Weelkes, and Milton. — Grove ; Futis.
LEITERT, JOHANN GEORG, born in
Dresden, Sept. 29, 1852, died there, Dec. 11,
1883. Virtuoso on the pianoforte, pupil of
Kriigen and Reichel, and in harmony of
Rischbieter ; afterwards in Rome pupil of
Liszt. He played with success in a concert
in Dresden before attaining his thirteenth
year, and was soon after invited to play
in the Gewandhaus, Leipsic. He went to
England in 1867, to Weimar in 1869, and
followed Liszt to Rome, where he sj)ent two
winters (1869-70), winning applause in sev-
eral concerts. He returned to Dresden in
1871, and with Wilhelmj made a brilliant
concert tour through Germany, Poland,
and Russia in 1872. His compositions are
mostly salon pieces in the modern style.
— Mendel ; Riemann.
LEJEAL, ALOIS FRANCIS, born iu
Hagenau, Alsace, Jan. 15, 1840, still living,
1889. Pianist, pupil of his uncle Ignatius
Garner, and in composition of M. E. Sachs
in Munich. He went to America and in
1862 was settled in New York where, in
connection with Edward Mollenhauer and
S. N. Griswold, he founded the New York
Conservatory of Music. In 1870 he re-
turned to Europe, but again went to Amer-
ica and in 1875 settled in San Francisco,
where he has since resided. Works : Mass
in D, for mixed voices, organ accompani-
ment ; ilass in A ; Mass in E-flat ; Ave
Maria ; Te Deum in D ; Requiem for mixed
voices and organ ; Suite of Wedding Mu-
sic, for violin and pianoforte ; Wedding
March, Twilight, Gavotte, Devotion, Fan-
tasma, Scherzo, and other pieces for the
isiauoforte. He is author also of The Mod-
ern School of Piano Technics ; Preparatory
Piano Method.
LEJEUNE, CLAUDE (Claudin), born at
Valenciennes about
1530, died between
1598 and 1603. Con-
trapuntist, not to be
confounded with
Claude de Sermisy ;
■was probably not in
France iu 1572, since
he was a Huguenot,
yet escaped the mas-
sacre of St. Bartholomew, but in 1581 was
at the court of Henri IH., and wrote music
for the wedding of the Due de Joyeuse.
There is a story that during the siege of
Paris, in the wars of the League, he at-
tempted flight, carrying all his manuscript
compositions with him, but was captured by
the Catholic soldiery and would have seen
his works burned if a Catholic musician,
Jacques Mauduit, had not rescued them and
helped him to escape. He entered the ser-
vice of Henri IV. and was granted the title
of composer of the king's chamber music.
He enjoyed a great reputation among his
French contemporaries. Works : Livre de
melanges (Antwerp, 1585, Paris, 1607) ;
Recueil de iilusieurs chansons et airs nou-
veaux (Paris, 1594) ; Dodi'cacorde coutenant
douze psaumes de David (La Rochelle, 1598,
Paris, 1608 and 1618) ; Le Printemps
(Paris, 1603) ; Missa (ib., 1607) ; Psaumes
de David (ib., 1607-8) ; Psaumes de Marot
et de Thi'odore de Bi-ze (La Rochelle, 1608,
and many later editions in different coun-
tries), having been almost universally used
in Calvinistic churches ; Airs (Paris, 1608) ;
Octouaires de la vauite et iuconstance du
m
LE JOUR
monde (ib., 1610) ; Second livi-e des mes-
langes (ib., 1G12, Antwerp, 1G17).— Fetis ;
Mendel, yi. 289 ; Anibros, Gesch., iii. 343 ;
Buruey, Hist., iii. -40, 265 ; Hawkins, Hist.,
iii. 204, 454.
LE JOUR BAISSE ET IVIA MliEE. See
Le Prophele.
LELIO, OU LE RETOUR A LA VIE.
See Episode de la vie d'un artiste.
LEMAIRE, CHARLES, born in Paris in
the second half of the 17th century, died
there in 1704. Vocal composer, member of
the chapel of Louis XIV. in 1669-1702.
Works — Cantatas for solo voice : Les quatre
saisous ; Le sacrifice d'amour ; Eudymion ;
La Constance ; Le retour du printemps.
Collection of motets for 1-2 voices, with
basso continvio ; Collection of songs. — Fe-
tis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
LE MIEN, DIT-IL. See GuiUaume Tell.
LEMI&RE DE CORVEY, JEAN FRE-
DERIC AUGUSTE, born at Rennesin 1770,
died in Paris, April 19, 1832. Dramatic
composer ; studied music in his native town,
served in the republican army, and iu 1792
went to Paris, where he took lessons iu
harmony of Berton, and attracted attention
by setting a newspaper article to music.
He was appointed aide to Gen. Thiebault in
Belgium ; returned to Paris in 1794 ; fought
in Germany in 1796-97, and was wounded ;
served through the campaigns iu Prussia,
Poland, Spain, and at Waterloo, and set-
tled in Paris in 1817, but was no longer
successful in comjjosiug, and died of the
cholera. Works — Operas and operettas :
Constance, 1790 ; Les chevaliers errants,
1792 ; Crispin rival, Le poeme vole, 1793 :
Scene patriotique. La reprise de Toulon,
Andros et Almona, 1794 ; Le congres des
rois (in collaboration) ; Babouc, L'ucolier en
vacances, Les suspects. La blonde et la
bruue, 1795 ; La moitie du chemiu, 1790 ;
Les deux orphelines, La maisou changee,
La paix et I'amour, Les deux Crispins, 1798 ;
Le porteur d'eau, 1801; Henri et Felicie,
1808 ; La cruche cassee, ou les rivaux de
village, 1819 ; La fausse croisade, Le testa-
ment, 1825 ; Les rencontres (with Catrufo),
1828 ; AiTangements of several of Rossini's
operas ; Military symphony ; Pianoforte and
instrumental pieces ; Songs. — Fetis ; Men-
del ; Larousse.
LEMMENS, JACQUES NICOLAS, born
at Zoerle-Parwys, province of Antwerp, Jan.
3, 1823, died at Linterport Castle, near
Mechlin, Jan. 30, 1881. Virtuoso on the
organ and pianist, pupil of his father, and
at Diest of Van der Broeck, then (1839) at
the Conservatoii-e, Brussels, of Godineau on
the pianoforte ; again, in 1841, having mean-
while been for some months organist at
Diest, pupil of Michelot on the pianoforte,
of Girschner ou the organ, and of Fetis in
counterpoint and fugue. He went in 1846
with a government pension to Breslau to
study under Adolf Hesse, and iu 1849 be-
came professor of organ at the Conserva-
toire, Brussels. In 1857 he married the
singer Miss Sherrington, and thenceforth
lived much in England, but in 1879 he
opened a college for training Catholic or-
ganists and choirmasters at Mechlin.
Works : Improvisations, sonatas, and many
other compositions (over 60), for organ ;
Te Deum ; 2 symphonies for orchestra ;
Motets and songs ; Sonatas and other pieces
for pianoforte ; l5cole d'orgue, iu use at the
Conservatoires of Brussels, Paris, and other
cities. — Fetis ; do., Suj)plement, ii. 97 ;
Mendel ; Riemann.
LEMOYNE, GABRIEL, born in Berlin,
Oct. 14, 1772, died iu Paris, July 1.5, 1815.
Pianist, son of Jean Baptiste Lemoyne,
whom he followed to Paris at the age of nine
years ; pupil of Clement and Edelmann on
the pianoforte and in harmony ; made con-
cert tours in France and the Netherlands,
with the violinist Lafont, during the first
years of this century. After his return to
Paris, he devoted himself to teaching and
composition. Works : L'entre-sol, opera
(with Piccinni), Theatre des Varietes, 1802 ;
2 operettas ; 2 concertos for pianoforte
with orchestra ; Trio for pianoforte and
strings ; Sonatas for pianoforte and violin ;
446
LEMOYNE
Duo for 2 pianofortes ; Sonatas, cajjrices,
fantasias, rondos, and other i^ieces for pi-
anoforte ; 4 collections of romances. — Fe-
tis ; Mendel.
LEMO YNE, (JEAN B.APTISTE MOYNE)
called, born at Eymet (Perigord), April 3,
1751, died in Paris, Dec. 30, 179G. Dra-
matic composer ; studied music uuder Lis
uncle, who was maitre de cliapelle of the
cathedral at Perigueux ; then acted as chef
d'orchestre in several cities of France, and
about 1770 became a pupil of Grauu, Kirn-
berger, and J. A. P. Sehulz in Berlin, and
was appointed assistant director of the
court theatre there. In 1775 he went to
"Warsaw, but returned to France, and after
a tour in Itah' again made Paris his home,
in 1788. Works — Ojjeras : Le bouquet de
Colette, Warsaw, 1775 ; Elcctre, Paris, 1782 ;
Phc'dre, ib., 178G ; Nephtii, ib., 1789 ; Les
prc'tendus, ib., 1789 ; Louis IX en Egjpte,
ib., 1790 ; Les pommiers et le moulin, ib.,
1790 ; Elfride, ib., 1792 ; Miltiade a Mara-
thon, ib., 1793 ; Toute la Groce, ib., 1794 ;
Le batelier, ou les ■sTais sans-culottes, ib.,
1794 ; Le compere Luc, ib., 1794 ; Le men-
songe officieus, ib., 1795 ; Nadir, ou le
dormeiu- eveilk' ; Sylvius Nerva, ou la
malediction patemelle ; L'ile des fem-
mes. Ode sur le combat d'Ouessant, in
the form of an oratorio, executed at the
Concerts Spiritucls, 1778. — Fotis; Mendel;
Schilling.
LENEPVEU, CHARLES FERDINAND,
born at Rouen, Oct. 4, 1840, still living,
1889. Dramatic composer, pupil iu Paris of
Augustin Savard, and at the Conservatoii-e
(1863) of Ambroise Thomas ; received the
prix de Rome in 1875, and after his return
to Paris in 18G8 continued the study of
counterpoint and fugue under Alexis Chau-
vet. Works : Le Florentin, opera, given at
the Opera Comique, 1874 ; Velleda, opera ;
Eenaud dans les jardins d'Armide, cantata,
18GG ; Requiem, 1871 ; Pianoforte music.
— Fetis, Supplement, ii. 99.
LENOBLE, JOSEPH, born at Mann-
heim, Sept. 1, 1753, died at Brunoy, near
Paris, Dec. 15, 1829. Dramatic composer,
pupil of his father, who was a musician iu
the service of the Elector, and of Canna-
bich ; went to Paris iu 1784. Works :
Lausus et Lydie, opera (with Mthul) ;
L' Amour et Psyche, opera-ballet ; Joad,
oratorio, performed at the Concerts Spiritu-
cls, 1784 ; Septets and quartets for strings ;
Sonatas for pianoforte. — Fetis.
LENORA, cantata, text by John Oxen-
ford, music by George Alexander Macfarren,
first given at the Royal Academy, London,
July 3, 1852 ; by the Harmonic Union, Lon-
don, April 25, 1853. Miss Louisa Pyne,
Mme. Macfarren, and Herr Staudigl sang
the solos. — Atheuanun (1852), 75G.
LENORE STJIPHONY, in E, for or-
chestra, by Joachim Raff, op. 177, first per-
formed at a Festival in Spa in September,
1873. This is Raff's fifth and most popular
symj)houy. I. Liebesgliick (Allegro, An-
dante quasi Larghetto) ; H. Trennung
(March tempo) ; HI. Wiedervereinigung im
Tode, Introduction and Ballad after Biirg-
er's " Lenore " (Allegro). The final move-
ment describes with great skill the grotesque
ride, the dance of the spectres, and the
death of Lenore. This symphony was first
performed by the Philharmonic Society of
New York in the season of 1873-74, and at
the Ciystal Palace, London, Nov. 14, 1874.
Published by Seitz (Leipsic, 1873). — Athe-
nrcum (1874), ii. G85 ; Grove, iii. 290 ; Up-
ton, Standard Symphonies, 209.
LENTON, JOHN, English composer of
the latter part of the 17th century, died
after 1711. He was a member of the bands
of WilUam and Mary and of Queen Anne.
Works : The Gentleman's Diversion, or the
Violin explained (1G93 ; 2d ed., entitled
The Useful Instructor on the Violin, 1702) ;
A Consort of Musick in three parts (about
1694, with Thomas Toilet) ; Overtm-es and
act tunes for the following plays : Venice
Preserved, 1685, The Ambitious Stepmother,
1700, Tamburlain, 1702, The Fair Penitent,
1703, Liberty Asserted, 1704, Abra Muley,
1704 ; Songs ; Revised music for earlier
446
LENTZ
editions of Pills to jjurge Melancholy.
— Grove.
LENTZ, HEINRICH GERHARD, born
iu Cologne iu 17G-1, died in Warsaw, Aug.
21, 1839. Pianist and instrumental com-
poser, pupil of his father, a distinguished
organist, on the pianoforte and the organ.
In 1784 he went to Paris, where he played
a concerto of his composition at the Con-
certs Sx^irituels ; lived in London, playing in
concerts and teaching, in 1792-95, then in
Germany as secretary to Prince Louis Ferdi-
nand of Prussia till 1802, when he went to
Halle. Soon after this he took up his resi-
dence at Lomberg, Galicia, and finally set-
tled at Warsaw, where ho founded a piano-
forte factory. Works: 2 symphonies, op.
10, and iu G ; 3 concertos for piauofoi'te,
op. 4, G, 7 ; 9 trios for pianoforte and
strings, op. G, 8 ; 9 sonatas for pianoforte
and violin, op. 1, 2, 3 ; 3 sonatas for pi-
anoforte, 2 of them with flute and bass,
1 with violin, ojx 11 ; Airs vai'ios, preludes,
and other pieces for pianoforte ; Songs. — Fe-
tis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
LEO, LEONARDO, born at San Vito
d e g 1 i S c h i a V i ,
Kingdom of Na-
ples, in 1G94, died
iu Naples in 1746.
He studied under
Alessandro Scar-
latti and Fago at
the Conservatorio
della Pieta de'
Turchini, and also
probably took
counterpoint lessons of Pitoni in Rome. On
his return to Naples, after the completion of
his studies, he was appointed second master
at La Pieta ; in 171G he was named organist
of the Royal Chapel, and in 1717 maestro
di cappella at Santa Maria della Solitaria.
A few years later he quitted La Pieta for
the Conservatorio di San Onofrio, where
he remained for the rest of his life. His
first opera, Sofouisba, was brought out
iu 1719 with great success. In 1743 he
wrote his famous 8-voice Miserere for the
Duke of Savoy, who rewarded him with a
pension of one hundred ounces of silver.
He was probably the greatest teacher of his
day ; Jommelli and Piccinni were among
his pupils. He was also a fine organist and
violoncellist, being one of the first to intro-
duce the violoncello into Italy. His death
was very sudden ; he was found in his
room, seated with his head resting on his
clavecin, to all appearances asleep, but
really dead. To Leo, together with his pre-
decessor Alessandro Scarlatti, and his con-
temporaries Durante and Feo, belongs the
glory of founding the Neapolitan school,
which during a century gave to Europe
many of its greatest comjiosers. In sacred
composition he rises almost to the sublim-
ity of Durante, while he quite equals him
iu ijurity of style and surpasses him in
charm. In opera his style is noble, simple,
and often expressively dramatic ; he knew
how to produce striking efiects by the sim-
j)lest means.
Works : I. Operas : II gran giorno d' Ar-
cadia, serenata a 4 voci, for the birthday
of Leopold, Archduke of Austria, 171G ;
Diana amante, serenata for the fete of the
contessa Daun, vice-queen of Naples, 1717 ;
Le nozze in dansa, pastorale, given at the
house of the principe di San Nicandra,
1718 ; Serenata iu praise of Sir George
Bingh, 1779 ; Sofonisba, Naples, Teatro
Sau Bartolomeo, 1719 ; Cajo Gracco, ib.,
1720 ; Bajazette, ib., at the viceregal palace,
1722 ; Tamerlano, Rome, 1722 ; Timocrate,
Venice, Teatro Saut' Angiolo, 1723 ; Zeno-
bia in Palmira, Naples, Teatro San Bartolo-
meo, 1725 ; Astianatte, ib., 1725 ; La So-
mighanza, ib., Teatro de' Fiorentini, 172G ;
L' Orismane, ossia gli sdegni degli amori,
ib., Teatro Nuovo, 172G ; II trionfo di Ca-
milla, regina de' Volsci, Rome, Teatro Ca-
pranica, 172G ; Akssandro nell' Indie, ib.,
1727 ; Giro riconosciuto, Naples, 1728 ; Ar-
gene, ib., 1728 ; La Zingara, intermezzo,
ib., 1731 ; Litermezzi for Argene, 1731 ;
Galone iu Utica, Venice, 1732 ; Amore da
447
LfiOCADIE
senno, Naples, Teatro Nuovo, 1733 ; Emiia
(witli intermezzi by Ignazio Prota), ib., Teatro
Sau Bartolomeo, 1735 ; La damenza di Tito,
1735 ; Onore vince Amore, Naples, Teatro
de' Fioreutini, 1736 ; La simpatia del san-
gue, ib., Teatro Nuovo, 1737 ; Siface, Bo-
logna, Teatro Malvezzi, 1737 ; Festa tea-
trale, Naples, 1739 ; La coutesa dell' Amore
e deUa Vii-tti, ib., 1740 ; II Medo, ib., 1740 ;
II matrimonio nascoso, ib., 1740 ; Alessan-
dro, ib., Teatro de' Fioreutini, 1741 ; De-
mofoonte, ib., Teatro San Carlo, 1741 ;
Andromeda, ib., ib., 1742 ; Vologeso, ib.,
1744 ; hajinla Frascatana (posthumous, fin-
ished by Capranica), ib., Teatro Nuovo,
1744. The dates of the following are uncer-
tain, or wholly unknown : Evergete, Naples,
about 1730 (?) ; H trionfo di Camillo, ib.,
about 1735 (?) ; Le nozze di Psiche, ib.,
about 1735 (?) ; Amor vuol softerenza, about
1740 (?) ; Artaserse, Naples, about 1740 (?);
L' Olimpiade, ib., about 1740 (?) ; Nitocri,
regina cV Egitto, ib., about 1740 (?) ; AchiUe
in Seiro, Turin, 1743 (?); IlPisistrate, Naples,
about 1750 (?) ; H conte, Naples, Teatro de'
Fiorentini ; Alidoro, ib., ib. ; La fedelti odi-
ata, ib., ib. ; Ezio ; Lucio Pajoirio, dittatore,
Naples ; Arianna e Teseo, cantata teatrale.
n. Oratorios : La morte d' Abele, in two
parts, 1732 ; Santa Elena al Calvario, in
two parts, 1733 ; Santa Chiara, in two parts ;
H Santo Alessio.
HL Church music : Messa a 4 voci, alia
Palestrina ; Messa a 4 voci ed orchestra (in
the Paris Conservatoire Library) ; Messa a 5
voci ed organo, in D, Rome, San Giacomo
de' Spagnuoli, 1743 ; 2 Messa a 5 voci ed
orch., in F and G ; Credo a 10 voci in 2
cori ed orch. ; Credo a 4 voci ed orch.;
Dixit a 4 voci ed organo ; Dixit a 5 voci ed
organo, in D ; Dixit a 5 voci, violini, viola
ed organo ; Dixit a 5 voci, violini, viola, 2
flauti, 2 clarini ed organo ; Dixit a 10 voci
in 2 cori ed orch., 1741 ; Dixit a 10 voci in
2 cori, e 2 orchestre, 1743 ; Te Deum a 4
voci ed orch. ; Miserere a 8 voci in 2 cori, a
cappella ; Miserere a 4 voci ed organo ;
Magnificat a 4 voci, 2 violini ed organo ;
Magnificat a 5 voci ed orch. ; Lezione per
il mercoledi, il giovedl ed il venerdi della
settimana santa ; Responsorj a 4 voci, for
San Antonio in Padua ; Responsorj a 4 voci
per il mercoledi, il giovedi ed il venerdi
della settuuana santa ; Cantata per il glori-
oso San Vlnceuzo Ferrari, o sia motetto a
5 voci con stromenti ; Cantata perilmiracolo
del glorioso Sau Gennaro a 5 voci e grande
orchestra ; Motetto, Jam surrexit dies glo-
riosa, a 5 voci ed orch. ; Motetto a 2 cori,
1736 ; Pange lingua, a 4 voci, 1744 ; Chris-
tus, a 2 cori, in D ; Christus, alia Palestrina,
in G ; Tu es sacerdos, a 4 voci ; Tantum
ergo, a 4 voci ; Alleluia, a 4 voci ; Laudate
pueri, a 2 soprani con coro ; Ave maris Stella
per voce di soprano, 2 violini, viola ed or-
gano (Paris, Porro).
IV. Instrumental : Toccatas for clavecin ;
2 books of fugues for organ ; Six concertos
for violoncello, with 2 viohns, viola, and
bass, 1737-38 ; 6 books of solfeggj for the
Conservatorio di San Onofrio ; 2 books of
pai-timenti (figured basses) for the same
school ; 56 airs in score, with instruments,
duets, trios, etc. — Viharosa, Memorie dei
compositoi-i di musica del regno di Napoli,
101 (Naples, 1840) ; Futis.
LfiOCADIE, drame lyrique in three acts,
text by Scribe and MOlesviUe, music by
Auber, first represented at the Opera Co-
mique, Paris, Nov. 4, 1824. — Clement et
Larousse, 399.
LfiOLINE. See L'Ame en peine.
LEONARD, HUBERT, bom at Bellaire,
near Liege, April 7, 1819, still living, 1889.
Violinist, pupil of Rouma, and at the Paris
Conservatoire of Habeneck ; became violin-
ist at the Tht'atre des Variotes, then at the
Opera Comique, and later at the Opera.
He left the Conservatoire in 1839, made
concert tours in 1844-48, and in the latter
year succeeded de Beriot as first professor
of violin at the Brussels Conservatoire.
448
lEon
He married the siuger Autouin, Sitcher tie
Mendi in 1851, and the two made success-
ful professional tours iu France, Holland,
Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Russia.
Kesigning Ins position iu Brussels iu 18CG,
lie lived iu Paris and was mucli sought as a
teacher. Works : G sonatas and Le Trille
du Diable by Tartini, harmonized from the
original figured bass ; 5 concertos ^Yith or-
chestra ; G concert pieces for violin and
pianoforte ; Serenade for 3 violins ; Concert
duet for 2 violins ; Valse caprice ; Fanta-
sias ; Petits morceaux caracteristiques ; GO
duets for violin and pianoforte on opera
airs ; 4 duets with piauoforte (with Litolff ) ;
i do. with violoucello (with Servais) ; 5 mel-
odies of "Waguer for violin and pianoforte ; 24
Cathedral of Viceuza, and was one of the
musicians who dedicated a collection of
psalms to Palestrina in 1592. Works :
Madrigali (1588, 1505, 1598, 1G02) ; Mo-
tetti a sei voci (1603) ; Motetti a due, tre
e quattro voci (IGOG, 1608, 2d ed. as Sacri
Fiori, 1G09-10) ; Motetti a otto voci (1608) ;
Motetti a una, due e tre voci (1609, 1611) ;
Omuia psalmodia solemnitatum octo vocum
(1613) ; Prima parte dell' aurea corona
ingemmata d' armouici concerti (1615) ;
INIadrigals and motets in several collec-
tious. — Fctis ; Piiemanu ; Mendel ; Schil-
liug.
LEONOEE. See Fulelio.
LEONORE, oil Famour conjugale, opera-
comique, in two acts, text by Jean Nicolas
tudes classiques ; 21 etudes harmoniques ; , Bouilly, music by Gaveaux, represented at
Gymnastique du violouiste ; Petite gymnas-
tique du jeuue violoniste ; Ecole Leonard ;
L'ancienne ecole italieune. — Fetis ; do., Sujv
plement, ii. 100 ; Mendel ; Riemann, 518.
L^ON DE SAINT-LUBIN. See Saint-
Lubin.
LEONHARD, JULIUS EMIL, born at
Laubau, Prussian Silesia, June 13, 1810,
died in Dresden, June 23, 1883. Pianist,
first instructed by his father, tlieu entirely
the Opera Comique, Paris, Feb. 19, 1798 ;
Italian version, music by Ferdinando Paer,
Dresden, Oct. 3, 1804. The text is the
same as that of Beethoven's Fidelia.
LEONORE, overtures by Beethoven,
written for the opera Leonore, or Fidelia.
Beethoven wrote at dififerent times four
overtures for this opera, of which three, all
in C, are known respectively as Leonore
No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3, and the fourth in E,
self-taught, chiefly from the works of Al- as Fidelio. No. 1, op. 138 (posthumous),
brectsberger, while studying at the Uuiver- was written for a performance of the opera
sity of Breslau. In 1831 he went to Leip- at Prague in May, 1807, which never came
sic, where he appeared in the Gewandhaus ofi". It was rehearsed by a small orchestra
concerts, and at a later period (1845), hav-
ing speut the year of 1841 in his native
town, produced with great success several
of his compositions in the Gewandhaus. In
1852 he was appointed professor of piano-
forte at the Conservatorium iu Munich, aud
held the same position iu Dresden iu 1859-
73. Works : Johannes der Tiiufer, oratorio ;
3 chiuch cantatas for chorus aud orchestra ;
Symphony ; Overture to Oehlenschlilger's
Axel und Walburg ; Quartet for i^iauoforte
and strings; 3 trios for do.; 2 sonatas for
pianoforte and violin ; Pianoforte pieces ;
Part-songs, and songs. — Mendel.
LEONI, LEONE, born about 1560, died
at Prince Lichnowsky's, but was pronounced
too light ; first performed from IMS. in Vien-
na, Feb. 7, 1828. Published by Hasliuger
(Vienna, 1832). No. 2, op. 72, written for
a production of the opera on Nov. 20, 1805,
was too difficult for the wind iustruments.
Moscheles says this is the cleverest, and
best characterizes the subject. Published
by Breitkopf & Hartel (Leipsic, 1842, 1854).
No. 3, op. 72, written for representation of
Fidelio in Vienna, March 29, 1806, is a con-
densed aud improved version of No. 2, but
was deemed too long aud too difficult for
the strings. Published by Breitkopf & Hiir-
tel (1810). No. 4, Fidelio, op. 72, in E
(?). He became maestro di cappella of the I was written for the second and final revision
449
LE PERFIDE
of the opera, and was first jjlaj-ed, May 2G,
1814. Published by Breitkopt & Hiirtel
(18G1). Breitkopf & Hiirtel, Beethoven
Werke, Serie 3, Nos. 2, 3, i, and 9. These
four overtures were performed under Men-
delssohn's direction at the Gewandhaus,
Leipsic, Jan. 11, 1840. Various arrange-
ments have been made for pianoforte for
two, four, and eight hands, and for string
quartet and quintet. — Thayer, Verzeicli-
niss, G-l ; Marx, Beethoven, i. 310 ; ii. 44G ;
Lenz, Beethoven, vol. ii., part 3, 140 ; Not-
tebohm, Beethoveniana, GO ; Schindler, 127 ;
Schumann, Gesammelte Schrifteu, ii. 147,
274.
LE PERFIDE EENAUD ME FUIT.
See Armide et Renaud.
LE PREVOST, ETIENNE ALEXAN-
DRE, bom at Treviso, Nov. 25, 1812, died
in Paris, Dec. 19, 1874. Organist, pupil in
Paris of Poirier-Lataille and at the school
founded by Choron ; studied at the Conser-
vatoire in 1832-33 under Fctis, Hak'vy, and
Bortou. He was organist successively of
the churches of Saint-Paul, Saint-Louis,
Saiut-!Merry, Saint-Eustache, and from 1844
of Saiut-Eoch. "Works : Masses ; Ave
^[iiria ; Domino salvum fac regem ; Adore-
mus ; Organ music ; Le rcveur oveillc,
opera, Paris, 1848 ; Halte dans les bois, a
cantata ; Overtures, choruses, etc. — Fctis ;
do.. Supplement, ii. 102 ; Mendel.
LE RAPIDE ET LEGER NAYIRE.
See Jj' A fricainr.
LESCHETITZKY, THEODOR, bom at
Lemberg, (ialicia,
in 1831, still living,
1889. Pianist ; his
playing attracted at-
tciiitiou iu Vienna in
1845. He was for
some time professor
a t the Conserva-
tory in St. Peters-
burg, and in 1878
settled in Vienna as
a private teacher. In 1880 he married his
l)upil, Annette Essipoflf. He has frequently
was its
formed
visited England. Works : Die erste Falte,
ojiera, given iu Prague, 18G7, Wiesbaden,
1881; Pianoforte music; Songs. — Fetis,
Supplement, ii. 103 ; Grove ; Mendel,
Ergiinz., 214 ; Riemann.
LESLIE, HENRY (DAVID), bom in Lon-
^,,,^^ don, Juno 18, 1822,
/^ ^ still living, 1889. He
'J « studied under Charles
%- J^. ■i'J^Sr Lucas in 1838, and for
some years played vio-
loncello at the Sacred
Harmonic Society and
elsewhere ; became
honorary secretary of
the Amateur Musical
Society in 1847, and
conductor iu 1855-Gl. In 1855 he
the choir bearing his name, which
took the first prize at the international com-
2)etitiou of choirs in Paris in 1878 ; was
made conductor of the Herefordshire Phil-
harmonic Society in 18G3, took charge iu
18G4 of the National College of Music, an
institution that did not live long, and from
1874 acted as director of the Guild of Ama-
teur Musicians. He has the reputation of
being one of the most successful choir train-
ers England has ever jiroduced. Works :
Ida, opera, Covent Garden, 1864 ; Romance,
or Bold Dick Turpin, operetta, 1857 ; Im-
manuel, oratorio, 1855 ; Judith, do., Bir-
mingham Festival, 1858 ; Holj-rood, can-
tata, 18G0 ; The Daughter of the Isles, do.,
1861 ; Symphony for orchestra, 1847 ; The
Templar, dramatic overture, 1852 ; Te Deum
and Jubilate ; Anthems ; Part-songs and
songs. — Grove ; Riemann ; Fetis ; do.. Sup-
plement, ii. 105 ; Mendel.
LES RENDEZ-VOUS DE NOBLE COM-
PAGNIE. See Le Pri aux Clercs.
LESSEE, FRANZ, bom at Pulawy, Po-
land, about 1780, died at Petrikov, March,
1839. The son of Prince Czartoryski's mu-
sic director, he went to Vienna in 1797 to
study medicine, but became the pupil of
Haydn, whom he did not leave until his
death. Returning to Poland in 1810, ho
450
LESSOR'S
lived with the Czai'toryski famih', but when
they became exiles, after the Kevolution of
1830, he led a life of vicissitude. He lost
the place of principal of the Peti-ikov gym-
nasium in 1837, and is said to have died of
a broken heart. "Works : Overture for or-
chestra ; Concerto for pianoforte and or-
chestra ; Chamber music ; Fantasias, sona-
tas, and other pieces for pianoforte ; Church
nuisic ; Songs. — Grove ; Sowiiiski, 3G4: ; Fc-
tis ; Schilling.
LESSONS, THE, for the Haii^sichord, by
Handel. The first set, published bj' Cluer
as " Suites de Pieces pour le Clavecin "
(London, 1720), is said to have been com-
posed for his favourite pupil, the Princess
Anne. It contains eight suites : I. in A ;
H. in F ; IH. in D minor ; IV. in E minor ;
V. in E (containing the Ilarmoiiiuiis Black-
smith) ; VI. in F-sharp minor ; VH. in G
minor ; VIII. in F. Printed by Walsh in
1733, with a second set containing : I.
Suite in B-ilat ; H. Chaconue (18 variations)
in G ; IH. and TV. Suites in D minor ; V.
Suite in E minor ; VI. Suite in G minor ;
VII. Suite in B-flat ; VIII. Suite in G ; IX.
Chaconne ((52 variations) in G. This was
followed by a set of Six Fugues or Volun-
tarys for the Organ or Harpsichord, op. 3,
which are among Handel's best composi-
tions for keyed instruments : I. Fuga, in G
minor ; H. in G ; HI. in B-flat ; IV. in B
minor ; V. in A minor ; VI. in C minor.
Arnold reprinted Walsh's first and second
sets under the title of Lessons for the Harp-
sichord (London, 1793), and added a third
set : I. Suite in D minor ; II. Suite in G
minor (both composed for the Princess
Louisa) ; HI. Lesson in A minor ; IV. Ca-
priccio in G minor ; V. Fantasia in C ; VI.
Chaconne in F. He also published a fourth
volume, containing the Six Fugues or Volun-
tarys. After Handel's death Walsh pub-
lished a hybrid work entitled A Collection
of Lessons for the Harpsichord by Mi: Han-
del, the fourth book of which contained un-
authorized arrangements of short move-
ments. Other editions were published in
Germany, Holland, France, and Switzerland.
The German Hilndelgesellschaft repro-
duced these in 1859, with additional pieces.
Dr. Rimbault printed in his History of the
Pianoforte a capriccio on the authority of
the Princess Amelia's Lesson Book. In the
18th century these lessons held the same
place in musical literature that Beethoven's
sonatas do in the present. Liszt played the
fourth lesson in E minor at a recital in Lon-
don with great effect. The MSS. of many of
these compositions are in Buckingham Pal-
ace.— Rockstro, Handel, 34G ; Schoslcher,
Handel, G3.
LESTOCQ, ou I'intrigue et I'amour,
opera in four acts, text by Scribe, music by
Auber, first represented at the Opera Co-
mique, Paris, May 24, 1831, and at Covent
Garden, London, Feb. 21, 1835, as Lestocq,
or the Fete of the Hermitage. It is Auber 's
weakest opera. Published by Schott (Mainz,
1837).— Allgem. mus. Zeitung (37), 180;
N. Zeitschr. f. Mus. (2), 82, 181, 193.
LESUEUR, JEAN FRANCOIS, born at
Drucat - P 1 e s s i e 1 ,
near Abbeville
( S o m m e ) , France,
Feb. 15, 1760, died
in Paris,Oct. 6, 1837.
The grand-nephew
of Eustache Lesu-
eur the painter,
he was admitted, at
the age of seven, to
the maitrise school
at Abbeville, and a
few months later became a choir-boy at
the cathedral at Amiens, where for seven
years he pursued almost all his practical
musical studies. At fourteen he entered
the College of Amiens to study rhetoric
and philosophy, but did not complete the
course, the post of master of music at
the cathedral at Seez being offered him in
1779. This post he quitted six months
later for that of submaster at the Church
of the Saints-Innocents, Paris, where he got
some notion of harmony from the Abbo
451
LESUEUE
Itoze, but all the musical knowledge he ac-
quired later was due to his own observa-
tion and studying the scores of great mas-
ters. In 1781 he accejited the post of
master of music at the cathedral at Dijon,
and in 1783 a similar position at Mans,
which he soon left to undertake the direc-
tion of the choir at Saint-Martin at Tours.
In 1784 he visited Paris to have some of his
compositions brought out at the Concerts
Spirituels, and was advised by Sacchini,
then in Paris, to write for the stage. On
the recommendation of Gossec, Grutry, and
Pliilidor, ho obtained the maitrise of the
Saints-Innocents, and in 178G he succeeded
in the competitive examination for the
post of master of music at the Cathedral
of Paris. According to the regulations of
the office, he had to assume the clerical
dress, and was known henceforth as I'abbi'
Lesueur, but he never took orders. He ob-
tained permission of the Archbishop of Paris,
and of the chapter of Notre Dame, to intro-
duce a full orchestra into the cathedral, and
during the years 178G and 1787 the church
was crowded by people who came to hear
Lesueur's motets. The brilliancy of these
musical services laid him open to attacks
from conservative ecclesiastical quarters, to
which he replied in two pamphlets : " Essai
de musique sacroe, ou musique motivee ct
mi'thodique, pour la fete de Noel, ;\ la
messe du jour" (Paris, Herissaut, 1787),
and " Expose d'une musique line, imitative,
et particuliore a chaque solenuitc, oil Ton
doune des principles gi'uuraux sur les-
quelles ou I'etablit, et le plan d'uue mu-
sique propre a la fute de Noel" (ib., 1787).
About the same time his opera Ti'h'maque
•was received by the Acadumie Royale de
Musique (Opera), but was not given. His
position at Notre Dame continued to be the
source of many troublesome quarrels and
of libellous anonymous pamphlets, and in
1788 he retired to the country-seat of M.
Boehard de Champagny, where he passed
four years in composition. At the death of
Lis benefactor he returned to Paris, where
his opera La caverne was brought out at the
Opera Comique in 1792 with much success,
to be followed in 1794: by Paid et Virgiuie,
and at last by Telcmaque. The success of La
caverne procured him the ^jost of professor
in the Ecole de la Garde Nationale, the
duties of which he entered upon Nov. 21,
1793 ; he was also appointed one of the in-
spectors of instruction at the Conservatoire
fi'om its foundation in 1795. He co-op-
erated with Mi'hul, Lauglc, Gossec, and
Catel in editing the Principes elementaires
de musique and the Solfeges used at that
school ; but he was not destined to remain
at jieace with his colleagues. His two
operas, Les bardes and La mort d'Adam,
which had been accejited by the Opera,
were set aside in favour of Catel's Semiramis,
and an explosive pamj'hlet of his brought
about a rupture between himself and Sar-
rette, tlie head of the Conservatoire and
Catel's patron. The quarrel ended in Le-
sueur's deposition from office at the Conser-
vatoire in 1802. Abject poverty now stared
him in the face, but in March, 1804, he was
ajipointed maitre de chapelle to Napoleon
on recommendation of Paisiello. He took
advantage of this much envied position to
have his Les bardes brought out at the
Opera in July, 1804. Its success was over-
whelming, the Emperor presenting hiiu
with a gold snufT-box with the inscription :
"L'Empereur des Franjais i I'auteur des
Bardes." In 1809 La niort d'Adam was
produced, but without success. In 1814,
after the restoration, he was made superin-
tendent and composer to the Royal Chapel,
which post he held until the Revolution of
-July, 1830. In 1813 he succeeded Gretry
(deceased) at the Institut de France, and in
1817 he was appointed pi-ofessor of compo-
sition at the Conservatoire, which office he
held until his death. He was especially
noted as a teacher ; twelve of his pupils
won the prix de Rome, viz. : Bourgeois,
Ermel, Paris, Guiraud, Berlioz, Eugene
Prevost, Anibroise Thomas, Ehvart, Ernest
Boulanger, Besozzi, Xavier Boisselot, and
LET
Gounod. He died full of bouours. His fa-
vourite theme was ancient Greek music, and
he wrote a good deal on the subject iu a
rather loose way, for he had quite a talent for
getting facts wrong. As a composer he was
noted for a certain grand simplicity of style,
which even iu his own day had rather an
antiquated flavour, yet his power of pro-
ducing striking effects by the simplest of
means was undeniably great.
Works : I. Operas : La mverne, Theatre
Feydeau, Feb. 15, 1793 (in full score, Paris,
Naderman) ; J'anl et Virginie, ou le triomphe
de la vertu, ib., Jan. 13, 1791 (score, ib.);
Telemaque dans I'ile de Calypso, ou le tri-
omphe de la sagesse, ib.. May 11, 179G
(score, ib.) ; O^dan, ou les bardes. Opera,
July 10, 1804 (score, Paris, Janet) ; L'inau-
guration du Temple de la Victoire (with
Persuis), ib., Jan. 2, 1807 ; Le triomphe de
Trajan (with do.), ib., Oct. 23, 1807 ; La
mort d'Adam, ib., March 17, 1809 (score
published, Paris) ; Tj'rtce, received at the
Opera in 1791, but not given ; Artaxerce,
received at the Ojjura in 1801, but not
given ; Alexandre a Babyloue, received iu
1823, but not given.
n. Sacred music : L'ombre de Sacchini,
cantata, Concert Spirituel, December, 1780 ;
Chant des bardes en I'honneur de la paix
et des heros franyais, Opera, April 11, 1802 ;
Messe, ou Orcdorio de Noel (Paris, A. Petit,
1826) ; Messe solennelle, for 4 voices, cho-
rus, and orchestra (ib., published by the
author, 1827) ; Deborah, oratorio (ib., id.,
1828) ; 3 Te Deum (ib., id., 1829) ; 3 Mo-
tets, called Oratorios pour le carcme (ib.,
id., 1829-33) ; 2d Messe solennelle (ib.,
id., 1831) ; Marehe du couronnement de
I'Empereur, for grand oreh. (only piano-
forte score published) ; ]\Iusic for the fete
of Vendemiaire I., year IX., given by 4 or-
chestras at the Livalides (MS.) ; 2 Ora-
torios de la Passion (Paris, Frey) ; Eachel,
oratorio (ib., id.) ; liufh et Noemi, do. (ib.,
id.) ; Buth et Booz, do. (ib., id.) ; 1st, 2d, and
3d Oratorios for the coronation of sovereign
princes (ib., id.) ; Sacred cantata and motet
(ib., Beauvais) ; 2 Psalms (ib., Lemoine) ;
Super tlumina Babylonis and 3d Oratorio
du Careme (ib., Frey) ; 3d /J /^
Messe solennelle (ib., id.) ; -jL e/ut
Messe basse, and IMotet,
Joannes (ib., Lemoine) ;
3 Odes of Anacreou (ib., Janet et Cotelle) ;
C do. (ib., id.). — Raoul-Rochette, Notice his-
torique sur la vie et les ouvrages de M.
Lesueur, Paris ; Stephen de la Madelaine,
Biographic de Jean-Franyois Le Sueui-,
Paris, 1841 ; Fetis ; Berlioz, Memoires,
chaps, vi., xiii., xx.
LET OTHERS SING. See The Puri-
tans Daughter.
LET THE BRIGHT SERAPHIM, so-
l^rano aria in D major, of an Israelitish
woman, with accompaniment of trumpet,
violins in unison, viola, and continuo, in
Handel's Samson, Act IH., Scene 3.
LET THE LOUD TIMBREL. See The
I'ltrilait's Daughter.
LE TROUBLE ET LA FRAYEUR. See
Le Domino noir.
LETZTE ABENCERAGE, DER. See
Les Abi'nri'ragi's.
LETZTEN DINGE, DIE (The Last
Things, commonly called The Last Judg-
ment), oratorio, in two j^arts, text by Rocli-
litz, music bj^ Spolir, first performed in the
Lutheran church, Cassel, on Good Friday,
182G, and also at the Rhenish Festival in
Diisseldorf in that year. At the first per-
formance Spohr's two daughters and INIessrs.
Wild, Albert, and Foppel sang the soli.
Malibran calls this oratorio a musical por-
trait of Michael Angelo's Last Judgment.
It was given at the Norwich (England) Fes-
tival, in 1830 ; by the Handel and Haydu
Society, Boston, March 20, 1842. Spohr
wrote an oratorio on the same subject, Das
jiingste Gericht, in 1812, but abandoned it
after two performances. — Spohr, Autobiog-
raphy, ii. 159 ; Allgem. mus. Zeitg. (30), G53 ;
Chorley, Modern German Music, ii. 93 ; Up-
ton, Standard Oratorios, 283 ; Grove, ii. 554.
LEVfiQUE (L'Eveque), JOHANN WIL-
HELM, born iu Cologne in 1759, died in
LEVEPJDGE
Hanover in 1810. Violinist ; studied music
in Paris while preparing to take orders,
gave up theology for his art, and secretly
left his father's house to undertake concert
tours in France and Germany. He was
made Couzertmeister to the Prince of Oet-
tingen-Wallerstein, then to the Prince of
Nassau -Weilburg, several years later to the
Prince-BishoiJ of Passau, and finiJIy at the
court of Hanover. Works : Concertos,
quartets, trios, duos, and solos for violin.
— Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
LEVERIDGE, RICHARD, born in Eng-
.^i^»i
land iu 1G70, died
in London, March
22, 1758. Dramatic
singei", noted for his
Lass voice, which in
17:50, when ho was
sixty, was still so
unimpaired that he
offered a wager of a
hundred guineas to
sing a bass song witli any man in England.
He was engaged at the Drury Lane Theatre
in 1705-7, then at the Queen's Theatre
until 1712, after which he sang at Lincoln's
Inn Fields and Covent Garden for nearly
thirty years. Works : Music for the Isl-
and Princess, or the Generous Portuguese,
1G09 ; do. for Pyramus and Thisbe, a comic
masque, compiled by him from " A]\Iidsum-
mcr Night's Dream," 171G. In 1727 ho
published a collection of his songs, with
music, in two small 8vo volumes ; and many
other songs were published singh-.
LEVETT, DAVID MAURICE, born, of
English parentage, iu New York, Jan. 1,
184-1, still li\'ing, 1889. Pianist, pupil at
the Leipsic Conservatorium on the piano-
forte of Moscheles, Plaidj', Reinecke, Paul,
and Papperitz, and in theory under E. F.
Richter, Paul, and Papperitz ; tlu^n in Ber-
lin on the pianoforte of Carl Tausig, and
in Paris of Louis Lieb, Asger Hamerick,
and Sveudsen. In 1871 (?) he went to
America, iu 1875 was director of music at
St. Mary's Hall, Burlington, New Jersey, in
187G professor in the New Brunswick Con-
servatory of Music, and iu 1878 professor
in the Illinois Conservatory of Music, Jack-
sonville. In 1880-84 he resided in Chicago,
and after a short visit to Europe became
in 1885 professor in the Conservatory of
Music, New York. Works, all for piano-
forte : Meditation, op. 12 ; Melody in D-Hat,
op. 13 ; Valse Noble, op. li ; Dance of the
Fairies, op. 15.
LEVEY, WILLIAM CHARLES, born in
Dublin, Ireland, April 25, 1837, still living,
1889. Pianist, pupil of his father, who was
orchestra leader at the Theatre Royal iu
Dublin, and later, iu Paris, of Auber, Thal-
berg, and Prudent. In 18G2 he returned
to London, and was conductor successively
of Covent Garden, Drury Lane, Ha_^^narket,
Adelphi, and Princess's Theatres, London.
Works — Operas and operettas : Fanchette,
Covent Garden, 1802 ; Claude (MS.) ; Naza-
rille (JNIS., in French) ; Punchinello ; Fash-
ion ; Wanted a Parlour Maid ; Music for
Amy Robsart, Rebecca, King o' Scots, and
Lady of the Lake ; 7 Drury Lane panto-
mimes ; The IMan of War, cantata for or-
chestra, chorus, and military band ; Irish
overtui'e for orchestra ; Pianoforte music
and songs.
LE VOILA, LE ROI PROPHSTE. See
Prophilc.
LE VOILA ! QUE IMON AME. See
Zampa.
LEWANDOWSKI, LOUIS (LA7ARUS),
born at Wreschcn, Posen, April 3, 1823,
still living, 1889. Pianist and composer ;
went to Berlin at the age of twelve to study
pianoforte and singing, and became soprano
solo singer in the Hebrew temple. He was
for several years pupil of ]\Iarx in theory,
and later, at the Academy of Arts, of Rung-
enhagen, iV. W. Bach, and Grell in compo-
sition and counterpoint. His works ob-
tained first prizes, and were publicly per-
formed there with great success. In 1840
he was appointed choirmaster at the syna-
gogue in Berlin, iu 18GG court music di-
rector, and choirmaster at the new syua-
LEYBACH
gogue. He is one of the principal founders
of the Okl Men's Home for poor musicians.
Works : Kol Riunah u' T' filla, for chorus ;
Toda W simrah, for mixed chorus, solo,
and organ ; 40 psalms for do.; Symphonies;
Overtures ; Cantatas ; Songs. — Mendel.
LEYBACH, IGNACE, born at Gambs-
Leini, Alsace, July 17, 1817, still living,
1880. Pianist, pupil in Strasburg of Hcer-
tcr and AVackenthaler, and in Paris of
Pixis, Kalkbreuner, and Chopin. He was
appointed organist in Toulouse in 184.4,
and settled later in Paris. Works : Char-
acteristic pieces, fantasias on operatic
themes, transcriptions, and nocturnes for
pianoforte ; Pieces for pianoforte and har-
monium ; Vocal melodies and motets ; Har-
monium method ; Concert pieces for har-
monium ; L'organiste pratique. — Fetis, Sup-
plement, ii. 108 ; Kiemann ; Mendel.
LIBANI, GIUSEPPE, born in Italy in
1842, died in Home, May 4, 1880. Dra-
matic composer, whose last opera, Sai-da-
napalo, was successfully given when he was
on his death-bed. Works — Operas : Gul-
nara, given in Rome, private theatre of the
Palazzo Pamphili, 18G9, Florence, Teatro
Pagliauo, 1870 ; H conte Verde, Eome, Te-
atro Apollo, 1873 ; Sardanapalo, ib., April
29, 1880.— Eetis, Supplement, ii. 109.
LIBEK, ANTON JOSEF, born at Sulz-
bach, near llatisbon, in 1732, died at Ratis-
bon in 1809. Instrumental composer, pupil
of Josef Riepel on the violin and in compo-
sition. After having comjjleted his studies
he was made Conzertmeister and composer
to the Prince of Thurn und Taxis, first at
DonauwOrth, then in Ratisbon. Works :
Symphonies ; Concertos ; Masses. — Fctis ;
Mendel.
LIBER, WOLFGANG, born at Donau-
wOrth, Oct. 31, 1758, died at Ratisbon after
1817. Violinist, sou and pupil of Anton
Josef Liber. At the age of eight years he
appeared in concerts, then studied organ
and composition at Ratisbon ; entered the
Order of the Benedictines in the Abbey of
Michelfeld, and after the suppression of
the convent retired to Ratisbon. Works :
Masses, antiphons, and other church mu-
sic ; Concertos for violin. — Fetis ; Mendel.
LIBERTA CONTENTA, LA, Italian op-
era ; text by Mauro, music by StefiPani, first
represented in Hamburg in 1G93. It sur-
passes the composer's previous operas, and
contains fine counterpoint, difficult arias,
and dramatic recitatives. — Grove, iii. 696.
LIBERTY DUET. See I Puritain:
LIBIAMO, LIBIAMO. See La Traviata.
LIBON, PHILIPPE, born, of French
parents, at Cadiz, Spain, Aug. 17, 1775, died
in Paris, Feb. 5, 1838. Violinist ; studied
in his native town until he was fourteen,
when his father sent him to London, where
he became a pupil of Viotti on the ■violin
and of Cimador in composition. Returning
to Cadiz in 1790, he played in a court
concert in Lisbon, and became solo violin
to the Crown Prince of Portugal. In 1798
he went to Madrid, where he became a
member of the king's chamber music, and
in 1800 to Paris, where in 1804 the Em-
press Josephine appointed him to her pri-
vate chapel, and the Empress Marie Louise
in 1810 made him her accompanist. After
the restoration he retained his position in
the private orchestra of the king. Works ;
6 concertos for violin ; Airs varies for vio-
lin and orchestra ; 2 collections of airs va-
ries for violin and string quartet or piano-
forte ; 6 trios for 2 violins and violoncello ;
3 crauds duos concertants for 2 violins ;
Caprices and other pieces for violin solo.
— Fotis ; Mendel.
LICHNER, HEINRICH, born at Har-
persdorf, near Goldberg, Silesia, March 6,
1829, still living, 1889. Pupil of Karow,
Dehn, Mosewius, and Hesse ; became can-
tor, organist, and director of the Sanger-
bund in Breslau. Works : Overtures ; Sym-
phonies ; String quartet ; Songs ; Choruses
for male voices ; Many pianoforte pieces.
— Fotis, Supplement, ii. 109 ; Mendel.
LICHTENSTEIN, German opera in three
acts, text by Dingelstedt, after Hauff's ro-
mance, music by Lindpaiutuer, first repre-
LICUTENSTEIN
seuted iu Stuttgart, Aug. 26, 1846. It is
one of the comisosers best operas. Piib-
lislieJ by Scbuberth (Hamburg and Leipsic,
1847). — Allgein. mus. Zeituug, 1. 92 ; Neue
Zeits., xxvii. 133, 145, 157.
LICHTENSTEIN, IvARL AUGUST,
Freiherr VON, born at Labiu, Franconia,
Sept. 8, 17G7, died iu Berbn, Sept. 10,
1845. Viobnist and dramatic composer ;
•\vbile studying at tbe University of GOt-
tiugen be appeared as viobnist in Forkel's
concerts ; entered tbe service of tbe Elector
of Hanover, and in 171)8 went to Dessau as
cbamberlain, and director of tbe duke's the-
atre. After giving performances witb bis
dramatic company in Leipsic in 1800, lie
became director of tbe Court Opera in Vi-
enna. He was engaged several years in
diplomatic service, but in 1811 took cbarge
of tbe tbeatre in Bamberg, in 1823 became
director of tbe Eoyal Theatre in Berlin, and
in 1825 of tbe opera ; retired on a pension
in 1832. Works— Operas : Knall und Fall,
given at Bamberg, 1795 ; Batbmendi, Des-
sau, 1798 ; Die stcinerne Braut, ib., 1799 ;
Eude gut, Alles gut, ib., 1800 ; Mitgefiibl,
ib., 1800 ; Die Waldburg, Bamberg, 1811 ;
Andreas Hofer, Berlin, 1831 ; Singetbee
und Liedertafel, 1823 ; Zur guten Stunde,
1823 ; Die deutscben Herren von Nuruberg,
1834 ; Triibsale eines Hofbanquiers, 1838 ;
JIany vaudevilles. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xviii.
553 ; Gerber ; Ledebur, Tonkiinst. Lex.
Berbns ; Mendel ; Fotis ; Schilling.
LICHTENTHAL, PETER, born at Pres-
burg, Hungary, Mny 10, 1780, died at Mil-
an, Aug. IS, 1853. Dramatic composer
and writer on music, instructed on tbe vio-
lin, pianoforte, and iu thorough-bass in bis
native city ; having studied medicine in Vi-
cuna in 1799-1808 and practised in the
hospitals there until 1810, be settled in
Milan, where he devoted himself to literary
pursuits and music. Works : 3 operas,
given at Milan, Teatro della Scala. Ballets :
n conte d' Essex, ib., 1818 ; Cimene, Ales-
sandro nell' Indie, Le Sabine iu Koma, ib.,
1820 ; Giovanna d' Arco (with Brambilla
and Vigano), ib., 1821 ; Didone (do.), ib.,
1821. Quartet for pianoforte and strings,
op. 4 ; 2 trios for do. ; Pianoforte music.
Noteworthy among bis literary works ax'e :
Cenni biogralici intorno al celebre maestro
W. A. Mozart (Milan, 1814) ; Mozart e le
sue creazioni (ib., 1842) ; and especially
Dizionario c bibliografia della musica (ib.,
1826). — Fetis ; do.. Supplement, ii. 110 ;
Jiidiseber Plutarch (Vienna, 1848), ii. 159 ;
Wurzbach.
LICKL, .EGIDIUS CARL, born in Vi-
enna, Sept. 1, 1803, died iu Trieste, July
22, 18G4. Virtuoso on tbe pianoforte and
the guitar, sou and pupil of Johann Georg
Lickl. He settled at Trieste about 1830,
and devoted himself to teaching and com-
position. Works : Ettore Fieramosca, os-
sia la disfida di Berletta, comic opera, given
iu Trieste (1848) and Vienna ; Church, con-
cert, and chamber music. — Fetis ; Mendel ;
Wurzbach.
LICKL, CARL GEORG, boru iu Vienna,
Oct. 28, 1801, died there, Aug. 3, 1877.
Pianist and virtuoso on the physbarmonica,
son and jjupil of Johann Georg Lickl. He
introduced tbe physhanuouica iu Gennany,
and was tbe founder of a literature for this
iustrumeut. Works : Polyhymnia, a suite
of pieces for pianoforte and j^bysbarmonica,
or flute ; Les quatre saisons de Tannee, mu-
sical poem for pianoforte ; Chamber music ;
Morceaus de genre, for pianoforte or phys-
barmonica.— Fetis ; Mendel ; Wurzbach.
LICKL, JOH.INN GEORG, born at
Koruneuburg, Lower Austria, April 11,
1769, died at Fiiufkirchen, May 12, 1843.
Organist and dramatic and church com-
jjoser, pupil in bis native towu of the choir-
master Sebastian Witzig on the pianoforte,
tbe organ, the string instruments, and in
singing aud composition. In his fourteenth
year he was able to fill the place of organ-
ist at Kornneuburg ; went later to Vienna,
where he was much sought as a teacher ;
was appointed in 1805 choirmaster in the
principal church of Fiiufkirchen, Hungary.
Works — OjJeras ; Der Zauberpfeil ; Der
456
LIDL
Bi'iuler von Krakan ; Der vermeiute Hexen-
meister, given iu Vienna, Scbikaueiler's The-
ater, 1785 ; Astarotb, der Verfiiluer, ib.,
1790 ; Der Brigitta-Kircbtag, ib., 179G ;
Der Durcbmarscb, ib., 1800 ; Faust's Leben,
Thaten uud HOllenfabrt, ib., 1815 ; Der Or-
gelspieler, ib., 1825. Masses, psalms, mo-
tets, autijjbons, hymns, ami other church
music ; 3 quartets and 3 trios for strings ;
3 quartets 'with flute and oboe ; Quartet for
pianoforte with flute and strings ; 3 sonatas
for pianoforte and strings ; Pianoforte music.
— Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling ; Wurzbach.
LIDL, ANTON, born iu Vienna in 1740,
died in 1780 (?). Virtuoso on the barvton
(violoneelle d'amour), which instrument he
improved considerably. He plaj'ed with
much success in his country and in Berlin,
wliere he appeared in 1784. Works : 7
worlcs of quintets, quartets, and duos for
violin, flute, and violoncello, each containing
G pieces ; Andante with variations and other
pieces for pianoforte ; Music for violon-
cello.— Fctis ; Mendel ; Wurzbach ; Gerber ;
Schilling.
LIDON, JOSE, born at Bejar, Salamanca,
Spain, in 1752, died in Madrid, Feb. 11,
1827. Organist, church composer, and di-
dactic writer, pupil of the choristers' school ,
in Madrid, and at the age of sixteen organ- |
ist at the Cathedral of ^Malaga ; later he was
organist at the royal chapel iu jMadrid, and
from 1808 its maestro de capilla. Among
his pupils were his two nejihews, Andres
Lidon, organist at the Cathedral of Cordova,
and Alfonso Lidon, organist at the royal
chapel in Madrid. Works: Glaucay Corio-
lano, lyric drama, given in Madrid, Teatro
del Princijje ; Te Deum ; Salve Kegina ;
Ave maris Stella ; 4 masses ; 2 Miserere ; 3
hymns ; 32 lamentations ; Litanies ; Mo-
tets ; Psalms and other church music ; So-
natas and fugues for organ ; Treatise on
organ-accompaniment ; Do. on fugue, and
on modulation. — Fetis, Supplement, ii. 110 ;
Mendel.
LIEBAU, FRIEDRICH WILHEL:\I,
born at Wickerode, Prussian Saxony, Nov.
14, 1802, died in Quedlinburg, June 27,
1843. Organist and pianist, pujiil in 1821-
22 of Hummel at Weimar on the piano-
forte, the organ, and in composition ; after-
wards organist at the Church of St. Bene-
dict at Quedlinburg. Works : Die Pfade
zur Gottheit, oratorio, given at Stockholm,
1837 ; Die Keue des Petrus, do., Quedlin-
burg ; La fute de la musique, cantata ; 2
psalms with orchestra ; Motets ; Quintet for
pianoforte, 2 flutes, 2 violins, and violoncello
ad libitum ; Quartets for pianoforte and
strings ; Sonatas, variations, and other pieces
for pianoforte ; Songs. — Fctis ; Mendel.
LIEBE AUF DEM LANDE, DIE, (Love
in the Country), German Singsjjiel in three
act.s, text by Christian Friediich Weisse,
music by Joliann Adam Hiller, first per-
formed in Leipsic, 1768. Same title, opera
by Eiotte, Vienna, 1838.
LIEBE, (EDUARD) LUDWIG, born at
Magdeburg, Nov. 19, 1819, still living, 1889.
Pianist and instrumental and vocal com-
poser, pujiil of Carl Schwarz, August Miihl-
ing, and Wachsmann ; later, in Cassel, of
Spohr in composition and Baldewein iu
counterpoint. He became music director at
Cobleutz in 1844, at Worms in 184G, lived
at Strasburg in 1850-50, teaching music,
and settled finally in London. Works :
Die Braut von Azola, opera, given in Carls-
ruhe, 1868 ; Johannes, oratorio ; Sympho-
nies ; Overtures ; Masses ; Psalms ; Cho-
ruses for men's voices ; Ballads for bass
voice ; Pianoforte music ; Songs. His
daughter, Therese Liebe (born at Worms,
in 1848), an excellent violinist, obtained con-
siderable success at a very tender age, and
on her concert tours, which she undertook
with her father, after 1800. — Fetis ; Men-
del ; Riemann.
LIEBESFRUHLING (Love's Spring-
time), twelve poems from F. Riickert's Lie-
besfriihling, for voices with pianoforte, by
Robert and Clara Schumann, op. 37 and 12,
composed iu 1840. Part I. 1. Der Himmel
hat eine Thriine geweint (in A-flat) ; 2. Er
ist gekonmieu iu Sturm uud Regen (iu P
LIEBESLIEDER
minor) ; 3. O ilir Herren, o ilii- wertbeu (iu
A-flat) ; 4. Liebst du um ScUunbeit (iu
D-flat) ; 5. Icb bab' in micb gesogeu (iu F) ;
G. Liebste, was kauu clenu uus scbeideu,
two voices (in A-flat) ; 7. ScbOn ist das Fest
des Lenzes, soprano and tenor (iu A-flat).
Part II. 8. Fliigel! Fbigel ! nm zu fliegen
(iu B, G minor, and F-sbarp minor) ; 9.
Rose, Meer und Soune sind ein Bild (iu B) ;
10. O Soun", o Meer, o Eose (iu B) ; 11.
'Warum willst du Aud're fragcn ? (in A-flat) ;
12. So wabr die Sonne sebeinet, soprano,
tenor or baritone (in E-flat). Nos. 2, 4,
and 11 are by Clara Scbumann, op. 12.
Publisbed by Breitkopf & Hi'irtel (Leij)sic,
1841).
LIEBESLIEDEll W.U^ZER (Songs of
Love), for four voices witb pianoforte ac-
couijjauimeut for four bands, text from tbe
"Polydora" of Daumer, music by Brabnis,
op. 52. In Liindler tempo. I. Rede Miid-
cbcn, allzu liebes ; U. Am Gesteine rauscbt
die Fbitb ; III. O die Frauen ; IV. Wie des
Abends sebime Rutbe ; Y. Die griiue Ho^)-
feurauke ; VI. Ein Kleiner kiib'scber Vogel
nabm den Flug ; VU. Wolil scbOn bewandt
war OS ; VIII. Wenu so liiid dein Auge mir ;
IX. Am Douaustrande ; X. O wie sauft die
(Quelle ; XI. Nein es ist nicbt auszukommeu ;
Xn. Sclilosser, auf und macbe Scblosser ;
Xm. Vuglein durcbrauscbt die Luft ; XIV'.
Sieb' -wie ist die "Welle klar ; XV. Nacbtigall
sie singt so scliOn ; XVI. Ein dunkler
Scbacbt ist Liebe ; XVII. Nicbt wandle,
meiu Licbt ; XVIII. Es bebet das Ge-
strailclie. Publisbed by Simrock (Berlin,
between 18G8 and 1873); iu Frencb, trans-
lated by Victor Wilder, Brandus & Cie
(Paris, 1880). Arranged for pianoforte, for
two and four bands ; for tbe pianoforte,
violin, and flute ; and for tbe pianoforte,
violin, and violoncello. Walzcr for tbe pi-
anoforte, for four bands, after tbe Liebeslie-
dern, by Brabms, op. 5'2a.
LIEBESNACHT FANTASIE, Pbantasie-
stiick for orcbestra, by Pbilipp Scbarwenka,
op. 40, publisbed by Praegcr & ]\Ieier (Bre-
men, 1882).— Mus. Wocbeublatt (1882), 2GG.
LIEBESVERBOT, DAS, comic opera in
two acts, text and music by Wagner, first
represented at Magdeburg, Marcb 29, 183G,
as Die Novize von Palermo. Tbe libretto,
wbicb is founded on Sbakespeare's " Meas-
ure for Measure," was wiitten iu tbe sum-
mer of 1834, and tbe score was finisbed in
tbe winter of 183G. Tbe autograph was
owned by Ludwig II., King of Bavaria.
Tbe Caruevalslied from this opera was
printed in Lcwald's " Europa " (1837, re-
printed at Brunswick, 1885). — "Wagner, Ge-
sammelte Scbriften, i. 25 ; Glaseuapp, Ricb-
ard Wagner's Leben und Wirken, i. G2.
LIEBICH, GOTTFRIED Sn<]GI\IUND,
born at Frankenberg, Saxony, July 22,
1G72, died at Scbleiz, Saxony, June 1, 1727.
Cburcb composer, pupil of bis fatlier, tbe
cantor at Frankenberg. He cultivated nui-
sic during bis stay at tbe college of Bau-
tzen and tbe Universitj' of Jena, and finally
gave up bis study of medicine to devote
himself to it. He went to Dresden, where
bis tine tenor voice obtained for him em-
ployment as a singer iu churches, and in
1G95 be was appointed secretary and Ka-
pelldirektor to tbe Count von Reuss, at
Scbleiz. Works : Yearbook of motets on
the Gospels, for voice, 2 violins, 2 violas,
and bass ; do., for 4 voices and various iu-
stniments. — Fetis ; Gerber ; Mendel ; Schil-
ling.
LIEBLING, EJIIL, born, of German and
..^^^ Russian parentage,
- '• -'- in Plcss, Silesia,
April 12, 1851, still
living, 1889. Pia-
nist, pupil in Berlin
of Ehrlich and Kul-
lak, and in Vienna
of Dachs, and in
composition of
Heinrich Dorn in
Berlin. In 1SG7 bo
went to America,
and until 1871 taught music in a seminary
in Kentucky. In 1874 he revisited Europe
and spent the summer of 187G with Liszt
LIEBSTEK
at Weimar ; then returned to Cliicago,
where he still resides as a teacher of the
piauoforte. He has frequently played in
New York, Chicago, and other cities, and
has made concert tours with Wilhelmj, Miss
Kellogg, Miss Gary, and others. Works:
Meteor Galop, Album-Blatt, Feu-Follet,
Florence, valse de concert. Gavotte moderue,
for pianoforte ; Adieu, song, etc.
LIEBSTEK JESU, MEIN VERLANG-
EN, soj)rauo aria in E minor, with accom-
paniment of oboe, strings complete, and
continue, in Johaun Sebastian Bach's can-
tata ("Dialogus ") for Dom. I. post Epipli.,
of the same title (Bachgescllschaft, No. 32).
Published separately, edited by Robert
Franz, Leipsic, Whistling.
LIED DER GLOCKE, DAS (Lay of the
Bell), cantata for orchestra, soli, aud chorus,
by Max Bruch, after Schiller's poem, first
performed in Cologne under the composer's
direction. May 12, 1878. It was sung at
the Birmingham (England) Festival, Aug.
2G, 1879, Bruch conducting, by Mme Tre-
belli, Mme Lemmens-Sherringfon, Mr.
Vernon Rigby, and Mr. Henschel. Given
at the Gewandhaus, Leipsic, Nov. G, 1879.
— Athenffium (1879), ii. 251.
LIEDERKREIS (Cyclus of Songs), 9
songs for voice with pianoforte, liy Robert
Schumann, op. 21, from the Liederkreis of
Heine, composed in 1810, and dedicated to
Pauline Garcia. I. Morgeus steh' ich avif
und frage (in D) ; II. Es treibt micli bin,
es treibt mich her (in B minor) ; IH. Ich
wandclte unter den Baiimen (in B) ; IV.
Lieb' Liebchen, leg's Hiindchen auf's Herze
mein (in E minor) ; V. Sehijne Wiege meiner
Leiden (in E) ; VI. Warte, warte, wilder
Schiffraann (in E) ; VH. Berg' und Burgen
schau'n herunter (in A) ; VIH. Anfangs
wollt' ich fast verzageu (in D minor) ; IX.
Mit Myrthen und Rosen, lieblich und hold
(in D). Published by Breitkopf & Hilrtel
(Leipsic, 1840).
LIEDERKREIS, 12 songs with piano-
forte, from the Liederkreis of J. von
Eichendorff, music by Schumann, op. 39.
I. In der Fremde : Aus der Heimath liin-
ter den Blitzen (in F-sharp minor) ; H.
Intermezzo : Dein Bildniss wunderselig (in
A) ; in. Waldesgespriich : Es ist schou
split, est ist schon kalt (in E) ; IV. Die
Stille : Es weiss und riith es doeli Keiner
(in G) ; V. Mondnacht : Es war, als hiltt' der
Himmel (in E) ; VI. SchOne Fremde : Es
rauschen die Wipfel und schauern (in B) ;
Vn. Auf einer Burg : Eingeschlafen auf der
Lauer (in A minor) ; VIII. In der Fremde :
Ich hor die Biichlein r.^uscheu (in A minor) ;
IX. Wehmuth : Ich kann wohl manchmal
singen (in E); X. Zwielicht: Dilmm'rung will
die Fliigel spreiten (in E minor) ; XL Im
Walde : Es zog eine Hochzeit den Berg ent-
lang (in A) ; XII. Friihlingsnacht : Ueber'm
Garten durch die Liifte (in F-sharp). Pub-
lished by C. Haslinger (Vienna, 1842),
F. Whistling (Leipsic, 1842), and Gustav
Heinze (Leipsic, 1842). Also in Peters's
Schumann-Album with op. 42 and 48.
Beethoven seems to have been the first to
use this term. See An die feme Gelioljte.
— Reissmann, Schumann, 81, 90 ; AUgem.
Mus. Zeitung (44), 33, 58.
LIEDER OHNE WORTE (Songs with-
out Words), name given by Mendelssohn
to short pieces for the pianoforte. The title
first appears in a letter of Fanny Mendels-
sohn's, Dec. 8, 1828. They were first called
lustrumentallieder fiir Clavier, and the
autograjDh of the first book, owned by Paul
Mendelssohn, bears the words, " Six Songs
for the Pianoforte alone." The first book,
op. 19, was published by Novello, under the
title of " Original Melodies for the Piano-
forte " (Loudon, 1832) ; by Simrock as
" Sechs Lieder ohne Worte," etc., op. 19
(Berlin, 1832). There are eight books in all,
six numbers each ; the seventh and eighth
books are posthumous. In some editions all
the songs have titles, but only the following
are authentic : Venetianisches Gondellied,
Bk. I, No. 6, Bk. IL, No. 6, Bk. V., No. 5 ;
Duetto, Bk. IIL, No. 6 ; Volkslied, Bk.IV.,
No. 5 ; Friihlingslied, Bk. V., No. G. The
one in C, Bk. VI., No. 4, generally known
LIFE
as The Spinning Song, was called by Men-
delssohn Die Bienenhochzeit, but this title
was never i^ubUshed. Bieitkopf A: Hiirtel,
Mendelssohn Werke, Series 11, No. 75-82.
Lied ohne Worte for violoncello and piano-
forte (in D), op. 108 ; (Posthumous work,
38) ; and Albuinl)hitt for pianoforte (in E
minor), op. 117 (Posthumous work, 46).
— Schumann, Gesaiumelte Schriften, i. 99,
227; Hensel, Die Familie, Mendelssohn i.
1G:{, 2GG ; Grove, ii. 135.
LIFE FOR THE CZAR. See Zarskaja
skisu.
LIFT THINE EYES. See Hebe deine
Augen auf.
LIGHT AS FAIRY FEET CAN FALL.
See Oberon.
LIGHT OF ASIA, THE, cantata in four
parts, text adapted by the composer from
Edwin Arnold's poem of the same title, mu-
sic by Dudley Buck, first performed (with-
out orchestra) by the Choral Society, Wash-
ington, May G, 188G ; in Loudon, by the
Novello Choir, March 19, 1889. Part I. Pro-
logue ; IL The Renunciation and Tem^jta-
tion ; in. The Return ; IV. Epilogue and
Finale. Published first in England. — Up-
ton, Standard Cantatas, 117 ; Athenajum
(1889), i. 383 ; Academy (1889), i. 212.
LIGHT OF THE WORLD, oratorio in
two parts, text from the Bible, music by Sir
Arthur Sullivan, written for and first given
at the Birmingham (England) Festival, Aug.
27, 1873. It was sung by Mile Tietjens,
Mine Trcbi'lli-Bettini, Sims Reeves, and
Charles Santle}-. Subject, the human as-
pects of the life of Christ. The first jjart
has four scenes, entitled, respectively : Beth-
lehem ; Nazareth ; Lazarus ; and The Way
to Jerusalem. The scene of the second
part is entirely in Jerusalem. It is the
composer's second oratorio. Published by
Cramer & Co. (London, 1873). — Athenasum
(1873), ii. 280 ; Upton, Standard Oratorios,
291.
LIGOU, PIERRE, born in Avignon in
1749, died at Alais (Gard) after 1822. Or-
ganist, dramatic and church composer ;
studied music in the seniinai-y and the
choir of the Cathedral of Avignon ; became
organist at Alais in 17G9. Works — Operas :
L'argent fait tout, Pari.s, about 1780 ; Les
deux aveugles de FranconvUle, ib., 1780 ;
Armide (MS.) ; Samson, do. ; Te Deum ;
Masses ; Jlotets.— Fotis ; Mendel.
LILLIBURLERO, an English rcvolution-
arv song, words attributed to Lord Whar-
ton, music by Henry Purcell. The ballad
refers to King James's nomination, in 1G8G,
to the lieutenancy of Ireland of General
Talbot, then just created Earl of Tyrconnel,
who had recommended himself to the king
by his arbitrary treatment of Protestants
when he was lieutenant-general. The air
was long popular in the British Army, but
was discontinued as a march in the last
century to avoid giving offence to Irish Ro-
man Catholic soldiers. The only copy ex-
tant of the march and quickstep is con-
tained ill " The Delightful Companion ; or,
Choice New Lessons for the Recorder or
Flute " (2d ed., Loudon, 1G8G). The tune,
which is often referred to by dramatists
and other writers, is given in Grove, iii.
138. Variations on the air, for two piano-
fortes, by Theodore Gouvy, op. 62, are pub-
lished by Senff (Leipsic, 1878). — Cumining's
Purcell, 45 ; Percy's Reliques, ii. 358 ; Chap-
pell, Music of Olden Time, ii. 5G8.
LILLO, GIUSEPPE, born at Galatiiia,
Naples, Feb. 26, 1814, died, Feb. 4, 1863.
Dramatic composer, pupil at Naples Con-
servatorio of Lanza, Furuo, and Zingarelli ;
taught pianoforte in Naples, where he after-
wards became j^rofessor in the Conserva-
torio. Though his later operas were un-
successful, and he had few of the qualities
necessary for dramatic conqiosition, he still
persisted, and in 1861 became insane. He
was restored sufficiently to resume teaching
for several months, but was then struck
with paralysis and never recovered. Works
— Operas : La moglie j^er 24 ore ; II Gioi-
ello, Naples, 1836 ; Odda di Bernauer, ib.,
1837 ; Rosamunda, Venice, and Alisia di
Ricux, Rome, 1838 ; II conte di Chalais,
•too
LILY
Naples, La modista, Florencp, 1840 ; L' os-
teria ili Aiidujar, and Cristina di Scozia,
Naples, 1841 ; Lara, ib., 1843 ; II mulatto,
Turin, 184G ; Caterina Howard, Naples,
1840 ; Dellina, ib., 1850 ; II sogno d' una
notte estiva, ossia la gioventii di Shake-
speare, ib., 1851 ; Ser Babbeo, ib., 1853 ; II
figlio della scbiava, ib., 1853. Masses, lit-
anies, and other church music ; Overture
for orchestra ; Funeral symphony ; Trio and
two quartets ; Pianoforte and vocal music.
— Fetis; do., Supplement, ii. Ill ; Mendel ;
do., Erganz., 215.
LILY OF KILLAENEY, THE, opera in
three acts, text by John Oxenford, founded
on Boucicault's " Colleen Bawn," music by
Jules Benedict, first represented at the
Royal English Opera, Covent Garden, Lon-
don, Feb. 8, 18G2.— Athemeum (18G2),
233.
LBINANDER DE NIEUWENHOVE,
AEMAND (MARIE GHISLMN), born at
Ghent, May 22, 1814, still living, 1889.
Dramatic and church composer, pupil at
Saint-Acheul, near Amiens, of Cornette,
and in 1828-35 in the Jesuits' college at
Freiburg, Switzerland, of Pure Louis Lam-
billotte. After his return to Belgium he
founded and conducted at Mechlin an ama-
teur symphonic society, to which he added
a choral section in 1838, which in 1841
took the name of Reunion Lyrique. About
this time he took a course in composition |
under Fetis, and in 1847, settled in Paris.
Works — Operas: Les Montenegrins, given
in Paris, Opera Comique, 1849 ; Le chateau
de la Barbe-Bleue, ib., 1851 ; Yvonne, ib.,
1859 ; Le maitre chanteur. Opera, 1853.
Scenes druidiques, lyric poem ; La fin des
moissons, symphony ; Cantatas ; Te Deum ;
Stabat Mater, with orchestra ; Requiem, with
organ ; Quartet for strings ; Sonata for pi-
anoforte and violoncello ; Many choruses.
— Fetis ; do.. Supplement, ii. 112 ; Mendel ;
Riemanu.
LINDA DI CHAMOUNIX, Italian opera
in three acts, text by Gaetauo Rossi, music
by Donizetti, first represented at the
Kiirnthnerthor Theater, Vienna, May 19,
1842. The subject is from the vaudeville
La grace de Dieu, performed at the Theatre
de la Gaite, Paris. Scene, in Switzerland.
Linda, daughter of Antonio, a farmer of
Chamounix, loves Carlo, an artist, but is
pursued by the attentions of the Marquis
de Boisfleury, brother of the Marquise
de Sirval, who owns Antonio's farm. By
the advice of the Prefet, Antonio sends
Linda to Paris in charge of Pierotto the
Savoyard. She loses him and is found by
Carlo, who discloses to her that he is the
Vicomte de Sirval, sou of the Marquise.
Annie Louise Cary.
Carlo wishes to marry her, but the Mar-
quise forbids, and Linda becomes in-
sane. Linda is taken back to Chamounix
by Pierotto, recovers her reason when Car-
lo sings a familiar song to her, and the •
Marquise relenting, the two are united.
Among the best of the numbers are : Linda's
polacca, " O luce di quest' anima ; " " Per
sua madre," sung by Pierotto ; " A conso-
larmi affrettisi," duet between Linda and
Carlo ; "Ah ! bel destin che attendevi," duet
between Linda and Pierotto ; " Va, seiagu-
rata," sung by Antonio ; " L, la voce che
primiera," by Carlo ; and the duet between
Linda and Carlo, " Ah ! di tue pene sparve il
LINDBLAD
sogno," which closes the opera. Orignial
cast :
Linda Mme Persiani.
Pierotto ^Nlme Brambilla.
Carlo Signor Mario.
Antonio Signor Tarabiuini.
Marquis Signor F. Lablache.
Prefet Signor Luigi Lablache.
This opei-a was represented in Paris, Nov.
17, 1842, and at Her Majesty's, London, in
June, 1843, with the same cast except An-
tonio, sung by Signor Fornasari. It was
first given in New York at Palmo's Theatre,
Jan. 4, 1847. Among Annie Louise Cai-y's
best impersonations is that of the faithful
Pierotto. — Clement et Larousse, 403 ; JJp-
ton. Standard Operas, 86.
LINDBL.U), ADOLF FREDRIK, born
at Liifvingsborg, near Stockholm, in 1804,
died there, Aug. 23, 1878. Pupil of Zelter
in Berlin ; about 1835 he returned to Stock-
holm, where he spent the rest of his life.
Jenny Lind, who was his pupil, introduced
bis songs into Germany. Works : FriJn-
denrerua, opera ; Symphony in C, Leipsic,
1839 ; Duo for pianoforte and violin ; Vocal
ducts, terzets, and quartets ; IMany songs
for single voice, with pianoforte. — Mendel ;
Grove ; Futis ; Riemaim.
LINDENAU, LEOPOLD, born in Ham-
burg in 180G, died there in 1859. Violin-
ist, pupil of Spohr, and a friend, from eai'ly
youth, of Mendelssohn ; acquired more than
local reputation by his able orchestral com-
positions and songs.
LINDLEY, ROBERT, born !it Rother-
ham, Yorkshire, England, March 4, 1777,
died in London, June 13, 1855. Virtuoso
on the violoncello, pupil of Cervetto ; after
having been a member of the tlieatre or-
chestra at Brighton, he succeeded Sperati
as first violoncellist at the Royal Opera in
London in 1794, and acted in the same
capacity at the Concerts of Antient Mus-ic
and those of the Philharmonic Society.
Works : 4 concertos for violoncello with
orchestra ; Trios for bassoon, viola, and vio-
loncc41o ; Grand trio for violin, viola, and
bass ; Duos for violin and violoncello ; do.
for 2 violoncellos ; Solos for violoncello ;
Several works of airs varirs, and pots-pour- ■
ris, for do. — Fetis ; Mendel.
LINDNER, FREEDRICH, born at Lieg-
nitz about 1540, died at Nuremberg, be-
ginning of the 17th century. In early youth
he was made a member of the electoral
chapel in Dresden on account of his won-
derful voice, and later, at Anspach, of the
chapel of Markgraf Georg Friedrieh ; ap-
pointed in 1574 cantor at the Church of St.
Aegidius at Nuremberg. Works : Canti-
ones saerse, 2 books (1585-88) ; Masses for
5 voices (1591) ; Gemma musicalis, 2 col-
lections of madrigals, for 4-6 voices, con-
taining also works of other masters, mostly
Italian (1588-90) ; Corollarium cantionum
sacrarum, motets for 5-8 and more voices,
do. (1590).— Allgem. d. Biogr., xviii. 703 ;
Fetis ; Gerber ; Mendel ; Eiemanu ; Schil-
ling.
LINDNER, FRIEDRICH, bom at Des-
sau, July 5, 1798, died there, Aug. 1, 1846.
Virtuoso on the violin and the clarinet ;
began to study music at the age of five,
later pupil of Moser in Berlin, where he
joined the royal orchestra in 1815 as clari-
net player ; was appointed in 1817 chamber
musician to the Duke of Anhalt-Dessau,
studied composition in 1821 under Fried-
rich Schneider, and in 1827 became Con-
zertmeister. Works: Concertos and over-
tures for grand orchestra (MS. ) ; Polonaise
for violin and orchestra ; Dances for orches-
tra ; Quintet for wind instruments ; Quar-
tets for strings ; Duos for violins ; Piano-
forte music ; Songs. His son, Roderich
August Lindner (born at Dessau, Oct. 29,
1820, died at Hanover, June 15, 1878), was
an excellent violoncellist, pupil of Drechs-
ler, and in composition of Schneider. He
became in 1837 a member of the royal
chapel at Hanover ; and left concert
pieces for violoncello, and many songs.
— Fetis ; Mendel ; Gerber ; Riemauu ;, Schil-
ling.
4G3
lixdpakvt:seu
LINDPAINTNER, 1>ETER (JOSEPH)
VON, bom at Coblentz, Dec. 8, 1701, died
at Nonnenliorn, on
• the Lake of Con-
stance, Aug. 21,
1856. Dramatic
composer, sou of a
tenor singer in the
service of the Elec-
tor of Treves, who
followed his prince
to Augsburg when
the electorate was
overrun by the French. Young Liudpaint-
ner began his education at Augsburg, taking
violin lessons of PlOdterl and studying the
pianoforte and harmony under Witzka.
The talent he exhibited determined the
elector to send him to Munich to finish his
musical education with Winter, under
whose direction lie wrote his first opera,
Demophoon, a mass, and a To Dcum, which
were brought out with success in 1811. The
death of the elector in 1812 forced him to
accept the position of Kapellmeister at the
new Isarthor Theater, which he held until
1819. The success of several of his com-
positions led him to neglect his studies
daring this period ; but the advice of a
friend induced him to study countei'point
thoroughly under Joseph Griitz. In 1819
he accepted the post of Court Kapellmeis-
ter at Stuttgart, which he continued to
hold until his death, which occurred during
a summer vacation. He was buried at
Wasserburg. He was universally esteemed,
and was a member of almost every musical
institution on the Continent. As a con-
ductor he was pre-eminent, and raised the
Stuttgart orchestra to a very high position
among the great orchestras of Germany.
As a composer he shone rather by his well-
ordered, clear, and brilliant style than by
any of the higher attributes of genius. His
best known works are his operas Der Vam-
pyr and Lichteustein, his ballet Joco, and
his overture to Faust. Several of his songs
enjoyed an immense popularity at one time,
notably The Standard-Bearer, written for
Pischek. In 1853 he visited London to
conduct the New Philharmonic Concerts,
and bring out his oratorio, Der Jiingling
von Nain. He had already received a medal
from Queen Victoria for the dedication to
her of his oratorio of Abraham in 1848.
Works :
I. Operas: Demophoon, Munich, 1811;
Alexander in Ephesus, ib., 1811 (?) ; Der
blinde Gartner, oder die bliihende Aloe,
1819 (?) ; Die Pflegekinder, 1819 (?) ; Der
Vamfiijr, Vienna, 1829 ; Timantes (new ver-
sion of Demophoon), Stuttgart, 1829 (?) ;
Der Bergkonig, Berlin, 1830 ; Die Princes-
sin von Cacambo, Stuttgart, 1830 (?) ; Hans
Max Giesbrecht von Humpenburg, ib.,
1830 (?) ; Pervonte, oder die Wiinsche, ib.,
1830 (?) ; Sulmona, ib., 1830 (?) ; Die Ama-
zone, oder der Frauen und der Liebe Sieg,
ib., 1831 ; Die Biirgscliaft, ib., 1832 ; Die
Sternenkiuiigin, ib., 1835 (?); Kunstsinuund
Liebe, ib., 1835 (?) ; Die Macht des Liedes,
ib., July, 183G ; Die Gcnueserin, Vienna, De-
cember, 1838 ; Die Rosenmildchen, 1840 (?) ;
Die sicilianische Vesper, Stuttgart, 1843 ;
Lichlenslcin, ib., 1845 ; Ginlia, oder die Cor-
sen, ib., December, 1853 ; Libella, not per-
formed.
II. Ballets and melodramas : Music to
Goethe's Faust, Stuttgart, 1832 ; Aglae, ou
I'eleve d'amour, ballet ; Zephyr und Flora,
do.; Joco, der brasiliauische Att'e, do.; Zeila,
do. ; Der Geistersohn, do. ; Die Glocke,
melodrama on Schiller's poem ; Abraham's
Opifer, do. ; Der gerettete Moses, do. ; Fried-
rich der Siegreiche, do.; Timoklea, do.
HI. Oratorios and church music : Der
Jiingling von Nain ; Abraham's Opfer (dif-
ferent from the melodrama) ; Additional
accompaniments to Handel's Judas Macca-
bceus ; Herr Gt)tt, dich loben wir, motet
for 4 voices and orchestra, on a text by
Klopstock ; Grabgesang for 4 male voices,
5 horns, and 3 trombones, or pianoforte ad
lib. ; Classes, Te Deum, psalms, Pange lin-
gua, cantatas in MS.
IV. Instrumental works : Overture to the
463
UN IKE
tragedy Der Paria, Leipsic, Breitkopf &
Hiii-tel ; do. to Abraliam's Ojifer, ib. ; Fest-
Ouverture for the music festival in Halle,
1835 ; Sympboiiy for grand orch., MS. ;
1st quartet for strings, Leipsic, Peters ;
Concerto for clarinet, Mainz, Schott ; Diver-
tissement for 2 pianofortes, Leipsic, Breit-
kopf ct Hiirtel ; Several pianoforte jsieces ;
Overtures in score to most of the operas
and ballets, Leipsic, Breitkopf & Hiirtel ;
Overture on Hail Columbia ; Sinfonia con-
certante for flute, oboe, clarinet, born, and
bassoon, op. 4, Mainz, Scliott ; Concertino
for clarinet, op. 19, Leipsic, Breitkojsf &
Hiirtel ; Sinfonia concertante, for 2 horns,
op. 23, ib. ; Kondo for bassoon and orch.,
op. 24, ib. ; Concerto for flute, op. 28, ib. ;
Concertino for violin, op. 35, Mainz, Schott ;
Sinfonia concertante for flute, oboe, clar-
inet, horn, and bassoon, op. 3G, ib. ; Con-
certino for clarinet, op. 41, ib. ; do. for
violin, op. 42, Leipsic, Probst ; do. for
horn, op. 43, ib. ; Hondo brillant for clar-
inet, oj). 45, Leipsic, Breitkojjf & Hiirtel ;
Concerto for flute, op. 40, ib., Probst ; Po-
lonaise for flute and orch., op. 47, ib., Breit-
kopf & Hiirtel ; Eomanza and rondo, op.
48, ib. ; Fantasie, variations, and rondo, for
2 horus and orch., op. 41), ib. ; 3 grand
trios for violin, viola, and violoncello, op.
52, ib., Peters ; Pot-jwurri, oji. 02, ib.,
Breitkopf & Hiirtel.
V. Vocal chamber music : G four-jiart
songs for male voices, op. 39, Mainz, Schott ;
Die Frauen, 6 do. to words by Wagner,
op. 54, ]\Ianiihcim, Hcckcl ; Canons ■nith
pianoforte, Leipsic, Breitkopf & Hiirtel ;
About 50 songs for a voice with isiauoforte.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., xviii. 700 ; AUgem.
mus. Zeitung, xv. seq. ; do. xxxvii., GGl,
677 ; F(itis ; Schwiibische Chronik, Dec.
25, 1850 ; Westermaun's Illustr. Mouatsh.
(1850), No. 3.
LINIKE (Linigko, Linicke), JOHANN
GEOllG, boru in Prussia, latter part of tlie
17th century, died after 1725. Violinist
and vocal composer, pupil in Berlin of Jo-
hann Theile ; became in 109G chamber mu-
sician in the electoral chapel, and in 1712
] Conzertmeister at the ducal court at Weis-
seufels. Later he made a concert tour to
England, and in 1725 was appointed Con-
zertmeister of the opera orchestra in Ham-
burg. Works : Wettstreit der Poesie, Mu-
sik iiud jMalerei, Festspiel, performed in
Hamburg, 1725 ; Musical prologue, ib.,
1725 ; Kecitatives to Handel's opera, JuUus
Ciisar ; 0 symphonies ; 2 sonatas ; 2 can-
tatas for voice, pianoforte, and strings ; Can-
tata for voice and pianoforte. — Fetis ; Ger-
ber ; Mendel ; Schilling.
LINK, FRIEDKICH, born at Obernhain,
Nassau, Dec. 1, 1841, still living, 1889.
Organist, jjupil of his father on the jDiano-
forte, the vioUn, and in theory ; and in 1805
at the Conservatorium, Leipsic, of Mo-
scheles, Reinecke, and Wenzel on the piano-
forte, of Richter on the organ, and of
Hauptmann, Reinecke, and Richter in har-
mony and composition. In 1800 he was
apjiointcd musical instructor and organist
in the teachers' seminary at Wettingeu,
Switzerland. Works : Music for pianoforte ;
do. for violoncello ; Songs. — Mendel.
LINKE (Lincke), JOSEPH, born at
Trachenberg, Silesia, June 8, 1784, died in
Vienna, March 20, 1837. Virtuoso on the
violoncello, pupil of his father and of Os-
wald on the pianoforte and the violin ;
and, while chorister at the Dominicans in
Breslau, of Hanisch on the organ and in
counterpoint, and of Lose and Flemming
on the violoncello. He succeeded Lose as
first violoncellist in the opera orchestra,
conducted by Carl Maria von Weber. In
1808 he joined the orchestra of Prince
Easoumoflfsky in Vienna, in 1810 became
chamber virtuoso to the Countess of Erdudj-
Niczky in Croatia, and in 1818 returned to
Vienna, to fill the place of solo violoncellist
in the orchestra of the Theater an der Wien,
464
LINLEY
and from 1831 iu that of tlio Imperial
Opera. Iu close coimectioii with Beetho-
ven, he was indebted to this master for the
high reputation he won as a quartet player.
Works : Concertos, caprices, variations,
fantasias, rondos, and polonaises for violon-
cello ; Pieces for violoncello, with quartet ;
Do., with guitar ; Do., with pianoforte.- — Fe-
tis ; Mendel ; Schilling ; Wurzbach.
LINLEY, FBiVNCIS, born at Doncaster,
England, iu 1774, died there, Sept. 15,
1800. Virtuoso on the organ, pupil of Mil-
ler, organist at Doncaster. Though blind
from his birth, he beat fourteen compet-
itors as a candidate for organist of the Pen-
touville Chapel, London. The failure of
a music trade he had established iu that
city caused him to go to America, where his
talent was greatly admired ; he returned to
England about 1795. Works: Interludes,
fugues, and other jneces for organ ; Sonatas
for pianoforte and flute ; Solos and duos
for liute ; Pianoforte music ; Method for
organ. — Fetis ; Mendel.
LINLEY, GEORGE, born at Whit-
church, England, in 1795, died iu Loudon,
Sept. 10, 18G5. Vocal composer ; acquired
a rare popularity in England, by his pecu-
liar and fascinating melodies. W'orks — Op-
eras and oj)erettas : La poupee de Nurem-
berg, given in London, Covent Garden,
ISGl ; The Toy Maker ; Francesca Doria.
The Jolly Beggars, cantata ; 12 songs of
the camp ; Selection of Scottish melodies
(with C. G. Byrne) ; Songs of the Trouba-
dours ; Musical Cyuics of Loudon ; Selec-
tion of original hymn tunes ; Part-songs ;
Trios ; Duets ; Ballads, romances, noc-
turnes, melodies, and songs. — Fetis, Sup-
plement, ii. 113 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 21G.
LINLEY, THOlLiS, born at Wells,
Somerset, England, about 1725, died in
London, Nov. 19, 1795. Pupil of Thomas
Chilcot ; was for many years singing-master
and director of concerts iu Bath. In 1774
he was connected with the management
of oratorios at Drury Lane Theatre, and in
177G became conductor of the music there.
Works — Operas, and music to dramas : The
Duenna, 1775 ; Selima and Azor, 1770 ; The
Camj), 1778 ; The Carnival of Venice, The
Gentle Shepherd, and Eobiusou Crusoe,
1781 ; The Triumph of Mirth, 1782 ; The
Spanish Bivals, 1784 ; The Strangers at
Home, and Richard Coeur de Lion, 178G ;
Love iu the East, 1788 ; Sougs iu The
School for Scandal, 1777 ; Accompaniments
for the songs in The Beggar's Opera ; Mu-
sic for parts of Slieridan's Monody on the
Death of Garrick, 1779; Six Elegies;
Twelve Ballads ; A 5-part madrigal, "Let me,
careless ; " Other vocal music, published af-
ter his death. — Grove ; Riemann ; Mendel ;
Fetis ; Gerber ; Harmouicon (1825), 215.
LINLEY, THOMAS, the younger, born
at Bath iu 175G, died at Grimsthorpe, Lin-
colnshire, England, Aug. 7, 1778. Violin-
ist, son and pujjil of Thomas Linley ; stud-
ied under Dr. Boyce, and iu Florence under
Nardiui, becoming the warm friend of Mo-
zart while in Italy. On his return to Eng-
land, in 1772, he became solo violiu at his
father's concerts in Bath and at Drury Lane
Theatre. Works : Lot God arise, anthem
with orchestra, 1773 ; Part of the music for
The Dueuua, 1775 ; Chorus and two sougs
for The Tempest ; Ode on the Witches and
Fairies of Shakspere, 177G ; The Song of
Moses, oratorio ; Accompaniments for wind
instruments to music in Macbeth. — Grove ;
Riemann ; Mendel ; Fetis.
LINLEY, WILLIAM, born at Bath about
17G7, died iu Loudon, May G, 1835. Sou
and pupil of Thomas Linley and pupil of
Abel ; received an appointment iu India ;
returning with a competence, he devoted
himself to music and literature. Works :
The Honeymoon, comic opera ; Pavilion,
do. ; The Magic Fire, a pantomime ; 2 sets
of canzonets ; Glees ; Church music. He
edited Shakespeare's Dramatic Songs (1815-
IG). — Grove ; Mendel ; Futis ; Schilling.
LINTER]HANS, FRANCOIS, born at
Brussels, Aug. 18, 1808, still living, 1889.
Vocal composer of great popularity in Bel-
gium, on account of his areluous and self-
465
LINWOUJ)
sacrificing efforts iu promotiug the culti-
vatiou of choral music. Works : Many
choruses for male voices ; Sacred composi-
tions.— Fi'tis, Supplement, ii. 114.
LINWOOD, MAKY, born at Leicester,
England, in 1755, died there, March 2,
1815. Vocal comjioser. Works : David's
First Victory, oratorio ; Songs, and other
vocal music, of which her cavatiua, " Pretty
Fairy," is best known.
LlPAWSia, JOSEPH, born at Hohen-
niautli, Bohemia, Feb. 22, 1772, died iu Vi-
enna, Jan. 7, 1810. Pianist, pupil at Kimig-
griitz, of the organist Haas on the organ and
the pianoforte ; later, while studying law at
the university in Vienna, pupil of Paster-
witz, a Benedictine monk, iu composition.
His intercourse with Vanhall, Abt Stadler,
Salieri, and principally withlNIozart, induced
him to devote himself exclusively to nuisic,
and iu a short time he won a brilliant reputa-
tion as a pianist and composer. Works — Op-
eras : Der gebesserte Hausteufcl, given at
Kroncuburg, Nether Austria, about 1810 ;
Die Nymphen der Silbenpielle, Vienna,
Schikaneder Theater, about 1800 ; Berna-
done, Prague, about 1800. Sonatas for pi-
anoforte, violin, and violoncello ; do. for pi-
anoforte and violin ; Fugues, sonatas, and
other pieces for pianoforte. — Fetis ; Mendel ;
Schilling.
LIPINSKI, K^iPiL JOSEPH, born at
Radzyn, Poland, Oct.
30 (Nov. 4?), 1790,
died at Urlow, near
ki^\ "^ ';J1 Lemberg, Dec. IG,
1801. Virtuoso on the
violin, instructed by
his father, an amateur
violinist, but chiefly
self-taught ; became
Conzertmeister of the
theatre at Lemberg in
1810, and Kapellmeister soon after, but re-
signed in 1814, in order to study. In 1817
he went to Italy, where Paganini showed him
great favour, playing with him everj' day,
and appearing with him iu ijublic at two :
concerts. In 1829 the two violinists were
rivals in Warsaw, and the friendship was
broken up. In 1839 he became Conzert-
meister iu Dresden, and iu 18G1 retired on
a pension. He travelled in France, Eng-
land, Russia, and Italy, and was everywhere
received with enthusiasm. His playing was
characterized by a broad and powerful tone,
the result, probably, of his earlj- studies on
the violoncello. Works : 4 violin concer-
tos, including the Militarj' Concerto ; Ron-
dos ; Polonaises ; Variations ; Trio for
strings ; Other violin music. He edited,
with Zalewski, the Polish poet, a collection
of Galiciau Volkslieder (1834).— Mendel ;
Fetis ; do.. Supplement, ii. 114 ; Wurz-
bach, XV. 217 ; Schilling ; do., Supplement,
270 ; Riemann ; Wasielcwski, Die Violine,
402.
LISBETH, French opcra-comique in
three acts, text by Favicrcs, music by
Gretiy, first represented at the Theatre
Italien, Paris, Jan. 10, 1797. Its success
was brief, and the score was not j)ublished.
— Clement et Larousse, 403.
LISLE. See Eouget de Lisle.
LIST TO THE GAY CASTANET. See
Roue of Castile.
LISTE, ANTON, born at Hildesheim in
1774, died, probably in Ziirich, after 1828.
Pianist and singer, pupil in Vienna of Mo-
zart, and of Albrechtsberger in composition.
He lived in Vienna till 1804, then in Hei-
delberg, and finally settled in Zurich, to
teach music. Works : Concerto for piano-
forte ; Sonata for do. and bassoon or vio-
loncello ; Sonatas, variations, and other
j)ieces for jjianoforte ; Songs. — Fetis ; Ger-
ber ; Mendel ; Schilling.
LISUART UND DARIOLETTE, Sing-
spiel iu three acts, text by Schiebler, music
by Johann Adam Hiller, first represented
in Leij)sic, in 17G7. Pianoforte score pub-
lished by Breitkoj)f & Hiirtel (Leipsic,
1844).
LISZT, FR.\NZ (Hungarian, Ferencz),
born at Raiding, Hungary, Oct. 22, 1811,
died at Bayreuth, July 31, 188G. His
4G6
LISZT
father, Atlaiu Liszt, was an otficer in the
Imperial service, and it was from him tliat
the young Franz got his first musical in-
struction. He
matle his first pub-
lic appearance as a
pianist at Oeden-
Lurg in 1820, with
such success that
several Hungarian
noblemen guai'an-
teed him the means
to continue his studies for six years. He
went to Vienna, where he studied the pi-
anoforte under Czerny, and composition
under Salieri and Randhartinger. His first
published work was the twenty-fourth vari-
ation on a waltz by Diabelli, one of the fifty
variations contributed by various compos-
ers (Beethoven wrote thirty-three, hia op.
120, when asked to contribute onc\ pub-
lished in June, 1823, in the collection en-
titled Vaterliiudischer Kiinstler-Vereiu. In
the same year he went to Paris, lioping to
enter the Conservatoire, but Clierubini re-
fused to make an exception in his favour to
the rule forbidding the admission of for-
eigners, so he studied under Reicha and
Pai'r. His reputation as a pianist was al-
ready' brilliant ; his first serious attempt at
composition was a one-act operetta, Don
Sanche, which was brought out at the Aca-
demic Boyale de Musicjue with some success,
on Oct. 17, 1825. From this time to 1827
his time was taken up with concert tours to
England and Switzerland. Being thrown
upon his own resources by his father's death
in that year, and having, moreover, to sup-
port his mother, he settled in Paris, where
he became intimate with Lamartine, George
Sand, Victor Hugo, and other lights of lit-
erature. He temporarily joined the Saint-
Simonians, but soon reverted to the Catholic
faith. In 1834 he formed something more
than an intimacy with the Comtesse d'Agoult,
by whom he had three children. Of these a
son, and the elder daughter, who married the
French statesman Emile Ollivier, arc dead.
The younger daughter, Cosima, was married
to Hans von Biilow in 1857, but was af-
terwards divorced from him, and married
Richard Wagner. During his stay in Paris
Liszt rose to the very first place among liv-
ing pianists ; in fact, he may safely be re-
garded as the greatest pianist in every re-
spect that ever lived. Since Paganini the
violinist, no virtuoso had excited such gen-
eral enthusiasm. In 1819 he settled in
Weimar, for fifteen years, as conductor at
the Court Theatre. His aim in doing this
was mainly to exert all the influence in his
power to further the cause of the new
school of German and French music, and
to bring to a performance important works
which had little chance of seeing the light
if left to the mercy of speculative managers.
Among the great compositions he brought
out at the Weimar Opera may be numbered
Wagner's Fliegende Hollander, Tannhtiuser,
and Lohengrin, Schumann's Genoveva and
music to "Manfred," Schubert's Alfonso uud
Estrella, and Berlioz's Benvenuto Cellini.
In 1859 he resigned in disgust at the oppo-
sition made to the production of Corne-
lius's Barbier von Bagdad. After that time
he lived at intervals at Rome, Pesth, Wei-
mar, and Bayreuth, holding a sort of musi-
cal court wherever he happened to be. In
18GG holy orders, with the title of Cora-
mendatore, were conferred on him at Rome
by Pius IX. Liszt's career may be divided
into two parts : his virtuoso period, extend-
ing from 1839 to 1849, his career as a com-
poser beginning about the time of his set-
tling in AVeimar ; after that time he only
occasionally appeared in public as a pianist.
He wrote a great deal of music, almost ex-
clusively for the pianoforte, before he went
to Weimar, but the compositions belonging
to his earlier period are chiefly interesting
as examples in the history of the develop-
ment of pianoforte playing. Of all modern
pianists and writers for the pianoforte Liszt
has undoubtedly contributed most to the
art of pianoforte playing, and has seemingly
exhausted the resources of that instrument.
LISZT
W^fP
His recognition as n, composer must date,
however, from the time when he turned his
attention to the orchestra. The peculiar
direction his genius then took was probably
due in great measure to the influence of
Berlioz and of "Wagner, with both of whom
he had formed an
intimacy which soon
ripened into the
wannest friendship.
Liszt still stands as
the foremost compo-
ser of so-called pro-
gramme music.
Abandoning Berlioz's
plan of attempting to
make the musical presentation of a poetic
idea, or dramatic narrative, go hand in hand
with the develoiJment of an organic and self-
dependent musical form, he struck out in
the new, quasi- Wagnerian direction of mak-
ing the musical form depend solely upon the
development of the poetic idea he attempted
to express. He thus gave to the world tlie
iSymjihonic Poem, in which form programme-
music has said its last word up to the pres-
ent time. During the later years of his life
Liszt applied himself more exclusively to
choral composition. Liszt's personal influ-
ence upon the musical w-orld has probably
been more extensive than that of any single
man in all the history of the art. There
was hardl}' a contcmporaiy composer in
Europe who did not owe something to
Liszt's advice, his pecuniary aid, or his gen-
erous energy in bringing compositions to
public notice, and paving their way to fame.
His generosity and charity were boundless.
In one department Liszt has outstrijiped
all rivals : in transcribing orchestral or vo-
cal works for the pianoforte. He numbered
among his pupils almost all the great pian-
ists of the day, von Biilow, Carl Tausig, and
Franz Bendel being the most noted of
them.
Works— I. For orchestra : Sij-mphonie zu
Dante's Divina Commedia, witli female
chorus ; i^a^«s^Symphonie, with male cho-
rus ; Zwei Episoden aus Lenau's Faiist ; 13
symphonic poems : Ge qu'on entend sur la
montagne, 7hsso, Les Priludeg, Orplw',
Prometheus, Mazeppa, Festkliinge, Eeroide
funebre, Hungaria, Hamlet, Hunnenschlacht
(after Kaulbach), Die Ideate (after Schiller),
Von der Wiege bis zura Grabe (after Michael
Zichy) ; i^t,'s/-Vorspiel, Weimar, 1857 ; Gau-
deamus igitur, Humoreske with soli and
chorus ; i^esZ-lMarsch, Weimar, Hnldigungs-
Marsch, ib., 1853 ; Vom Fels zum JMeer !
Deutscher Siegesmarsch ; Kiinstler-Festzug,
1859 ; 6 Rhapsodies hongroises in F, D (2),
D minor, E, and PcMhcr Carneval ; Hun-
garian March, for the Coronation of Francis
Joseph, Budapest, 1SG7 ; Rdkoczy March,
symphonically arranged ; Hungarian Storm
March, 1870 ; Szozat and Hymnus ; 2 con-
certos for pianoforte and orchestra, and L'n-
garische Fantasia ; 7'o^/e?i-Tanz, paraphrase
on Dies irfc, for do.
II. For pianoforte : 12 Etudes d'exrou-
tion transccndante ; 3 grandcs etudes do
concert ; Ab irato, etude de perfectiounc-
ment ; Waldesrauschen, Gnomeureigen, 2
concert etudes ; Ave Maria ; 10 Harmonies
Iioetiques ct religieuses ; jUinees de Pele-
rinage, suite of 14 pieces ; Venezia e Napoli,
supplement to former ; 3 Apparitions ; 2
Ballades ; Concert solo ; C Consolations ;
Berceuse ; Priiludium (after Bach) ; Varia-
tions (do.) ; Fantasia und Fugne on the
theme BACH ; Scherzo and March ; So-
nata ; 2 Polonaises ; Mazurka brillante ;
Rhapsodie espagnole ; 3 capricesvalses ;
Feuilles d'Album ; 2 do. ; Grand Galo})
chromatique ; Valsc impromjita ; Mosonyi's
burial ; Ek'gio ; 2 Legendes ; Hymne du
Pape ; 15 Iilia2:)Sodies hongroises ; Hunga-
rian Quickstep ; Introduction and Hunga-
rian Mai'ch.
in. Vocal — Oratorios : Die Legende von
der heiligen Elisabeth, Pestli, 18G5 (Stan-
islaus, 1885) ; Ghristus, for soli, chorus, or-
gan, and orchestra, Eome, 18G7.
IV. Masses, psalms, etc. : Missa sollennis,
for the dedication of the basilica at Gran ;
Coronation mass, Buda, 1867 ; Missa chora-
468
4CU
LITOLFF
lis, with organ ; Missa, for male voices and
organ ; Eequiem, for do. ; 9 choruses with
organ ; Die SeUgkeiten, for chorus, bari-
tone solo, and organ ; Pater noster, for
mixed chorus, with organ ; do. et Ave
Maria, for male voices, with organ ; Psalm
XIII., for tenor solo, chorus, and orchesti'a ;
Psalm XVIII., for male chorus, with or-
chestra and organ ; Psalm XXIII., for tenor
(or soj)iano), with harji (or pianoforte) and
organ (or harmonium) ; Psalm CXXXVIL,
for a voice, with female chorus, violin, harp,
pianoforte, and organ ; Christus ist geboren,
Christmas song for chonis, with t)rgan ; An
den heiligen Franziskus, i)rayer for male
voices, with harmonium (or organ), 3 trom-
bones, and kettledrums (ad libitum) ; Des
erwacheuden Kiudes Lobgesang, for female
chorus, with harmonium or jiianoforte, and
harp (ad libitum).
Y. Cantatas, and other choral works :
Zur S;icular-Feier Beethoven's, Weimar,
1870 ; Clioruses (8) to Herder's Der rn/fcs-
sc/tc Prometheus ; Fest- Album, for Goethe's
100th birthday, Weimar, ISi!) ; Wartljurg-
Lieder ; Die Glockxn des Stras.sburger !Miiu-
sters (Longfellow), for bai-itone solo, chorus,
and orchestra ; Die he'duje, Ciicilia, Legendc
for mezzo-soprano, with chorus (ad libitum)
and orchestra (or pianoforte, harmonium,
and harp) ; 12 choruses for male voices ; 4
do. ; An die Kiinstler (Schiller), for soli and
chorus with orchestra ; Festchor, for the
unveiling of Herder's monument, Weimar,
1850 ; Festgesaug, for 4-part chorus with
organ ; Das Lied der Begeisterung, for male
chorus ; Weimar's Volkslied, for do. ; Was
ist des Deutschcu Vaterland ?, for do. with
pianoforte ; About 60 songs, with piano-
forte ; Many arrangements for orchestra
and for pianoforte, of the most varied de-
scription, including the Soirees de Vienne
(after Schubert).
Literary works : Gesammelte Schriften,
frei in's Deutsche (ibertragen von La Mara
(Leipsic, Breitkopf & Hiirtel), vol. i., Fried-
rich Chopin ; vol. ii., Essays und Reise-
briefe eiues Baccalaureus der Toukunst ;
vol. iii., 1, Dramaturgische Blatter, L
Abtheilung, Essays, etc. ; vol. iii., 2, Drama-
turgische Blatter, H. Abthl., Kichard Wag-
ner ; vol. iv., Aus den Annalen des Fort-
schritts ; vol. v., Streifziige ; vol. vi., Die
Zigeuner und ihre Musik in Ungarn. — L.
Ramann, Franz Liszt als Kiinstler und
Mensch (Leipsic, Breitkopf & Hiirtel, 1880).
LITOLFF, HENRY (CHARLES), born
in London, Feb. G,
j^'^\ 1818, still living,
'W'. \ 1889. Pianist and
dramatic composer,
son of a French sol-
dier from Alsace,
who was captured in
Spain, settled in
England as a violin-
ist, and married an
Englishwoman. The
son carlj' became a jHipil of Moscheles, and
at the age of twelve played publicly at Cov-
ent Garden Theatre. An unhappy mar-
riage, when he was but seventeen years old,
forced him to leave England for France.
Unable to make a living in Paris, he sup-
ported himself in the town of Melun by
teaching, until his performance at a char-
ity concert brought him iuHueutial friends
and enabled him to remove to the French
capital. He soon went to Brussels, and in
1841-44 acted as Kapellmeister in Warsaw.
Then he gave concerts in Prague, Dresden,
Leipsic, and Berlin, visited London in 184(J,
and was very successful in Amsterdam and
Brunswick. He took part in the Vienna
Revolution of 1848, but returned safely to
Brunswick, where he married the widow of
the music-dealer Mej'ei', and assumed
charge of the business, in 1851. He pub-
470
LITTA
lislied the well-known Collection Litolif,
one of the first cheap editions of classical
music. In 1860 he transferred the firm to
his adopted son Theodor, and settled in
Paris, where he married the Comtesse de
Larochefoucauld. Latterly he devoted him-
self to dramatic composition, without great
success. As a pianoforte virtuoso he pos-
sesses taste, fire, and brilliancy, but lacks
correctness ; his compositions are very un-
equal, marked by bold imagination, poetic
ideas, and striking beauties, and marred by
occasional carelessness and striving after
originality. Works— Operas : Die Braut
vom Kyiiast, Brunswick, and Frankfort,
1847 ; Ilodrigue de Tolede ; Le chevalier
Naliel, Baden, 18G3 ; La boite de Pandore,
Paris, 1871 ; Hcloise ct Abclard, ib., 1872 ;
La belle au bois dormant, and La fiancee
du roi de Garbe, ib., 1871 ; La Mandragore,
Brussels, 1876 ; Les Templiera, ib., 1886 ;
L'escadron volant de la reiue, Paris, 1888.
Ruth et Booz, oratorio, 1869 ; Symphony-
concertos for pianoforte and orchestra ;
Maximilien Robespierre, op. 55, and other
overtures for orchestra ; Violin concerto,
Eroica ; Trios for pianoforte and strings ;
Funeral Slarch for Meyerbeer; Pianoforte
music, and many songs. — Fetis ; do.. Sup-
plement, ii. 117 ; Mendel ; Riemann ; Va-
pereau, Coutemporaius, 1171 ; Bitard, 828.
LITTA, Conte GIULIO, born in Milan
in 1822, still living, 1889. Amateur dra-
matic composer, second son of the Duke
Pompco Litta, a great art patron ; from
early youth he showed eminent talent for
music, wrote his first opera at the age of
twenty, and soon won a steadily increasing
fame. Works — Operas : Biauca di Santa-
fiera, given in Milan, Conservatorio, 1813 ;
Maria Giovanna, Turin, Teatro Carignan ;
Editta di Lormo, Genoa, Teatro Carlo Felice,
1853 ; Sardanapalo ; Don Giovanni di Por-
togallo ; n viandante, lyric scene, Teatro
Milanese, 1873 ; Raggio d' amore, Milan,
Teatro Manzoni, 1879 ; II sogno dei fiori ;
II violino di Cremona. La Passione, ora-
torio, Turin, Philharmonic Academy ; Vo-
cal melodies. — Fetis, Supplement, ii. 119 ;
Riemann.
LIVERATI, GIOVANNI, born at Bo-
logna in 1772, died in Italy after 1817.
Dramatic singer and composer, pupil of the
brothers Tibaldi for the elements of music,
and at the age of fourteen of Abbate Mat-
tel in composition and of Lorenzo Gibelli
in singing. In early youth noted as a
singer in churches and concerts, he became
first tenor at the Italian theatre in Barcelona
in 1792, and afterwards in Madrid ; was
called to Potsdam, to conduct the royal
opera, and in 1800 became director of the
theatre orchestra in Prague. In 1801 he
went to Trieste, and in 1805 to Vienna,
where he lived as vocal instructor, in close
intercourse with Haydn, Beethoven, and
Salieri, till 1811, when he was appointed
composer to the royal theatre in London.
He returned to Italy in 1817. Works — Op-
eras : II divertimento in campagna, given
in Bologna, 1790 ; Euea in Cartagine, Vi-
enna, 1796 ; La prova geuerale, Vienna,
1799 ; II convito degli dei, Vienna, 1799 ;
La presa d' Egea, Vienna, 1800 ; Davidde,
Vienna. 1802 ; II maestro di musiea, Tri-
este, 1801 ; II maestro fanatico, Trieste,
1804, Vienna, 1805 ; I selvaggi, London,
1814 ; II trionfo di Cesare, ib., 1814 ; Gas-
tone e Bojardo, Gli amanti fanatici, ib.,
1815 ; II trionfo d' Albione, ib., 1816. Ora-
torios : Die sieben Worte Jesu am Krauze ;
L' adorazione dei pastori. Cantatas : II tri-
onfo d' Ausouia, Miltiade, and several others.
Requiem for four voices, with orchestra ;
Masses ; Psalms ; Quartets for strings ; Mu-
sic for violoncello ; Part-songs ; Terzets ;
Duets ; Arias, romances, and songs. — Fetis ;
Mendel ; Riemann.
LLOYD, CHARLES HARFORD, born
at Thornbury, Gloucester.shire, England,
Oct. 16, 1849, still living, 1889. Organist,
church and vocal composer ; was appointed
organist of Gloucester Cathedral in 1876,
and conducted the Gloucester Triennial
Festival in 1877 and 1880. He is also di-
rector of the Gloucester Choral Society and
471
L013
the Gloucester Philbarmoiiic Society, and
ill 1881! became organist of Ciuist Ciiurcli,
Oxford. Works — Cantatas : Hero and Le-
ander, Worcester, 1884 ; Song of Balder,
Hereford, 1885 ; Andromeda. Full Cathe-
dral Service in E-flat (Novello) ; Magnificat
and Nunc diniittis, for soli, chorus, and
orchestra ; 8-part anthems ; Sonata for or-
gan ; Part-songs and songs. — Brown.
LOB, OTTO, born at Liudlar, Ehenish
Prussia, Dec. 25, 1837, still living, 1889.
After having received a thorough musical
education he went to America, in 1804, and
settled in Chicago, to teach music. He
founded the two musical societies of that
city, Germauia and Concordia, and is con-
ductor of the latter. Works : Choruses ;
Songs. — Mendel.
LOBE, JOHANN CHRISTIAN, l)oru at
Weimar, May 30,
1797, died in Leip-
sic, July 27, 1881.
Di'amatic composer,
pui)il of August Kie-
iiianu on the fiutc
:iud violin, later of
A. E. Mailer; ap-
peared as solo flut-
ist at the Gewantl-
haus, Leipsic, in
1811 ; for many years flutist, and afterwards
viola player in the court orchestra at AVei-
niar, ho received the title of professor and
founded a music school in 1812, removed
to Leipsic in 181G, and edited the Allgc-
meiue musikalischo Zeitung until 1848.
He also taught music, and devoted himself
to theoretical wi'itings, published the Flie-
gende Blatter fiir Musik in 1853-57, edited
the musical department of the Leipsic II-
lustrirte Zeitung, and contributed to other
periodicals. Works — Oiieras : Wittekind,
Herzog der Sachsen, Weimar, 1822 ; Der
Wundergiirtel (1827) ; Die Flibustier, ib.,
1829 ; Die Fiirstin von Granada, oder der
Zauberblick, ib., 1833 ; Der rothe Do-
mino, ib., 1837 ; KOnig und Pilchter, ib.,
1844. 2 symphonies ; Several overtures,
concertos, variations, solos for flute ; Quar-
tets for i)ianoforte and strings. Didactic
works : Die Lehre von der thematischen Ar-
beit (Weimar, 184G) ; Lehrbuch der musi-
kalischen Komjwsition (Leipsic, 1850-07) ;
Katechismus der Musik (ib., 1851, 21st ed.,
1881) ; Musikalische Briefe eines Wohlbo-
kanuten (ib., 1852, 2d ed., 1800); Fhe-
gende Blatter fiir Musik (ib., 1853-57) ;
Aus dem Leben eines Musikers (ib., 1859) ;
Vereinfachte Harmonielehre (ib., 1801) ;
Katechismus der Kompositionslehre (1872,
3d ed., 1870) ; Konsonanzeu und Disso-
nanzen (1809). — Allgem. d. Biogr., xiv. 24 ;
liiemann ; Mendel ; Fetis ; Schilling.
LOBET GOTT IN SEINEN EEICHEN,
cantata, (" Oratorium ") Festo Ascensionis
Christi, for soli and chorus, with accompa-
niment of 3 trumpets, drums, 2 flutes, 2
oboes, strings complete, and contiuuo, by
Johanu Sebastian Bach (Bachgesellschaft,
No. 11, Lei23sic, 1852). Published also
with additional accompaniments by Kobert
Franz, Breslau, Leuckart. The autograph
is in the KiJnigliche Bibliothek, Berlin.
LOBGESANG (Hymn of Praise), Sinfonie-
Cautate in three parts, for orchestra and
chorus, by Mendelssohn, op. 52, written at
Leipsic in 1840 for the fourth centennial
celebration of the art of printing ; and rtrst
given at St. Thomas's Church, Leipsic, June
25, 1840. After its second performance,
which took place at Birmingham (England),
Sept. 23, 1840, Mendelssohn conducting, it
was considerably changed, the scene of the
Watchman being added, and it was again
performed in Leipsic, Dec. 3, 1840. The
work is dedicated to Friedrich August H.,
King of Saxony. The title was suggested
by Karl Klingemann. L Sinfonia, Maes-
toso con moto. Allegro, in B-flat ; Allegretto
uu poco agitato, in G minor ; Adagio reli-
gioso, in D ; H. Chorus, Alles was Odem
hat lobe den Herrn ; HI. llecitative and
tenor aria, Er ziihlet uns're Thriinen in der
Zeit der Noth ; TV. Chorus, Sagt es, die ihr
erlOsct vou dem Herrn aus aller Triibsal ;
V. Soprano solo, Ich harrete des Herru
472
LOBKOWITZ
iiud cr neigte sich zn luir ; \1. Tenor solo,
tStricke tins Todes Latteii uus umfiiugeii ;
VII. Cliorus, Die Nacht ist vergaiigcai ; VIII.
CLoral, Nim dauket Alle Gott mit Herzeu ;
Chorus, Lob, ELr, uud Preis sei Gott ; IX.
Tenor solo, Drum sing' ich mit meiiiem
Lieile ewig den Lob ; X. Chorus, Ilir Viilkcr,
bringt. Published by Brcitkopf it Hiirtel
(Leii)sic, 1841). English adajjtation by
John A. Novello, authorized bj' Mendels-
sohn, performed by the Sacred Harmonic
Society, Loudon, March 10, 1843. Breit-
kopf & Hilrtel, Mendelssohn Werke, Serie
14, No. 93. — Eockstro, Mendelssohn, 74 ;
iSchumann, Gesammelto Schrifteu, ii. IGO ;
Neue Zeitschrift fiir Musik (10), 193 ; Up-
ton, Standard Oratorios 213.
LOBKOWITZ QUAPvTETS, G quartets
for two violins, viola, and violoncello, in F,
G, D, E minor, A, and B-llat, by Beetho-
ven, op. 18, written between 1795 and 1800,
and dedicated to Prince Lobkowitz, Herzog
von Eaudnitz. Published by T. MoUo (Vi-
euua, 1801 and 1802). Breitkopf & Har-
tel, Beethoven Werke, Serie G, No. 1-C.
— Thayer, Verzeichuiss, 3(5 ; Lenz, Beetho-
ven, vol. i., part i., 108 ; Marx, Beethoven,
i. 192 ; Grove, ii. 154.
L0BM.\NN, FEANZ, born at Volschau
in Nether Lusatia iu 1809, still living,
1889. Violinist, jiupil of his father (town
musician and organist at Muskau, Silesia)
on several instruments, and of Leopold
Schefer iu harmony and counterjjoiut. In
1720 he joined the orchestra of the Ko-
nigstadter Theater, Berlin, continuing his
studies under the chamber musician Dam,
and S. W. Dehn ; entered the royal orches-
tra in 1833, and soou after was called to
Eiga, as chorus-master and Conzertmeister
at the theatre. He left this position, about
1847, to devote himself to teaching, compo-
sition, and the conducting of the concerts
of the Singing Society, in which ho appeared
also as violinist till about 1800. Works :
Der Kiifig, comic opera ; Psalm CXXI.,
chorus for men's voices, with orchestra,
performed in Eiga, 1847 ; Solos for violin,
with orchestra ; Concert overture ; (Quar-
tet for strings. — Fetis ; Mendel.
LOBO, Dom AFFONSO, Portuguese
composer, born about 1555, died iu Toledo.
Church comjjoser, first mestre de capella
in Lisbon, then at the Cathedral of Toledo.
He is designated by Lope de Vega as one
of the greatest artists of his time. Works :
Book of Motets, from which the Magnificat
for 8 voices is inserted in Hilarion Eslava's
Lyra sacro-hispana (^ladrid, 1855 to 1809) ;
Masses and other church music. — Fetis ;
Vasconcellos.
LOCATELLI, PIETEO, born at Bergamo
in 1093, died iu Amsterdam in 1704. Vio-
linist, pujiil of Corelli in Eome ; travelled
much, and settled in Amsterdam, where he
established public concerts. He was a very
original player, first devised some wonder-
ful feats of execution, and Paganini is
thought to have taken hints from him.
Works : 12 concert! grossi, op. 1 ; Sonatas
for fiute, ■with bass, oja. 2 ; L' Arte del vio-
lino, with 12 concertos and 24 caprices for
2 violins, viola, violoucello, antl bass, op. 3 ;
G concertos, op. 4 ; 0 trios for 2 violins and
violoncello, op. 5 ; 12 violin sonatas, op. G ;
G concerti a quattro, o}^. 7 ; Trios, op. 8 ; L'
Ai'te di uuova modulazione, in later editions
as Caprices enigmatiques, ojj. 9 ; Contrasto
armonico, concerti a quattro, op. 10. — Fe-
tis ; Eiemann ; Schilling ; Wasielewski, Die
Violine, 53 ; Dubourg, The Violin, 03 ;
Hart, do., 219.
LOCCHINI, ANTONIO, born in Apulia,
Italy, iu 1740, died, probably before 1787.
Dramatic composer, pupil aud later in-
structor at the Conservatorio del Ospeda-
letto, Naples. Works — Operas : Tutti quan-
ti sono pazzi, given iu Naples, Teatro dci
Fiorentini, 170G ; Scipione in Cartagine,
Parma, about 1780. — Fetis ; Mendel.
LOCHiiBEE NO MOEE, a Scottish or
L'ish air, probably of the 17th century.
There are several versions, of which the
Scottish ones are traced to the old ballad,
"Lord Eonald (or Eandal, accortliug to
Scott), my Sou." The verses, Farewell to
473
LOCK
Locliaber, were written Ly Allau Eamsay
(1G8G-1758). Ill Ii-eland the air is called
Limerick's Lameutatiou, ami is associated
with the capitulation of Limerick in 1G90,
when the Irish soldiery were cruelly separ-
ated from their wives and children and em-
barked at Cork for France. The several
tunes are given in Grove.
LOCK, MATTHEW, born at Exeter,
England, died
in London, Au-
gust, 1G77. He
was a chorister
of Exeter Ca-
thedral, and
later became a
])iipil of Edward
(libbons and of
Wake. His suc-
cess ill compos-
ing the music for the progress of Charles
II. through London the day before his cor-
onation, in IGGl, gained for him the place of
composer in ordinary to the King. He is
believed to have become a Catholic, since
he was afterwards appointed organist to the
queen. In 1G72 he had a very lively liter-
ary controversy with Thomas Salmon, who
had devised a scheme of writing all sorts of
music iu one universal character, an inno-
vation that never amounted to anything.
Works: j\Iusic to Shirley's masque, Cupid
and Death (with Gibbous), 1653; Little
Consort of Three Parts, for viols or violins
(1G5G) ; Music to Stapylton's comedy. The
Stepmother, 1GG4 ; Instrumental music to
Dryden and Davenant's alteration of The
Tempest, 1670 ; Music to Davenant's altera-
tion of Machclh, 1672, ascribed to him by
tradition ; JEusicto Shadwell's Psyche, 1673,
which was published with the Tempest mu-
sicasThe English Opera(lG75) ; Melathesia,
or Certain General Ilules for playing uj^on
a Continued Bass (1G73), said to be the
first book of the kind published in England ;
Many instnimental pieces, anthems, hymns,
and songs in various collections ; Consort
of ll'oure Parts, for viols, comprising six
suites, in MS. He was author also of a few
controversial writings of great asperity.
— Grove ; Fetis ; lliemann ; North, Memoirs
of Musick, 95 ; Hawkins, Hist, iv. 417 ;
Harmonicon (1829), 1.
LODEIl, EDW' AED JA]^IES, born at
Bath, England, in
1813, died in Lon-
don, April 5,
1865. Dramatic
composer, pupil of
Ferdinand Hies in
Frankfort in 1826;
returned to Eng-
land in 1828, but
once more went to
Germany to study
under the same
teacher ; was for several years conductor at
the Princess's Theatre, London, and after-
wards at Manchester. Works : Nourjahad,
opera, 1834 ; The Night Dancers, do., 1846 ;
Puck, ballad opera, additions to The Sul-
tan, The Young Guard, 1848 ; Raymond
and Agnes, 1855 ; lilusic for Oxenford's
Dice of Death, 1835 ; Twelve Sacred Songs ;
Various songs made into an opera, Francis
I., 1838 ; The Island of Calypso, cantata,
1851 ; Several unpublished operas ; String
quartets ; Songs, including The Old House
at Home, The Brave Old Oak, and Invoca-
tion to the Deep. — Grove ; Eiemaun ; Men-
del, Ergiluz., 244 ; Fctis, Supplement, ii.
119.
LODER, KATE FANNY, born at Bath,
England, Aug. 22, 1826, still living, 18S9.
Pianist, pupil of Henry Field, and at the
Royal Academy of Music (1839-44) of Mrs.
Lucy Anderson and Charles Lucas ; won the
King's scholarship in 1839, and was re-
elected, 1841. She appeared in concerts at
Bath and at the Royal Academy iu 1840,
was appointed jsrofessor of harmony in 1844,
and made her appearance at the Philhar-
monic Society, first in 1847, and last iu
1854. She was married to Sir Henry
Thompson, the eminent surgeon, in 1851.
She has composed an opera, an overture, 2
474
LODI
string quartets, a trio for pianoforte and
strings, a sonata for pianoforte aiid violin,
sonatas and other music for pianoforte, and
songs. — Grove.
LODI, ANGELO, born at Fiume, Friuli,
JLiy 10, 1777, died tliere, Feb. 11, 1839.
Pianist, organist, and instrumental com-
poser, pupil of Briggio Petrucei, and at
Bologna of Padre Mattel in counterpoint.
On returning to his native town he became
second maestro di cappella at the cathe-
tlral. He was inspector and instructor
of the town-guard music band, member of
tlie Philharmonic Academies of Ferrara,
Bologna, and Eovigo, of the Odeon in Ven-
ice, the Philharmonic Society iu Modena,
and the Athenreum in Forli. Works : Sym-
phonies for orchestra ; Masses ; Pianoforte
music ; Canzonets. — Fetis.
LODOISKA, comedie-heroique in three
acts, text by Fillette-Loreaux, after Lou-
Anna Matra Crouch.
vet's romance, Le chevalier de F'aublas,
music by Cherubini, first represented at
the Feydeau, Paris, July 18, 1791. Lodoi-
ska, who has been seized by Dourlinski
and imprisoned in Lis castle iu Poland, to
force her acceptance of his hand, is rescued
by her lover Floreski with the aid of Ti-
tzikau, leader of the Tartars. Cherubini's
success iu Paris dates from this opera,
which was received with great enthusiasm.
The work was severely criticised, for Che-
rubini substituted iu it for the prevailing
Italian method new dramatic and instru-
mental effects, anticipating somewhat the
modern German cult. Lodo'iska paved the
way for the operas of Mehul, Lesueur,
and Spoutiui. Mme Scio made her debut
at the Feydeau as Lodo'iska. The opera
was represented in Dresden, Aug. 7, 1801,
and again, July 13, 1817 ; and in Berlin,
Aug. 3, 1818. Published by Imbault
(Paris) and by Breitkopf k Hiirtel (Leip-
sic). The autograph MS. is lost. Same
subject, Lodoiska, ou les Tartares, comedie
iu three acts, text by Dejaure, music by
Kreutzer, first represented at the Italiens,
Paris, Aug. 1, 1791. It contains some of
Kreutzer's best work. A translation of Lo-
do'iska by John Kemble, with music selected
from Cherubini's and Kreutzer's opei'as by
Storace, who added several melodies of his
own, was given at Drury Lane, Loudon,
June 19, 1794, with Mrs. Crouch as Lodo'i-
ska, and Michael Kelly as Florestan. — Bel-
lasis, Cherubini, 44 ; La Mara, Musikalische
Studienkopfe, ii. IG ; Weber, Weber, iii. 1 53 ;
Les Spectacles de Paris (1792), 248 ; Moritz
Hauptmann, Briefe an Franz Hauser, ii.
127 ; Le Mene.strel (1880-81), 385 (Pou-
gin) ; Clayton, Queens of Song, i. 201.
LCEILLET, JE.VN BAPTISTE, born in
Ghent, second half of the 17th century, died
iu London in 1728. Virtuoso on the flute,
pianist, and instrumental composer ; studied
music in his native town, then from 1702 in
Paris ; settled in Loudon in 1705, entered
the opera orchestra there, and from 1710
gave weekly concerts in his house. He was
much sought as an instructor. Works : 4
works of sonatas for flute ; Sonatas for 2
flutes ; Trios for flutes ; 6 sonatas for vari-
ous instruments ; 12 suites of lessons for
the harpsichord. — Fetis ; Mendel.
LOEWE, (JOHANN) KARL (GOTT-
FRIED), born at Li'ibeji'in, between KOthen
and Halle, Nov. 30, 1790, died at Kiel, April
20, 1809. The twelfth and youngest child
LOEWE
of a ciiutor and schoolmaster, from whom
he received his first musical instraction.
In 1809 he entered
the gymnasium of
the Franke Institu-
tion at Halle, where
ho studied composi-
tion under Tiirk, an
a n n u i t y of three
hundred thalcrs,
given him by King
Jerome, allowing
him to devote his
time to music. When the war of 1812-
13 broke out, the flight of King Jei'ome
left Loewe without any income, but on
the recommendation of Niermeyer (chancel-
lor of the Gymnasium) he obtained admis-
sion to the University of Halle as theologi-
cal student under Michaelis. TUrk died in
1814, but his successor, Naue, emulating
the example of Zelter at Berlin, founded a
Singakadcmie, which Loewe joined, thus
making the acquaintance of Julie von Jacob,
whom he afterwards married (Sept. 7, 1821).
His first ballads date from the year 1818.
During the next two years he visited Dres-
den, Weimar, and Jena, making the ac-
quaintance of von Weber, Hummel, and
Goethe. In 1820 he went on invitation to
Stettin, where, after passing a rigorous ex-
amination, he was installed professor at the
gymnasium and seminary, and cantor.
Next year he was made Musikdirektor to
the municipality, and organist at the St.
Jacobuskirche. He made a good rcjiuta-
tion in the exercise of these functions, and
in 1837 was elected member of the Akade-
mie at Berlin. He travelled a good deal,
visiting Hamburg, Liibeck, Bremen, Diis-
seldorf, and Mainz (for the Gutenberg
Commemoration) in 1837, Vienna in 184-4,
London in 1847, Sweden and Norway in
1851, and Paris in 1857. In 18G4 he fell
into a trance which lasted six weeks, and
in 1866 the Stettin authorities asked him
to resign. He consequently left Stettin for
Kiel, where he remained until his death.
which occurred after a second trance. His
heart was buried near his organ in St. Ja-
cobus at Stettin. Loewe was a voluminous
composer. Among his oratorios the best
known are Die ZerstOrung von Jerusalem
and Die sieben Schliifer. His Die Apostel
von Philippi (for voices without orchestra)
has been considered a model of style. He
was less successful on the stage, his opera
Die drei Wiinsche, given at Berlin in 1834
under Spontini's direction, being about his
only work in this form that made much
mark. But his high reputation rests chiefly
on his ballads, of which he wrote a great
number. After Zumsteeg, whose mantle
may be said to have fallen upon his shoul-
ders, he was the ballad writer par excellence
of Germany. His power of expression and
of musical characterization was unique.
He w-as a tolerable pianist and an excellent
singer ; he and his second wife (Auguste
Lange, of KOnigsberg) used often to sing
together in his oratorios.
Works — I. Oratorios and cantatas : Die
Festzeiten ; Die ZersUJrung von Jerusalem,
Stettin, 1829 ; Die siehcn Schliifer, 1833 ;
Die eherne Schlange, for unaccompanied
voices, Jena, 1834 ; Die Apostel von Philippi,
id., ib., 1835 ; Gutenberg, Mainz, 1830 ;
Pdcslrina (MS.), 1841 ; Johann Eass, Ber-
lin, 1842 ; Hioh, ]\IS., 1848 ; Der Meidcr
von Avis (JIS.) ; Das S'ihnopfer das neuen
Bundes QilS.) ; Das ho)ie Lied Salomonis
(MH.) ; Poliis von Atella (MS.) ; Die Heilung
dcs Blindgeborenen, for unaccompanied
voices, 18C1 ; Johannes dor Tilufer (MS.),
id., 18G2 ; Die Auferweckung des Laz-
arus, id., 1803 ; Der Segen von Assisi, un-
finished ; Die ersto Walpurgisnacht, ballad
by Goethe, for solos, chorus, and orchestra,
op. 25, Berlin, Schlesinger ; Cantatas for all
church festivals, three years complete.
H. Dramatic works : Die Alpenhiitte,
operetta in one act ; Rudolph, der deutsche
HeiT, romantic ojiera in three acts, 1825 ;
Malek Adhel, tragic opera in three acts, not
performed, but given as concert music in
Stettin, 1832 ; Die drei Wiinsche, opera,
4T6
LOGIEll
Borlin, Hofoper, 1834 ; Emmy, do., Berlin ;
Neckereien, comic opern, Weimar ; Cho-
ruses and entr'actes to Eanpacb's Tranmer-
zilhlung ; Overture, choruses, and entr'actes
to Raupach's Themisto.
in. Vocal chamber music : 3 ballads by
Herder, Uhland, and Goethe, op. 1, Berlin,
Schlesinger ; Das Gebet des Herrn, und die
Einsetzungsworte des heiligeu Abcndmahls,
op. 2, Halle, Kummel ; 3 ballads hy Ki'ir- in
Selbstbiographie, ed. by Bitter (Berlin,
1870) ; Mas Runze, Bilder aus Loewe's
Leben (in Goldstein's Musikwelt, Nos. 24,
25, 2G, 28, 29, 4G, Berlin, 1881) ; do. in
Saniml. mus. Vortriige, v. 325 ; N. Zeitschr.
f. Mus., iii. 97, 101 ; Gumprecht, N. mus.
Charakterbilder, 103 ; Wellmer, Mus. Skiz-
zen u. Studicn ; Allgem. d. Biogr., xix. 300.
LOGIER, JOHANN BEENHARD, born
Cassel, Feb. 9,
ner. Herder, and Willibald Alexis, ib. ; 3 do.
by Herder and Uhland, op. 3, ib. ; G songs
by Byron (to Theremin's translation), op. 4,
ib. ; Other ballads, separate or in collec-
tions, op. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, IG, 17,
20, 21, 23, 29, ib. ; G songs for 4 or 5 male
voices, op. 19, Berlin, Wagenfiihr ; 5 sacred
4-part songs for male voices, op. 22.
rV. Instrumental works : 3 string quar-
tets, op. 24, Berlin, Wagenfiihr ; Sacred
quartet, op. 2G, ib., Trautwein ; Grand trio
for pianoforte, violin, and violoncello, op.
12 ; Grand duo for pianoforte for 4 hands,
op. IS, ib. ; Grand sonata in E, for piano-
forte, op. 16, ib., Wagenfiihr ; Fantasie for
do., op. 11, ib. ; Mazepi^a, musical poem
after Byron, for do., op. 27 ; Elegische So-
nate for do., ib. ; Der mitleidige Bruder,
musical poem for do., op. 28, ib. ; Sympho-
nies, overtures, pianoforte concertos, etc.,
in MS.
V. Literary works : Gcsanglehre, prak-
tisch und theoretisch fiir Gynmasie'n, Se-
minarien und Biirgerschu-
len entworfen (Stettin,
182G ; 2d ed., enlarged
and corrected, Berlin, Lo-
gier, 1828 ; 3d ed., Stettin,
ikalischer Gottesdienst, me-
thodische Anweisung zum
Kirchengesango und Orgel-
spiel, etc. (Stettin, 1851, 4
editions) ; Commentar zum
zweiten Theile des Goethe-
'schen Faust (Berlin, 1834).
— Ambros, Culturhistorischo
Bilder, 97 ; Rcissmann, Geschichte des
deutschen Liedes, 2CG-2G9 ; Karl Loewe's
and instructing
C^ci/J^
1834) ; Mus-
1777, died near Dub-
lin, July 27, 1846.
He went to England
when about ten years
old, entered a mili-
tary band as flutist,
a u d accompanied
the regiment to Ire-
land ; in 1796 he
was o c c VI p i e d in
teaching the pianoforte
military bands ; later became organist at
Westport, Ireland. He there invented the
chiroplast, a machine for forming a correct
position of the hands in pianoforte playing,
and also a new method of instruction, in
which he made several pupils play at the
same time, on as many pianofortes. He then
lived in Dublin, and afterwai'ds iu Lon-
don ; invited by the Prussian government
to teach his system, he spent three years in
Berlin for that purpose, and after his return,
in 182G, settled at Dublin. The system ex-
cited great discussion, and was used in
many German cities and in the Conserva-
toire of Paris. Works : Concerto for joiano-
forte ; Sonatas and other pianoforte music ;
Trios with Hate and violoncello ; Ode on
the fiftieth year of the reign of George HI.,
1809 ; A Complete Introduction to the
477
LOGrvOSCIXO
Keyed Bugle. He was author also of an
explauatiou and description of the royal
patent chiroplast or hand-director for piano-
forte (181G) ; The First Companion to the
Eoyal Patent Chiroplast ; Logier's Practical
Thorough-bass (1819) ; System der Musik-
wissenschaft iind der musikalischen Kom-
position (1827), and other minor works on
the same subject. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xix.
110 ; Mendel ; Fetis ; Grove ; Riemann ;
Schilling ; do., Supplement, 280.
LOGROSCINO, NICCOLc"), born in Na-
ples about 1700, died there in 1703. Dra-
matic composer ; became in 1747 professor
of counterpoint at the Couservatorio dei
Figliuoli Dispei'si. He stood first in the
composition of opera buffa until the appear-
ance of Piccinni, and introduced the finali
with great effect into his works. Works —
Operas : II governatore, Naples, about 1740 ;
II vecchio marito ; Tanto bene, tanto male ;
La Violante, Naples, 1741 ; La cimetella
correvata, ib., 1744 ; Li zite in galera, Don
Paduano, ib., 174.'j ; La costanza, ib., 1747 ;
Li dispietti d' amore (with others), ib., 1748 ;
La finta Frascatana, ib., 1750 ; Giunio
Bruto, ib., about 1750 ; Lo cicisbeo, ib.,
1751 ; La Griselda, ib., 1752 ; Elinira ge-
nerosa, with others, ib., 1753 ; Le Chiajese
cantarine, ib., 1754 ; Rosmonda, ib., 1755,
with others. — Fetis ; do., Supplement, ii.
121 ; Mendel ; Riemann.
LOHENGRIN, romantic opera in three
acts, text and music by Richard Waguer,
first represented at Weimar, Aug. 28, 1850,
with the following cast :
Lohengrin (T.) Hcrr Beck.
Teh-amuud (Bar.) Herr Milde.
Konig Heinrieh (B.) Herr HOfer.
Elsa von Brabant (S.) Frk Agthe.
Ortrud (S.) Frl. Faisstlinger.
The date chosen for the first performance
was the anniversary of the birthday of
Goethe and the day of the inauguration of
the statue to Herder. Liszt, who conducted,
had invited musical and literary friends
from all parts of Europe, and from that
night dates the success of the Wagner
movement in German}'. The scene of the
opera is laid in Antwerp, in the first half of
the tenth century. In a meadow on the
Emil Goetz, as Lohengrin.
banks of the Scheldt, Heinrieh der Yogler
(Henry the Fowler), King of German}', as-
sembles his Brabant vassals to ask their aid
in driving out the Hungarians, who had
then (i)2C) advanced into the middle of Sax-
ony. He finds Brabant without a ruler and
in confusion. Gottfried, son of the late
Duke, has disappeared, and Friedrich von
Telramund, husband of Ortrud, daughter
of the Prince of Friesland, charges Elsa,
Gottfried's sister, with his death and claims
the duchy and the estates. Elsa, summoned
before the King to submit her cause to the
ordeal of the trial by battle, describes a
knight she has seen in a vision and names
him as her champion. The arena is formed,
the trumpets sound, and all await the uu-
«6
LOIIEXGrJK
known knight. At List a boat drawn by a
swan is seen approaching on the Scheldt,
and, to the wonder of the people, Lohen-
grin lands, and is recognized by Elsa as
the subject of her dream. Before Lohen-
grin enters the lists, Elsa promises to be
his wife and never to ask his name nor
whence he came. Lohengrin overcomes
Telramund but spares his life, and he and
Elsa are carried off in triumph. In the
second act Telramund and Ortrad are seen
in despair on the steps of the cathedral in
which the wedding of Elsa and Lohengrin
is to take place. As the procession enters,
Elsa, moved by Ortrud's entreaties, prom-
ises to secure a reprieve for Telramund
from the sentence imposed upon him, and
Ortrud repays her by instilling into her
mind suspicious of Lohengrin, whom Tel-
ramund also denounces for sorcery ; but
the King believes in the Knight of the Swan,
and the union takes place. The scene of
the third act is the bridal chamber. Tel-
ramund, with four of his followers, rushes
in to assassinate Lohengrin, but is struck
down by the hero. Elsa, notwithstanding
her promise, asks the fatal question, and
Lohengrin reveals that he is the son of
Parzival, Knight of the Holy Grail, and,
since this is known, must return to his
guardianship. His swan reappears, and he
bids Elsa an eternal farewell ; but as he is
about to leave, Ortrud declares the swan to
be the lost Gottfried. Lohengrin releases
him from the enchantment, a white dove
takes the place of the swan, and Lohengrin
sails away, leaving Elsa to die in her
brother's arms. The text of Lohengrin
was written in 184.5. The storj' is founded
chiefly on the Ai'thurian legend of the Holy
Grail, mingled with the German legend of
the Knight and the Swan-boat, the version
of "Wolfram von Eschenbach being followed
pretty closely in both. The music was
begun in Paris, continued in Dresden, and
finished in Switzerland in 1849. Among
the noteworthy portions of the first act
are : Telramund's scene in which he im-
peaches Elsa, " Zum Sterben kam der Her-
zog von Brabant ; " Elsa's relation of her
vision of the knight, "Einsani in triiben
Tagen;" Lohengrin's farewell to the swan,
" Nun sei gedankt, meiu lieber Schwan ; "
his injunction to Elsa before the combat,
"Nie sollst du mich befragen ; " and the
prayer of King Heiurich, "Meiu Herr und
Gott, nun ruf ich Dich." In the second act
are : The scene between Telramund and
Ortrud, " Erhebe dich, Genossin meiner
Sehmach ; " Elsa's love-song from the bal-
cony, "Euch Liiften, die mein Klagen ; "
and the bridal-procession music. In the
third act are : The bridal song of Elsa's
attendants, " Treulich gefiihrt, ziehet da-
hin ; " The great love scene ; Lohengrin's
scene in which he reveals his identity with
the son of Parzival, " In fernem Land, uu-
^m
nahbar euren Sehritten ; " and his farewell,
"O Elsa! uur eiu Jahr an deiner Seite."
Lohengrin was given at Wiesbaden in 1853 ;
Leipsic, Schwerin, Frankfort, Darmstadt,
Breslau, and Stettin in 1854 ; Cologne,
479
LOHLE
Hamburg, Riga, and Prague iu 1855 ; Mu-
nich and Vienna in 1858 ; Berlin and Dres-
den in 1859 ; New York, in Italian, 1874,
in German, Dec. 3, 1884 ; in London, in
Italian, Coveut Garden, May 8, 1875, Drui-y
Lane, June 12, 1875 ; in Paris, May 3,
1887. Published, full and ijianoforte scores,
Breitkopf & Hartel (Leipsic, 1852).— Wag-
ner, Gesammelte Scbriften, ix. 341 ; Liszt,
Gesammelte Scbriften, vol. iii., part ii., Gl ;
Joachim Eafl' Die Wagnerfrage ; Ililckert,
Lohengrin ; Carl Nubring, Wagner's Lo-
hengrin und die BerUner Kritik, etc. ;
Franz Miiller, Lohengrin und die Gral-
imd Schwauensage ; Wolzogen, Lohengrin ;
Kastner, Wagner-Catalog, 27 ; Pobl, Wag-
ner, 59 ; Jullien, Wagner, 84 ; Glaseuapp,
Eiehard Wagner's Lebeu und Wirkou, i.
301 ; Hueffer, Music of the Future, 109 ;
Edwards, The Lyrical Drama, i. 228 ;
Scburi', Le Drame musical (1886), ii. 87 ;
Neue Zeits., xsxiii. 107, 115, 118, 13G, 151,
162 ; xxxvi. 37 ; xxxviii. 48 ; xl. 27 ; 1. 89,
109 ; Mus. Wocheublatt (1870), 660 ; (1872)
9, 23; (1873), 216, 240, 270; (1875), 45;
Bayreutber Blatter (1886), 213 ; Athenroum
(1873), i. 287 ; (1875), i. 6G3, 827 ; Upton,
Standard Operas, 261.
LOHLE, FR.\NZ XAVER, born at Wie-
sensteig, Wiirtemberg, Dec. 3, 1792, died
at Munich, Jan. 29, 1837. Dramatic singer
and vocal composer, jiupil of his father, who
was choirmaster in the chapter convent at
Wiesensteig. He began to sing iu the choir
at the age of six, continued his studies at
Aug.sburg, under Witschka, and from 1803
lived in Munich, as chorister in the semi-
nary and solo contralto in the court cbajjel.
The King of Wiuiemberg took care of bis
further education, under Kapellmeister
Danzi and the tenor Krebs at Stuttgart, in
1807-9, and made him a member of the
court stage, which he left after his benefac-
tor's death, in 1816, for an ajipoiutment at
the royal theatre in Hanover. He returned
to Stuttgart iu 1818, then lived in Munich
as first tenor in 1819-33, when he became
director of the Central Singing School,
which expanded into a Conservatorium.
Works : 24 masses for 4 voice.s, with organ ;
24 sacred songs ; Choruses and quartets for
men's voices ; 24 school songs ; 30 part-
songs for 4-5 voices. He published jVll-
gemeine Anleitung zu einer Elementar-Mu-
sikschule. — Fetis ; Mendel.
LOHNEE, JOHANN, born iu Nurem-
berg, Dec. 21, 1645, died there, April 2,
1705. Organist and pianist, pupil of
Wecker, his brother-in-law. He appeared
as a pianist in Vienna, Salzburg, and Leip-
sic, and settled in Nuremberg as organist,
first at the Church of Our Lad}', then in that
of the Holy Ghost, and finally at St. Lo-
renz. Works : 12 arias for voice and 2 vio-
hns (1680) ; Auserlesene Kirchen-und Tafel-
Musik (1682) ; 44 Arieu aus der Opera von
Theseus (1688); Chr. Ad. Negeleius alte
Zious-Harfe iu Melodieugebracht (1693) ;
Trauungslust oder Erdenfreude (1697) ;
Suavissimjc canonum musicalium deliciic, 3,
4, 5-8 voc. (1700).— Fetis ; Gerber ; Men-
del ; Schilling.
LOLLI (LoUy), ANTONIO, born at Ber-
gamo about 1730, died iu Sicily in 1802.
Violin virtuoso, Couzertmeister at Stuttgart
in 1762-73 ; then went to St Petersburg,
where he was a favourite of the Empress
Catharine II., remaining until 1778. In
1779 he a^fpearcd in Paris, then in Spain,
and in 1785 iu London, and later iu Den-
mark and Italy. He was a jDerformer with
extraordinary skill, but decidedly unmusical,
and was unable to read correctly, keep time,
or play with proper expression. Works :
Sonatas and concertos for violin. — Grove ;
Burnej', Hist., iv. 680 ; Kiemann ; Fetis ;
Mendel ; Schilling ; Gerber ; Wasielew.ski,
Die Violine, 131 ; Hart, The Violin, 228 ;
Dubourg, The Violin, 86.
LOMAGNE, JOSEPH, born at Perpi-
gnan iu 1804, died there iu 1SG8. Violinist,
pupil of Coste, maitre de chapelle of the
Cathedral of Perjjignan, then of Kreutzer
at the Paris Conservatoire. After having
been solo violin at the theatres of Nimes and
Bordeaux, he returned to his native city to
480
.i,^-'--
LOME A EDI
teach, and in 1842 founded a Conservatoire,
of which he was the director to the end of
his life. Works : La Maronite, opera ;
Mass for three voices ; Stabat Mater, with
soh and choruses ; Psalms, vespers, canti-
cles, etc. ; Trios and quartets for strings ;
Fautaisies and airs varies for violin ; Col-
lection of etudes for do. — Fetis, Supple-
ment, ii. 121.
LOMBARD: ALLA PEIJIA CROCIATA,
I (The Lombards iu the First Crusade),
Italian opera in four acts, text by Solera,
music by Verdi, first represented at La
Scala, Milan, Feb. 11, 1843. The subject,
derived from a poem by Grossi, deals with
the Lombards iu the Crusades, and is full
of assassinations and violent scenes. It was
not very successful, and Verdi rearranged
most of the music for Jerusalem. The
opera was given iu Berlin in September,
1843; at Her Majesty's, London, March 13,
1846 ; in New York, March 3, 1847 ; and
at the Theatre Italieu, Paris, Jan. 10, 18G3.
— Clement et Larousse, 408 ; Allgem. mus.
Zeitg., slvii. 778.
LOMBAEDI, CilACOJMO, born iu Parma,
Italy, iu 1810, died iu Naples, April, 1877.
Dramatic singer and compose!', fiupil at the
Naples Conservatorio of Francesco Lanza on
the pianoforte, Nozzari in singing, and of
Zingarelli and Eaimondi in composition.
Iu 1828 he became first tenor at the Teatro
Fenice iu Naples, and, after singing in other
Italian cities, went back to Naples, to sing
iu the theatres managed by the impresario
Barbaja, but soon left the stage and settled
in Naples to teach singing. Ho founded a
singing society, conducted for a few years
the theatre at Lecce, and then returned
definitely to Naples, resuming his former
occupation. Works — Oj^eras : II capitauo
ed il tutore, Malta ; II primo navigatore, il).,
1829 ; Elfrida, Lecce, 1853. 23 masses, alia
Palestrina, or with orchestra ; Church mu-
sic ; Pianoforte pieces ; Songs. — Fetis, Sup-
plement, ii. 122 ; Meudel, Erganz., 24G.
LOMBARDINI, (GIUSEPPE LOM-
BAEDO), called, boru at Palermo iu 1820,
still living, 1880. Dramatic composer, pu-
pil of Pixis on the pianoforte, of Carini iu
harmony, and of Pietro Eaimondi in coun-
terpoint ; settled, at the age of sixteen, at
Naples, where he established a school of
singing which produced many distinguished
artists. In 1857 he became director of the
Scuola di Perfezioue iu the Albergo de'
Poveri, and later of the Society of Scientists,
Litterati, and Artists. Works — Operas : La
sartiua e V usuraio, given at Naples, Teatro
Nuovo, 1853 ; Lo spaccalegua, ib., Teatro
del Fondo, 18G0 ; L' albergo dell' allegria,
ib., Teatro San Carlo, 1864 ; Lida ; La zia
Teresa, operetta, given at Palermo, Teatro
San Ferdinando ; Quattro mariti e due
moglie, ib. Ho published also two didactic
works on the art of singing. — Fetis, Sup-
plement, ii. 122.
LONGHUEST, WILLIAM HENEY,
born in London, Oct,
C, 1810, still living,
1889. Orgauist and
church composer, pu-
pil, while chorister
iu Canterbury Ca-
thedral, of High-
more Skeats, later of
Stephen Elvey and
T h o m a s E v a u c e
Jones. He was ap-
l^ointed assistant organist of the cathedral
iu 183C, and iu 1873 succeeded Jones as
organist and master of the choristers. In
1875 he received the doctor's degree.
Works : David and Absalom, oratorio
(MS.) ; The Village Fair, an Alpine Idyl,
cantata for female voices ; Anthems ; Ser-
vices ; Secular vocal music. — Grove.
LONGO, GIACOMO, born at Faro, near
Messina, Feb. 15, 1833, still living, 1889.
Dramatic composer, pupil at Messina of
Paolo Abbagnato and of Mario Aspa, whose
favourite scholar he became. In 1860 he
joined Garibaldi's troops as a volunteer,
and took part in the bloody encounter
at Milazzo. Having afterwards travelled
through Italy, he settled at Messiua, where
LOPEZ
he fouiulcJ ILe first school for choral sing-
ing, and iu 1871 became maestro di cappella
of the Teatro Vittorio Emanuele. Works :
Ezzeliuo III., ojiera, given at Messina, 1859 ;
Cantatas, and overtures for various uumi-
cipal festive occasions. — Futis, Supplement,
ii. 123.
LOPEZ (Lobo), DUARTE (Latin, Edu-
ardus Lupus), born, jirobably at Evora, Por-
tugal, iu the latter half of the IGth ceutui-y,
died in Lisbon at the age of 103 years.
Church composer and didactic writer, pupil
of Manoel Mendes, mestre de capella at
the Hospital Real, and, about 1600, at the
Cathedral of Lisbon ; about half a century
later, ho was appointed rector of the Semi-
nario Patriarcal. He formed many prom-
inent artists and comjiosers. Works : Offi-
ciuin defunctorum (choraliter) (1G03) ; 3
books of Magnificats for 4 voices (1(505,
1011) ; Liber processiouum et stationum
ecclesire Olyssiponensis (1607) ; Book of
masses for 4-8, and one for 4-G voices
(1621, 1639) ; Masses for 8 and more voices
(^IS.) ; Psalms, antiphons, motets, and other
church music. He published also Opuscula
musica (Antwerp, 1602). — Fetis ; Gerber;
Mendel ; Riemann ; Schilling ; Vasconcellos.
LORD, BOW THINE EAR. See llerr,
hore unser Gebet.
LORD GOD OF ABRAHA]\I. See Ilcrr
Gott Abrahams.
LORD OF THE MANOR, opera, text by
General John Burgoyne, music by William
Jackson (of Exeter), first represented at
Drury Lane, Dec. 27, 1780, with great suc-
cess, and kept possession of the stage for
more than fifty years. Mrs. Crouch made
her debut in this opera. — Hogarth, ii. 437.
LORELEI, cantata, for soli, chorus, and
orchestra, text by Wolfgang Miiller von
KOnigswinter, music by Ferdinand HiUer,
op. 75. Published by Kistner (Leipsic, be-
tween 1852-59). — Hanslick, Coucertwesen
in Wien, ii. 234.
LORELEI, romantic opera in four acts,
test by Emanuel Geibel, music left unfin-
ished by Mendelssohn at the time of his
death (1847). The parts completed are : I.
Finale to Act I., where the heroine, stand-
ing on the Loreley cliff (Lurleifels), invokes
the Spirits of the Rhine, first given in
Leipsic and at the Birmingham Festival
(England), in an English adaptation by Bar-
tholomew, Sept. 8, 1852. It is frequently
given as concert music iu Germany. Pub-
lished as op. 98, No. 27, of Mendelssohn's
posthumous works. H Ave !Maria, Scene 3,
for soprano solo and female chorus, given iu
London in 1800, published by Breitkopf k
Hilrtel ( Leipsic, 1808) ; HI. Winzerchor
(Vintagers' Chorus), Scene 4 (ib., 1871).
These three numbers were edited by Julius
Rietz, and published by Breitkopf & Hiir-
tel, Mendelssohn Werke, Serie 15, No. 123.
— Athenrcum (1852), 611, 976.
LORELEI, romantic opera iu four acts,
test by Emanuel Geibel, music by Max
Bruch, op. 16, first represented at ]\Iann-
heim, June 14, 1803 ; entirely remodelled
and given at Leipsic, Sept. 9, 1887. The
text, which is the same as that of the pre-
ceding, was given to Bruch after Mendels-
sohn's death. Published by F. E. C. Leuc-
kart (Breslau, 1804). — Allgem. mus. Zeitg.
(1864), 057, 073, 095 ; Siguale (1887), 785 ;
Neue Zeitg. fiir Mus. (1887), 425.
LORELEY, DIE, German opera in four
acts, test by Otto Roquette, music by Emil
Naumann, first rein-esented at the Kijnig-
Hches Opernhaus, Berlin, k\)i\\ 9, 1889.
Frau Sucher appeared iu the title-role, and
Herr KothmUhl as Graf Reginald. The
last act and part of the thii'd, which were
left unfinished by Naumann, were scored
by Albert Dietrich, of Oldenburg. — Signale
(1889), 471.
LORELY, Finnish opera, music by Fried-
rich Pacius, represented at the Alexandra
Theatre, Helsingfors, April, 1887. Same
title, opera, text and music by Otto Fiebacli,
first represented in Dantzic, April 1, 1880.
Same title, Danish opera in three acts, text
and music by Bartholdj', first represented
in Copenhagen, Oct. 26, 1887.— Siguale
(1887), 1095.
LORENZ
LORENZ, (KARL) ADOLF, born at Cos-
lin, Pomenxuia, Aug. 13, 1837, still living,
1889. Instrumental composer and writer
on music, pupil of Musikdirektor Triest in
Stettin on the pianoforte, in harmony, and
counterpoint, and while at the university in
Berlin of Dehn in counterpoint, of Fried-
rich Kiel on the pianoforte and in comi^osi-
tion, and of Kapellmeister Giihrich in in-
strumentation. After attaining the doctor's
degree he remained in Berlin till 18GJ:,
teaching ; was then called to Strasburg, to
conduct the music societj^, and in 18GG be-
came director of the town music at Stettin,
where he is also organist at the St. Jacobi-
kirche, music instructor at the Gymnasium,
and critic for the opera. Works — Operas :
Die Irrungen ; Die Namcnlose ; Ingo. Otto
der Grosse, oratorio ; Stabat Mater ; Mo-
tets ; Symphony ; Festival overture ; Octet
for strings ; Trios for pianoforte and strings ;
Fugue-concerto for 2 pianofortes ; Sonatas
and other pianoforte music ; Festival songs ;
Part-songs, and songs. — Mendel; Riemann.
LORENZ, FRIEDRICH AUGUST, born
at Chemnitz, Saxony, February, 17!)('), died(?)
Virtuoso on the bassoon, chamber musician
of the royal orchestra in Dresden. Works ;
Variations for violin ; Adagio et rondo, for
2 violins ; Themes varies for ezakan ;
Marche variee for guitar and ezakan ; 6 so-
natas for harp and violin ; Collection of
pieces for harp ; Sonata for harp ; Theme
varie, for do. ; Songs. — Fetis ; Mendel ;
Schilling.
LORENZANI, PAOLO, born in Rome in
1G40, died there, Oct. 29, 1713. Church
composer, pupil of Orazio Benevoli, first
maestro di cappella at the Jesuits' Church in
Rome, then at the Cathedral of Messina.
He went to Paris, where his motets, per-
formed by Italian singers, found great fa-
vour with Louis XIV., returned to Ital}'
about 1679, lived a few years in Naples, and
then in Rome, succeeding Beretta as papal
maestro di cappella at St. Peter's in 1G90.
Works : Collection of motets for 4 voices
(Paris, 1679) ; Magnificats for 2 choruses
(Rome, 1G90) ; Psalms for 4 choruses (MS.).
— Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilhng.
LORENZINI, RAIMONDO, born in
Rome, first half of the 18th century, died
there, May, 180G. Organist and church
composer ; appointed, in 1751, organist at
the church of S. M. Maggiore, Rome, and
in 1786 maestro di cappella. Works :
Requiem for 4 and 8 voices ; 4 motets for
3-4 voices ; O quam suavis, motet for 4
voices ; Tantum ergo, for soprano and alto ;
Salve Regina, for soprano, alto, chorus, and
orchestra ; 11 sonatas for pianoforte ; 6 di-
vertissements for pianoforte and 2 violins ;
6 notturnos for 2 clarinets, 2 horns, bassoon,
and serpent. — Fetis; Mendel; Schilling.
LORENZITI, ANTONIO, born at "^The
Hague in 1740, died at Nancy, Lorraine,
probably after 1783. Instrumental com-
poser, pupil of his father, a musician in the
service of the Prince of Orange at The
Hague ; later jjupil of Locatelli on the vio-
lin. He was appointed maitre de chapelle
at the Cathedral of Nancy in 1767. Works :
6 synqihonies ; Trios for violin, alto, and
bass ; G trios for 2 violins and bass ; G
duos for violin and viola ; About 40 quartets
for 2 violins, viola, and bass ; G duos concer-
tants for violins. — Fetis ; Gerber ; Mendel ;
Schilling.
LORENZITI, BERNARDO, born at
Kirchheim, Wiirtemberg, about 1764, died
after 1813. Violinist, brother and pupil of
Antonio Loreuziti. After completing his
studies at Nancy he joined the Opera or-
chestra in Paris as second violinist in 1787,
and was pensioned in 1813. Works : 3
concertos for violin and orchestra ; Concerto
for viola and orchestra ; 3 trios for violin,
viola, and bass ; 12 variations for 2 violins
and bass ; 11 works of duos for violins ; 10
works of etudes, caprices, and airs varies
for violin ; Duos and airs varies for violin
and flute ; Method for violin. — Fetis ; Ger-
ber ; Mendel ; Schilling.
LORET, CLEMENT, born at Termonde,
Belgium, in 1833, still living, 1889. Or-
ganist, pupil of his father, and of Denefve
483
LORETZ
at Mons iu 184G ; stmlied counterpoint un-
der Ft'tis and organ under Lemmens at the
Brussels Conservatoire in lSol-53. In
1855 lie went to Paris, and became organ-
ist successively at the Pantheon, Suresues,
and at Notre Dame des Victoires ; in 1857
he was appointed professor in Niedermej'-
er's school of sacred music, and about the
same time organist at Saint-Louis d'Antin.
Works : Exercices d'orgue (1859) ; 2-1
t'tudes for organ ; 50 pieces d'orgue jiour
messes et vrpres ; L'offiee diviu ; Metliode
comj)U'te pour orgue ; Le Calvaire, ora-
torio ; Mass, with orchestra, or organ ;
Symphony ; Pianoforte concerto ; Motets ;
Organ and pianoforte music. — Fetis, Sup-
plement, ii. 125 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 248.
LORETZ, JOHN M., born at Miihlhausen,
Alsace, in 18i0, still living, 1889. Pianist,
organist, and dramatic composer ; taken
while a child to the United States, but re-
turned in 1857 and studied at the Paris
Conservatoire under Laui-ent, Marmontel,
Reber, and others. Returning to the United
States, he made his debut as a pianist, in
1 8G0, at the Brooklj-n Philharmonic Society.
He has been organist of several churches iu
Brooklyn, conductor at the Park Tlieatre,
New York, and bandmaster in the United
States Navy. "Works : The Pearl of Bagdad,
opera, given in the Brooklyn Lyceum, 1872 ;
Ivanhoe, do. (]\[S.); Symphonic overtures ;
Masses ; Episcopal Church services ; Sona-
tas, and other music for pianoforte. — Fetis,
Supplement, ii. 12G.
LORTZING, (GUSTAY) ALBERT, born
in Berlin, Oct. 23, 1803, died there, Jan.
21, 1851. Dramatic com-
poser, pupil of Rungen-
hagen, but as his parents
were actors and travelled
much, he had to appear on
the stage and to rely chiefly
upon himself in developing
into a good ijianoforte, vio-
lin, and violoncello player.
In 1823 he married an actress and next 1 1843 ; Undine, Hamburg, 1845 ; Der Waf-
year wrote his first opera in Cologne. Ke] fenschmied zu Worms, Vienna, 184C; Zum
joined the Court Theatre company of Det-
mold in 182G as actor, and was tenor at
the Leipsic Stadt-
theaterin 1833-44.
the most successful
period of his life.
He became Kapell-
meister of the Leip-
sic theatre iu 1844,
but gave up the
place the following
year, and then
earned a precarious
living by appearing
in different places
as an actor or as conductor of his own
operas. He was made Kapellmeister of the
new Friedrich-Wilhelmstiidtisches Theater
in 1850, where he had to conduct farces
and the most trivial music. To atone for
the shameful neglect and poverty he en-
dui-ed, a splendid funeral was given him,
and a subscription was raised for his fam-
ily. He was one of the best writers of
comic opera, and his abundant humour and
natural flow of melody will long make his
works popular, though they sometimes show
the want of better training. Works— Ojieras
and operettas ; ..l/i'Pascha von Janina, given
iu Cologne, 1824 ; Der Pole und sein Kind,
Scene aus Mozart's Leben, 1832 ; Die beiden
Schiitzen, Leipsic, 1837 ; Cznr und Zimmer-
mann, ib., 1837 ; Die Scliatzkammer dcs
Inka (1838, never performed) ; Caramo, oder
das Fischerstechen, ib., 1839 ; Ifans Sach.s,
ib., 1840 ; Casanova, ib., 1841 ; Der n7/(/-
.sc/uMz, oder die Stimme der Natur, ib..
04
^eA^ ^^W^f
484
LOSCIIIIORN
Grossadmiral, Leipsic, 18-47 ; Regina (1848,
never perfonued) ; Roland's Kiiappen, Loip-
sic, 1849 ; Die Openiprobe, 1850 ; Eine Ber-
liner Grisette, farce ; Der Weilmachtsabeud,
vaudeville ; Music to Benedix's drama, Drei
Edelsteine ; Die Himmelfahrt Christi, ora-
torio ; Festival and other overtures ; ]\Iany
songs, unpublished. — Diiringer, A. Lortzing,
sein Leben und Wirkeu (Loipsie, 1851) ;
Allgem. d. Biogr., xix. 203 ; Neumann, Die
Componisten der neueren Zeit, vi. (Cassel,
1854) ; Fetis ; Riehl, Mus. Cliarakterkopfe,
i. 275.
LOSCHHORN, ALBERT, born in Ber-
lin, June 27, 1819, still living, 1889. Pian-
ist, pupil of Ludwig Berger in 1837-39 ;
later, at the Royal Institute for Church Mu-
sic of Grell, A. AV. Bach, and of Killitschgy,
whom iu 1851 he succeeded there as in-
structor of pianoforte ; iu 1858 he was ap-
pointed professor. With Adolph and Julius
Stahlknecht be established in 1847 a series
of trio-soirees, and iu 1853 the three made
a concert tour in Russia Avith great success.
Works : Etudes ; Sonatas ; Suites ; Quar-
tets for pianoforte and strings ; Concert
pieces ; Nocturnes ; Waltzes, and other com-
positions, iu all about 140 numbers. — jNIen-
del ; Fetis ; do.. Supplement, ii. 120; Rie-
mann, 534.
LOSEL, JAN JIRf, Bohemian composer
of the first half of the 18th century. He
lived in Prague, about 1724-45, as Kapell-
meister to the Prince of Lowenstein.
Works— Oratorios : Die obsiegeude Liebe
(iber die Gerechtigkeit, etc., given at Prague,
in the Church of St. Cajetan, 1724 ; Das
bittere Leiden Jesu, ib., 172(5 ; Das be-
weinte Grab des Heilands, 1745. — Fetis ;
Mendel.
LOTARIO, Italian opera in three acts,
text founded on a libretto by Matteo Noris,
music by Handel, first represented at the
King's Theatre, London, Dec. 2, 1729. Char-
acters represented : Adelaide, Regina d' I-
talia (S.) ; Lotario, Re di Germauia, ed
amante di Adelaide (C); Berengario, gia
Duca di Spoleto, Re d' Italia (T.) ; Matilde,
sposa di Berengario (A.) ; Llelberto, figlio
di Berengario, ed amante di Adelaide (A.) ;
and Clodomiro, capitano di Berengario (B.).
The MS. in Buckingham Palace is dated, at
the end, Nov. 1(5, 1729. The tenor, sung
first by Fabri, is the chief solo part, which
was then an innovation, the hero of ojiera
having previously been assigned to a so-
jn-ano. It was given ten times during
Hiindel's life. Given in Handiurg inider
the title of Judith, with recitatives by Tele-
mann, Nov. 27, 1732. Published by Cluer
(London, 1729) ; Breitkopf & Hiirtel (Leip-
sic, 1879). — Chrysander, ii. 235.
LOTT, EDWIN MATTHEW, born at
St. Heller's, Jersey, Jan. 31, 183(5, still living,
1889. Organist and vocal composer, pupil
of W. T. Best, in 1851-52. He was organ-
ist of St. Matthew's, Jersey, in 184(5, of St.
Saviour's, St. Luke's, and St. Mark's in 1848-
(50, of St. Clement Danes, Strand, Loudon,
iu 18(50, of St. Peter's, Bayswater, in 18G3,
and of Christ Church, Kensington, in 1864.
In 18G5 he founded a college of organists,
and became professor of music in Victoria
College, Jersey, in 18(57 was bandmaster of
three regiments in Jersey and organist of
St. Simon's, Jersey, and in 1869 of St. Hel-
ler's parish church. Returning to London,
was organist again at St. Peter's, Bayswater
in 1870-79, of St. Ethelburga, Bisliopsgate,
in 1880, professor of composition and coun-
terpoint at Trinity College in 1879-80, and
organist of St. Sepulchre's, London, in 1883.
In 1885 be was made Mus. Doc. by Toronto
University and in 1886 examiner for the
same. Works : Thus saith the Lord, the
heaven is my throne, cantata ; Services ; Te
Deum ; Anthems, and other church music ;
Orchestral selections ; String quartet ; Part-
song, for 5 -voices ; Organ music, and over
300 pianoforte pieces ; Songs. He pub-
lished A Pianoforte Catechism (London,
1879) ; Harmony (ib.) ; Dictionary of Mu-
sical Terms (ib.).
LOTTA D' ALCIDE CON ACHELOS, LA
(The Combat of Hercules with Achelous), di-
vertimento drammatico in one act, text prob-
4S5
LOTTCIIEN
ably by Mauro, music by Steffimi, supposed
to have been first represented at tlie Sum-
mer Theatre, Herrenbausen, in 1G89. Han-
del drew bis Angels ever bright and fair
from this work.
LOTTCHEN AIM HOFE (Charlotte at
Court), Singspiel in three acts, text by Chr.
Fr. Weisse, music by Johann Adam Hiller,
first performed in Leipsic in 1769. This
was an imitation of Bertoldo alia corte, an
Italian comic opera by Ciampi. Arrange-
ment for the pianoforte published by Breit-
kopf & Hiirtel (Leipsic, ISil).
LOTTI, ANTONIO, born, probably at
Venice, about 1G6.5 or 1GG7, died there, Jan.
5, 1740. Son of Matteo Lotti, Kapellmeis-
ter at the Court of Hanover, and pupil of
Giovanni Legrenzi ; entered the Doge's
chapel while a boj-, and in 1G87 joined the
Confrateruita Musicale di Santa Cecilia,
and was appointed in lG8i) contraltist, with
a salary of one hundred ducats. In 1690
he became deputy organist with a salary of
one hundred and thirty ducats, in 1692
succeeded Pollarolo as second organist, and
in 170-1: succeeded Spada as first organist,
which post he held forty years, obtaining
pei'mission in 1732 to employ as substitute
his pupil Saratelli, afterwtu'ds his successor.
In 1733 the post of maestro di cappella be-
coming vacant hy Biffi's death, Lotti was
elected in 1736 to succeed him after two
competitive examinations, in which his un-
successful rivals were Pollarolo, Porpora,
and Giovanni Porta. His salary was four
hundred ducats. IMeanwhile he composed
his famous Miserere, which superseded
that by Legrenzi, and has been sung at S.
Marco on Maundy Thursday ever since.
He wrote also much church music with or-
gan accompaniment, and, between 1693 and
1717, seventeen operas. In 1717 he visited
Dresden on invitation of the Crown Prince
of Saxony, with a company of singers
(Boschi, Personelli, and his own wife, born
Santa Stella, among them — the joint salary
of husband and wife being about eight thou-
sand dollars). The success of his oiDeras in
Dresden was great, but although he got an
extension of his leave of absence from the
Procuratori of S. Marco, he was obliged to
return to Venice in 1719 or resign his post.
After his return he composed entirely for
the church and chamber. He died of a
long and painful dropsy, and was buried in
the Church of San Geminiauo, where his
widow erected a monument to him. She
followed him in 1759, and was buried by
his side. The monument was destroyed
with the church in 1815. Lotti stood upon
the dividing line between the old, severe
school of counterpoint, and the more modern
school of Alessandro Scarlatti and Handel.
His music is noted especially for purity of
style, grace, pathos, and expressive beauty.
He was so fearful of overloading the voices
that he used only the organ as an accom-
paniment to his sacred music, and in his
operas it is only in those scores written for
Dresden that wind instruments are used in
the orchestra. Among his more famous
pupils were Saratelli, Marcello, Alberti,
Bassani, Gasparini, and Galuppi. One of
his songs, " Pur dicesti," is stiU popular.
The i)lagiarism of his madrigal, "In una
siepe ombrosa," by Bouoncini in 1731
caused the defeat of that composer in his
famous rivalry with Handel. For the
anonymous criticism of his madrigals in
the notorious " Lettera famigliare d' uu ac-
cademico filarmonico," see Blarcello.
Works — L Operas : Giustino, Venice,
1693 ; II trionfo deU' innocenza, ib., 1693 ;
First act of Tirsi (2d and 3d acts by Arios-
ti), ib., 1696; Achille placato, ib., 1707;
Teuzzone, ib., Teatro di San Cassiano, 1707,
Bologna, 1711, and Mantua, 1719 ; Ama
pill ehi men si crede, Venice, 1709 ; II
commando non inteso ed ubidito, ib., 1709 ;
Sidonio, ib., Teatro di San Cassiano, 1709 ;
Isaccio tiranno, ib., 1710 ; La forza del
sangue, ib., 1711 ; II tradimento traditor
di se stesso, ib., Teatro di San Giovanni
Crisostomo, 1711 ; L' infedelta punita, ib.,
1712 ; Porsenna, ib., Teatro di San Giovanni
Crisostomo, 1712, Naples, Teatro San Bar-
4S0
LOTTIN
tolomeo (with additions bj' Scarlatti), 1713 ;
Irene Augusta, Venice, 1713 ; II Polidoro,
ib., Teatro SS. Giovanni e Paolo, 1714: ;
Foca Superbo, ib., 1715 ; Costautino (over-
ture by Fux), Vienna, 171G ; Alessandro
Severe, Venice, 1717 ; II vincitor generoso,
ib., 1718 ; Giove in Argo, Dresden, 1717-
18 ; Ascauio, ovvero gli odi delusi del
sangue, ib., 1718 ; Teofaue (witli Palla-
vicino), ib., 1718-19.
II. Church music: Messa de' defonti, a
eappella, in F ; Messa del quinto touo, a 4
voci, a eappella ; Messa a 2 voci con orgauo,
iu D minor (Berlin, Bote & Bock) ; Messa
breve a 3 voci, in C ; Benedictus Domiuus
Deus Israel, and Miserere, a 4 voci, a cajj-
pella, iu D minor ; do., and do., a cai^polla,
in G minor, 1733 ; Laudate pueri, a 3 voci
cou 2 violiui, viola e basso (Berlin, Bote &
Bock) ; Salve Kegina, a 4 voci, a eappella ;
Vere languores nostros, a 3 voci, a eappella
(Berlin, Bote & Bock) ; Other sacred works
in the Santini Collection, iu Hullali's Part-
Music, in Proske's Mus. Div., iu Rochlitz,
and in Trautwein's Auswahl vorziigl. Mu-
sikwcrke.
in. Other works : II voto crudele, ora-
torio, Vienna, 1712 ; L'umilta coronata, do.,
ib., 1714 ; Gioa, re di Giuda, do., Venice ;
Giuditta, do., ib. ; Spirito di Dio, madrigal
for the ceremony of the Doge's espousal of
the Adriatic, sung on board the Bucentoro,
ib., 1736 ; Sommo duce iu trono assiso,
quartetto pastorale, con violiui, viola e
basso ; Duetti, terzetti e madrigali cousa-
crati alia C. E. Maestu di Giuseppe I. im-
peratore da Antonio Lotti Veneto, organista
^/^
^/
'.-^^
della eappella di S. Marco (Venice, Antonio
Bertali, 1705) ; 12 duetti da camera, Santini
Collection — Grove ; Fctis ; Mendel ; Schil-
ling.
LOTTIN, DENIS, born iu Orleans,
France, Nov. 19, 1773, died there in 1826.
Violinist, pupil of Fridzeri at Eennes in
1786-89, later, in Paris, of Grasset. In
1805 he settled in his native town as first
violinist iu the theatre orchestra, and to
conduct the amateur concerts. Works :
Vive Henry IV., symphony ; 2 concertos
for violin ; 6 works of duos for violins ; 3
sonatas and several airs varies for violin ;
Method for violin. — Fetis ; Mendel.
LOTTO, ISIDOR, born in Warsaw, Dec.
22, 1840, still living, 1889. Violin virtu-
oso, pupil at the Conservatoire, Paris, of
Massart on the violin, and of Eeber in com-
position. From early youth conspicuous
by his talent, be became soon one of the
first violinists of the present time, made
extensive concert tours, became in 1862
chamber musician and solo violin to the
Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar, and iu 1872
was aijpointed instructor at the Conserva-
toriuni, Strasburg. He has published some
brilliant compositions for his instrument in
the .salon style. — Mendel ; Riemauu.
LOUCHET, GUSTAVE, born at Bou-
logne-sur-Mer, Oct. 4, 1840, still living,
1889. Piauist, fii-st instructed by his fa-
ther, an excellent amateur, then for three
years pupil at the Maitrise of Eoueu under
Vervoitte, and at the Conservatoire, Paris,
of Marmontel on the pianoforte, and of
Muratet in harmony, counterpoint, and
fugue. After living at Eouen several years,
he settled iu 1876 iu Paris. Works : Psalm
CXLV., for solo and chorus, with organ
or orchestra, op. 1 ; Hymne de Noel,
chorus for four voices, op. 6 ; Ave Maria,
do. for male voices, op. 7 ; L'Abeille, do.,
op. 12 ; Hymne u la mer, do., op. 16 ; O
sacrum convivium, do. for mixed voices,
with organ, op. 10 ; Tantum ergo, do., or
with orchestra, op. 15 ; O salutaris, for bar-
itone, with violin and organ, op. 5 ; Piano-
I foi-te music. — Fetis, Supplement, ii. 127.
LOUET (not Louette, Louve, or Louvet),
ALEXANDRE, born in Marseilles, France,
in 1753, died in Paris in 1817. Dramatic
and instrumental comi^oser ; cultivated mu-
sic as an amateur till the loss of his for-
tune in the Revolution caused him to go to
487
LOUIS
PiU-is to utilize bis talent. He was iiusuc-
cessful, and finally obliged to earn bis liv-
ing by j)ianofoite-tuniiig. Works — Operas :
La double clef, ou Colombine coiumissaire,
given in Paris, Comedie Italienne, 1786 ;
Amelie, Theatre Feydeau, 1797 ; 4 sonatas
for pianoforte and violin ; Sonatas and
other pieces for pianoforte ; Songs. — Fetis ;
Mendel.
LOUIS FERDIN.^D (Ludwig Friedrich
Christian, called). Prince of Prussia, born at
Friedrichsfelde, near Berlin, Nov. 18, 1772,
died ou the battlefield near Saalfeld, Oct. G,
180G. Pianist and instrumental composer,
first instructed by French tutors, afterwards
(1800) pupil of Diissek, who became his inti-
mate friend ; Beethoven, on his visit to Ber-
lin in 1796, highly commended the Prince's
talent, and dedicated to him several of bis
compositions. Works : Quintet for piano-
forte and strings, op. 1 ; 2 quartets for do.,
op. 5 and 6 ; 2 trios for do., op. 2 and 10 ;
Larghetto, with variations, for do., op. 11 ;
Andante for do., op. 4 ; Octet for pianoforte,
clarinet, 2 horns, 2 violins, and 2 violon-
cellos, op. 12 ; Notturno for pianoforte,
flute, and string-trio ; Andante for piano-
forte quartet ; liondo for pianoforte, with
orchestra, op. 13 ; Fugues, variations, etc.,
for i^iauoforte. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xis. 582 ;
Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
LOUIS XUL, King of France (1610-43),
born at Foutainebleau, Sept. 27, 1601, died
at. Saint-Germain, May 14, 1643. He stud-
ied music and cultivated it with success ;
one of his compositions, Tu crois, 6 beau
soleil, a song for four voices, is given in
Kircher's Musurgie (I. S. 690). The Ga-
votte de Louis XIII., since 1870 a favourite
with French and German orchestras, is not
his work, but a separate part of the cele-
brated Circe, ou le ballet de la reine. — Fe-
tis ; Mendel.
LOVENSK.JOLD, HERMANN SE\T<;-
RIN, Baron VON, born in Norway, July 30,
1815, died at Copenhagen, Dec. 5, 1870.
Dramatic composer, studied at Copenhagen,
whither he went with his father, a Dane, in
1829. In 1841 he became royal chamber
musician, and in 1851 organist of the
royal chapel. "Works — Operas : Sara, given
at Copenhagen, 1839 ; Kullamanens Grotte,
ib., 1811 ; lldproven, ib., 1818 ; Turandot,
ib., 1851 ; Sylphen, ballet, ib., 1836 ; Music
to the drama Kong Wolmar og Havfruen ; 2
concert overtures ; Quintet ; Trio ; Pianoforte
music, and songs. — Mendel, Ergiinz., 245.
L()W, JOSEF, boru in Prague, Jan. 23,
1834, died there, Oct. 5, 1886. Pianist,
made a successful concert tour through
Moravia, Silesia, Galicia, and the Bukowiua
in 1854, and settled in Prague in 1856, to
teach the pianoforte. He has published
more than 300 works for his instruments,
among which are many valuable pieces of
instructive character.
LOWE, JOHANN JACOB, boru at Eise-
nach in 1620, died at Liincburg in Septem-
ber, 1703. Virtuoso on the violin ; studied
in Vienna, and became Kapellmeister to
the Duke of Brunswick in 1655, and to the
Duke of Zeitz in 1663. Afterwards he was
again in Vienna, and in 1682 was appointed
organist at Liineburg. Works : Amehnde,
oder die triumphirende Seele, geistliches
Singsijiel, given at Wolfoubiittel, 1657 ; Or-
pheus aus Thracien, der Calliope und dcs
Apollonis Sohn, ib., 1659 ; Iphigenia, ein
konigliches Friiulein, ib., 1661 ; Sympho-
nies, intradas, gagliardas, siirabauds, etc.,
for 3-5 instruments (Bremen, 1657) ; 12
neue geistliche Concerte, for 1-3 voices,
with 2 violins and organ (Wolfenbilttel,
1660) ; Canons for 1-8 parts, vocal and in-
strumental.— Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
LOWE, KARL. See Lorwe.
LOWENSTERN, MATTHAUS Al'EL-
LES VON (real name Lijwe), born at Neu-
stadt, Upper Silesia, April 20, 1594, died at
Oels, Nether Silesia, April 3, 1648. Vocal
composer, music director to the Duke of
Brunswick-Oels, in whose service he filled
also several administrative oflBces, and whith-
er he returned, after having been employed
at the court of Emperor Ferdinand H.,
in 1631. Works: Symbola oder Gedenk-
LiJBECK
spriiche, a collection of 30 sacred songs, for
1-9 voices. — FL'tis ; Mendel ; Schilling-.
LtJBECK, ERNST HEINRICH, born at
The Hague, Aug. 24, 1829, died in Paris,
Sept. 17, 187G. Pianist, son and pupil of
Johann Heinrich Liibeck. Ho visited the
United States, Mexico, and Peru in 1849-
52 ; on his return was made court pianist
at The Hague ; and in 1851 settled in Paris,
where he taught and played in chamber con-
certs with Armingaud, Lalo, and Jacquard.
In his last years he became insane. Berlioz
says he had prodigious execution and an ex-
cellent style. Works : Concerto for piano-
forte with orchestra ; Polonaise, Tarentelle,
Berceuse, Trilby the Sprite, many etudes,
etc., for pianoforte. — Fetis, Sujiplcment, ii.
120 ; Mendel ; Riemanu.
LUBIN. See ,S'ai/)/-Lubin.
LUCANTONI, GIOVANNI, bornatMace-
rata, Italy, in 1825, still living, 1889. Pu-
pil of Giovanni Pacini in Lucca and Viareg-
gio, and of Vaccaj at the Milan Conserva-
torio ; settled in Paris in 1857. Works :
Don Chisciotte, ballet, Milan, 1815 ; Elisa,
opera, ib., 1850 ; Cantata, ib. ; A mass ;
Overture for orchestra ; Romances ; Duets ;
Melodies for the voice. — Fetis, Supplement,
ii. 130 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 2-49.
LUCAS, CHARLES, born in Salisbury,
England, July 28, 1808, died in London,
]March 30, 1869. Violoncellist and organist,
pupil at the Royal Academy of Jlusic of
Lindley and Crotch in 1823-30 ; became vio-
loncellist in the private band of Queen
Adelaide, afterwards in the orchestra of the
Italian opera, and in 1832 conductor at
the Royal Academy. Organist of Hanover
Cliapel, Regent Street, 1839. Principal of
the Royal Academy of Music in 1859-6G.
Works : The Regicide, ojjera ; 3 symj^houies ;
String quartets ; Anthems ; Songs. — Grove.
LUCCHESI, ANDREA, born at Motta,
Venetian Friuli, May 27, 1711, died early
in the 19th century. Dramatic composer,
pupil of Paoluzzi, Seratelli, and Cocchi. He
appeared in Bonn as musical director of a
travelling Italian opera company in 1771,
and was engaged, until his deatli, as Kapell-
meister, by the Elector of Cologne. His
operas Avere given in Venice and Bonn.
Works — Operas : L' isola della fortuna,
17G5 ; II marito geloso, 17GG ; Lc donne
sempre donne ; H matrimouio per astuzia,
1771 ; II natal di Giove ; L' inganno sco-
perto ; Ademira, 1775. Intermezzos and
cantatas; Latin oratorio; Masses, vesjjer.s,
and motets ; 3 symphonies ; Sonatas for
pianoforte and violin ; Trio and quartets ;
Pianoforte concertos. — Fetis ; Mendel ;
Schilling.
LUCCHESI, FREDIANO MATTEO, born
at Lucca about 1710, died there, Aug. 18,
1779. Church composer, pupil of Leonardo
Leo ; became maestro di cappella of the col-
legiate church of S. Michele in Foro.
Works: Several masses for 2-5 voices a
cappella ; Mass, with two orchestras ; Re-
sponses for 4 voices, for Holy Week ; 13
services, for do., with full orchestra ; Many
motets. — Fetis, Supplement, ii. 132.
LUCCHESI, GIULIO MARL\, born at
Pisa, Italj', middle of the 18th century,
died ('?). Virtuoso on the violin, pupil of
Moriano and Nardiui, and in counterpoint
of Cecchi ; lived for a long time in Vienna,
then entered the service of the Archbishop
of Salzburg, and in 1799 returned to Italy.
Works : Sj'mphonies for orchestra ; 3 duos
for violins, op. 1 ; do., op. 2 ; G sonatas for
pianoforte and violin, op. 3 ; Vocal music.
—Fetis.
LUCE-VARLET, CHARLES, born at
Douai, France, Dec. 1, 1781, died there in
1S5G. Violinist and dramatic composer ; at
lirst studied in his native city, then was a
pupil at the Paris Conservatoire of Baillot
on the violin, of Catel in harmony, and of
Gossec in counterpoint ; returned to Douai
in 1805, and established orchestral concerts,
which he conducted, and quartet soirees, in
which he played first violin. L. of Honour,
1845. Works — Operas : Caroline de Tytz-
denz, given at Douai, 1820 ; La prevention,
ib., 1822, Valenciennes and Cambrai, 1825 ;
La mort de Paul I. (with Victor Lefevre and
LUCIA
Bovi'ry), Douai, 1834 ; Les ruines dii Mout-
Cassin, ib., 183G ; LYK've Je Piesbourg,
Paris, Opt'ra Comique, 18-10. Eutr'uctes for
dramas, given at Douai ; Many cantatas,
hymns, and choruses, with orchestra ;
Overture for orchestra ; 2 concertos for
violin and orchestra ; Quintet for strings ;
i works of quartets for do. ; 3 trios for do. ;
2 do. for pianoforte and strings ; Airs
varies, for violin, etc. — Fetis.
LUCIA DI LAJIMEmiOOE, Italian
opera in three acts, text by Cammii.rauo,
Dolores Nau.
music by Donizetti, first rejiresented in
Naples, Sept. 2G, 1835. Donizetti, who
wrote the text of the last act himself, de-
signed the parts of Lucia and Edgardo for
Persiani and Dujjrez, who aiDjieared in the
original cast. The subject is from Sir
Walter Scott's romance, " The Bride of
Lanimermoor ; " the scene, Scotland, about
IGOO. It is generally considered Donizetti's
masterpiece, and is one of the most pojiular
Italian operas. Among the best numbers
are Lucia's arias, " Eegnava nel silenzio,"
and " Quando rapita in estasi ; " her mad
song, " Oh, gioja che si seuti," which gives
the artist opportunity for a brilliant display
of technique ; her farewell duet with Ed-
gardo ; her duet with Enrico, "Soffi-iva nel
jsianto ; " the sextet in the second act,
"Chi mi frena," and Edgardo's grand sceua
" Tombe degl' avi miei," with the cantilena,
" Tu che a Dio spiegasti 1' ali." Lucia has
been a favourite role with many great sing-
ers, including Mmes Castellan, Caroline Du-
prez, Frezzolini, Lagrange, Adelina Patti,
Nilsson, Albaui, Gerster, and de Murska.
It was given at the Theatre de la Eeuais-
sance, Paris, Aug. 10, 1839 ; and at the
Op6ra, Feb. 20, 1846, with Mile Nau and
M. Duprez iu the principal parts ; first
time in London at Her Majesty's, April
5, 1838, and at the Princess's Theatre, Jan.
19, 1843 ; first iu New York, in English,
Nov. 17, 1845, iu Italian, Nov. 14, 1849.
Full score published by Ricordi (Milan)
and bj' Diabelli (Vienna). Le uozze di Lam-
mermoor, Italian opera, text by Balocchi,
music by Carafa di Colobrano, Paris, Dec.
12, 1829 ; La lidanzata di Lammormoor, by
Luigi Eicci, Trieste, November, 1831, and
by Alberto Mazzucato, Padua, 1834. Bru-
deu fra Lanimermoor, Danish opera, text by
Anderson, music by J. Bredal, Copenhagen,
1832. — Clement et Larousse, 411 ; Allgem.
mus. Zeitung (38), 173 ; Lajarte, ii. 180 ;
Athenffium (1838), 259 ; Upton, Standard
Operas, 89.
LUCIFER, Flemish oratorio, text by E.
Hiel, music by Peter Beuoit, first perform-
ed in Brussels, Sejit. 20, 18GG. Given iu
Paris, at the Trocadcro, 1883.
LUCILLA, D0:\1ENIC0, born at Eio-
freddo, Feb. 17, 1820, died iu Eome, Janu-
ary, 1885. Dramatic composer, pupil at
the Lyceo Musicale, Bologna, of Corticelli
and Goliuelli on the pianoforte, and of
Gaetano Gasjjaii in harmony, then at Loreto
inipil of Domenico Vecchiotti. He settled
iu Eome, where he became president of the
Accademia Filarmonica. Works— Operas :
11 solitario, given in Rome, Teatro Valle,
1853 ; Giuliano Salviati, ib., 1854 ; H sin-
daco del villaggio, ib., Teatro Capranica,
1857 ; L' eroe delle Astuiie, Eeggio d'
LUCIO
Einilia, 1802 ; II conto di Beuzeval, Forrara,
1873 ; La bella fauciulla di Perth ; Tom-
maso Chattertou ; Cautata, Kome, Teatro
Apollo, 1856 ; do., ib., 1871 ; do., sung by
700 voices in tbe place of the Capitol,
1871. — Fetis, Sui323lemeut, ii. 132.
LUCIO SILLA, Italian opera in three
acts, text by Giovanni da Gamera, revised
by jMetastasio, music by ^Mozart, first repre-
sented in Milan, Dec. 2C, 1772. Scene in
and near llonie. Characters rej^resented :
Lucio Silla, dictator (T.) ; Giunia, betrothed
to Cecilio (S.) ; Lucio Cinna, patrician (S.);
Cecilio, senator (S.) ; Celia (S.) ; and Au-
fidio, tribune (T.). Published by Breit-
kopf & Hiirtel, Mozart Werke, Serie 5, No.
8. Same test, 023era by Johann Christian
Bach, Mannheim, 1771 ; and by Anfossi,
Venice, 1771. — KOchel, Verzeichniss, No.
135 ; Jahn, Mozart, i. 231, 287 ; Nissen, i.
273 ; Gehring-, -49 ; Caecilia, xxiv. 79 ; All-
gem, mus. Zeitg., sx. 91.
LUCIO VERO, Italian opera, text by
Zeno, music by Sacchini, first represented
at the San Carlo, Naples, Nov. 4, 17G4.
Given in Loudon in December, 1773. Sub-
ject, the story of Berenice, daughter of
Agrippa I. of Judaia. Other operas, same
text, music by Pollarolo, Venice, 1700 ; by
Perti, Bologna, 1717 ; by Torri, Munich,
1720 ; by Ariosti, London, 172G ; by Bioni,
Breslau, 1727 ; by Araja, Venice, 1735 (in
Florence as Berenice, 1730) ; and by Scala-
brini, Hamburg, 174G.
LUCREZIA BORGIA, Italian opera in
three acts, text by Felice Romani, music by
Donizetti, first represented at La Scala, Mi-
lan, Dec. 20, 1834. Original cast :
Gennaro Signor Pedrazzi.
Alfonso Signor Marini.
Orsiui Mile Brambilla.
Lucrezia Mme Lalaude.
Subject, the story of Lucrezia, natural
daughter of Cardinal Borgia (afterwards
Pope Alexander VI.), who became the wife
of Alfonso d' Este, son of the Duke of Fer-
rara, and of Gennaro, her own illegitimate
son, who, brought tip by a fisherman, rises
to high rank in the Venetian army, and at
last falls a victim to his own mother. The
libretto is a free adaj)tation of Victor Hugo's
drama, " Lucrece Borgia" (1833). When
the ojiera was jiroduced in Paris, at the
Th6:itre Itahen, Oct. 27, 1840, Hugo
brought action for infringement of copj--
right, won his case, and the libretto was
rewritten, the scene being changed to Tur-
key and the Italians to Turks. The ojiera
was rexn'oduced in its new form, under the
title La Rinegata, Jan. 14, 1845 ; and a
French version, entitled Nizza de Grenade,
Therese Tietjens.
was prepared for the provinces. A com-
promise was finally effected by the pajanent
of an indemnity to the author, and Lucrezia
then assumed its original form. Lucrezia
Borgia ranks with Lucia di Lammermoor
and La Favorita as Donizetti's most success-
ful operas, and marks a half-way point be-
tween the style of Rossini and that of Verdi.
Lucrezia was sung by Grisi with brilliant
success and was one of Tietjens' best charac-
ters. Among the best numbers are : Lu-
crezia's aria, " Com' e bello ; " Gennaro's
romanza, "Di pescatore ignobilc ;" " Vieni
la luia vendetta," sung by Duke Alfonso ;
LUDOVIC
his duet with Luci-ezia, " O ! a te batla ; "
the trio, " Gnai se ti sfugge," sung by Lu-
crezia, Gemiaro, and Alfonso ; and Orsini's
driuliiiig-song, " H segreto per esser fehci."
The opera was given at Her Majesty's, Lon-
don, in two acts, June 6, 1839, for the debut
of Mario, and at the Princess's Tlieatre, in
English, Dec. 30, 1843. It was first repre-
sented in New York, Sept. 5, 1854, with
Mario, Siisini, Mme Grisi, and Mme Stra-
kosch. Score published by Ricordi (Milan) ;
by Diabclli (Vienna) ; and by Breitkopf &
Htirtel (Leipsic). — Clement et Larousse,
413 ; Athenaeum (1839), 437 ; (1844), 20 ;
Upton, Standard Operas, 95.
LUDOVIC, drame-lyrique in two acts,
test by Saint-Georges, music by Herold,
first represented at the Opera Comique,
Paris, May 16, 1833. Horold died while at
work on this opera, and it was completed
by Hah'vy. — Clement et Larousse, 414.
LUHRSS, KARL, born in Schwerin,
April 7, 1824, died in Berlin, Nov. 11,
1882. Pianist, first instructed by his father,
who was organist and court musician at
Schwerin, then in Berlin pupil at the Roy-
al Academy and of Mendelssohn. From
1841 he often appeared suecessfull}' in con-
certs, and in 1847 went to Rome ; after his
return in 1848 he taught pianoforte and
singing at Schwerin, and in 1851 settled in
Berlin. Works : Psalm CVIII. for soli, cho-
rus, and orchestra, performed at Schwerin ;
2 symphonies for orchestra, Berlin and Leip-
sic ; Quartet for strings ; Trio for pianoforte
and strings ; Sonatas for pianoforte, and for
do. and violin ; Songs. — Fetis ; Mendel.
LUISA JIILLER, Italian opera in four
acts, text by Cammarano, from Schiller's
drama " Kabale uud Liebe," music by
Verdi, first represented at Naples, Dec. 8,
1849. Given at the Opera, Paris, Feb. 2,
1853 ; in English at Sadler's Wells Theatre,
London, June 3, and in Italian at Her Maj-
esty's, June 8, 1858 ; in New York, first
time, Castle Garden, 1853. Luisa was a
favorite character ^vith IMme Anna de La-
grange.— Grove, iv. 248 ; Clement et La-
rousse, 41G ; Athenreum (1858),
Krehbiel, Review (188G-87), 8.
i. 759 ;
Anna de Lagrange.
LULLY (Lulli), JEAN r..\PTISTE, born
at or near riorence, Italy, in 1(!33, died
in Paris, March 22,
1G87. Son of Lo-
renzo de' Lulli, a
Florentine gentle-
man, and Catarina
del Serta ; pupil of
an old Franciscan
monk in the rudi-
V ~ nients of music
and on the gui-
The Chevalier de Guise took him to
France, where he first became scullion in
the kitchen of Mademoiselle de Montpen-
sier. The Comte de Nogent, happening to
hear him one day amusing himself by play-
ing popular airs on a wretched little violin,
reported the boy's talent to " la Grande
Mademoiselle," who gave him a place among
her musicians. But the mischievous young-
ster was soon discharged for setting to mu-
sic some satirical verses on Mademoiselle.
He next gained admission to the Iving's
band, and attracted the notice of Louis
XIV. bj' some airs for violin which he wrote.
tar.
49-2
LULLY
His talent as a solo player imlnccd that
mouarch to ajjpoiut him inspector of his
violinists (a baud of eighty players, known
as " la grande bande "), and to found a new
band of twenty-four ("lespetits violons"),
to be under his especial direction. Lully"s
" petits Yiolons " soon surpassed the older
band. Feeling that his musical education
had been but slight, Lully gave up the vio-
lin, and began seriously to study the clave-
cin and composition under Metru, Rober-
det, and Gigault, orgauists at Saint-Nicolas-
des-Chamiis. He was soon appointed to
compose music for the court ballets, and
later (about 16G0) to write ballet divertisse-
ments for some of Cavalli's operas, then
given for the first time in France. It was
by studying the scores of Cavalli and other
Venetian composers that Lully laid the chief
foundations of his own style. This influ-
ence was almost immediately perceptible in
the divertissements he wrote to some of
Moliere's comedies. From 1C58 to 1671
he wrote thirty ballets, in which he himself
sometimes danced with considerable success.
The last of them was for Moliere's " Psyche "
(1G71). Next year the King appointed him
" surintendant de la musique de chambre,"
and " maitre de musique " to the royal
family. But these honours did not satisfy
liis ambition. The privilege of founding
an " Aeademie de Musique," granted to the
Abbe Perrin, Juno 28, 1G60, raised his
envy. His character for honour was never
high, and by a series of intrigues, in which
Madame de Montespan figured a good deal,
he got Perriu's patent transferred .to him-
self (March, 1G72), to the exclusion of
Henri Guichard and Jean de Grenoulllet,
who seem to have had a legal claim on Per-
rin's succession. But whether Lully had a
right to the position or not, he certainly
filled it admirably. Ho gave his personal
attention to every detail of the management
of the Academie Royale de Musique, which
has since become so famous. He was not
only director, stage manager, ballet-master,
conductor, and machinist at once, but taught
new singers and dancers, and composed all
the music given at the theatre. Finding
an admirable collaborator in the poet Qui-
nault, he wrote twenty operas and divertisse-
ments between the years 1G72 and 168G.
On July 24, 1GG2, he married Madeleine,
daughter of the singer Lambert, bj' whom
he had three sons and three daughters.
He was a man of the readiest wit, of great
astuteness, thoroughly unscrupulous and
avaricious, in which last quality his family
resembled him. He died of an abscess in
the foot, brought on by hitting his toe with
his baton while conducting his " Te Deum,"
Jan. 8, 1687. He was granted naturaliza-
tion papers as a Frenchman in 1G61. He
left a large fortune, and his family erected
a superb monument to him, surmounted by
a bust by Cotton, which still stands in the
church des Petits-Peres, near the place des
Victoires. There are many portraits of him,
the most noted being those engraved by
Edelinck, Thomas, Saint-Aubin (from Colig-
non's bust), and Desnochers. Mignard's
portrait has been lost. Lully 's genius was
epoch-making ; he was the true founder of
the French " tragedie-lj'riq\ie " or grand
opera, as it is now called. If he took the
form of his airs slavishly enoiigh from Ve-
netian models, ho was a bold innovator in al-
most every other direction. He expanded
the meagre instrumental prelude of the
Italian opera into a worthy musical form
(very like that adopted by Handel) ; his
recitatives are still models of style in their
noble freedom and dramatic expressive-
ness. He was the first really great opera
composer in France, and one of the greatest
in all history. In composing it was his
habit to write only the voice j)art and the
bass, leaving the completion of the sketch
and the scoring to his pupils Lalouette and
Colasse. His works held the stage up-
wards of a century.
Works — I. Operas : Ties fetes de I'Amour
et de Bacchus, pastoral, Paris, Theatre du
Bel-Air, Nov. 15, 1672; Cadnui.'i et Her-
mione, lyric tragedy, ib., April, 1673 ;
4'J3
LULLY
Alceste, ou le tiiomplie d'Alcide, iil., Theatre
du Palais Roj-al, Jan. 19, 1G74 ; Thesee, id.,
Saiut-Germaiueu-Laye, Feb. 3, 1675 ; Le
Carnaval, opura-ballet, Oct. 17, 1675 ; Ah/><,
lyric tragedy, Saint-Germain, Jan. 10, 1676,
and Paris, August, 1677 ; Ms, tragedie-
opera, Acadcmie Royalo de Musiqiie, Jan.
5, 1677 ; Piiyche, lyric tragedy, ib., April 9,
1678 ; Bellerophon, opera, ib., Jan. 31, 1679 ;
rroarrpine, lyric tragedy, Saint-Germain,
Feb. 3, and Academie Royale de Musique,
Nov. 19, 1680; Le
triomphe de rAmour,
opOra-ballet, Saint-
Germain, Jan. 21, and
Academic Royale de
Musique, MayG, 1681;
Persee, lyric tragedy, Academic Royale do
Musique, April 17, and Versailles, June,
1682 ; Pha'iton, id., at court, Jan. 6, and
Academic Royale de Musique, April 27,
1683 ; Amadis de Gaule, id., Academie
Royale de IMusiquc, Jan. 18, 1684 ; Roland,
id., at court, Jan. IS, and Academie Roy-
ale de Musique, Feb. 8, 1685 ; L'idylle de
la Paix, ou I'egloguo de Versailles, diver-
tissement, Versailles and Paris, 1685 ; Le
Ti'mple de la Paix, opera-ballet, Fontaine-
bleau, Sept. 12, and Academie Royale de
Musique, October, 1685 ; Armide et Re-
naud, lyric tragedy, Academie Royale de
IMusiquc, Feb. 15, 1686 ; Acts et Galatee,
heroic pastoral, Chateau d'Anct, Sept. 6,
1686, and Academie Royale de Musique,
1687 ; Parts of first act of Achillc et Po-
lyxene (with Colasse), lyric tragedy, Paris,
Nov. 7, 1687.
n. Ballets, etc. : Alcidione, Saint-Ger-
main ; Airs de ballot in Cavalli's Serse,
Louvre, Nov. 22, 1660 ; La raillerie, bal-
let ; L'impatience, do. ; Hercule amoureux,
do. ; Les sept planetes, do. ; L'amour ma-
lade, comedy ; La noce an village, ballet ;
Le ballet des arts ; Les amours deguises,
do. ; La princesse d'Elide, comedie-ballet ;
Cariselli, ballet, Fontainebleau ; Le mai-iage
force, comedy ; La naissance de Venus,
divertissement ; Le ballet des gardes ; Le
ballet de Crequi ; Le ballet des Muses ; La
fete de Versailles ; Le ballet de Flore ;
L'amour medecin, comedy ; Monsieur de
Pourceaugnac, do. ; Le ballet de Chambord,
ou le Bourgeois gentilhomme, do. ; Le bal-
let des nations, sequel to the preceding ;
Les jeux pythiens, ballet ; Airs de danse in
Psyche, tragedie-ballet ; Entr'actes to Cor-
neille's Q3dipe, Versailles, 1659.
III. Church music : 5 volumes of motets,
copied by Philidor aiuc for the Conito de
Tmilouse, now in the liliravics of the Con-
servatoire, and of Versailles ; Motets for 2
choruses, Paris, Ballard, 1684 ; Mass for 4
voices a cappella ; Other church pieces.
IV. Instrumental music : Many sj'mpho-
nies, trios, airs for violin, etc. — Le Provost d'
Exmes, Lulli musicien (Paris, 1779) ; Le
Cerf de la Vieville de Fresneuse, Comparai-
son de la musique italienne et de la mu-
sique franyaise. Part n., 182-239 ; Lettre
de Clement Marot :\ M. de . . . tou-
chant ce qui s'est passe a I'arrivee de J.-B.
Lully aux Champs-Elysees, in (Euvres
clioisis de Sonoce, edited by P. A. Cap and
E. Charles (Paris, 1855) ; Fetis ; Grove ;
Mendel.
LULLY, LOUIS DE, born in Paris, Aug.
4, 1664, died after 1713. Dramatic com-
poser, eldest son of the preceding, whom
he succeeded as superintendent and com-
poser to the ting. Works: Zephire et
Flore (with his brother Jean Louis), given
in 1688 ; Orphee (with his brother Jean
Baptiste), 1690 ; Alcide, ou le triomphe
d'Hercule (with Marais), 1693 ; Ballet des
saisons (with Colasse), 1695 ; Le triomi)he
de la raison, cantata, Fontainebleau, 1703.
— Fetis ; do.. Supplement, ii. 133.
LUMBYE, HANS CHRISTIAN, born in
Copenhagen, May 2, 1810, died there,
March 20, 1874. Like Strauss and Lanner,
494
LUMPP
in Vienna, lie had an orchestra of his own,
which played at the Tivoli, near Copen-
hagen, and made con-
cert tours. On his
retirement in 18G5,
with the title of
Krigsraad, his son
Georg assumed the
conductorship of his
orchestra, and now
enjoys nearly as great
a popularity as once
did his father, whose
dances, marches, pot-
pourris, etc., over 300 in number, continue
in great favour in the Scandinavian king-
doms. The opera Die Hexenflote, 18G9, is
by Georg Lumbye. — Fctis ; Mendel.
LUIMPP, LEOPOLD, born in Baden,
Jan. 4, 1801, still Uving, 1889. Organist
and church composer ; studied music in his
native city and at Freiburg, was ordained
priest in 1823, and made city chaj^lain at
Kastatt, where he also assisted his aged
father as musical instructor at the Lyceum,
lu 1825 he was api^ointed professor there,
and in 1827 prebendary of the cathedral at
Freiburg, where he also conducted the
choral music, and the vocal instruction in
the episcopal seminary. In 1835-43 he
was director of a singing society, founded
by him, and in 1838 was made Kapellmeis-
ter at the cathedral. "Works : 7 German
masses for 4 voices, with organ ; Der Cho-
ralgesaug nach dem Cultus der katholischen
Kirche (Freiburg, 1837) ; Melodieu zum
Freibm-ger Diocesan-Gesangbuche (Carls-
ruhe, 1852) ; Preludes and finales for organ ;
Songs, etc. — Fctis ; Mendel.
LUPI, DIDIER, born in the first half of
the 16th century. French vocal composer ;
lived probably at Lyons, and is cited in the
prologue of the fourth book of Rabelais
among the celebrated musicians of the ICth
century. To distinguish him from Jean
Wolf, or Lupi, of Antwerp, he is sometimes
designated as Lupi second. Works : Sa-
cred songs, for 4 voices (Lyons, 1548, Paris,
1571) ; 35 songs for do. (1548) ; Psalm
XXX. (Lyons, 1549).— Futis.
LUPI, JEAN, lived in the Brst half of the
IGth century, died in 1547. Little is known
of him. He was oi-ganist at Nivelles, Bel-
gium, resigning in or before 1502, and oc-
cupied a position at Sainte-Marie, Autwerjj,
after that date. Works : Many collections
of motets, masses, and songs bear the name
of Joh., Jo., or J. L. ; some of his masses
are in the manuscript collection of the Pon-
tifical Chapel in Rome. — Fetis ; Mendel ;
Ambros, Gesch., iii. 203.
LURLINE, English opera in three acts,
text by E. Fitzball, music by William Vin-
cent Wallace, first represented at the Royal
English Opera, Covent Garden, Loudon,
Feb. 23, 1860. Subject, the legend of the
Loreley. Published by Cramer <k Co. (Lou-
don, 1800).— Athenreum (1860), i. 275.
LUSTIG, JACOB WILHEL:\I, born in
Hamburg, Sept. 21, 1706, died after 1776.
Organist and writer on music, pujnl of his
father ; when sixteen years old became or-
ganist at the Filialkirche, Hamburg ; stud-
ied composition under Mattheson ; became
organist at St. Martin's in Groningen, Hol-
land. In 1734 ho went to London to hear
Handel, and returning, devoted himself to
composition and literary work. Works :
Pianoforte sonatas ; Songs. He was author
also of: luleiiling tot der muzijkkuudc
(Groningen, 1751) ; Muziekaale spraakkunst
(.\msterdam, 1754) ; Twaalf redeneeringeu
over nuttige muziekaale onderwerpen (ib.,
probably 1756) ; and of several tran.slations
into Dutch, Burnoy's musical travels among
the number. — Fctis ; Mendel ; Schilling.
LUSTIGE KRIEG, DER (The Merry
War), comic opera in three acts, text by
Zell and Genee, music by Johann Strauss,
first represented in Vienna, Nov. 25, 1881 ;
in New York, March 15, 1882. Published
by Spina (Vienna, 1882).
LUSTIGEN WEIBER VON WINDSOR,
DIE (Merry Wives of Windsor), German
comic opera in three acts, text by Mosen-
thal after Shakespeare, music by Nicolai,
496
LUSTSPIEL
fii-st represented in Berlin, March 9, 1819.
Portious of this opei-a had been performed
at the Redoutensaal, Vienna, April 1, 1817.
It was sung in Vienna with recitatives by
Proch, Feb. 12, 1852 ; in London, as Fai-
stafi^ May 3. 1861 ; and in Paris as Les
joyeuses commeres de Windsor, ti-anslation
by Jules Barbier, at the Theatre Lyrique,
May 25, 1866. Firet performed in New
York, April 27, 1863 ; given by the Amer-
ican Opera Company at the Academy of
Music, Feb. 5, 1886, Eughsh version by
Heniy E. KrehbieL The overture was first
performed by the Philharmonic Society of
New York, in the season of 1857-58 ; by
the London Philharmonic in 1861. Full
score published by Bote <fc Bock (Berlin,
1850). — Clement et Larousse, 385 ; Ed-
wards, Lyrical Dn^ma, ii. 62 ; Xeue Zeits.
xxxii. 180 ; si. 161 ; Neue BerUner Musik-
Zeitung (1857), 211 ; Athenreum (18641,
685 ; Krehbiel. Review (1S8.5-S6), 134.
LUSTSPIEL-OUVERTURE, by Her-
mann Grfidener, op. 28, first performed in
New York at Thomas's Popular Matinee,
Dec. 24, 1887.
LUTHER, MARTIN, bom in Eislebeu,
Nov. 10, 1483,
died there, Feb.
18, 1546. The
famous German
reformer was a
great lover of mu-
sic, had a good
voice for singing,
and pkyed the
flute and lute. In
his desire to im-
prove the service of the church, he planned
alterations in the music of the mass,
strove to shorten and simpUfy it, and to
have the vulgar tongue used more fre-
quently. He did much to promote congre-
gational singing. With the aid of the mu-
sicians Conrad Rupflf and Johann Walther
he prepared and published the Order of the
German Mass, and at the same time turned
his attention to writing and adapting
hymns. The first Protestant h}Tnn-book
appeared in 1524, and four of its eight
Lymns were by him. It is difficult to de-
teiTuine which hymns Luther really wrote
and adapted, and it is not absolutely certain
that he composed any of the hymn-tunes
ascribed to him, though very probably some
of them were his. He wTote an essay in
praise of music and a poem entitled Frau
Musika. Works : 36 hymns written or ar-
ranged by him, a list being given by Koch
and reprinted by Grove ; 13 hymn-tunes,
Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott, and Jesaia
dem Propheten das geschiih, being almost
without doubt bv him, the others with
[ greater or less degrees of certainty. (See
j Luther's Hymn.) — Rambach, Ueber Luther's
i Verdienst um den Kirchengesang ^Hamburg,
, 1813) ; KOstUn, M;u-tin Luther, sein Leben
^ und seine Schiifteu, i. 573 ; KOstlin, Life of
^ Luther, 295 ; Koch, Geschichte des Kirchen-
j heds, L 230, 454 ; iL 2 ; Fetis ; SammL mus.
Vortrage, iiL 289 ; Kuecht, Luther's Ver-
dienste um Musik und Poesie (Tim, 1817) ;
Muller, Luthers Verdienste um die Musik
(Erfurt, 1817) ; Grell, Luther, geistliche
Lieder nebst dessen G«danken tiber die
Musica (Berlin, 1817) ; Winterfeld, Der
evang. Kirchengesang, L 143 ; Revue et Gaz.
musicale, July 13, 1879.
LUTHER'S HYMN, name given to the
hymn beginning " Great God, what do I
see and hear'?" The words were written
by B.artholomjuus Ringwaldt (1530-98), a
Lutheran clergyman in Langfeld, Prussia.
It is in imitation of Dies irje, dies Ula, com-
ix)sed by Celano. Johann Christian Jacobi
I translated this hymn in seven verses, Es ist
' gewisslich an der Zeit, and included it in
his Psalmodia Germania (1722). Dr. Will-
, iam Bengo CoUver " conveved " the fii-st
1 .
stanzas from Jacobi's " Psalms and Hymns "
(Sheffield, 1802), and composed additionid
verses to the tune, which is said to be Lu-
ther's first composition, and which was first
printed in 1535. The melody had been
sung as a second theme to the older hymn,
" Nun freut euch liebeu Christen "'mein."
496
LUTZ
Luther's Hymn, under whicli title it appears
iu the hymu collections, was formerly sung
at musical festivals and sacred concerts.
— Duffield, English Hymns, 194 ; Josiah
MUler, Singers and Songs of the Church, 53,
373 ; Prescott, Christian Hymns and Hymn-
writers, G3 ; Grove, ii. 180.
LL'TZ, •NMX.HELM MEYER, born at
Miinnerstadt, Kissingen, iu 1829, still liv-
ing, 18S9. Dramatic composer, studied at
Wiirzburg and under Eisenliofer ; settled
iu England in 1848. Organist successively
of St. Chad's, Birmingham, St. Ann's, Leeds,
and St. George's Catholic Cathedral, Lon-
don ; conductor at Surrey Theatre, 1851-
55, and at Gaiety Theatre in 18G9-81.
Works — Operettas : Faust and Marguerite,
1855 ; Blonde and Brunette, 18G2 ; Zaida,
1808 ; Miller of :\Iilljurg, 1S72 ; Legend of
the Lys, 1873 ; All in the Downs, 1881 ;
Knight of the Garter, 1882 ; Posterity,
1884. Heme the Hunter, cantata ; Orches-
tral and pianoforte music, and songs.
LUTZEL, J. HEINRICH, born at Iggel-
heim, near Speier, Aug. 30, 1823, still liv-
ing, 1889. Vocal composer, became organ-
ist and music director of the Protestant
church, and vocal instructor at the Gymna-
sium iu Zweibriicken. He has done much
for the improvement of vocal music in the
churches and schools of the Rhenish Palat-
inate, and has composed psalms, motets,
sacred choruses, a choral book, collections
of sacred and secular choruses for male
voices, songs for schools, and organ music,
all distinguished for ability and practical
usefulness. — Mendel.
LUX, FRIEDRICH, born at Ruhla, Thu-
ringia, Nov. 24, 1820, still living, 1889.
Virtuoso on the organ and dramatic com-
poser, first instructed by his father, and in
composition by A. Michel at Gotha ; then
pupil of Friedrich Schneider at Dessau
(1839-41), where he was then music di-
rector of the court theatre for ten years,
leaving this position in 1851 for the appoint-
ment as Kapellmeister at the Stadttheater
in Mainz. He afterwards resigned, and
conducted only the Mainzer Liedertafel,
and the Ladies" Vocal Society connected
with it. Works — Operas : Das Kiithchen
von Heilbronn, given at Dessau, 1846 ; Die
Fiirstiu von Athen (not given) ; Der Schmied
von Ruhla, Augsburg, 1885 ; Coriolan, dra-
matic scene. Mass ; Die vier Lebensalter,
symphony ; Symphonic coronation march ;
Cantatas, pianoforte music, and songs.
— Mendel.
LUZZ.ISCO (Luzzaschi), born in Fer-
rara iu the IGth century, died there, jirob-
ably in the beginning of the 17th century.
Organist in the service of Alfonso H., and
maestro di cai^pella in the cathedral of his
native city. Viuceuzo Galilei placed him
among the four most distinguished musi-
cians of his time. He tried to revive the
enharmonic system of tones used by the
Greeks, and was noted for his excellent
ricercari for the organ. Works : 5 volumes
of madrigals, published in Ferrara, Naples,
and Venice beween 1575 and 1584 ; Ricer-
cari.— Fetis ; do., Suppli'ment, ii. 137 ; Men-
del ; do., Erganz., 251 ; Gerber ; Schilling.
LUZZI, LUIGI, born at Olevano, Lomel-
lina, about 1825, died at Stradella, Feb. 28,
187G. Dramatic composer ; devoted him-
self to music while studying at the univer-
sity and the school of medicine, in Turin.
Works : Chiarina, operetta, Turin ; Tripilla,
opera buft'a, Novar.a, 1874 ; La ventola, do.;
a hymn, 1847 ; Vittorio Emanuele, re d'
Italia, a patriotic hymn, Turin, 18G0 ; Fu-
neral march for Count Cavour ; Le Grazie
and Le Serate Toriuese, 2 albums of songs.
— Futis, Sujjplement, ii. 137 ; Mendel, Er-
ganz., 251.
LVOFF (Lwoff), ALEXIS, born in Re-
val, Russia, May 25, 1799, died in the jjrov-
ince of Kovno, Dec. 28, 1870. Violinist ;
received an excellent musical education,
entered the army at the wish of his father,
and, rising rapidly, was in 1836 general, ad-
jutant of the Emperor Nicholas, and musi-
cal director of the royal court and chapel.
The fine quality of his violin playing was
known iu Paris, Berlin, and other cities.
497
LYXES
and Schumann liighly praised bis method.
Works— OpeiiiS : The Village Baihfi; St.
Petei-sburg, about
1820 ; Bianea e Gual-
tiero, ib., 1845 ; Un-
dine, Vienna, 18JIG ;
The Embroiderer,
St. Petersburg, about
1840. liussian Na-
tional Hymn, 1833;
VioUn concerto ; 2
violin fantasias ; Le
duel, for violin and
violoncello ; Stabat Mater ; Sacred choruses.
He hai-monized and edited chants and tunes
of the Russi.an Church. — Futis ; Mendel ;
Riemann ; Wa.siclewski. Die Violinc, 401 ;
Schumann, Schriften, ii. 140.
LYNES, FRANK, bom in Cambridge, I
Massachusetts, May 16, 1858, still living,
1889. Pianist, pupil in Boston on the pi- 1
anoforte and organ of B. J. Lang, and in
harmony of J. K. Paine ; and in 1883-85, at ,
the Leipsic Conservatorium, studied piano-
forte under Carl Reinecke and Bruno Zwint-
cher, harmony and counterjioiut imder A.
Eichter, and composition under Jadassohn.
On his retm-n to America he settled in Bos- '
ton. and in 1887 was organist of St. Paul's ;
Church. Works : Gavotte, for pianoforte
and violin, op. 2 ; Romanza, for violin, vio-
loncello, organ, and pianoforte, op. 4 ; 4
pianoforte solos, op. 5 ; Te Deum, op. 8 ;
Songs.
LYRE ET LA H.ARPE, LA, cantata, text
from Victor Hugo's poem, music by Saint-
Sai-ns, composed for the Binningham (Eng-
land) Festival, Aug. 28, 1879. ilme Patey,
Mme Lemmens-Shenington, William H.
Cummings, and Charles Santley sang the
principal parts. Performed at tlie Concert
Populaire de Palis, Jan. 11, ISSO. — Athe-j
Inseum (1879), ii. 252, 314; Revue et Ga-
' zette musicale de P;u-is (1879), 294 ; (1880),
23.
j LTSBERG, (CHARLES SAML'EL
, BOVY), called, born in Geneva, March 1,
1821, died there, Feb. 15, 1873. Pianist,
pupil of Chopin and of Delau-e in Paris ;
became professor of pianoforte at the Ge-
neva Conservatoire. Feai-ing failure, ho
pubhshed his first compositions iinder the
pseudonym of Lysberg, a village in Switzer-
land, and continued to use the name after
he became popular. Works : La fille du
carillonneur, opera-comique, Geneva, 1854 ;
Etudes de salon ; Romances s-ons paroles ;
Barcai'oUes ; Nocturnes ; Valses de salon,
and many other compositions for pianoforte,
numbering about 150. — Fetis, Sujjplement,
ii. 138 ; Mendel ; Riemann.
M
AAS, LOUIS, bom, of Germ.an pai-ent-
agc, in Wiesbaden, Gennany, Juno
21, 1852, still hving, 1889. Pianist.
pupU of his fa-
ther, and in 18G7
-71 of Reinecke
and P.apperitz
at the Leipsic
Conservatorium ;
be had, also, in-
stinction fro m
Liszt during
three summei-s.
^ His eai-ly hfe was
spent mostly in London, where his family
went soon after his birth. In 1875-80 he
was teacher of the pianoforte at the Leipsic
Conservatorium. He went to America in
1880, settled in Boston, and in the season
of 1881-82 conducted the concerts of the
Boston Philharmonic Society, some of his
own compositions being given and he him-
self appearing as pianist. He has sinco
played in many principal cities of the United
States, and is at present a teacher of music
in Boston. Works : American svmphony.
On the Pi-airies, given in the Music Hall,
«I6
Mx\.BELLi:XI
Boston, Dec. 14, ISSl! ; Overtures, suites,
inarclies, fantasias, etc., for orchestra ; 3 so-
natas, autl a concerto for pianoforte ; Violin
sonatas ; Songs.
MABELLDsI, TEODULO, born at Pis-
toja, April 2, 1817, still living, 1889. Dra-
matic composer, pupil of Pilotti, then stud-
ied at the music school in Florence (1833-
oG), and later under Mercadaute at Xovara.
He settled in Florence, where he became di-
rector of the Societa Filarmonica in 1S13,
court maestro di cappella in 1847, leader
of orchestra at the Pergola, and j^rofessor
of composition in the school of music.
Works — Oi^eras : IMatikla a Toledo, Flor-
ence, 183G ; Rolla, Turin, 1840 ; Giuevi-a
degU .-Umieri, ib., 1841 ; II conte di Savagua,
Florence, 1843 ; I Veueziani a Constanti-
nopoh. Home, 1844 ; Maria di Francia,
Florence, 184G ; II venturiere (with Gordi-
giani), Leghorn, 18.51 ; Baldassar, Florence,
1852 ; Fiammetta, ib., 1857. Oratorios :
Eudossia e Paolo, ib., 1845, and L' ultimo
gioruo di Gerusalemme, 1848-49. Canta-
tas : La caccia, 1837 ; Eaffaele Sanzio,
1842 ; II ritorno, 1S4G ; Lo s^jirito di
Dante, Autiche festivita fiorentine, and
others. Masses ; Motets ; Te Deums ;
Psalms ; Hynnis and song.s. — Fetis ; do..
Supplement, ii. 140 ; Mendel ; Iviemanu.
aiACBETH, music to Sir "William Daven-
anfs additions to Shakespeare's "Macbeth,"
by Matthew Lock, first performed with the
l>\a.j at the theatre in Dorset Garden, Lon-
don, in 1G72. Lock's music has been as-
cribed to Henry Purcell, but he was only
about fourteen years old in 1G72 ; to Rich-
ard Leveridge, who conijiosed music to Act
H. of Macbeth, about 1708 ; and to John
Eccles, whose music to Macbeth was first
performed at Drury Lane, London, in 1G9G.
Previous to Sir "William Davcnaut's addi-
tions. Lock had comjiosed a round to be
danced by the weird sisters, which was in-
cluded in "Musick's Delight on the Cith-
reu " as " Macbeth, a Jigg," and is also in-
cluded in "The Plesant Companion to the
Flageolet," signed with the initials M. L.
Other music to Macbeth has been written
by Andre, Berlin, 1780 ; by Stegmann,
Hamburg, 1784 ; by Keichardt, Munich,
1795 ; by EastreUi, Dresden, 1817 ; by
Julius Piietz, Diisseldorf, 1840, and Edgar
S. Kelly, 1887 ; overtures by Henry H.
Pierson, op. 54, and by Ignaz Briill, op.
46, 1886, and overture and incidental mu-
sic by Sir Ai-thur SuUivan, written for
Henry Indng's revival of Macbeth at the
Lyceum Theatre, London, December, 1888.
—Grove, ii. 157, 183 ; Burney, iv. 184 ;
Hawkins, iv. 394 ; " List of Songs in
Shakespeare set to Music," New Shake-
sj^eare Society PubUcations, Series viii.. No.
3, 23 (London, 1884) ; Atheureum (1889) ;
Academy (1889), 14.
IMACBETH, Italian opera in four acts,
text by Piave and Andrea Maffei, after
Shakespeare, music by "Verdi, first repre-
sented at the Pergola, Florence, March 17,
1847. It was given in New York in 1848.
This opera was revised by the com^joser,
translated into French by Nuitter and Beau-
mont, and represented at the Theatre Lj--
ricpie, Paris, April 21, 1865, with Ismael as
IMacbeth and I\Ime Ke^'-Balla as Lady Mac-
beth. Same title, opera in three acts, text
by Eouget de Lisle and Auguste Hix, mu-
sic by Chelard, first rejn-esented at the
Acadcmie Eoyale de Musique, Paris, June
29, 1827. This work was a failure, but
Chelard rearranged the music, and the opera
was given in German, translation by Heigel,
in Munich, 1828, and at the King's Theatre,
London, July 24, 1832, with success. Same
title, German opera in five acts, text by Eg-
gers, music by Taubert, Berlin, Nov. 11,
1857. Beethoven's sketches for an ojjera,
Macbeth, text by Collin, are in the KOnig-
liche Bibliothek, Berlin. — Ck'ment et La-
rousse, 418 ; Lajarte, ii. 128 ; Hogarth, i.
128 ; Chorley, Modern German Music, i.
345 ; Berliner mus. Zeitg., vi. 5 ; Neue Ber-
Hner mus. Zeitg. (1857), 370, 379, 38G,
393 ; Revue musicale, i. 520 ; Athenaeum
(1832), 420, 444 ; (1877), i. 127 ; Mus.
"Wochenblatt (1879), 113.
MACBETH
MACBETH, overture for orchestra in B
iniuor, by Sjwlir, op. 75, first performed in
Magdeburg in 1829. It was giveu by the
Philharmonic Society, Loudon, in the sea-
son of 1842. Published by Peters (Leip-
sic).
JIACBETH, ALLAN, born at Greenock,
Scotland, March 13, 185G, still living, 1889.
Pianist, pupil in Edinburgh of Robert Da-
vidson and Otto Schweitzer, then at the
Leipsio Conservatorium (1875-7G) of Itich-
ter, Reiuecke, and Jadassohn. He was con-
ductor of the Glasgow Choral Union in
1880, of the Greenock Select Choir in 1881 ;
Organist and clioirniaster of Woodside
Established Church in 1882, and of St.
George's-in-the-Fields in 1884. "Works :
The Duke's Doctor, operetta ; In memo-
riam, for orchestra ; Forget-me-not, inter-
mezzo for do. ; Serenata, for do. ; Danse
pizzicata, for do. ; Ballet de la cour, for do. ;
Trio for pianoforte and strings ; Suite of
pieces for violoncello and pianoforte ; Pi-
anoforte music and songs.
MACCUNN, HAIUSH, born in Scotland,
contemporary. A
rising young musi-
cian, who has pro-
duced several cred-
itable works. He
is now said to be
engaged upon an
opera on the sub-
ject of the mas-
sacre of Glcncoe,
the text of which
is furnished by
Gallienne and Wilson Barrett.
Land o' the mountain and the
flood, overture ; The Downie Dens o' Yar-
row, do., 1887 ; Lord Ulliu's Daughter,
ballad for orchestra ; The Ship o' the
Fiend, do., 1888 ; Lay of the Last Jliustrel,
cantata, 1889.
MACDOWELL, EDWARD ALEXAN-
DER, born, of American parentage, in New
York, Dec. 18, 1861, still Hviug, 1889. Pi-
anist, pupil in New York of J. Buitrago, P.
.<^-
Richard
Works :
Desveruine, and Mme Teresa Carreno. In
187G he went to Europe, and studied, at the
Paris Conservatoire, pianoforte under Mar-
montel and theory under Savard ; and in
1879, atFraukfort-ou-the-Main, composition
under Joachim Raff and the pianoforte
under Carl Heymann. In 1881-82 he was
first teacher of the pianoforte in the Darm-
stadt Conservatorium, and later resided in
Wiesbaden. In 1888 he returned to Amer-
ica, and is living at present in Boston. He
has played in many concerts in Eurojje, and
at the Zurich Music Festival, in 1882, gave
his own composition, the First Moderne
Suite. Works : Roland Synipliony, for or-
chestra, op. 30, 1887 ; 4 orchestral poems :
Hamlet, symphonic poem, 1885 ; Ophelia,
do., 1885 ; Lancelot and Elaine, op. 25, 188G ;
Lamia, op. 29, 1887 ; 1st concerto for pi-
anoforte and orchestra, in D minor, op. 15,
1882 ; 2d do., in E-flat, New York, March
6, 1889 ; Romauze for violoncello and or-
chestra, op. 34, 1887 ; 1st moderne suite for
pianoforte, op. 10, 1881 ; 2d do., op. 23,
1886 ; Prelude et fuguo for pianoforte, op.
13, 1881 ; Waldidyllen for pianoforte, op.
19, 1884 ; Other pianoforte music ; Songs.
JLVCFARREN, Sir GEORGE iVLEX-
ANDER, born in London, March 2, 1813,
died there, Oct. 31, 1887. Dramatic com-
po.ser, son of George Jlacfarreu, dramatist
(1788-1843) ; pupil in 1827 of Charles
Lucas, and in 1829 studied pianoforte,
trombone, and composition at the Royal
Academy of Music, where, in 1834, ho was
appointed a jjrofessor. In 1834 he gave at
the Society of British Musicians his sym-
phony in F minor, in 1836 his overture
Chevy Chase, and in 1838, at the Lyceum,
his Devil's Opera, which attracted liublic
attention. Though his vision became early
imjiaired and finally resulted in total bliml-
ncss, he confined his work at then Royal
Academy and his compositions, dictating
the latter to an amanuensis. In 1875 he
succeeded Sterndale Bennett as professor
of Music at Cambridge, and in the same
year was appointed priucijjal of the Royal
BOO
MACFAKEEN
Aciulciuy of Music. lu 187G be received
tlie degree of M.A. from Cambridge and
that of Mus. Doc.
from Oxford. In
18 83 he was
knighted. His
wife Nataha (Au-
drae) Macfarreu is
a singer and teach-
er, and has trans-
lated the texts of
many important
choral and dram-
atic works. Works
— Oi^eras : The Devil's Opera, London, ^Vug.
13, 1838 ; Don Quixote, ib., 181G ; Charles IL,
ib., 1849 ; Eobiu Hood, ib., 1860 ; Freya's
Gift, a masque ; Jessy Lea, ib., 18G3 ; She
Stoops to Conquer, The Soldier's Legacy,
and Helvellyn, ib., ISG-l ; Outward Bound ;
The Prince of Modeua (MS.) ; Caractacus
(MS.) ; El Malhechor (MS.) ; Allan of Aber-
feldy (MS.). Oratorios: Saint John the
Baptist, Bristol Festival, 1873 ; The liesur-
rcctiun, Birmingham Festival, 187G ; Joseph,
Leeds Festival, 1877 ; King David, 1883.
Cantatas: Lcnora, 1851; ihnj Day, Brad-
ford Festival, 185G ; Christmas, 1859 ; The
Ladij of the Lake, Glasgow Festival, 1877 ;
Emblematical Tribute on the Queen's Mar-
riage, London, 1840 ; The Sleeper Awa-
kened, sereuata, ib., 1851. Symphonies :
No. 1, 1828 ; No. 2 ; No. 3, A minor ; No.
4, F minor, 1834; No. 5, B-flat ; No. 6, C-
sharp minor ; No. 7, D. Overtures : Chevy
Chase, 1836 ; The Meri'hant of Venice ; Eo-
meo and Juliet ; Hamlet ; Don Carlos ;
Overture in E-flat. Cathedral service ; An-
thems, chants, and psalm tunes ; Introits
for the Holy Days and Seasons of the Eng-
lish Church (1866) ; Songs in a Cornfield
(1868) ; Shakespeare Songs for 4 voices
(1860-64), and many other songs; String
quartets ; String quintet ; Concerto for vio-
lin and orchestra ; Sonatas for pianoforte
alone and with other instruments. He
has edited also Pui'cell's Dido and J3neas,
1840 ; Jephthah ; Belshazzar ; Judas Mac-
cabsBus ; harmonized the airs in CliappeH's
Popular Music of the Olden Time ; and
arranged Moore's Irish Melodies, 1859, and
Scotch Songs. Literary Works : Iludi-
raents of Harmony (1860) ; Six Lectures
on Harmony (1SG7) ; Analyses of oratorios
(1853-57) and of orchestral works (1869-
71) ; Many articles ou musical subjects.
— Grove ; Fetis ; do.. Supplement, ii. 140 ;
Riemann ; Athenivuni (1887), ii. 611.
liLiCFARKEN, WALTER CECIL, born
in Loudon, Aug. 28, 1826, still living,
1889. Pianist, brother of Sir George Alex-
ander Macfarren, pujiil at the Royal Acad-
emy of Music of Holmes, Potter, and his
brother. He became professor at the
Academy in 1846, conductor of the Acad-
emy Concerts in 1873, director of the
Philharmonic Society in 1868, and treas-
urer of do. in 1876. Works : Symiihony ;
Overtures to A Winter's Tale, Beppo, Hero
and Leander, Henry the Fifth ; Pastoral
overture ; Conzertstiick for pianoforte and
orchestra ; Services and anthems ; Piano-
forte music ; Part-songs and songs.
MACHADO, RAPHAEL COELHO, born
at Angra do Heroismo, Azores, in 1814,
still living, 1889. He studied music in
Lisbon until 1835 ; went to Brazil in 1838 ;
travelled in 1852-53 in England, France,
Spain, Portugal, then returned to Brazil,
and edited a musical journal in 1842-46.
Works : 3 masses ; 2 Te Deum ; About 50
Brazilian songs ; Several didactic works, a
method for the organ, do. for pianoforte,
and a Dicciouario musical (Rio de Janeiro,
1855). — Vasconcellos, i. 219 ; Fetis, Supple-
ment, ii. 143 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 254.
JilACHE DICH AUF, WERDE LIGHT,
chorus in D major in Mendelssohn's ruida^,
Part L (No. 15).
MACHE DICH, IMEIN HERZE, REIN,
aria in B-llat major for the bass of Coro I.,
with accompaniment of two oboi di caccia,
strings complete, organ, and continuo, in
Johann Sebastian Bach's Passion nach Mat-
thiius (No. 75). In Franz's edition of the
score the two oboe di caccia parts are dis-
501
MACnTS
tributed between two oboes aud two clari- !
nets.
MACHTS, CARL, bom in Weimar, June
16, 184G, still living, 1889. Pianist and
violinist ; was called to Eiga as Kapellmeis-
ter of the city theatre in 1875. Works :
Overtures to Othello and Hamlet ; Piano-
forte music ; Choruses and songs.
MACIRONE, CL.lllA ANGELA, born in
London, Jan. 20,
1821, still living,
1889. Vocal and in-
strumental com-
poser, pupil at the
Royal Academy of
Music on the piano-
forte of W. H.
Holmes and Cipri-
ani Potter, in singing
of Signor Negri, and
in composition of Charles Lucas. She was
elected an associate of the Philhai-mouic
Society, was pi-ofessor of pianoforte at the
Royal Academy, then head music-mistress of
Aske's school for girls, Hatcham, and now
head music-mistress of the Church of Eng-
land high school for girls, Baker Street,
London, N. W. Miss Maciroue is one of
the best-known of British women-composers
and teachers, and her success in training
pupils has elicited high commendation. Of
her comi)ositions the most successful arc
her part-songs, which have been sung at
the Crystal Palace and Exeter Hall by three
thousand voices. Works — Part-songs : Sir
Knight, Sir Knight ; Ragged and torn and
true ; Autolycus' Song ; Cavalier's Song ;
The Battle of the Baltic ; Old Daddy Long-
legs ; Jack and Jill ; The Soldier's Dream ;
Ride a Cock Horse, etc. Songs ; Benedic-
tus ; Te Deum ; Anthems ; Pianoforte mu-
sic, etc.
]\IACKENZIE, ALEXANDER CAMP-
BELL, born in Edinburgh, Aug. 22, 1847,
still living, 1889. Violinist, sou of Alex-
ander Mackenzie (1819-18.57) and grand-
sou of John Mackenzie (1797-1852), both
violinists ; pupil of his father, and in
Schwarzburg-Sondershauseu, Germany, in
1857, of L'lrich Eduard Stein. He became
violinist in the ducal
/ N. orchestra there in
fe^ ilK> 1 1801; returned to
Loudon in 1862 to
study ^-iolin under
Snintou and theory
under Charles Lucas,
and was elected lung's
Scholar of the Royal
Academy of Music the
same year. In 1805 he went to Edinburgh,
and devoted himself to teaching pianoforte
and to composition. He lived on the Con-
tinent in 1879. Works : C'oloi/iha, lyrical
drama (HueS'er), London, Drury L-ine, April
9, 1883 ; The Troubadour, opera, ib., 1880 ;
The Eose of Sharon, oratorio, Norwich,
1884 ; The Bride, cantata for soli, chorus,
and orchestra, op. 25 ; Janon, dramatic can-
tata, Bi-istol Festival, 1882 ; The Stonj of
Sayid, cantata, Leeds Festival, Oct. 13,
1880 ; Cotter's Saturday Night, cantata,
1888 ; Dream of Jubal, Liverpool, 1889 ;
Rhapsodic ecossaise, for orchestra, op. 21 ;
do.. No. 2, op. 24 ; Overture to Cervantes ;
do. to Twelfth Night ; Tempo di Ballo, over-
ture for orchestra ; Scherzo, for do. ; Con-
certo for violin and orchestra, 1885 ; Organ
and pianoforte music ; Part-songs and
songs ; Benedictus for violins and wind in-
struments.— Grove ; Fctis, Suppk'ment, ii.
143 ; N. Zeitschr. f. Mus. (1884), 34.5.
MACLEAN, CHARLES DONALD, born
in England, March
27, 1843, still living,
1889. Organist, pu-
pil of Ferdinand
Hiller at Cologne ;
organist of Exeter
College, Oxford,
1862 ; do. and mu-
sic director at Eton,
1872. Mus. Bac,
Oxford, 1800 ; Mus.
Doc, ib., 1865. Works
Noah, dramatic
oratorio, 1865 ; Pianoforte music and songs.
508
MAgON
MACON, LE (The Mason), oix'ra-pomiqne
ill three acts, test b}' Scribe and Germain
Delavigne, music by Auber, tirst represented
at the Ojjera Comique, Paris, May 3, 1825.
One of Auber's masterpieces in ojx'ra-co-
iiiique, and long popular ; revived at the
Opera Comique, Paris, Feb. 6, 1880. Pub-
hshcd l)y Hofmeister (Leipsic) and by Di-
abi'lli (Vienna). — Allgem. nius. Zeitg., xxvii.
.598 ; Berhner mus. Zeitg., ii. 271 ; Eevue
et Gazette musicale de Paris (1880), 41.
MACQUE, JEAN DE (Giovanni di), Bel-
gian comj^oser of the 16th century. He
was pupil of Philipi^e de Mons, and was
organist to the Vice-King of Naples about
1540, and maestro di cappella there about
1592. Works : Litanie a 8 voci (Najiles,
1540) ; Canzonette alia Napoletana a G voci
(ib., 1555) ; Several books of madrigals ;
Some compositions in various collections.
— Fetis; Mendel.
MA BALL' ARIDO STELO. See 7?a//o
in Maschera.
MADAMINA, XL CATALOGO. See Don
Giovanni.
MADLSEDER, NONOSUS, superior of
the Benedictine Monastery of St. Gall at
Andich, Bavaria, died there, still young, in
March, 1773. Works : Offertoria XV pro
principalioribus festivitatibus Domini, etc.
(Augsburg, 1765) ; Offertoria XV solemnia
de festis Sanctorum, etc. (ib., 1767) ; Mise-
rere V et Stabat Mater pro tempore quadra-
gesimale (ib., 1768) ; Vesperas solemnes sed
breves, etc. (Andich, 1771).— Fetis.
MAESTRO DI MUSICA, IL (The Music
Master), intermezzo in two acts, by Pergo-
Icsi, tirst represented in Naples in 1731 ;
and at the Academic Royale de Musique,
Paris, Sept. 19, 1752, with this east :
Laui-etta Signora Tonnelli.
Lamberto Signor Cosini.
Collagiani Signor Manelli.
Represented at the Bouffons Italiens, Paris,
with a new luimber by Pietro Auletta, Oct.
3, 1752. This opera was long popular.
Same title, operas in Italian, by Martini,
about 1750 ; by Alessandro Scarlatti,1752 ; by
Giovanni Liverati, Trieste, 1804 ; in French,
by Franz Horzizki, Reinsburg, about 1791.
JIAGAZZARI, GAETANO, born at Bo-
logna about 180S, died in Milan, March 27,
1872. The most pojmlar national compos-
er of Italy during the revolutionary perio<I
of 184G-48 ; lived in Turin, afterwards in
Milan. Among his numerous vocal and in-
strumental compositions, mostl}' suggested
by patriotic sentiment, the hymns on Pope
Pius IX. and on Charles Albert of Sardinia
were sung everywhere in Italy. Member
of Bologna and Parma Academies, of the
Accademia di Sta. Cecilia, and of the Filar-
monica iu Rome, and of several French art
societies. — Fetis, Supplement, ii. 144.
]\IAGI, FORTUNATO, born in Lucca,
Oct. 6, 1839, still living, 1889. Pupil of
Puccini ; became teacher of harmony in the
Institute of his native town in 1857 ; suc-
ceeded Puccini in 1861 as professor of
counterpoint and as maestro di cappella at
the cathedral. Was appointed director of
the Institute in 1872, but soon after gave
up all his positions in the city and occupied
similar places at Sarzaua ; iu 1874 he be-
came director of the public music schools iu
Ferrara and in 1876 at La Spezia. Works :
L' onore di una donna, opera ; I trc rivali,
comic opera ; Esther, oratorio ; Burla-
macchi, cantata ; Christus ; Miserere ; Mo-
tets, graduals, etc. — Fetis, Supplement, ii.
145 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 256.
MAGIC FLUTE. See Zauberjldte.
MAGICIENNE, LA, opera in five acts,
test by Saint-Georges, music by Halevy,
first represented at the Academic Roj'ale de
Musique, Paris, March 17, 1858. Subject,
the legend of Melusine. Original cast :
Melusine Mme Borghi-iMamo.
Blanche de Poitou Mme Lauters.
Rene, vicomte de Thouars . . M. Gueymard.
Le chevalier Stello M. Bonnehee.
Le comte de Lusignan M. Belval.
— Clement et Larousse, 421 ; Revue et Ga-
zette musicale do Paris (1858), 89.
MAGNI
IMAGNI, BENEDETTO, born at Ravenna
about 1580, died (?). Orfjanist of the ca-
tbedi-al at Ravenna. Works : Coueerti e
Motetti, bb. i. (Venice, 1G12) ; do., Ub. ii.
(ib., 1612) ; do., bb. iii. (ib., IGIG) ; Messe
coucertate a otto voei, bb. i.-iii. (ib.); Ma-
drigab. — Fc-tis.
MAGXI, GIUSEPPE, born at Fobguo
in the second half of the 17tb century. He
was maestro di cappella at the cathedral of
his native city and, about 1700, considered
one of the prominent musicians of his time.
His only known work is Decio in Foligno,
sacred melodrama, performed at the cathe-
dnd, 1G07.— Fetis.
MAGNIEN, VICTOR, born at l^pinal
(Vosges), France, Nov. 19, 1804, died at
Lille in June, 188.5. Violinist and guitar
player, pupil in Paris of Rodolphe Kreut-
zer and on the guitar of CaruUi ; in 1820
he went to Colmar, where his family then
resided, began to teach, and soon after was
given a lucrative position at Miihlhausen,
w^hence he visited Paris annually for three
months, to study under Baillot, Lafont, and
F('tis. After the revolution of 1830 he be-
came chef d'orchestre of the Philharmonic
Society at Beauvais (Oise), and in 181G
director of the Conservatoire at Lille.
Works : Mass ; Concerto for violin, op. 45 ;
Fantaisie caprice for do., with pianoforte,
op. 4J) ; Etudes, op. 41 ; Divertissement et
bolero for violin, op. 52 ; Duos for violin
and guitar ; Themes varies for violin, with
(jiiartet ; Duos and nocturnes for 2 guitars ;
Fantaisies, roudeaux, themes varies for gui-
tar.— Fi'tis.
MAGNIFICAT in D. for five voices (two
soprani, alto, tenor, and bass), with organ,
strings, two oboes, two flutes, three trum-
pets, drums, and continuo, by Johann Se-
bastian Bach, first performed in the Tho-
maskirche, Leipsic, Christmas Day, 1723.
Four vocal numbers were introduced by
Bach, the words of which were taken from
Kuhnau's Christmas cantata. Published by
Simrock (Bonn, 1811) ; edited by Dr. Wil-
belm Rust for the Bach-Gesellschaft, vol.
xi., Breitkopf & Hilrtel (Leipsic, 18G1). Ad-
ditional accompaniments to this work have
been written by Franz (full and pianoforte
score, Breslau, Leuckart). Sung at the
Leeds Musical Festival (England), Sept. 22,
1877. Bach wrote a Magnificat for soprano
with a small orchestra, but this is lost. He
composed also a Magnificat to German
words, Meine Seel' erhebt den Herrn, for
the Feast of the Visitation. Bach-Gesell-
schaft, vol. i.. No. 10. — Sjiitta, Bach, ii.
198 ; Bitter, Bach, ii. 173 ; Robert Franz,
Jlittheilungen iiber Johann Sebastian Bach's
Magnificat, Karmrodt (Halle, 1863); Ath-
enirum (1877), ii. 410 ; Upton, Standard
Oratorios, 48.
MAGNIFICAT in D, for four voices and
orchestra, l)y Francesco Durante. This, one
of the master's noblest compositions, has
also been supplied with additional accom-
j)animents by Franz, in which form it is
published, in full and pianoforte score
(Karmrodt, Halle, 18GG). It was given for
the first time in America, in Boston, Mass.,
Music Hall, Jan. 20, 1870.— Dwight's Jour-
nal, XXX. 182.
SLVGNUS, Dl^Smf] (Magnus Doutz),
called, born at Brussels, June 13, 1828, died
in Paris cai-ly in January, 1884. Pianist,
pupil of VoUweiler at Heidelberg, then stud-
ied at the Bnissels Conservatoire, where he
won the first prize in 1843. After several
successful concert tours through England,
Germany, Russia, Spain, etc., he settled in
Paris, and soon secured a reputation as pi-
anist, teacher, composer, and musical critic.
Works : La Toh'daue, parlour-opera, given
in Paris, Salle Taitbout, 1874 ; Sonatas,
marches, fantaisies, and other music for jti-
anoforte, iind some vocal melodies. His
Methode elementaire de piano (1879) is in
great favour. — Fetis.
MAHU, STEPHAN, German composer,
famous contrapuntist of the first half of the
IGth century. He is supposed to have been
a singer in the chapel of the Emperor Fer-
dinand I. To judge from his works, he was
one of the best masters of his time. Works :
604
MAID
Lamentationes Hieremi.T, in Joannelli's
Novas Thesaurus musiciG (1.5G8) ; Choral
melodies in Walther's Cantiouale (1551) ;
And other songs and motets in different
collections. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xx. 98 ;
Mendel ; Fetis ; Gerber ; Schilling ; Win-
terfeld, Kircliengesaug, i. 203 ; Ambros,
Gesch., iii. 389.
MAID OF AETOIS, THE, English opera
in three acts, text by Bunn, music bj' Balfe,
lirst represented at Driiry Lane, London,
May 27, 1836. It was written for Malibran,
who a2")peared in the title-nMe. The rondo
finale, as sung by her, proved so eflective that
it became pojsular throughout Europe and
was known as "Balfe's air." — Kenuey, Balfe,
117 ; Edwards, The Prima Donna, ii. 154.
MAID OF HONOUR, THE, English
comic opera in three acts, text by Fitzball,
music by Balfe, first represented at Drury
Lane, London, Dec. 20, 1847. The subject
is the same as Flotow's lifarlha. — Keuney,
Balfe, 218; Athenfcum (1847), 1330.
MAID OF ORLEANS, sonata for piano-
forte, by William Sterndale Bennett, op.
iCi. Subject, Schiller's tragedy. I. Andante
Pastorale, Auf der Weide, in A-flat ; II. Im
Felde, in A-flat minor ; HI. Adagio, Im
Gefiingniss, in E ; IV. Finale, " Knrz ist der
Schmerz und ewig ist die Freudc." Pub-
lished by Kistuer (Leipsic, 187()). — Grove,
iii. 580.
MAID OF ORLEANS, incidental music
to Schiller's tragedy, by Frederic H. Cowcn,
first performed at the Brighton (England)
Musical Festival in February, 1871, conduct-
ed by the composer. It was performed at
the Glasgow Orchestral Concert, under the
direction of Sir Arthur Sullivan, Dec. 23,
1875. L Overture ; U. Entr'acte ; HI.
Scherzo ; TV. March.
M.VILLi\ED, JEAN, French composer,
of the IGth century. He seems to have
lived in Paris, but nothing is known of his
position. Works : Mass in the Pontifical
Chapel in Rome ; Other masses ; 20 canti-
ones sacra) (Paris, 15G1) ; Songs and motets
in various collections. — Fetis; Mendel.
MAILLART (LOUIS), called AIME, born
at Montpellier (Herault), France, March
24, 1817, died at Moulins (Allier), May 20,
1871. Dramatic composer, pupil at Paris
Conservatoire of Guorin on the violin, of
Elwart and Leborno in harmonj' and com-
position ; obtained the grand prix for com-
position in 1841, spent two years in Italy,
and visited Vienna and the principal cities
of Germany on his return to Paris. Works
— Operas, all given in Paris : Gastibelza,
1847 ; Le moulin des tilleuls, 1849 ; La croix
de Marie, 1852 ; Les dragons de Villar.s,
185G ; Les pccheurs de Catane, 18G0 ; Lara,
18G4. 2 cantatas. — Fetis ; do., Suiiislement,
ii. 148 ; Riemann ; Larousse ; Clement,
Mus. celc'bres, G21.
MAILLY, JEAN ALPHONSE ERNEST,
born in Brussels, Nov. 27, 1833, still living,
1889. Organist and jjianist, puj^il at Brus-
sels Conservatoire of Girschner ; became
accompanist at the Theatre de la Monnaie,
organist of St. Joseph's Church, professor
of pianoforte at the Conservatoire in 18G1,
of the organ in 18G9, and organist of the
Carmelite Church. He has played in Paris,
London, Amsterdam, and other cities, and
Berlioz calls him one of the most learned
of organ virtuosos. Works : Organ sona-
tas, fantaisies, morceaux de genre, etc., for
organ ; Serenade, for flute, violin, violon-
cello, organ, and pianoforte ; Trio for j)i-
anoforte and strings ; Collection of pieces
for pianoforte ; Motets for 1-4 voices,
with organ ; Melodies and chorals. — Fetis,
Supplement, ii. 149 ; Mendel, Ergaiiz.,
257.
MiilNBERGER, JOHANN KARL, born
in Nuremberg in 1750, died there, April 22,
1815. Pianist and organist, pupil of Gruber,
early acquired great facility in playing wind
instruments, and in 17G8 became oboist in
the city orchestra, in 1770 its organist, in
1780 organist at St. Lorenz, and in 1796
Kapellmeister of the city orchestra, having
already for twelve years conducted the stand-
ard winter concerts. Works : Der Spiegel-
ritter, opera, given at Nuremberg about
MAINZER
Joseph's IL ToJtenfeier, melodrama ; Die
Aufersteliung mid Himmelfalirt Jesii, ora-
torio (text b_y Ramler) ; Masses, Te Deum,
cburcli cantatas, and other sacred music ;
Symphonies for orchestra ; Sonatas and
concertos for 2>ianoforte, etc. — Fetis ; Schil-
ling.
MAINZER, FRIEDRICH, born about
17G0, died after 1827. Virtuoso on the vio-
lin and claiinet player ; at first a member
of the chamber music of the Margrave of
Brandeiiburg-Sclnvedt, entered the service
of the Duke of Mecklcnburg-Strelitz in 1795,
and of the King of Bavaria in 1807.
Works : C quartets for flute, violin, viola,
and violoncello ; Rondo espagnol vario for
violin, with quartet ; German songs for 4
voices.
MAINZER, Abbo JOSEPH, born at
Treves in 1801, died at Manchester, Eng-
land, Nov. 10, 18.51. He received his mu-
sical education in his native town, and be-
came teacher of singing in the seminary
there. His political ojiinious compelled
him to leave Germany, and he went to
Brussels, and thence to Paris, where be
taught, and wrote musical criticisms. In
1839 he went to England, where he started
classes on Wilhem's system and was quite
successful. Works — Operas : Le triomjihe
de la Pologne, about 1832, and La Jac-
querie, 1838 ; Singschule (Treves, 1831).
Methode de chant pour les enfants (Paris,
1835, 2d ed., 1838) ; jM.'thode do chant
pour voix d'hommes, Bibliotheque elemen-
taire du chant (ib., 183G) ; Methode pra-
tique de i^iano pour les enfants, Abrccdaire
de chant (ib., 1837) ; Ecole chorale (ib.,
1838) ; Cent melodies enfantines (ib., 1840) ;
Singing for the Million (London, 1842) ;
Esquisses musicales, ou souvenirs de voy-
age (Paris, 1838-39) ; Musical Athenaeum
(London, 1842) ; Chronique musicale de
Paris (Paris, 1838) ; Mainzer's Musical
Times ; Other articles on music. — Grove ;
Mendel ; Riemann ; Fctis.
MAISON A VENDRE (House for Sale),
opc'ra-comique in one act, text by Alexan-
dre Duval, music l)y Dalayrac, first repre-
sented at the OiJcra Comique, Paris, Oct.
23, 1800. Martin, EUeviou, Douzainville,
Mme Douzainville, and Mme Dugazou sang
the chief parts. It was one of the most
amusing operas of its time, and was long
popular. Published by Schott (Mainz).
Other operas in German, Das Haus ist zu
verkaufeii, by F. A. Mauer, Munich, 1802 ;
by Hummel, Vienna, 1812 ; and by F. Zaver
Pentenrieder, Munich, 1847 ; in Italian.
Casa a vendere, by Chelard, Naples, 1815 ;
and by Gagliardi, ib., 1834. — Allgem. mus.
Zeitg.', vi. 322.
MAISTRE, Baronnc DE, French ama-
teur dramatic conqsoser, contemporary.
Works : Les Roussalkas, ofiera, given at
Brussels, Theatre de la Jlonnaio, 1870 ;
Ninive, do. ; Cleopatra, do. ; Stabat Mater,
and other sacred music.
MAITRE-AIMBROS, oprra-comiquo, text
by Cojipt'e and Dorchain, music b^' Widor,
rej)resented at the Opera Comique, Paris,
May G, 188G. Scene, in the Wars of Inde-
pendence in the Netherlands. The opera,
which was remarkably well set, met with
moderate success.
MAlTRE DE CHAPELLE, LE, op.'ra-
comiquo in two acts, text by Mme Sophie
Gay, music by Pai'r, first rejireseuted at the
Theatre Feydeau, Paris, March 29, 1821.
It ranks with Agticsr, Paer's best opera
seria. Other oj^eras, same title, in Italian,
TL maestro di cappella, liy Florian G. Dellcr,
Munich, 1771 ; by Domenico della Maria,
Najjles, 1792 ; in German, Der Kapellmeis-
ter, Singspiel in two acts, by Lorazi, Berlin,
1782 ; by Lasscr, Gi-atz, 1789. — Revue mu-
sicale, iii. 154.
MAJO, FRANCESCO DI, called Ciccio
di Majo, born in Naples in 1745, died in
Rome in 1770. Dramatic and church com-
poser, son and pupil of Giuseppe di Majo ;
finished his musical education at the Na-
ples Conserv.atorio. Ho began comjiosing
at an early age and shortly before his death
was summoned to Rome to write for the
opera there. His compositions combine
606
MAJO
great diiimatic power with expressive mel-
ody aud pure harmony. Works — Operas :
Astrea Placata, Najsles, 17(jO ; Ai'taserse,
Ifigeuia in Aulide, ib., 17G2 ; Catone in
Utica, ib., 17(53 ; Demofoonte, Eome, 1764 ;
Montezuma, Turin, 17G5 ; Adriano in Siria,
Naples, 17GG ; Alessandro nell' Indie, ib.,
17G7 ; Antigono, ib., 17G8 ; Didone abban-
donata, ib., 17G9 ; Ulisse, Rome, 1769 ; Iper-
mestra, Naples, 1770 ; L'eroe Cinese, 1771 ;
First act of Eumene, 1771. La Gara delle
Grazie, cantata ; Gesu sotto il pieso delta
Croce, sacred drama ; 5 masses ; Psalms,
graduals, and otlier cliureli music. — Fetis ;
do., Supplement, ii. 150 ; Mendel ; Schil-
ling ; Gerber.
MAJO, GIUSEPPE DI, born at Naples
in 1G89, died (?). Church aud dramatic
comiDoser, pupil of Alessandro Scarlatti,
succeeded Durante as maestro di cappella
in 1727. Works : Dixit ad otto reali in
due cori ; Miserere mei a tre, con due vio-
lini ed organo ; Letauie delta Madonna a
quattro voci, 2 violini, violetta ed organo ;
II finto Laccheo, opera buft'a, Naples, tea-
tro de' Fiorentiui, 1725 ; II vecchio avaro,
do., ib., 1727.— Fetis.
MAJOCCHI, LUIGI, born in Codogno,
Lombardy, in 1809, died there, October,
183G. Dramatic composer, studied at Mi-
lan, then under Simone Mayr at Bergamo ;
was afterwards violoncellist at the Teatro
Carcano, Milan. Works : Rosamunda, given
in Milan, Seala, 1831 ; II segi'eto, Parma,
1833 ; Cristiua di Svezia (unfinished). — Fe-
.tis.
MAKKABAER, DIE (The Maccabees),
opera in three acts, text by Mosenthal, after
Otto Ludwig's drama of the same title,
music by Rubinstein, first represented at
the Imperial Opera House, Berlin, April 17,
1875. It was conducted by the composer
and was received with great apj)lause. Sub-
ject : -Judas Maccabseus, victorious over An-
tiochus. King of Syria, finds that the latter
has executed his mother, Leah, and his
brothers. The climax is the despair of
Judas. Original cast :
Judas Maccabieus Herr Betz.
Eleazar Herr Ernst.
Leah Frl Marianne Brandt.
Cleopatra Frl Grossi.
Noomi Frl Lehmaun.
It was represented at St. Petersburg, un-
der Rubinstein's direction, Feb. 3, 1877.
Published by Bote & Bock (Berlin, 1875).
Other operas on the same subject : In Ger-
man, Die Blakkabaische Mutter, five acts
and prologue, text by Elmenhorst, music
Marianne Brandt
by Johann Wolfgang Franck, Hamburg,
1G79 ; in Italian, by Attilio Ariosti, Venice,
1704 ; I fratelli Maccabei, by Vittorio Tren-
to, Rome, 1818 ; Die Makkabiior, biblical
drama, with music by Seyfried, Vienna,
1818.— Signale (1875), 337; (1877), 225;
(1878), 305 ; (1882), 897 ; Hauslick, Musi-
kalische Stationen, 321 ; Clement et La-
rousse, 858 ; La Mara, Mus. Studienkopf,
iii. 21L
MALBROOK S'EN VA-T'-EN GUERRE,
a celebrated French song, by an unkuoAvn
607
M ALDER
author. The style of the music belongs to
the time of Louis XIV., aud part of the
words are supposed to have been written
in the bivouac of Maruchal de Villars, at
Le Quesnoy, ou the night after the battle of
Malplaquet, Sept. 11, 1709. It is similar
in construction to the lament on the death
of the Due de Guise, published in 15GG.
Marie Antoinette heard it sung in 1781 as a
lullaby to the infant dauphin, and singing
it herself, it soon became popular through-
out France. Bourrienne says, in his Mu-
moires, that Nai:)oleon used to whistle it
when about to join the army, aud that his
valet always knew, when he heard him, that
a campaign was imminent. The tune is fa-
miliarly sung in English to the words, "For
he's a jolly good fellow," and " We won't go
home till morning." It is frequently used in
French vaudevilles, and Bcaumarchais in-
troduced it into his " JIariage de Figaro "
(1784:). Beethoven made it the symbol of
the French army in his Battle Symjihouy,
op. 91 (1813), and Mozart used it as a theme
for ten variations (Artaria, Vienna). It is
also the subject of an 02)cra-bouffe, text by
Siraudin and Busuach, music by Bizet, Jo-
nas, Legouix, and Delibes, first represented
at the Athcnee, Paris, Dec. 15, 18G7. — Mas-
son, La lyre franyaise, 272 ; Clement et La-
rousse, 738 ; Engel, The Study of National
Music, 190 ; Eambossou, Les harmonies du
son, 51 ; Grove.
MALDER, PIERRE VAN, born in Brus-
sels, May 13, 1724, died there, Nov. 3,
1768. Violinist, pupil of Croes ; was cham-
ber musician to Prince Charles of Lorraine,
having first been solo violinist at the court
opera in 1755-58. He was among the first
composers to cultivate the symphony and
the string quartet. Works : La bagarre,
comic opera, Paris, 17G2 ; 18 symphonies for
strings, 2 oboes, aud 2 horns ; G quartets
for strings ; G sonatas for 2 violins aud
bass ; Violin music. — Riemann ; Viotta.
:\IALIBRAN, ALEXANDRE, born in
Paris, Nov. 10, 1823, died there, Jlay 13,
18G7. Virtuoso ou the violin, and musical
critic, pupil of Sauz;iy, and at Cassel of
Spohr, whose life he wrote. He founded a
musical paj)er in Paris, and endeavoured to
establish popular concerts at the Theatre de
la Gaite, but being unsuccessful, returned to
Germany in 1858, and edited the feuilleton
of the French journal at Frankfort ; in 18G4
he published Le Monde nmsical at 15russels.
Works : Overture to Hamlet ; Le dernier
jour d'un condamne, fantasia for orchestra ;
Vie du marin, symphony for do.; La vie du
soldat, do.; Nonet for string and wind in-
struments ; Trio for pianoforte, and strings ;
Mass for male voices and wind instruments.
— Fetis ; Riemann.
JLALINCONIA, LA, name given by Beet-
hoven to a romantic intermezzo of forty-
four measures, between the Scherzo and the
Finale of his quartet in B-flat, op. 18, No. G
[Lobkowilz). The tempo is Adagi( ), the direc-
tion, Questo pezzo si deve trattare colla piii
gran delicatezza. The theme apjjears twice
in the Finale. — Lenz, Beethoven, vol. i., part
i. 178 ; Grove.
MALH^IERO, FRANCESCO, born at Ro-
vigo in 1822, stUl livmg, 1889. Dramatic
composer. Works : Giovanna di Napoli,
given at Padua, 1842 ; Attila, Venice, 184G,
afterwards as Ildegonda di Bologna, at
Milan ; Alberigo da Romano, Venice, 184G,
18G9 ; Linda d' Ispahan ; Fernando Cortez,
lyrical drama, Venice, 1851 ; A Rossini,
cantata ; Vocal melodies. — Fetis ; do.. Sup-
plement, ii. 151.
MALLIOT, ANTOINE LOUIS, born at
Lyons, Aug. 30, 1812, died at Rouen, April
5, 18G7. Dramatic singer (tenor) aud com-
poser, pupil in Paris of Choron, and at the
Conservatoire of Garaude and Banderali,
afterwards at Rouen pupil of Amcdee
Moreaux in harmony. In 1835-43 he sang
successively on the stages at Nancy, Metz,
Lille, Lyons, Brussels, and Rouen, win-
ning applause every whei'e ; but, being of
delicate constitution, he gave up the dra-
matic career, and settled at Rouen to teach
the voice, and was also a musical critic
there for twenty years. Works : La Ven-
608
MAL
clcemie, ojjern,, given at lloueii, Tliuatre-dus-
Arts, 1857 ; La, truflbmanie, opLTa-boiifl'e,
ib., 18G1 ; lloiiiauccs ami melodies. — Fetis,
Sujjpleiueut, ii. 152.
MAL KEGGENDO. See Trovutore.
MALZAT, JOHANN mCHAEL, born in
Vienna about 1730, died at Botzen, Tyrol,
ill 1791. Virtuoso on the oboe and the
English horn, pupil of his father, who was
imperial chamber musician. For several
jears in the service of the Ai'chbishop of
Salzburg, he made concert tours through
Franco, Italy, and Switzerland, creating
much enthusiasm, and settletl at Botzen, to
teach. Works : 3 symjihonies concertantes,
for oboe and horn ; 2 do., for oboe and
bassoon ; concertos for oboe, horn, and
other instruments ; 3 sextets for oboes ; i
quintets for oboes and flutes ; 11 quartets
for various instruments. — Fctis ; Mendel ;
Schilling.
M'AIMI, M'AMI. See Ikdlo in Maschera.
MANCHICOUET (Mancicourt), PIEEPvE,
born at Bothuue (Artois) about 1510, died
at Madrid, July, ISGl. Church composer,
canon at Arras, then choir-master at the
Cathedral of Tournay ; went to Antwerp in
1558, and was called to Madrid in 1560, to
succeed Nicolas Payen as maestro de ca-
jrilla to Philip II. Works : Cantiones mu-
sicic (Paris, 1539) ; Modiilorum nuisicalium
(ib., 1515) ; Liber quintus cantionum sa-
crarum, etc. (Louvaiu, 1558) ; Missa quatuor
vocura, etc. (Paris, 15G8) ; other masses and
various church music, in different collec-
tions of the 16th century. — Fetis ; Mendel.
MANCINELLI, LUIGI, born at Orvieto,
Feb. 5, 1818, still Hving, 1889. Instrumen-
tal and vocal composer, maestro di cajjpella
at the Teatro Apollo, Home. Works : Mu-
sic to Pietro Cossa's Cleopatra, Rome, 1877 ;
fsaiuh, cantata, Norwich (England) Festival,
1S87 ; Scene veueziane, symphonic poem,
1889 ; Albums of vocal melodies, for 1-2
voices ; Pianoforte music. — Fetis, Supi)le-
ment, ii. 151.
MANCINI, CUEZIO, Italian composer of
the Komau school, in 1589-91 maestro di
capi)clla of S. M Maggiorc, and in 1607-8
of S. Giovanni in Laterano, and afterwards
of the Santa Casa at Loreto ; mentioned
by Cereto in 1601 as among the most emi-
nent contemporaneous composers. Woi'ks :
32 motets for 4-8 voices ; Litanies for 8
voices ; Madrigali a cinque voci (Venice,
1595).— Fetis.
MANCINI, FEANCESCO, born in Naples
iji 1674, died there in 1739. Dramatic com-
poser, pupil of Francesco Durante at the
Conservatorio di Sau Loreto, of which he
became first master in 1720. He coudvicted
the orchestra of the Teatro San Bartolo-
meo ; was appointed second master of the
royal chapel in 1709, and first master in
1728. Works— Operas : Alfonso, 1697 ;
L' Ariovisto, 1702 ; Gli amanti geuerosi,
1705 ; Alessandro il Grande in Sidone,
1706 ; Engclberto, 1709 ; II Mario fuggitivo,
1710 ; Artasersc ro di Persia, II gran Mo-
gol, 1713 ;Ilcavaliere brettone, 1720 ; Tra-
jano, 1723 ; Orontea, 1728 ; Alessandro
nelle Indie, with the intermezzo. La Levan-
tiua, 1732 ; Idaspo ; II Maurizio ; Music to
the drama, H geuere umano in catene ; Bur-
lesque scenes to Handel's Agrijsijina. Ora-
torios : L' area del testamento in Gerico,
II laccio purjnireo di Raab ; Elia ; L' amor
divino trionfante nella morte di Cristo.
Magnificat for eight voices ; Cantatas and
other music. — Fetis ; do.. Supplement, ii.
154 ; Mendel ; Schilling.
MANDANICI, PLACIDO, born at Bar-
cellona, Sicily, in 1798, died in Genoa, June
6, 1852. Dramatic composer, first in-
structed on the violoncello by count Nieo-
laci, an amateur, who took him under his
protection, then pupil at the Conservatorio
of Palermo, and, in 1824, of Raimondi at
Nai)les, in conqjosition. Under contract
to write ballet music for the royal theatres,
ho lived in Naples until 1834, when he set-
tled in Milan, to teach the voice and compo-
sition. Works : L' isola disabitata, given at
Naples, Teatro del Foudo, about 1824 ;
Argene, ib., Teatro Sau Carlo, about 1825 ;
II marito di mia moglic, ib., Teatro Nuovo,
50'J
MANELLI
iibout 182G ; Gli araanti alia jji-ova, ib.,
Teatro del Fondo, about 1827 ; II segreto,
Turiu, Teatro Carignano, 183G ; II rapi-
mento, Milan, 1837 ; II buoutempoue della
porta Ticinese, opera bufta, ib., 1841 ; Maria
degli Albizzi, Palermo, 1843 ; Griselda ; Bal-
lets ; Mass, and other sacred comj)ositioiis ;
A Gioacchino Rossini, cantata. — Fetis; do.,
Suppk'ment, ii. 154.
MANELLI, FRANCESCO, called Ma-
nelli da Tivoli, born at Tivoli, Italj-, begin-
ning of 17th century, died about 1670.
Dramatic compose!-, one of the first to
compose operas. Works : Andromeda, first
opera given publicly in Venice, 1G37 ; La
maga fulminata, ib., 1G38 ; Teuiistocle,
Florence, 1G39 ; Alcale, ib., 1G4'2 ; Ercole
ueU' Erimanto, Piaceuza, 1G.51 ; II ratto d'
Europa, ib., 1G53 ; I sei gigli, Ferrara,
1G6G.— Fetis ; Mendel.
JIANENT, NICOL.\S (according to Pou-
gin, FRANCISCO), born at Mahon, Mi-
norca, June 22, 1827, still living, 1889.
Church and dramatic comj)oser, was flutist
in the theatre orchestra of his native town,
from his seventh to his fourteenth year ;
went to Barcelona in 1847, and played the
double-bass in the Teatro Liceo there, un-
til 1851, when he became maestro de ca-
pilla at the parochial chui'ch of San Jaime.
Works : 25 masses, mostly with orchestra ;
Requiems ; 2 Stabat Mater ; Misereres, O
salutaris, Htanies, etc. La tapada del retiro,
zarzuela, Barcelona, Teatro Liceo, 1853 ;
Maria, do., ib., 18GG ; Tres para una, do.,
ib., Teatro Santa-Cruz, 1853 ; Gualtiero de
Mousouis, opera, ib., Liceo, 1857 ; El con-
vidado di pietra, ib., Circo, 1875 ; El pozo de
la veridad, ib. ; Ballets ; El carnaval de Ve-
necia ; Apolo ; La perla de Oriente ; La
contrabandista de rumbo, and others, ib.
— Fetis, Supplement, ii. 155 ; MendeL
aLANFRED, music to Byron's poem of,
for soli, chorus, and orchestra, by Schu-
mann, op. 115, first performed in Leipsic,
March 24, 1859. The overture, first repre- ;
sented en sc6ne, Nov. 23, 1863, had pre- i
viously been given at the Gewaudhaus, |
March 14, 1S52. The music, composed in
1848-49, contains many numbers of great
beauty and grandeur. Overture in E-
flat. Part I. 1. Gcsang der Geister, Dein
Gebot zieht mich heraus, for sulo quartet ;
2. Ei'scheiuung eines Zauberbildes, O Gott,
ist's so ; 3. Geisterbaunfluch, Weuu der
Moud auf stiller Welle, for four basses ; 4.
Alpeukuhreigen, Horch, der Ton ! Part II.
5. Zwischeuactmusik ; 6. Rufung der Al-
penfee, Du schOner Geist mit deinem Haar
aus Licht ; 7. Hymnus der Geister Ari-
man's, Heil unserm Meister, chorus ; 8.
Chorsatz, Wirf in deu Staub dich ; 9. C'hor-
satz, Zermalmt den Wurm ; 10. Beschwo-
rung der Astarte, Schatteu ! Geist ! Was
inuner du sei'st ; 11. Manfred's Auspruch
der Astarte, O hore, hOr' mich, Astarte,
Nachspiel. Part III. 12. Melodramatisch,
Ein Frieda kam auf mich ; 13. Abschied
von der Sonne, Glorreiche Scheibe ; 14.
Melodramatisch, Blick' nur hierher ; 15.
Schlussscene, Klostergesang, Requiem teter-
nani dona eis. Chorus. The overture, one
of Schumann's greatest, was published by
Brcitkopf & Hiirtel (Leipsic, 1852) ; the
fuU score (ib., 1853). Overture ai'rauged
for pianoforte for two hands by Schu-
mann, for four hands by Carl Reinecke,
the other numbers without the overture,
for pianoforte for two and for four hands,
by A. Horn. The overture was first per-
formed by the Philharmonic Society of
New York in the season of 1858-59, and
the entire music in 1868-69. — Reissmanu,
Schumann, 161 ; Maitland, Schumann, 90 ;
Allgcm. nuis. Zcitg. (1863), 829 ; Neue Zeit.
fiir Mus. (188G), 181 ; Hanslick, Concert-
wesen in Wien, ii. 175 ; Grove ; Waldersee,
Sammlung musikalischer Vortriige, ii. 1 ; iv.
9G.
MANFRED, symphony by Tschaikow-
.sky, op. 58, first performed in Moscow,
April 15, 1886 ; by the Philharmonic So-
ciety of New York, Dec. 4, 1886. It is
dedicated to Mily Balakirev. In four ta-
bleaux after Byron. I. IMaufred dans les
Alpes (Lento lugubre) ; II. La fee des Alpes
MANFREDI
(Vivace con spirito) ; III. Piistoralo (An-
dante eon moto) ; IV. Le palais souterrain
d'Arimane, Movt de Manfred (Allegro con
fuoco). Published by Turgonson (Moscow
and St. Petersburg, 1886) ; by Felix Mac-
ker (Paris). Arranged for the pianoforte
for four hands. — Krehbiel, Review (1886
-87), 58.
MANFREDI, FILIPPO, born at Lucca,
Italy, in 1729, died there, July 12, 1777.
Virtuoso on the violin, pupil of Tartini ;
closely allied with his countryman Bocche-
rini, the two friends started, in 1769, on
a concert tour through Lonibardy, Pied-
mont, and Southern France to Paris, where
Manfredi created much enthusiasm by liis
plaj'ing in Boccherini's trios and quartets.
Proceeding to Madrid, they were loaded
with favors by the Infante Don Luis, who
made Manfredi first violinist of his cham-
ber music; and returned to Lucca in 1773.
Works : Several concertos for violin ; Trios
for strings ; G soli for violin ; 6 sonatas for
do., with bass. — Fetis ; do.. Supplement,
ii. 155 ; Mendel.
MANFREDmi, FRANCESCO, born at
Bologna in 1673, died ('?). Virtuoso on the
violin, elected member of the Accademia
Filarmonica in 1701. Works : Concertini
par camera a violino e violoncello (Bologna,
1704;) ; Sinfonia da chiesa a due violini con
r organo obligato e viola ad libitum (il).,
1709) ; Concerti a due violini e basso, con
viola e violini di riuforzo (ih., 1718). — Fu-
tis.
MANFREDINI, VINCENZO, born at
Pistoja, Italy, first half of 18th century,
died at Bologna, probably before 1800.
Dramatic composer, and writer on music,
pupil at Bologna of Perti, and at Milan of
Fioroni. In 1755 he went to St. Peters-
burg, with a company of singers, and
through the composition of some spirited
ballet music won the favor of the Empress,
who chose him as instructor on the piano-
forte for the Grand-duke Paul, whose cham-
ber music he afterwards also conducted.
Finding his star waning, after the arrival
of Galuppi in St. Petersburg, he retired in
1769 to Bologna, where he devoted him-
self to literary pursuits. Works — Operas :
Olimpiade ; Alessandro nell' Indie, and
others ; Ballets ; 6 sonatas for harpsichord ;
Didactic writings. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Schil-
ling.
MANFROCE, NICOLA ANTONIO, born
at Palmi, Calabria, Feb. 20, 1791, died in
Naples, Jul}' 9, 1813. Dramatic comjjoser,
pupil of Tritto in Naples and of Zingarelli
in Rome. Works — Operas : Alzira, Rome,
1810 ; Piramo e Tisbe ; Ecuba, Naples,
1813. Cantatas : Armida ; La nascita d' Al-
cide. Miserere, for 3 choruses ; 6 sympho-
nies, for orchestra ; 3 Masses ; Vespers ;
Airs ; Duets. — Fetis ; do., Supplement, ii.
155 ; Mendel ; do., Ergilnz., 258.
MANGOLD, (JOHANN) WILHELM,
born in Darmstadt, Nov. 19, 1796, died
there. May 23, 1875. Son and pupil of
Cxoorg ]\Iangold (1767-1835) on the violin,
and pupil of Rinck and Abt Vogler in
theory ; was violinist in an orchestra at the
age of fourteen, studietl at the Paris Con-
servatoire in 1815-18, under Mehul and
Cherubini. Returning to Darmstadt about
1819, he became court musician and Con-
zertmeister ; appointed Court Kapellmeister
in 1825, he retained the position until 1858,
when he was pensioned. Works — Operas :
Merope, 1823 ; Graf Ory ; Die vergebliche
Vorsicht. Ciicilia, cantata ; Music for Die
beiden Galeercn-Sclaven, Macbeth, and The
Merchant of Venice, cantatas ; Symphonies ;
Overtures ; Quintet for wind instruments ;
Quartets for strings ; Music for horn or
clarinet and pianoforte ; Music for violin ;
Choruses and songs. — Fetis; Mendel;
Schilling.
MANGOLD, KARL (LUDWIG AMAND),
born in Darmstadt, Oct. 8, 1813, died in
Loudon, Oct. 31, 1887. Pupil of his father
and of his brother, Wilhelm Mangold ; stud-
ied in 1836-39 at the Paris Conservatoire
under Berton and Bordogni, also received
instruction from Neukomm and Saussaye.
Returning to his native city, he became
MANNA
director of the Musikvcrein in 1839, the
Silngerkniuz, the CiiciUa, and in 1SG9-75, of
the Mozartvereiu ; was director of the court
music in 1848-69, wheu he was peusioned.
He was popular throughout Germany
through his quartets for male voices.
Works — Operas : Das KJihlermiidchen ;
Taunhiiuser ; Gudrun ; DorurOschen. Cou-
cert dramas : Frithjof ; Hermann's Tod ; Eiu
Morgeu am Rhein ; Barbarossa's Erwachen ;
Dcs Miidchen's Klage, dramatic scene ;
Die Hermannsschlacht, concert-melodrama.
Oratorios ; Wittekind ; Abraham ; Israel in
der Wiiste. Elysium, symphouj'-cantata ;
Die Weishcit des Mirza Schaffy, cantata for
male chorus, soli, and orchestra, 1876 ; 2
symphonies ; Chamber music ; Quartets,
songs, and choruses. — Mendel ; Riemann ;
F6tis.
MANNA (Manni), GENNARO, born in
Naples in 1721, died there in 1788. Dra-
matic and church composer, studied at the
Consorvatorio di Loreto in Naples ; suc-
ceeded Durante there in 1756 as teacher of
compo.sition. Works — Operas : Adriano
plaeato, given at Ferrara, 1748 ; Eumono,
Turin, 17.50 ; Didone abbandonata, Venice,
1751 ; Siroi", ib., 1753 ; Achille in Sciro,
Milan, 1755 ; Temistocle, Piacenza, 1761 ;
II trionfo di Maria Vergiue assunta in
Cielo, oratorio ; Sacred cantata ; Pastoral ;
Masses ; Psalms ; Motets, and other chui'ch
music. — Fetis; Mendel; Schilling.
MANNA, RUGGIERO, born in Trieste,
April 6, 1808, died at Cremona, May 14,
1864. Dramatic and church composer, son
of the singer Carolina Bassi, and j^upil in
Milan of Vincenzo Lavigna, at Bologna of
Donelli on the pianoforte and of Mattel in
counterpoint, finally in Vienna of Czeruy on
the pianoforte, of Mayseder on the violin,
and of Stadler and Weigl in counterpoint.
After his return to Trieste in 1832, he be-
came maestro concertatore at the theatre,
and in 1835 maestro di cappella of the ca-
thedral, acting later also as musical director
of the theatre there. Works — Operas :
Praucesca da Rimini (never performed) ;
Jacopo di Valcnza, Trieste, 1832 ; Preziosa,
Casal Maggiore, 1845 ; II profeta vclato,
Trieste, 1846. Cantata ; 18 masses ; 30
psalms ; 20 hymns ; Much other church mu-
sic ; Overtures ; Concert pieces. — Fetis,
Supplement, ii. 157 ; La Scena (Trieste,
1864), No. 6, 21-24; Mendel, Ergilnz.,
259 ; L' Osservatore triestino (1864), No.
126 ; Wurzbach.
MANNS, FERDINAND, born at Witzen-
hausen on the Werra, Aug. 27, 1S44, still
living, 1889. Instrumental composer, pu-
pil of Otto Kraushaar at Cassel, since 1866
member of the theatre orchestra at Bremen.
Works : Entr'actes for dramas, mostly per-
formed at Bremen ; Other orchestral music ;
Quintets, quartets, and trios for strings ;
Concert pieces and sonatas for violin and
for violoncello, with pianoforte, etc. — ]\Ien-
del.
MANNSTADT, FRANZ, born atBielefel.l,
July 8, 1852, still living, 1889. Pianist,
pupil of Erlicli at Stern's ConsciTatorium in
Berlin, where he became instructor of pi-
anoforte in 1879, having first been Kapell-
meister at Mainz in 1874-76, and conductor
of the symphony orchestra in Berlin, from
1876. He has published chamber music,
pianoforte pieces, and songs. — Mendel ;
Riemann.
MANNSTADT, '^MXHELJI, born at
Bielefeld, May 30, 1837, still living, 1889.
Dramatic composer, self-taught, having first
been a merchant and mauufapturcr ; then
led a wandering life as actor. Kapellmeister
of small opera troupes, and manager, until
be settled in Berlin in 1865. For several
years he was connected with the minor
theatres there, and conductor of musical
societies ; he wrote and composed more than
fifty comedies, farces, operettas, etc., and
in 1874 published Der Kunstfreund, an art
periodical. — Mendel ; Riemann.
MANON, oj)era-comique in three acts,
text by Meilhac and Gille, music by Mas-
senet, first represented at the Opt'ra Co-
mique, Paris, Jan. 19, 1884, with great
success. It is one of the best modern
MANON
French operas. Subject, from the Abb6
Prevost's romauce, " Histoire clu GhevaUer
Dcsgrieux et de Mauon Lescaut " (Paris,
1733). Original Cast :
Manon Lescaut (S.) Mmc Heilbrouu.
Le chevaher Desgrieux (T.). . . .M. Talazac.
De Brutiguy (B.) SL Taskiu.
The opera was given in London in May,
18tS5 ; in New York, with Minnie Hauk as
Manon, Dec. 23, 1885.— Signale (1884),
151 ; Athenteum (1885), G39 ; Krehbiel,
Review (1885-8G), 80.
M.VNON LESCAUT, ballet-pantomime
in three acts, text by Scribe, music by
Haluvy, first represented at the Academie
Eoyale de Musique, Paris, May 3, 1830.
MANON LESCAUT, opera-comique in
three acts and live tableaux, text by Scribe,
music by Auber, first rej)resented at the
Opt'ra Coraique, Paris, Feb. 23, 185G. Sub-
ject, from the Abbe Provost's romauce.
Original cast :
Manon Lescaut (S. ) Mme Cabel.
Marguerite (A.) Mile Lemercier.
Le chevalier Desgrieux (T.) M. Puget.
Le marquis d'Herigny (B.) M. Faure.
Published by Bote & Bock, and by
Schlesinger (Berlin) ; by Simrock (Bonn) ;
by Heinrichshof en (Magdeburg) ; by Rc')zsa-
volgyi (Pesth), and by Haslinger and by
Spina (Vienna). — Clement et Larousse, 427 ;
Revue et Gazette musicale de Paris (1856),
66.
]\L\.NRY, CHARLES CASEVIIR, born in
Paris, Feb. 8, 1823, died there, Jan. 18,
1866. Church composer, studied law, but
an independent fortune allowing him to
follow his preference for music, he became
a pupil of Elwart in haimony and counter-
point. His first mass was performed in
1844. Works : 5 masses ; 8 motets ; Te
Deum, and other church music ; Symphony
and a serenade for orchestra ; Trio for
strings ; 3 quartets for do.; Duo for piano-
forte and violin ; La sorciOre des eaux, an
orchestral overture ; Les Natchez, an ora-
torio ; Les disciples d'Ennnaiis, a mystery,
for 3 voices, chorus, and orchestra ; Les
deux Espagnols, opera-bouffe, Paris, 1854 ;
La bourse, on la vie, opera-comique, ib. ; La
premiere pierre de I'eglise d'Ai-gis, a Wal-
lachian legend. — Fetis ; Larous.se ; Mendel.
MANSFELDT, EDGAR. See Pierson,
Henry Hugo.
ULiNSUY, FRANCOIS CHARLES, born
at Amsterdam, Feb. 18, 1783, died at Lyons,
October, 1847. Instrumental composer, pu-
pil of his father, then studied chiefly after the
works of Bach, acquiring a marvellous facil-
ity, and won much applause on concert tours
through Germany and France. Having
lived and taught the pianoforte, successively
at Lille, Lyons, Bordeaux, and Nantes, he
finally settled at Lyons. Works : An opera,
given at Nantes ; Symphony for orchestra ;
Overture for do. ; 2 concertos for pianoforte
and orchestra ; Quintet for jnanoforte,
strings, and horn ; do. for strings ; Pasto-
rale en trio, for pianoforte and strings ;
Duos, nocturnes, sonatas, for pianoforte and
other instruments ; Sonatas, fantaisies, ron-
deaux, canons, fugues, etc., for pianoforte.
— Fetis ; Mendel.
MANTIUS, EDUARD, born in Schwerin,
Jan. 18, 1806, died at Ilmenau, Thuringia,
July 4, 1874. Studied law at Rostock and
Leipsic ; in the latter place became pui)il of
Pohlenz in singing, and later studied under
Nauenburg in Halle. He made his debut
in Berlin in 1830 at the royal opera, and re-
mained there as tenor iintil his retirement
in 1857, appearing in 152 characters. The
rest of his life was sjsent in teaching sing-
ing. Works : Lieder with pianoforte ac-
companiment.—Mendel ; Schilling; Fctis ;
AUgem. d. Biogr., xx. 272.
MANZONI REQUIEM. See Requiem,
Verdi.
MAOMETTO SECONDO, Italian opera
in three acts, text by the Duke Ventignano,
music by Rossini, first represented at the
Teatro San Carlo, Naples, during the car-
nival of 1820. The opera was remodelled
as Le siijge de Coriuthe. Published by
513
MAllAIS
Ricortli (Milan). Other operas of the saiiic
title, ill Geruiai), three acts, text bj' Hinsch,
music by Reinhard Keiser, Hamburg, 1696 ;
in French, three acts, text by Sauluier, mu-
sic by Jaain, Paris, Oct. lo", 1803 ; in Ital-
ian, text by Romani, music by Peter von
Winter, Milan, Jan. 28, 1817, Darmstadt,
1821 ; and Mahmoud, English opera by
Storace, London, 179G. — Edwards, Rossini,
224 ; Escudier, Rossini, 155.
MARAIS, MARIN, born in Paris, March
31, 1656, died there, Aug. 15, 1728. Vir-
tuoso on the viol da gainba, and dramatic
composer, pupil of Hottemann and of Saiiite-
Colombe, and in composition of Lully. He
was solo player in the king's chamber music
in 1685-1725. Works— Operas : Alcide(with
Louis de Lully), 1693 ; Ariane et Bacchus,
1696 ; Alcione, 1706 ; Sumeli:', 1709 ; Trios
for flute, violin, and viol da ganiba ; Mauy
pieces for viol da gamba. His sou Roland
was also a distinguished artist on the same
instrument, aud succeeded him as solo play-
er in 1725. He composed cantatas aud
music for viol da gamba, and published
Nouvelle methode de musiquc (1711). — Fe-
tis ; do., Su2)plement, ii. 159 ; Mendel ; Rie-
maun.
MARCELLO, BENEDETTO, born in
Venice, Aug. 1, 1686,
died in Brescia, July
24, 1739. He was
of uoble family, the
son of A g o s t i n o
MarceUo and Paola
Capcllo ; pujjil in
music of Lotti and
G a spar in i ; first
studied the violin,
but soon api)lied
himself wholly to singing and composition.
His father scut him from home to .study
law ; but, after his father's death, he re-
turned to Venice and combined his musical
studies with the practice of his profession.
He held several important government
posts, was a member of the Council of
Forty for fourteen years, was Proveditore
at Pola ill 1730-38, then went as Camer-
liugo to Brescia, after a brief stay in Ven-
ice. He was a member also of the Pastori
Arcadi at Rome, and in 1712 was chosen
Cavaliere to the Filarmouici of Bologna.
Besides his musical gift, he was an eloquent
writer, and a poet of above the average
merit. As a composer, he ranks with the
greatest of his time. Ho owed most of his
musical forms to Lotti, and the influence of
Clari is distinctly to be felt in his style ;
but the poetic expressiveness, and daring
originality of his themes, together with the
variety of the effects he produced, were all
his own. He composed music iu almost
every form then iu vogue, but his fifty
Psalms are his best known work, as well as
the most enduring monument of his great-
ness. A MS. pamphlet attributed to him,
entitled "Lcttera famigliaro d' uu Accade-
mico filarmonico," anonymously circulated
iu Venice, iu which some of his master
Lotti's compositions were severely handled,
made a good deal of noise at the time.
L Published Works : Conccrti a cinquo
istroineuti, oj). 1 (Venice, Sala, 1701) ; So-
nata di cembalo, op. 2, ib., Giuditta, ora-
torio per musica (Venice, Domenico Lovisa,
1710) ; Souate a cinque e flauto solo col
basso coutinuo (Venice, Sala, 1712) ; Can-
zoui raadrigalesehe ed Aiie per camera a
due, a tre, a quattro voci, etc., op. 1 (Bo-
logna, Silvaui, 1717) ; H teatro alia moda, o
sia metodo sicuro e facile per ben comporre
ed eseguire le opere italiaue in musica, etc.
(a famous prose satire, Venice, 1720 ; other
eds., ib., 1727, 1733, 1738 ; Florence, Piatti,
1841) ; Estro poetico-armonico, parafrasi
sopra i primi veuticinque salmi, poesia di
Girolamo Ascauio Giustiuiani, musica di
Benedetto Mareello, etc. (Venice, Lovisa,
1724, 4 vols.) ; Estro poetico-armonico, pa-
rafrasi sopra i secondi veuticinque salmi,
etc. (ib., ib., -1726-27, 4 vols. ; other eds. of
the whole : London, Avison, 1750, with
English text ; Venice, Domenico Pompeati,
175- ; ib., Sebastiano Valle, 1803-08, 8
vols. ; 50 Salmi di Davidde parafrasati da
614
MARCELLO
Giustiniani, a 2, 3, e '1 voci, in parlitura,
con accompagnameuto di pianoforte, etc.
Paris, Carli, 4 parts iu 12 books) ; Some
collections of verses, sonnets, plays, and
burlesque poems.
II. Works iu MS. : Calisto iu Orsa, pas-
torale a ciuque voci ad uso di scena (libretto
publislied, Venice, Lovisa, 1725) ; La fede
riconosciuta, di'amma per musica, Viceuza,
1702, revived in 1729 as La commedia di
Dorinda (libretto publisbed) ; Arianua, in-
treccio scenico musicale a cinque voci (li-
bretto published, Venice, n. d.) ; Lottera
famigliare d' uu Accademico filarmouieo ed
Arcade, discorsiva sopra un libro di duetti,
terzetti o madrigali a piti voci, stampato in
Venezia da Antonio Bartoli, 1705 (anony-
mous diatribe against Lotti) ; Teoria musi-
cale ordinata alia moderua prattica, etc.
(written in 1707) ; Alcuni avvertimenti al
Veneto Giovanctto Patrizio, etc. ; Cassan-
dra, cantata for 1 voice and continuo ; Ti-
moteo, do. for 2 voices, on Conti's transla-
tion of Drj'deu's "Alexander's Feast;"
Serenata da cantarsi alia corte di Vienna il
primo d' ottobre 1725 ; 2 comic madrigals
for •! voices ; Lettera scritta dal signor Carlo
Antonio Benatti alia signora Vittoria Tesi,
posta in musica dal Marcello ; Gioas, ora-
torio for 4 voices and instruments ; La
Psiclie, iutreccio musicale a cinque voci ;
2G cantatas for 1 voice \vitli instruments ;
27 duets with continuo ; Many cantatas for
a female voice with clavecin ; liliserere for
2 tenors and bass ; Mass for 4 voices and
orchestra ; 2 masses, of which one is with
organ ; Lamentazioni di Geremia ; Tantum
ergo, G voc, in canon ; In omueni torram,
do. ; Salve Regina, 7 voc, in canon : II trl-
oiifo delta pocsia e delta musica nel ccle-
brarsi la morte, la esaltazionc, e la iucoro-
nazione di !Maria, seinpre vergine, assunta
in cielo, oratorio sagro a G voci, 1733. —
Caffi, Delia vita e del comporre di Bene-
detto Marcello, etc. (Venice, Picotti, 1830 ;
reprinted iu the same author's Storia delta
musica sacra, etc., p. 173-220) ; Crevel de
Charlemagne, Sommaire de la vie et des
ouvrages de Benedict Marcello (Paris, Du-
verger, 1841) ; Fetis.
MARCELLO, MARCO MARCELLIANO,
born at San Gerolanio Lupatolo, Province
of Verona, Italy, about 1817, died at Milan,
July 25, 18G5. Pianist and writer on mu-
sic, pupil of Mercadante at Novara, and at
Naples. In 1848 he settled at Turin to
teach the pianoforte and singing, founded
a theatrical journal there in 1854, and trans-
ferred it to Milan in 1859. He furnished
about thirty librettos to various dramatic
composers, and also translated into Italian
those of several French operas. Works :
2 operas ; Masses for 3 voices and organ ;
Miniera teatrale, a series of divertissements
on operatic themes ; Mazzolino primaverile,
10 dances in form of etudes ; Arc-cn-ciel, col-
lection of pianoforte pieces ; Sere d'autunno,
6 ariettas. — Fetis, Supplement, ii. 160.
MARCELLUS MASS. See Mksa Papa
Marcelli.
MARCHAND, LOUIS, born in Lyons,
Feb. 2, 1G69, died in
Paris, Feb. 17, 1732.
He was organist of
the cathedral at Ne-
vers iu 1G84, later at
Auxerrc, and about
1797 at the Jesuit
Church iu Paris ; re-
ceived similar ap-
pointments at several
other churches there,
and finally iu the royal chapel at Versailles.
He was exiled in 1717, and became engaged
in a contest with Bach in Dresden, but so
signal was his defeat that he returned to
o
Paris and became a music teacher. Works :
Pyrame et Thisbe, opera ; Book of organ
pieces ; 3 books of pianoforte pieces. — Fe-
tis ; Riemanu ; Mendel ; Schilling ; Gerber.
MARCHE DES DAVIDSBUNDLEli.
Sec Carnavai.
MAECHE
MARCHE FUNi^BRE. See Tndia.
MARCHE INDIENNE. ^ee L' Africaine.
MARCHE MAROCAINE, for the piauo-
forte, by Li'opokl de Meyer. Arranged by
Berlioz for orchestra, pubhshed by Escu-
dier (Paris).
MARCH OF THE MONKS OF B.^JNT-
GOE, cantata for male chorus, tenor solo,
and orchestra, by George E. Whiting, op.
40, first performed by the Apollo Club, Bos-
ton, Feb. 23, 1887.
IMARCHENBILDER, 4 pieces for piano-
forte and viola, by Schumann, op. 113,
composed iu 1851, dedicated to J. von
Wasielewsliy. I. Niclit schnell, in D minor ;
n. Lebhaft, in F. HI. Rasch, in D minor ;
IV. Langsam, mit melancholiscliem Aus-
druck, in D major. Published by Carl
Luckardt (Cassel, 1852). An-anged for pi-
anoforte for four hands by F. G. Jansen.
MARCHENERZAHLUNGEN, 4 pieces
for clarinet (ad libitum violin), viola, and
pianoforte, by Schumann, op. 132, com-
posed iu 1853, dedicated to Albert Die-
trich. I. Lebhaft, nicht zu schnell, in B-flat ;
n. Lebhaft und sehr markirt, in G minor ;
in. Ruhiges Tempo, mit zartem Ausdruck,
in G ; IV. Lebhaft, sehr markirt, in B-flat.
Published by Breitkopf it Hiirtel (Leii^sic,
1854). Arranged for pianoforte for four
liands by F. G. Jansen.
MARCHESE DI TULIPANO, IL, Italian
opera in two acts, music by Paisiello, first
represented in Rome in 1766. Given in
Berlin, Jan. 19, 1812. Cherubini inserted
six airs in this opera in 1786.
]\IARCHESI, MATHILDE DE CAS-
TRONE, born (Graumann) in Frankfort-
on-the-Maiu, March 26, 1826, still living,
1889. Pupil of Nicolai in Vienna in 1843,
and of Garcia in Paris iu 1845 ; removed
to London iu 1849, and became well known
as a concert singer, aj)pearing with success
in Holland, Belgium, Germany, France, and
Switzerland, as well as iu England. She
married Signor Marchesi iu 1852 ; was j)ro-
fessor of singing at the Vienna Couserva-
torium in 1854-61 ; taught in Paris ; was
professor at the Cologne Conservatorium in
1865-68 ; and again professor iu Vienna iu
1869-78. Among her pupils were Mme
Schuch-Proska, Miles Smeroschi and dAn-
geri, lima di ]Murska, Gabrielle Kraus, and
Etelka Gerster. The Emjjeror of Austria
conferred upon her the Cross of Merit of
the first class, and she has received many
medals and decorations. Works : 24 vo-
calises pour soprano ; Exercices elemen-
taii'es ; Vocalises pour uue, deux et trois
voix ; Etudes d'agilite avec paroles ; )^]cole
Marchesi, I'.Ai-t du chant. — Fc'tis, Supple-
ment, ii. 162 ; Mendel, vii. 55 ; Riemann ;
Grove.
MARCHESI, SALVATORE, Cavaliere de
Castrone, Marchese della Rajata, born in
Palermo, Jan. 15, 1822, still living, 1889.
Pupil of Raimondi iu his native town, and
of Lamperti and Fontana in jMilan. Hav-
ing taken part in the revolution of 1848,
he was forced to leave Italy, and going to
America, made his debut iu New York.
On his return to Europe he settled iu Lon-
don and studied under Garcia ; married
Mile Graumanu iu 1852, and with her
made concert tours in Germany, England,
and Belgium. He has appeared success-
fully in ojjera, and taught singing in the
Vienna and Cologne Conservatoriums.
Since 1881 he has lived in Paris. Works :
French, German, and Italian songs ; Me-
thode de chant ; Sci nuovi canti siciliani ;
Riassunto dell' arte del canto, a scries of 20
vocal exercises. He has also translated
manj' librettos ; and is author of a book,
Rclazione sugli Instrumenti musicali quali
erano rappresentati all' Esposizione univer-
sale di Vienna uel Giugno (1873). — Fetis,
Supplement, ii. 161 ; Riemann ; Grove ;
Mendel.
MARCHES!, TO.MISIASO, boru at Lis-
bon, March 7, 1776, died at Bologna after
1840. Instrumental and vocal composer,
pu2)il iu Venice of GrazioH, and of I'adre
Martini in composition. Haviug conducted
opera in several places near Bologna, he
was engaged iu the same capacity at Bo-
616
]\[ARCI1ETTI
logiia for twenty-two j-ears, and afterwards
taught singing and composition. Until
about 1840 be superintended the music in
all the cburcbes of Bologna. His comijosi-
tions, consisting of cburcb music of various
description, cantatas, overtures, arias, and
otber vocal music, remain in manuscript ;
be could not be induced to publisb any of
them. — IMendel.
MARCHETTI, FILIPPO, born at Bolo-
gnola, near Camerino,
Feb. 26, 1835, still
living, 1889. Dra-
matic composer, pu-
Ijil of Hindi, then at
the Conservatorio San
Pietro a Majella,
in Naples, of Giu-
seppe Lillo autl Carlo
Conti. Settled in
Rome, to teach sing-
ing, but three years later went to Milan.
Since 1881 be has been president of the
Aecademia di Sta. Cecilia, Rome. Works —
Operas : Gentile di Varano, Turin, 185G ; La
demente, ib., and Rome, 1857 ; U Paria, ib.,
1858 ; Romeo eGiuUetta, Trieste, 1865 ; rait/
Bias, Milan, La Scala, 18G9 ; L' amore alia
prova, Turin, 1873 ; Gustavo Wasa, Milan,
1875 ; Don Giovanni d' Austria, Turin, 1880.
Overture ; Choeur de Corsaires ; Ave Maria ;
Vocal compositions. — Fotis, Supplement, ii.
1G3 ; Riemanu ; Mendel.
MARCO AUPiELIO, Italian opera in
three acts, text by Terzago, music by Stef-
fani, first represented in Munich, in 1681.
A MS., thought to be the conducting score,
is in Buckingham Palace. — Grove.
MARECHAL FERRANT, LE (The Far-
rier), French opera-comique in two acts,
text by Qui'tant and Anseaume, music by
Frantj'ois Andre Danican Philidor, first rep-
resented at the Theatre de la Foire Saint-
Laurent, Paris, Aug. 22, 17G1. The scene
passes in the shop of Marcel, the farrier.
Characters represented : Marcel ; Labride,
a coachman ; Colin ; Claud ine ; and Jean-
nette. The libretto is insignificant, but
the music is well written and interesting.
There is no overture. Same title, opera-
comique in one act, by Steveniers, Brussels,
Dec. 8, 18G2.— Clement et Larousse, 429 ;
Rev. et Gaz. musicale de Paris (1859), 318.
MAREK, LOUIS, born iu Galicia in
1837, still living, 1889. Pianist, pupil of
Liszt, won brilliant success on concert
tours through Russia and Austria, and set-
tled at Lemberg, to teach. His composi-
tions for the pianoforte are superior.
aiARENZIO, LUCA, born at Coccaglia,
between Bergamo and Brescia, 1550-60,
died iu Rome, Aug. 22, 1599. His parents
were poor villagers, but his earlier biogra-
phers unite in claiming for him descent from
a noble family of Bergamo or Brescia.
When very young he went as choir-boy to
Brescia, where the Archpriest Andrea Ma-
zetto detected his talent and took him un-
der his patronage. Ho studied music un-
der Giovanni Coutini. In 1580 he was in
Venice, where bis first book of 5-voice mad-
rigals was published in that year, to be
followed by eight other books, one every
year (except 1588), until 1589. Six books
of 6-voice madrigals appeared also at inter-
vals from 1582 to 1590. New editions
api^eared rapidly, and in 1593 P. Phalesius
published a complete edition. Four-voice
madrigals were published between 1592
and 1608, and five books of 3-voice Villa-
nelle alia napoletana appeare<l (also at Ven-
ice) from 1584 to 1605. Marenzio was in
Rome in 1582 and twice in 1584, remaining
the last time until July 15, 1585, having held
the i^ost of maestro di cappella to the Car-
dinal d' Este. About 1587 be went to Po-
land to occupy a post at court with a salary
of one thousand scudi per annum ; he remain-
ed there several years, and was held in the
highest honour and knighted by Sigismund
HI., but the climate proving too severe for
him he returned iu 1595 to Rome, where
Cardinal Aldobrandini (nephew of Clement
VIII.) procured him admission to the Pon-
tifical Chapel. The story goes that he fell
, in love with a lady of his patron's family.
517
MARESCALCIII
but he certainly ilitl not marry. Mareiizio
Las been called tbe "Father of the Madri-
gal," a term which iu uo wise ai^plies to
him ; for, instead of being the originator of
that form, he was the comjioserwho brought
it to perfection. Neither did he, as some
have supposed, confine himself to madrigal
writing ; he was also an important figure
among the great church composers of his
day. Yet it was chiefly upon his madrigals
that his almost universal fame rested, even
in his own time. His style is singularly
pure, facile, and graceful. Although he
belonged definitely to the so-called " great "
period of Italian music (being a contempo-
rary of Giovanni Gabrieli and Pulestrina),
and died before the Florentine music re-
form had begun to usher in the " beauti-
ful " or " Neapolitan " period, his music
constantly diverges from the severe diatonic
style which was characteristic of his age.
For picturesque, poetic suggestiveness he
was unsurpassed by any of his contemjw-
raries. If, in his "tone-painting," he went
into less minute details than Ancrio and
some others, he caught the dominant tone
of the jjoetry he was setting all the more
surely, in this resembling Arcadelt and oth-
ers of the older madrigalists. "Works : 9
books of 5-voice Madrigals (Venice, Gar-
dauo, 1580-89 ; 2d ed., ib., 1594-1G09 ;
also Antwerp, Phalesius & Bellerus, 1593) ;
G books ofG-voice Madrigals (Venice, 1582-
1G09 ; Antwerp, Phalesius, 1591-1010) ;
Madrigali a quattro voci (lib. i., Venice,
1592-1G08) ; Motetti a 4 voci (lib. i., Ven-
ice, Vincenti, 1588 ; do., lib. ii., ib., 1592) ;
Motetti a 12 voci (Venice, 1G14) ; Sacri
concentus quinque, sex et sept. voc. (ib.,
Piccioni, IGIG) ; Completorium ae Auti-
phoune sex voc. (Venice, 1595) ; 5 books
of Villanelle alia napoletaua (ib., 1581-
1G05 ; reprinted with German text, Nurem-
berg, 1606). Several madrigals have been
published in score iu Padre Martini's Saggio
del contrappunto, AVinterfeld's Johannes
Gabrieli, etc., and Choron's Principes de
Composition. Many more are scattered
through collections published iu Italy,
Germany, and Belgium near the end of
the 16th and the beginning of the 17th
centuries. — Ambros, iv. 85-90 ; Winter-
feld, "Joh. Gabrieli u. sein Zeitalter," ii.
87-97.
M.VRESCALCHI, LUIGI, born in Eome
iu 1740, died in Naples early in 19th cen-
tury. Dramatic composer, pupil of Padre
Martini at Bologna ; in 1770 he lived at
Venice, where he had established a music
trade, which he transferred to Naples in
1785. Works — Ojieras : I disertori felici,
Piaceuza, 1784 ; Andromeda e Perseo, Rome,
1784 ; Giulietta e Romeo, ib., 1789. Bal-
lets : Meleagro, Florence, 1780 ; Le rivolu-
zioni del seraglio, Naples, 1788 ; Concer-
tino for 15 instruments ; 4 quartets for
strings ; Trios for do. — Fetis ; Mendel ;
Schilling.
M.mETZEK, MAX, born at Briinn, JHo-
ravia, June 28,
1821, still living,
1889, in New
York. Conductor
and composer,
graduate of the
University of Vi-
enna ; studied
medicine two
years, and at the
same time the theory of music and compo-
sition under Kapellmeister vou Seyfried.
In 1843 he wrote an opera, Hamlet, repre-
sented in Briinn, and other cities ; then
visited, as conductor of an orchestra, Ger-
many, France, and England, where he was
assistant to Balfe at Her Majesty's Theatre,
London, in 1844. Iu 1848 he went to the
United States, and from 1849 to 1878 was
manager of Italian opera in New York, Ha-
vana, Mexico, and other cities. Works :
Hamlet, opei'a in 3 acts, given at Briinn,
1843 ; Sleepy Hollow, English opera in
three acts, text by Gayler, New York, Sep-
tember, 1879 ; Chamber and orchestral nui-
sic ; Pianoforte music ; Songs.
MARGHERITA D' ANJOU, Italian opera
618
MAPJA
soiui-scria, iu tlircc acts, text by Eoniaui,
music by Meyerbeer, first represeuted at La
Scala, Milan, Nov. 14, 1820. Marglierita,
the willow of Henry IV., flees with her son
from Enylaud to France, where she receives
protection and endeavours to regain her
rights. The work was arranged for the
French stage by Crumont, text by Thomas
iSauvage, and given at the Odcon, Paris,
March 11, 1826. Published by Diabelli
(Vienna). Cherubiui began an ojjera with
this title for Louis XVL, but it was not
completed. Eight numbers exist in full
score. Other operas, same title, by Joseph
Weigl, Vienna, July 26, 1816 ; by Pacini,
Naples, Nov. 19, 1827 ; and by Forli, 1832.
— Allgem. mus. Zeitg., xxiii. 24.
MARIA ANTONIA W.VLPURGIS, eldest
daughter of the Elector of Bavaria, after-
wards Emperor Charles VII., born at Mu-
nich, April 18, 1724, died at Dresden, Ajiril
23, 1780. Pianist, singer, and dramatic
composer, pupil of Porpora in singing, and
of Hasse iu composition, at Dresden, whither
she came in 1747, married to the Electoral
Prince of Saxony. She was an excellent art
connoisseur, skilled iu music, j^oetry, and
painting, whose fame was spread through
the entire civilized world of her time.
Frederick the Great esteemed her highly and
kept up with her a lively correspondence
until within a few mouths of her death. At
the performances of her operas she always
sang the principal part herself, and shone
through this talent also in the exclusive
court circle. As a member of the Arcadians
in Rome she assumed the name of Erme-
liuda Talia, Pastorella Arcada, under which
she composed her poetry and music, signing
E. T. A. P. Works— Operas : P trionfo
della fedeltii, 1756 ; Talestri, regina delle
Amazzoni, 1765 ; 6 arias; 2 songs on poems
for special occasions. — Allgena. d. Biogr., xx.
371 ; Fiirstenau, Beitrilge, ii. 183 ; Marjjurg,
Kritische Beitrilge, iii. 155 ; Petzholdt,
Maria Antonia Walpurgis (Dresden, 1857) ;
Weber, do. (Dresden, 1857).
MARIA DI ROHAN, Italian opera in
three acts, text by Cammarano, music by
Donizetti, first re^jreseuted in Venice, June
5, 1S43, with Tadolini, Ronconi, and Guas-
co in the chief characters. Subject, from
Lockroy's drama " Un duel sous le Cardinal
Richelieu." This opera was performed at
the Theatre Italien, Paris, Nov. 20, 1843,
and at Covent Garden, Loudon, May 8,
1847. It was first given in New York, Dec.
10, 1849. Published by Diabelli (Vienna).
— Allgem. nius. Zeitg., xlv. 685 ; xlvi. 778 ;
Edwards, History of the Opera, ii. 242 ;
Clement et Larousse, 432 ; Atheureum
(1847), 531.
MAHIA DI RUDENZ, Italian opera in
three acts, text by Cammarano, music by
Donizetti, first represented in Venice, Jan.
30, 1838. Published by Hofmeister (Leip-
sic). — Allgem. mus. Zeitg., xl. 406.
MARIAGE DE FIGARO, LE. See Nozze
di Figaro.
MARIAGES SAMNITES, LES, opera-
comique in two acts, text by Rosoy, music
by Gretry, first represented at the Comedie
Italienne, Paris, June 12, 1776. Mozart
wrote eight variations on the march from
this opera (Kijchel, No. 352). — Grctr}', Es-
sais sur la Musique, i. 173.
MARIANI, ANGELO, born iu Ravenna,
Oct. 11, 1822, died iu Genoa, June 13,
1873. Pupil of Pietro Casoliui ou the vio-
lin antl of Padre Livrini iu harmony and
counterpoint, later in Bologna of Rossini.
He made his debut as conductor iu Messina
in 1844, then in Milan and Viceuza ; was
called to Copenhagen in 1847, to conduct
the orchestra of the court theatre, but re-
signed to engage in the Revolution of 1848.
After the war he went to Constantinople, re-
turned, in 1852, to conduct the orchestra at
the Teatro Carlo Felice iu Genoa, and there
established his great reputation as the best
orchestra conductor in Italy ; several years
after he occupied a similar position in Bo-
logna, but returned to Genoa a short time
before his death. Works : La fidanzata del
guerriero, cantata ; Gli esuli, do. ; Requiem
for King Christian VHI. ; Collections of
MARIA
songs — Rimembrauze clel Bosforo ; II Tro-
vatore uella Liguria ; II Colle di Carignauo ;
Album Tocale ; Eimembrauze di Areuzano ;
Liete e triste Kimembrauze ; Otto pezzi
vocali ; Nuovo album vocale. — Fotis, Sup-
plement, ii. 167 ; Mendel, Eigiiuz., 260 ;
Itiemanu, 551.
MAEIA PADILLA, Italian opera, test by
Eossi, music by Donizetti, first rei3resented
at La Scala, Milan, Dec. 29, 1841. Mmo
Lijwe, Mme Abbadia, Donzelli and Rouconi
sang the chief parts. Published by Ricordi
(Milan).
MARIA STUARDA, Italian opera, text
by Bardari, music bj' Donizetti, first repre-
sented under the title Buondelmonte in
Naples, Oct. 18, 183-1 ; at La Scala, Milan,
as Maria Stuarda in 1836. Malibran ap-
peared in the title-role, and Toso-Puzzi as
Elizabetta. Pasta was very successful in
the j)art of Maria Stuarda. Published by
Ricordi (Milan). The score of this o^jera,
long lost, was recovered in 1863. Other
Italian ojseras on this subject by Casella,
Florence, 1813 ; by Mercadante, Bologna,
1821 ; by Coccia, London, 1827 ; and Pa-
lumbo, Naples, April 23, 1871:. Marie Stuart
en Ecosse, French opera iu three acts, text
by Planard, music by Futis, Paris, Aug. 30,
1823 ; opera iu five acts, by Louis Niedcr-
meyer, text by Theodore Anne, Paris, Dec.
G, 181:4 ; ballet, Mai-ie Stuart, by Piccinui,
Paris, 1815 ; and lyric melodrama for alto,
solo, chorus, and orchestra by Geyer, Ber-
lin, 1836. — Allgem. mus. Zeitg., xxxviii.
312 ; Queens of Song, ii. 21.
TSIARU. STUART, overture to Schiller's
drama, by Georg Yierling, op. 14, j^er-
formed at the Gewandhaus, Lei^wic, Jan.
22, 1885. Published by Schlesinger (Ber-
lin). Same title, cycle of songs for voice
and pianoforte, by Raff, op. 172, published
by Siegel (Leipsic, 1874-79) ; Signale
(1885), 115.
MARIA TERESA, symphony iu C, by
Haydn, first performed at Eszterhaz during
the visit of Maria Theresa, Sept. 1-3, 1773.
— Pohl, Haydn, ii. 61.
MARIE, opi'ra-comique in three acts,
text by Planard, music by Hcrold, first rep-
resented at the Opera Comique, Paris, Aug.
12, 1826. The music includes many grace-
ful melodies. Scene, in Switzerland ; plot
original. Published b}' Hasliuger (Vienna,
1828). Schubert wrote eight variations on
a theme from this opera, for the pianoforte
for four hands, oji. 82, the MS. of which is
iu the Kiiuigliche Bibliothek, Berlin. — Cle-
ment et Larousse, 434 ; Allgem. mus. Zeitg.,
XXX. 86.
IMARIE MAGDELEIXE, dramatic ora-
torio in three acts, text by Louis GaUet,
music by Massenet, first jjerformed at the
Odeon, Paris, April 11, 1873. Characters
rejiresented : Marie Magdeleiue, ]Mme Viar-
dot ; Marthe, Mme Vidal ; Le Maitre, !M.
Bosquin ; Judas, M. Petit. First given iu
America by the Lenox Hill Vocal Society,
Chickering" Hall, New York, April 7, 1886.
English edition, translation by Henry S.
Leigh, iJublished by Williams (London,
1885).— Athenffium (1874), i. 468 ; (1885),
ii. 250 ; Upton, Standard Cantatas, 242 ;
Ki-ehbiel, Review (1885-86), 214.
M.AI^IENLIEDER (Songsof the Virgin), 7
songs for mixed chorus with i)ianoforte, text
from old German songs, music by Brahms,
op. 22. Part I. 1. Der englische Gruss ; 2.
Maria's Kirchgang ; 3. Maria's Wallfahrt ;
Part n. 4. Der Jiiger ; 5. Ruf zu Maria ;
6. Magdalena ; 7. Maria's Lob. Published
by Rieter-Biedermann (Leipsic and "Wintor-
thur). — "Waldersee, Sammlung musikali-
scher Vortriige, ii. 349.
JLiUIN, (MiUilE MARTIN) MARCEL
DE, born at Saiut-Jean-de-Luz, near Ba-
youue, Sejit. 8, 1769, died at Toulouse (?)
after 1830. Vu-tuoso on the harp, son and
pupil of GuUlaume Marcel de Marin (bom,
1737) ; studied violiu under Nardini in
Italj' and harp under Hochbrucker in
France, but was his own best master ou
that instrument. After a second visit to
Italy, in 1783, when he became a member
of the Arcadians in Rome, he entered the
militai-y school at Versailles, and left it iu
630
MAEINELLI
17SG US captain of dragoons. Shortly after
be obtained a fnrlough, and travelled in Ans-
tria, Prussia, and Spain. As be was abseut
from France on tbe breaking out of tbe
Eevolution be was classed among tbe emi-
grants, and earned a living in England by
teacbiug. He returned to France under
tbe Consulate, recovered bis property, and
retired to Toulouse. He was a remarkable
amateur violinist, and as a barpist bad no
rivals. His barp music is classic. Works :
Quintet for barp and strings ; Trios for
strings ; Duet for barp and pianoforte ; G
sonatas for barp ; -1 variations for do. ;
Duet for barp and violin ; Variations for
strings ; 12 songs with barp accompani-
ment ; Unpublished compositions. — Fetis ;
Mendel ; lliemann.
MARINELLI, GAETANO, born in Na-
ples in 17G0, died at Oporto (?), Portugal,
after 1820. Dramatic composer, studied at
tbe Conservatorio di Loreto in bis native
city, and Avas in the seiTice of tbe Elector
of Bavaria, as court composer, in 1790 ; be-
fore that period he had been iu 3Iadrid,
and in LSI 7 was at Lisbon, and about 1820
at Oporto, where bo taught music. Works
— Operas : Le tre rivali, ossia il matrimonio
inaspettato, Kome, 1784, and, as I quattro
rivali in amore, Nai^les, 1795 ; Gli uccellatori,
Florence, 1785 ; II trionfo dell" amore,
ib., 178G ; II letterato alia nioda, ib., 1788 ;
La roccbetta iu equivoco, ib., 1790 ; Quinto
Fabio, Rome, about 1790 ; Lucio Papirio,
dittatore, Naples, 1791 ; II villauo al go-
verno, ossia amore aguzza 1' ingegno, ib.,
1791 ; La vendetta di :Medea, Venice, 1792 ;
II coucorso delle spose, ib., 1795 ; L'inte-
ressc gabba tutti, Florence, 1795 ; Issijjile,
ib., 179G ; La bizzarra contadina, ib., about
179G ; I due fratelli Castracani, Padua,
1798 ; La morte di Cleopatra, Venice, 1800 ;
Alessandro in Efeso, Milan, 1810 ; L' equi-
voco fortunate, ib., 1811 ; La finta princi-
pessa, ib., 1811 ; Gli accident! inaspettati ;
La villanella semplice ; II barone di Sarda
fritta. II Baldassaro, oratorio ; Tobia e
Sara, cantata. — Fetis.
MAEINI, BIAGGIO, born in Brescia near
tbe end of tbe IGth century, died iu Padua
about IGGO. He became maestro di cap-
pella of the Cathedral of Viceuza, occupied
the same position in his native city, and
later went to Germany to enter the service
of tbe Count Palatine Wolfgang Wilbelm.
On his return to Italy iu 1G23 he was
appointed composer and first violin to the
Duke of Parma. He i^layed also several
other instruments. Works : Arias, madri-
gals, psalms, and many other vocal pieces ;
Chamber music, sonatas, ballets, and other
instrumentalnuisic— Fetis ; Gerber ; Men-
del, vii. G7 ; Schilling, iv. 553 ; Wasielewski,
Die Violine, 27.
MARINI, CARLO ANTONIO, born at
Bergamo about the middle of tbe 17th
century. Violinist ; was employed iu the
church of S. M. Maggiore in bis native city.
Works : 12 sonatas for i and G instruments,
op. 3 ; Do., op. G and 7 ; Do. for violin and
basso continue, op. 8 ; Balletti alia francese
a 3, op. 5 (Venice, 1699).— Fetis.
M.ARINO FALIERO, Italian opera iu
two acts, text by Bidera, after Byron, music
by Donizetti, first represented at the Thea-
tre Italien, Paris, iu 1835. Original cast :
Faliero Signer Lablache.
Fernando Signer Rubini.
Beuevantauo Signer Tamburini.
Gendoliere Signer Ivanhotf.
Elena Mme Grisi.
Given first in London, King's Theatre, May
14, 1835 ; in New York, June 16, 1851.
Published by Eicordi (Milan).— Allgem.
mus. Zeitg., xxxviii. 678 ; Neue Zeitschr.,
ii. 149, 161 ; Atheufcum (1835), 395.
MARITANA, romantic ojjera in three
acts, text by Fitzball, after the drama, " Don
C;esar de Bazan," music by William Vincent
Wallace, first represented at Drury Lane,
London, Nov. 15, 1845. This is tbe com-
]wser's best work, and is one of the most
popular of English epei-as. The libretto
fellows the drama very closely. Among the
best numbers are : Maritaua's romance.
521
MAUKULL
"I hear it again, 'tis the liarp in the air ;"
'• Of lair}' \vanil had I tlie power," duet be-
tween Don Jose and Maritana ; "All the
world over, to love, to drink, to fight I de-
light," sung by Don C;csar ; Lazarillo's song,
" Alas ! those chimes so sweetly pealing ; "
" Turn on, old Time, thine hour-glass," trio
by Don Csesar, Don Jose, and Lazarillo ;
"Yes, let me like a soldier fall," sung by
Don Csesar ; " Scenes that are brightest,"
by Maritana, and "In happy moments day
by day." the words of which were written
by Alfred Buuu. Original cast :
Maritana Miss Komer.
Don Cirsar Mr. Harrison.
Lazarillo Jliss Poole.
Don Jose Mr. Borrain.
King Mr. Phillips.
The opera was first given in New York, May
4, 1848. It was sung at Her Majesty's, Lou-
don, in Italian, with recitatives by Tito
Mattel, in Decembei', 1880. — Athenaeum
(1845), 1130 ; (1880), ii. 823 ; Neue Zeitschr.,
xxiv. 103 ; Upton, Standard Operas, 318.
MMIKULL, FRIEDllICH WILHELM,
born at Eeichenbach, near Elbing, Prussia,
Feb. 17, 181G, died at Dantzic, April 30,
1887. Dramatic composer, pupil of his
father, of Karl Kloss, of Urban, and in 1833-
35 of Fricdrich Schneider at Dessau ; be-
came first organist of the Marienkirche,
Dantzic, iu 183G, and director of the Gesaug-
verein there. He was known also as a pi-
anist, violinist (in (piartets), and much
sought as a teacher. Works — Operas :
Maja und Alpino, oder die bezanberte Kose,
Dantzic, 1843 ; Der Kc'mig von Zion, 1848 ;
Das Walpurgisfest, Dantzic, 1855. Ora-
torios: Johannes der Tiiufer ; DasGediicht-
uiss der Entschlafenen. Roland's Horn,
cantata for male voices (Novello, London,
1889) : Psidm LXXXVI, for soli, chorus, and
orchestra ; Symphonies ; Choralbuch, with
136 chorals (Dantzic, 1845) ; Music for jji-
anoforte and organ ; Songs ; Arrangements
of classical works. — ilendel ; Eiemanu ;
Fetis ; Schilling, Sujaplemeut, 290.
MAltLIANI, Conte AURELIO, born in
Lombardy iu 1803, died at Bologna, June,
1849. Dramatic composer ; spent his con-
siderable fortune iu the interests of the
Carbonari, whose party he had joined, and,
obliged to take refuge in Paris, he settled
there to teach vocal music. The perfection
of Giulia Grisi's art was due to his lessons.
He afterwards held the position of Spanish
consul-general iu Paris, and after the Revo-
lution of 1848 returned to bis native coun-
try, and took np arms in her defence ; he
was killed duriug an attack on Bologna by
the Austriaus. Works — Operas : II bravo,
given iu Paris, Theatre Italien, 1834, Vi-
enna, 1835, Prague, Genoa, Naples, Pia-
ceuza, 1S3G ; Le marchand forain, Paris,
Opera Comique, 1834 ; La Xacarilla, ib.,
Opt'ra, 1839 ; Ildegouda, Florence, 1841, Mi-
lan, 1843. C.mzoni, romances, etc. — Fetis.
MAJIJHON, symphonic overture to
Scott's poem, by Dudley Buck, first given
in Brooklyn, iu 1880.
M.ARMONTEL, ANTOINE FRANCOIS,
born at Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dome),
France, July 18, 181G, still living, 1889.
Pianist, pupil at the Pai'is Conservatoire of
Lanneau, Zimmerman, Halevy, and Le-
sueur, obtaining first pianoforte prize in
1832. He succeeded Zimmerman as profes-
sor at the Conservatoire iu 1848, and gained
a great reputation as a successful teacher.
Among his numerous pupils are Guiraud,
Paladilhe, Alphouse and Edmond Duvernoy,
Wieniawski, Thuruer, Bizet, Planto, and
Dubois. Works : L'Art de dechiiTrer, 100
etudes ; ]']cole elementaire de mecanisme et
de style, 24 etudes ; over 200 etudes iu dif-
ferent series ; 50 etudes de salon ; Ecole de
mecanisme ; L'Art de dechiftVer a 4 mains ;
Sonatas, nocturnes, marches, mazurkas,
serenades, characteristic pieces, and much
other music for pianoforte. Literary works :
Petite grammairc populaire ; Vade-mecum
du professeur de piano ; L'Art classique
et moderne du piano ; Les Piauistes cele-
bres (1878). — Fetis ; do., Supplement, ii.
172 ; Riemauu.
622
MARPURG
MAEPURG, FIIIEDRICIH, horn at Pa-
clerborn, April 4, 1825, died at Wiesbaden,
Dec. 1, 1884 Violinist, pianist, and dra-
matic composer, great-grandson of Fried-
rich Wilhelin Marpurg, pupil of Mendels-
sohn and Hauptmann at Loipsic ; early
attracted attention as a violinist and pianist,
and in the latter capacity travelled through
I'omerauin, Prussia, and Poland, after he
had completed his studies at Leipsie. He
then settled at KOnigsberg, and for nearly
nine years taught music, and conducted the
opera, and the symphony and chamber con-
certs which he had established ; was director
of the musical academy, and finally erected
a music school of his own. In 1851 he went
to Mainz as director of the Liedertafel, and
in 1861 to Sondershausen as Hofkapellmeis-
ter. Two j-ears later he resigned, and lived
at "Wiesbaden until 18G8, when he was called
to Darmstadt, to succeed Mangold as direc-
tor of the court music ; he gave up this post
in 1872, and was Kapellmeister of the thea-
tre at Freiburg in 1873, and at Laj'bach,
Caruiola, in 1875, when he returned to
Wiesbaden. Works — Operas : Musa, der
letzte Maurenki'aiig, Konigsberg, 1855 ;
Agnes von Hohenstaufen, Freiburg, 187-1 ;
Die Lichtensteiner. — Mendel.
M.IEPURG, FRIEDRICH WILHELM,
born at Seehausen iu the Altmark, Prussian
Saxony, Oct. 1, 1718, died in Berlin, May
22, 1795. Probably the most distinguished
musical savant of his time. In 1716 he was
secretary to General von Rothenburg in
Paris, where he became acquainted with Ea-
meau and his system ; lived a short time in
Berlin, then for several years iu Hamburg,
and in 1763 was made director of the gov-
ernment lottery in Berlin. Works : 6 sonatas
for pianoforte ; Organ and pianoforte music ;
Sacred and secular songs ; Unfinished mass.
Literary works : Der kritische Musikus an
der Spree (Berlin, 1719-50) ; Die Kunst
das Klavier zu spielen (ib., 1750-51) ; Anlei-
tung zum Klavierspielen, der schonen Au-
siibung der heutigen Zeit gemiiss entwor-
feu (ib., 1755 ; 2d ed., 1765) ; Abhandlung
I^W^i^-
von der Fuge (ib., 1753-51 ; 2d ed., 1806) ;
Handbuch beim Generalbass und der Kom-
position (ib., 175.5-58 ; 2d ed., 1762) ; His-
torischkritische Beytriige zur Aufnahme der
Musik (ib., 1751-62 and 1778); Syste-
matische Einleitung in die musikalisclie
Setzkunst nacli der Lehrsiitzeu des Herrn
Rameau, Aufangsgriindo der theoretisohen
Musik (Leipsie, 1757) ; Auleitung zur Sing-
komposition (Berlin, 1758) ; Kritische Ein-
leitung in die Geschichte und Lchrsiitze der
alten und neuen Musik (ib., 1759) ; Kritische
Briefe iiber die Tonkunst (ib., 1759-63) ;
Herrn G. A. Sorgens Anleitung zum Ge-
neralbass (ib., 1760) ; Anleitung zur Musik
iiberhaupt und zur Singkunst insbesondcre
(ib., 1763) ; Versueh iiber die musikalisclie
Temperatur (Breslau, 177G) ; Neue Mc-
thode, allerlei xVrteu
von Temp)eraturen
deni Klaviere aufs
bequemste mitzutheilen (Berlin, 1779) ; Le-
genden eiuiger Musikheiligen (Cologne,
1786) ; Geschichte der Orgel, unfinished.
— .Allgem. d. Biogr., xx. 107 ; Riemann ;
Grove ; Mendel ; Fetis ; Schilling ; Gerber ;
Lindner, Geschichte des deutschen Liedes,
61.
MARQUEZ, ANTONIO LESBIO, born
in Lisbon, Portugal, about 1660, died there,
Nov. 1, 1709. Church composer ; was made
mestro do capolla of the roj-al chapel in
1698. He comjiosed masses. Magnificat,
Miserere, responses, etc., of which only a
collection of Vilhancicos for the feast of S.
Gon(;ala has been printed. — Fetis.
jMARS.ALO (:\Iarsolo), PIF.TRO IMARLV,
Italian composer, born in Sicilj'. He lived
at Ferrara about the close of the IGth cen-
turj' and at Cerreto in 1600 ; published
four books of madrigals for five voices (Ven-
ice, 1609) and two books of motets (1612,
1611).-Mendek
M.mS.\ND, Padre ANSELMO, born in
Venice in 1769, died in Padua, Jan. 4, 1841.
Church composer, Benedictine monk iu the
Monastery of S. Michele at Murano, pupil
of Furnaletto; succeeded Antonio Calegari
523
MARSCIINER
as maestro <li cappella of S. Antouio at
Padua iu 1828. He was oue of the most
eminent musicians of the Venetian school
iu its last classical period. Of his compo-
sitions, said to number GOO works, consist-
ing of masses, motets, psalms, etc., and
organ music, only a few have been pub-
lished.— Fc'tis.
IMARSCHNER, .AJDOLF EDUAED, born
at Griinberg, Prussian Silesia, March 5,
1810, died in Leipsic, Sept. 9, 1853. Vocal
composer, self-taught at Leipsic, while
studying law at the university, and subse-
quently established there as a teacher of
singing and the pianoforte. Several of his
h'ric songs have retained their j)oi3ularity
in Germanv to this day. — 'Mendel.
MAKSCHNER, HEINIIICH (AUGUST),
born at Zittau,
Saxony, Aug. IG,
179G, died in Han-
over, Dec. 14, 18G1.
He began to take pi-
anoforte lessons at
six, and made such
rapid progress that
ho surjiassed three
consecutive teachers
-^'^s^^ jji a short time,
when, his parents being nnable to afford
him a better teacher, his studies were inter-
rupted for a year, though he soon began to
compose little pieces. He sang iu a church
choir at Bautzen until his voice changed.
Ilis regular studies in music began under
Schicht in Leipsic, whither he went in
181G to study law. Rochlitz advised him
to make music a profession ; in 1817 he ac-
companied Count Thaddeus von Amadee, a
Hungarian noble, to Presburg and Vienna,
where he came under the notice of Beetho- 1
!
ven, who advised him to try his hand at
comjjositiou iu the sonata-form for practice.
In Presburg he wrote Der Kyffliiiuserberg
and Heinrich IV., the latter of which Weber
produced at Dresden. The success of this
work led to the appointment of Marschner
as joint conductor of the German and Ital-
ian ojjeras, with Weber and Morlacchi, in
1823. This post he resigned on Weber's
death, in 182G, and went to Leipsic in 1827
as Kapellmeister at the theatre there. The
year before, he had married Mariane
Wohlbriick, a singer, whose brother after-
wards furnished him with several opera
texts. In 1831 Marschner was appointed
court Kapellmeister at Hanover, where he
produced Hans Heiling, which has always
been considered his masterpiece. In 1836
lie went to Copenhagen to bring this opera
out there, and was otfered the post of Gen-
eral Director of Music in Denmark, which
honour, however, he declined, preferring to
retain his position at Hanover. After Hans
Heiling he wrote but little for the stage.
Mai-schner ranks next to Weber and Sj)ohr
among the dramatic composers in Germany
of his day. Rossini's universal success is
said to have had some influence upon his
style, but Weber's influence ujjon him will
always be recognized as far more marked.
Indeed, the only flaw in Marschner's claim
to originality is that both his melodies and
his general treatment of them smack so un-
mistakably of Weber. He was a facile
comjjoser and worked ver^- rapidly, but his
scores abound iu elaborate writing, and
show the hand of an accomplished master.
Besides his oj)eras, he wrote a good deal of
jnusic in various forms, little, if any, of
which has lived ; but his Vampyr, Templer
uiid Jiidin aud Hans Heiling are still stand-
ard works in the rcjiertory of German op-
era-houses.
Works— I. Dramatic : Der Kyffhiiuser-
berg, wi'itten in Presburg, 1817, not per-
formed ; Saidor, three acts, Presburg, 1819 ;
Heinrich IV. und d'Aubigue, Dresden,
1820 ; Der Ilohdieh, one act, ib., 1825 ;
Lucretia, Dantzic, 182G ; Der Vampijr, two
acts, Leipsic, Blarch 28, 1828 ; Der Teniphr
und die Jiidin, three acts, Leipsic, ib., 1829 ;
Des Falhiers Braut, ib., 1832 ; Hans Hei-
ling, three acts, Berlin, 1833 ; Das Schloss
am Aetna, three acts, Hanover, June 5,
183G ; Der Biibu, ib., 1837 ; Kaiser Adolf
B24
MARSEILLAISE
von Nassau, four acts, ib., 18-43 ; Austin,
ib., 1851 ; Hjarne der Sangerkouig (posthu-
mous), Frankfort-on-tbe-Main, 18G3, and
Munich, as Kunig Hjarne iind das Tyrfing-
sehwert, 1883 ; Music to Ivleist's Prinz
Friedrich von Homburg ; do. to Kind's
Schon Ellen ; do. to Hell's AH Baba ; do. to
Rodenberg's Waklmiiller's Margret ; do. to
Mosenthal's Goldschmied von Uhn.
n. Vocal : About 10 sets of four j)art
songs for male voices (Leipsic, Hanover) ;
About 20 sets of songs, etc., for a single
voice and pianoforte (Leipsic, Homburg,
Magdeburg, Brunswick, Hanover).
in. Instrumental : Quartet for pianoforte
and strings, op. 30 (Leipsic, Hofmeister) ;
Trios for do., op. 29 (Leipsic, Probst), op.
50 (Hofmeister) ; Divertissements, jjolo-
naises, marches for jjianoforte, i hands, op.
7, 13, IG, 28 ; Sonatas for pianoforte solo,
op. G, 24, 33, 38, 39, 40 ; Rondos and fau-
'^^*-'T..O''^<»-v^y•^;^y
tasias for do., op. 10, 11, 1."), IS, 19, 20, 21,
22, 23, 25, 31, 33, 37, 49, 57, 58, 59, G4, 71,
74 ; Variations for do., op. 48, 09. — Men-
del ; Fetis ; Riemaun ; Grove.
MARSEILL.ilSE, LA, popular French
hymn, words and music by Rouget de
Lisle, composed during the night of April
24, 1792, in Strasburg, v^here the authoi', a
captain of engineers, was quartered. It
was written in a moment of enthusiasm,
and was first sung on Ajjril 25, at the house
of Dietrich, Mayor of Strasburg. It was
copied and arranged for a military band
on the following day, and first performed
by the Garde Nationale at a review on Sun-
day, April 29, 1792. It was first published
under the title " Chant de guerre pour I'ar-
mre du Ellin, dodio an Marechal Liickner,"
(Dannbach, Strasburg, 1792). Mireur sang
it, June 25, 1792, at a civic banquet at Mar-
seilles, with such effect that it was printed
and distributed among the volunteers then
leaving there for Paris. The battalion en-
tered Paris singing this hymn, and the mob
shouted it as it marched to attack the Tuile-
ries, Aug. 10, 1792. After that d.ay the song-
was called " Chant des Marseillais," and final-
ly " La Marseillaise." The original composi-
tion contained additional bars of instrument-
al accompaniment, which were afterwards
supjsressed. In their accompaniments for
the pianoforte and orchestra, Edelmann,
Gretry, and more especially Gossec, enriched
the harmonies, and soon La Marseillaise in
its ijresent form was known throughout
France. The first edition appeared with
six stanzas ; but when the hymn was dra-
matized for the Fete de la Federation, a
seventh, by Dubois, was added. The song
gained its writer a pension from Louis
Philijipe. De Lisle's authorship of the
words has never been denied ; but the com-
position of the tune has been doubted. It
has been said that it is the same as the Ba-
varian Volkslied " Stand ich auf hohen Berg-
en," and Castil-Blaze declares it to have
been taken from a German hymn. Fetis
assigns it to a composer Navoigille ; but
these assertions have been disproved, and
documentary evidence brought to light in
a pamphlet, entitled " La verite sur la pa-
ternite de la Marseillaise," by A. Rouget de
Lisle, the composer's nephew. The contro-
versy is examined in Loquin's " Les melo-
dies populaires de la France " (Paris, 1879).
The tune occurs in the opening chorus of
Salieri's opera, Palmira, and in the intro-
duction to Grison's oratorio Esther. Gos-
sec included it in his oj^eras, Le camp de
Grandpre and La reprise de Toulon, and
Schumann introduces it with great effect
into his song. Die beiden Grenadiere, op.
49, No. 1, and in his overture to Goethe's
" Hermann und Dorothea," op. 136. The
song was arranged for double chorus and
525
MAr.SII
yi-and orchestra by Hector Berlioz, published
bj' Brandns (Paris). — Larousse, Die. univ. ;
Lamartine, Histoire des Giroudiiis, ii. 408 ;
Castil-Blaze, lloliere musicien, ii. 452 ; Eam-
bosson, Les harmonies dii son, 137 ; Hans-
lick, Musikalische Stationen, 180 ; Memoires
de Hector Berlioz, 158 ; Harmonicon (1830),
374, 410 ; Grove ; Atheuscuni (18G1), i. 550 ;
ii. 597 (18G3);i. 185.
MAUSH, JOHN, born at Dorking, Sur-
rey, in 1752, died at Chichester, Sussex, in
1828. Amateur organist and comi^oser, and
didactic writer, lived at Salisbury in 177G-
81, Canterbury in 1781-8G, and Chichester
in 1787-1828, in each of which places he
conducted the orchestra at subscriijtion con-
certs, bringing out many of his composi-
tions. Works : 8 sj'mphonies ; Symphony
for 2 orchestras ; Overtures ; String quar-
tets ; Preludes, fantasias, etc., for the organ ;
Pianoforte music ; Antiphons, anthems,
psalms, and many other sacred compositions,
for 1-4 voices. — Fctis ; Mendel.
MAESHALL, "\nLLIA:\[, born in Eng-
land in 180G, died at Handsworth, Aug. 17,
1875. Chorister in the Chapel Royal, and
in 1823 in Christ Church Cathedral and St.
John's College, Oxford ; organist, of All
Saints Church, Oxford, and in 184G of St.
Mary's, Kidderminster. Mus. Bac, Oxford,
182G ; Mus. Doc, ib., 1840. He published
a book of Anthems (1840), Art of reading
Church Music (1842), and left much mis-
cellaneous church music.
MARSICK, M.ARTIN, born at JupiUe,
near Liege, March 9, 1848, still living, 1889.
Virtuoso on the violin, pupil at the Liege
Conservatoires of Desire-Heyuberg, at Brus-
sels (18r)5-G7) of Leonard, and in Paris
(18GS-G9) of Massart, finally, in Berlin (1870-
71), private pupil of Joachim ; appeared witli
great success at the Concerts PojDulaires in
Paris, 1873, and has composed a number of
effective works for his instrument. — Rie-
mann.
M.iRTHA, Oder Der Markt zu Rich-
mond, opera in four acts, text bj' Fried-
rich, music by Flotow, first represented in
Vienna, Nov. 25, 1847. Tliis opera was an
extension of the Lady Henrietta, ou la ser-
vante de Greenwich, ballet-pantomime in
three acts, text by Saint-Georges, music by
Flotow, Burgmiiller, and Deldevez, first rep-
resented at the Academic Eoyale de Mii-
sique, Paris, Feb. 1, 1844. Martha is Flo-
low's masterpiece, and few operas have been
more frequently performed. Original cast :
Lady Harriet Durham (S.) . .Frl. Anna Zerr.
Lyo'nel (T.) Herr Ander.
Plumkett (B.) Herr Carl Formes.
The scene is in Richmond during the reign
of Queen Anne, but the Italian version places
the action in the 15tb, and the French in the
19th century. For love of adventure the
Lady Harriet, accompanied by her cousin,
Sir Tristan, and her maid, Nancy, visits the
fair at Richmond, where she and Nancy, un-
der the names of Martha and Julia, become
bound in service to two farmers, Plumkett,
and his adopted brother Lyonel, whose par-
entage is iinknown. In the second act the
new servants are put on trial at the spinning-
wheel, and although they prove inefficient
their masters decide to keep them. Lyonel
steals a rose from Martha, who sings " 'Tis
the last I'ose of summer," which Flotow
686
MARTIN
Las iusertetl with great eftect. Sir Tristan
soon discovers them, and Martha and Nancy
escape. The next scene is in a forest,
where several farmers are carousing. The
Queen's hunting-party enters, and Pkimkett
and Lyouel recognize Martha and Nancy
among the maids of honour. Plumkett at-
tempts to seize Nancy, and during the chase
Lyonel and Martlia are loft alone. Lyouel,
in despair at learning the Lady Harriet's
rank, sends a valuable jewel to the Queen,
by which it is discovered that he is the Earl
of Derby. His estates are restored, and the
Lady Harriet gives him her hand. Nancy
and Plumkett are also united. Among the
best numbers are : "Von den edleu Cava-
liereu," duet between Martha and Nancy ;
Lyonel's air, "Ja! Seit friiher Kindheits
Tagen ;" the quartet, " Lnmer muuter dreh'
das Riidchen ;" " Mitternacht," known as
the " Gute Nacht quartet ; " Plumkett's
drinking song, " Lasst mich Euch frageu ; "
Lyonel's air, " Ach so fromm ; " and Martha's
romance, " Hier iu stillen Schattengriin-
den." The success of the opera is perhaps
due to the gay action and effective combi-
nation of the solo parts. A strong scene
was written for Mme Nantier-Didiee, who
sang the part of Nancy, which also was one
of Mme Trebelli's best impersonations.
The rule of Martha has been sung with
great success by Mme Bosio, Adelina Patti,
Christine Nilssou, and Marzella Sembrich.
This opera was first performed in London,
in Italian, at Covent Garden, July 1, 1858 ;
in English, at Drury Lane, Oct. 11, 1858 ;
in Paris at the Salle Ventadour, Feb. 11,
1858 ; at the Theatre Lyrique, Dec. IG,
18(55. First in New York, Nov. 1, 1852 ;
at the Metropolitan Opera House, April 23,
1887, with Mme Adelina Patti, Mme Scalchi,
Signor Guille, and Signor Del Puente.
Published by G. F. Muller (Vienna, 1818) ;
by Cranz (Hamburg). — Clement et La-
rousse, 438 ; Lajarte, ii. 174 ; Edwards,
Lyrical Drama, ii. 73 ; Allgem. mus. Zeitg.,
1. 458, 475 ; Neue Berliner mus. Zeitg.
(1855), 186 ; Eevue et Gazette musicale de
Paris (1858), 50, 00, 07 ; Athen;cum (1858),
25, 490 ; Upton, Standard Operas, 108.
MAPtTIN, GEOllGE CLEMENT, born
at Chipj^ing-Lambourn, Berkshire, England,
in 1844, still living, 1889. Suborganist and
choirmaster of St. Paul's Cathedral, Lon-
don ; Mus. Bac, Oxford, 1868 ; Mus. Doc,
ib. Works : To Deum ; Communion Ser-
vices ; Magnificat and Nunc dimittis, for
chorus and orchestra ; Anthems; Songs and
part-songs ; Pianoforte music.
M.VETIN Y SOL.m, VICENTE (called
by the Italians Martini, or lo Siiagnuolo),
born at Valencia, Spain, in 1754, died in St.
Petersburg in May, 1810. Dramatic com-
poser ; was choir-boy in his native i)lace and
later organist at Alicante. Then ho went
to Madrid, and wrote some airs for an Ital-
ian singer named Guglietti, who advised
him to set out for Italy ; arriving there
about 1781, he visited Florence, Lucca,
Genoa, Venice, Turin, and Rome, and his
operas became very jsopular, though such
composers as Paisiello, Guglielmi, and
Cimarosa were then living. In 1785 he
went to Vienna, where his operas achieved
a greater success than Mozart's Nozze di
Figaro and Don Giovanni had a short time
before. Mozart did justice to his rival, but
predicted truly that his works would not
live. He was a great favourite, with the
Emperor Joseph H. In 1788, summoned
to the court of Catharine II., he became di-
rector of the Italian Opei-a in St. Peters-
burg, and the Emperor Paul I. afterwards
made him an imperial councillor. When
the French Oj^era was substituted for the
Italian Opera, in 1801, he lost his place and
had to teach for a living. Pleasing melo-
dies and a natural style characterize his
works, but they are lacking in profundity.
xi piece from his La cosa rara was introduced
by IMozart into the finale of the second act
of Don Giovanni. Works — Operas : Ifigenia
in Aulide, Florence, 1781 ; Astartea, Lucca ;
La dora festeggiata, Turin, 1783 ; L'accorta
cameriera, ib., id. ; Ipermestra, Rome, 1784 ;
II burbero di buon cuore. La cajiricciosa
MARTINEZ
eoiTetta, L' arbore di Diana, and La cosa
rara (bis masterpiece), Vienna, 1785 ; Gb
sposi in coutrasto, St. Petersburg. La
regina di Golconda, ballet, Lucca ; otber
ballets, Genoa and Venice ; II sogno, can-
tata ; Canons ; 12 Italian ariettas ; Te Deuin
(MS). — Fctis ; Mendel ; Schilling ; Gerber ;
Riemann.
]\L\ETINEZ (JIartines), MMiliVNNE,
born in Vienna, May 4, ITll, died there,
Dec. 13, 1812. Pupil of Haydn and Por-
pora ; became a fine singer and pianist, and
gave evening jaarties attended by many
noted musicians. She devoted herself in
the latter part of her life to teaching pu-
pils of promise. Honorary member of the
Accademia Filarmonica of Bologna in 1773.
Works : Isacco, oratorio ; Two other ora-
torios ; Mass ; Psalms, and other sacred
music ; Cantatas ; Symphonies ; Overtures ;
Sonatas ; Motets; jVi'ias. — Wurzbach ; Men-
del ; Fotis ; Grove ; Burney, The Present
State of Music in Germany, i. 300, 311.
MARTINI, Padre GIOVANNI BAT-
TISTA (Giam-
battista), born
at Bologna, April
2.5, 1700, died
there, Oct. 3,
17 81. Contra-
puntist and musi-
cal historian, son
of a violinist who
instructed him on
bis i n s t r u ment
and on the piano-
forte ; pupil of Padre Predieri in singing,
and of Riccieri in counterpoint. He en-
tered the order of Franciscan friars in
1721, and became maestro di cappella at
their church in 1725. He was much aided,
at that period, in his contrapuntal efforts
by Giacomo Perti, maestro di cappella of
S. Petronio, and also devoted much time to
mathematical studies. Eager to become
acquainted with all the old and new trea-
tises on musical subjects, he accumulated a
precious collection of books, manuscripts,
and rare specimens of nuisic of every de-
scription, surpassing the richest library
ever collected by any musician. He endeav-
oured to iireserve the grand old traditions of
music, without sacrificing to purity of style
the elegant manner of modern times, and
the cantilena. In time he became the high-
est authority in historical and theoretical
couti'oversies ; pupils came to him from all
quarters of the globe, and famous masters
and scholars did not hesitate to ask his ad-
vice, and to submit unsettled questions to his
final decision. Of his magnificent library
a part was incorporated in the imperial
library of Vienna, while the bulk went to
the Liceo Filarmonico at Bologna. He was
a member of both Academies in Bologna,
and of the Ai'cadians in Rome, rmdcr the
name of Aristoxeuos Amphion. Works :
LitaniiB atque antiphoniic finales, etc., for 4
voices, with organ and instruments (1734) ;
Souate (12) d' intavolatnra per 1' organo o
cembalo (Amsterdam, 1742) ; do. (0), (Bo-
logna, 1747) ; Duetti da camera a diversi
voci (ib., 1703). In mauuscrij)t : San Pie-
tro, oratorio ; do., second setting ; L' assun-
zioue di Salomoue al trono d' Israello,
oratorio ; La Dirindina, farsetta ; L'iuipre-
sario delle Cauarie, intermezzo ; II Don
Chisciotto, do. ; II maestro di musica, do. ;
^Masses. His most important work is his
Storia della musica (Bologna, 1757, 1770,
1781) ; he published also Exemplare ossia
saggio fondamentale 2'i"T'tico di contrap-
punto (ib., 1774-75), besides a great num-
ber of smaller treatises, dissertations,
correspondences, etc. On the centenary
anniversary of his death (1884) the Bologna
municipality undertook the publication of
his correspondence, of which one volume is
published (1732-55), entitled : Carteggio
iuedito del P. Gianbattista Martini coi piii
celebri musicisti del suo tempo (Bologna,
1888).~Fantuzzi, Notizie degli Scrittori
Bologuesi, V. 342 ; Fetis ; Gandolfo, Elogio
•^>,.77y/'^<>6cX<^
MARTINI
(li Gio. Batt. Martini, etc. (Bologna, 1813) ;
MoiescLi, Orazioiie in lode del P. M., etc.
(ib., 178C) ; Pacciaudi, Elogio del R. P.
(iranib. Martini ; Delia Valle, Elogio del
Padre, etc. (Bologna, 1781) ; do., Memorie
storicbe del P. M., etc. (Naples, 1785).
MARTINI, JE.VN PAUL EGIDE, born
at Freistadt in tlie Palatinate, Sept. 1, 1711,
died in Paris, Feb. 10, 181G. Dramatic
composer ; real name Schwartzeudorf, but
he changed it on entering France, and for
a long time was known as Martini il Te-
desco. At the age of ten he was organist
at the Jesuit seminary of Neustadt on the
Danube, and while studying at the Univer-
sity of Freiburg in the Breisgau acted as
organist of the Franciscan convent. In
1760 he settled in Nancy, where a few
light compositions gained him the favour of
King Stanislaus, whose service he entered.
When his master died, in 1701, he went to
Paris, where he won a prize ofl'ered for a
militarj' march, and through the influence
of the Due de Choiseul was appointed offi-
cer in the suite of a hussar regiment, allow-
ing him leisure for comjiositiou. On the
success of his first opera he left the army,
in 1771, and became musical director to
the Prince de Conde, later to the Comte
d'Artois. Just before the Revolution he
bought the reversion of the office of super-
intendent of the king's music. He directed
the music of the Theatre de Monsieur,
afterwards Theatre Feydeau, from its open-
ing, but lost all his places and pensions in
1792, and fled to Lyons. As soon as be
felt safe he returned to Paris, wrote patri-
otic songs, and became a member of the
committee and inspector of the Conserva-
toire, but was deprived of these posts in
1802. After the restoration he claimed
the superintendency of the king's music,
and obtained it in 1814. For his Requiem
mass, performed in 181G on the anniversary
of the death of Louis XVI., he received the
grand cordon of the Order of St. Michael.
His melodies are dramatic and expressive,
but his church music is more brilliant than
religious. Works — Operas : L'amoureux
de quinze ans, 1771 ; Le fermier cru
sourd, Le nouveau-ne, 1772 ; Le rendez-
vous nocturne, 1773 ; Henri IV, ou la ba-
taille d'lvry, 1771 ; Le droit du seigneur,
1783 ; L'amant sylphe, 1785 ; Sapho, 1791 ;
Annette et Lubin, Zimeo, 1800 ; Sophie, ou
le tremblement de terre de Messine ; Le
poete suppose ; La partie de campagne.
Arcabonne, cantata ; Cantata for the mar-
riage of Najjoleon and Marie Louise ; Trios,
quartets, and other chamber music ; Mili-
tary music ; Classes, psalms, Requiems, and
other church music ; Songs, with pianoforte
accompaniment. — Pougin, Martini (Paris,
1801) ; Eloge de JMartiui in the Princesse
Constance de Salni's Qiluvres, iv. (Paris,
1812) ; Clement, Mus. celebres, 1G8 ; Fetis ;
Mendel ; Larousse, x. 1285 ; Michaud, Biog.
univ., xxvii. 159 ; N. Biog. gen., xxxiv. 88.
MARTINN (Martin), JACOB JOSEPH
BALTHASAR, born in Antwerp, May 1,
1775, died in Paris, Oct. 10, 1836. Violinist ;
began as a choir-boy in the Church of Saint-
Jacques, Antwerp ; went to Paris in 1793
and was violinist in the orchestra first of
the Theatre du Vaudeville, then at the Ital-
ian opera, and, after the imperial lyceums
had been organized, became professor of
the violin at the Lycee de Charlemagne.
Works : Symphonie concertante, for 2
flutes and bassoon ; do. for flute, oboe, horn,
and bassoon ; 7 quartets for strings ; Trios
for flute, violin, and violoncello ; Duos for
violins ; Do. for flute and violin ; 2 methods
for violin ; Method for viola. — Fetis.
MARTINOVSKY, JAN PAVEL, born
at Melnik, Bohemia, Feb. 24, 1808, died in
Prague, Nov. 7, 1873. Vocal composer,
first instructed by Simon M. Hoepler, then
pupil at Kjsoka of Kmoch on the organ.
After finishing his philosophical studies in
Prague, he entered the Premonstrant mon-
astery at Strahov, to win undisturbed lei-
sure for composition. Works : Mass for
male voices ; Zdravas Maria, motet for
mixed chorus, with organ ; Ave maris Stella ;
Several collections of Bohemian songs;
MAirmuo
Harraoiij' to 500 Bobemian national melo-
dies (Prague, 1842-70).— Mendel.
MARTIRIO DI SANTA TEODOSIA, IL,
Italian oratorio by Alessandro Scarlatti, first
given in Rome in 1705. — Grove, ii. 537.
JIARTUCCI, GIUSEPPE, born at Capua,
Jan. (i, 185G, still living, 1889. Pianist, first
instructed by bis fatber, tben pupil at tbe
Conservatorio, Naples, of Cesi, Carlo Costa,
Paolo Serrao, and Lauro Rossi. Having
settled at Naples to teach, be soon appeared
in public as a virtuoso, winning great ap-
plause, first at Naples, tben in Rome, and in
1875 and 1877 in !Milan, also in Loudon and
Dublin, and 1878 in Paris. "Works : Quintet
for i^ianoforte and strings (prize by tbe Soci-
eta del Quartette, Milan, 1878) ; Sonata for
pianoforte and violin ; Caprices, melodies,
romances, etudes, etc., for jnanoforte. — Fe-
tis, Supplement, ii. 177.
MARTYR OF ANTIOCH, THE, cantata,
text by tbe Very Rev. H. H. Milman, music
by Artbur Sullivan, first given at tbe Leeds
(England) Musical Festival, Oct. 15, 1880.
Mme Albani, Mine Patey, Mr. Edward
Lloyd, Mr. F. King, and Mr. Henry Cross
sang tbe solos. It was sung at tbe Crys-
tal Palace, Loudon, Dec. 11, 1880. Scene
I. Tbe Temple of Apollo ; H. Bui-ial Place
of tbe Christians ; IH. Palace of tbe Pre-
fect ; IV. Outside the Prison of tbe Chris-
tians. Characters represented — Heathen :
Olybius, tbe Roman Prefect ; Callias, the
priest of Apollo ; Julia, youths aud maidens,
the populace of Autiocb. Christians : Fa-
bius. Bishop of Antioch ; Margarita, daugh-
ter of Callias ; The Christian congregation.
Published by Cbappell & Co. (London,
1880).— Atbenffium (1880), ii. 539, 824.
MARTYRS, LES, opera in four acts, text
by Scribe after Corneille's " Polyeucte," mu-
sic by Donizetti, first represented at tbe
Academie Royale de Musique, Paris, April
10, 1840. This opera was a rearrangement
of the composer's Poliuto. The third act is
wTitten in bis best style. It contains a sex-
tet which is almost as famous as the cele-
brated one in Lucia. Original cast :
Polj'eucte M. Duprez.
Pauline Mine Dorus-Gras.
Severe M. Massol.
Felix M. Derivis.
Callisthene M. Serda.
Nearque 'SI. Wartel.
It was given at the Royal Ihilian Opera,
London, April 20, 1852 ; at tbe Theatre
Italien, Paris, April 20, 1859. Published
by Scbott (Mainz) ; by Ricordi (Milan).
— Clement et Larousse, 439 ; Allgem. mus.
Zeitg., xl. 774 ; Neue Zeitschr., xii. 187, 191 ;
Athenwum (1852), 4G5.
J\LU{X, ADOLPH BERNHARD, born in
Halle, May 15, 1799,
■^'*'*^.. died in Berlin, May
17, 18GG. Tbe son
of a physician, be
studied law aud ob-
tained a legal ap-
pointment in Naum-
V)urg, but soon left
it for Berlin. He
bad been a pupil of
Tiirk in Halle, got
some ideas from Logier in Berlin, where be
received instruction also from Zelter, and
supported himself by teaching pianoforte,
singing, and composition. In 1824, with
the publisher Schlesinger, he founded the
Berliner allgemeine musikaliscbe Zeitung,
which, during its seven years of existence,
did good service by extending tbe appreci-
ation of Beethoven. He received tbe de-
gree of doctor from the University of Mar-
burg in 1827, then gave lectures on music
at the Berlin University, of which be was
appointed professor in 1830 and musi-
cal director in 1832. He founded tbe
Berliner Conservatorium with Kullak aud
Stern in 1850, but withdrew from it in
185G, and thenceforth devoted himself to
his universitj' work, his private j^upils, and
literary affairs. He was very intimate at
one time with Mendelssohn, whose poor
opinion of his work embittered their friend-
sbij). His compositions were indeed of lit-
MARXSEJ^
tie value, and liis reputation rests entirely
upon his theoretical writings. Besides tak-
ing up theory in a new way and treating it
in a more elegant style, he was the first to
emphasize the beauties of Beethoven's last
works, and did much to s^sread a knowledge
of some of the other great masters. Works :
Moses, oi-atorio ; Johannes der Tiiufer, do. ;
Music to the drama, Jery uud Biitely, and
to the melodrama, Die Rache wartet ; 2
symphonies ; Cantatas ; Sonata for piano-
forte ; Nahid und Omar, a cycle of songs ;
Choruses and songs ; Choral and organ
book. Literary works : Die Kunst des Ge-
saugs (Berlin, 1826) ; Ueber Malerei in der
Tonkunst (ib., 1828) ; Ueber die Geltung
Handel'scher Sologesiinge fiir unsere Zeit
(ib., 1829) ; Die Lehre von der musika-
lischen Komposition (Leipsic, 1837—15, 4
vols.) ; Allegemeine Musiklehre (ib., 1839,
9th edition, 1875, also an English trans-
lation) ; Die alte Musiklehre im Streite mit
unserer Zeit (ib., 1811) ; Die Musik des 19.
Jahrhunderts und ihre Pllege (ib., 1855) ;
Ludwig von Beethoven's Leben und Schaf-
fen (Berlin, 1858-59, 3d edition, 1875);
Gluck und die Oper (ib., 18G2) ; Anleitung
zum Vortrag Beethoven'scher Klavierwerke
(ib., 1863) ; Erinnerungeu aus meinem Le-
ben (ib., 1865) ; and many articles in musi-
cal journals. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xx. 533 ;
Mendel ; Schilling ; Riemann ; Fotis.
MARXSEN, EDUARD, born at Nien-
stiidten, near Altona, July 23, 1806, died at
Altona, Nov. 18, 1888. Pupil of his father
and of Clasing in Hamburg, later of Sey-
fried and Booklet in Vienna, and then set-
led in Hamburg as a teacher. Brahms and
Deppe are the best known of his pupils.
Works : Beethoven's Schatten, an orchestral
composition ; Symphonies and overtures for
orchestra ; Marches, variations, I'ondos, so-
natas, and other pieces for pianoforte. — Fe-
tis, vi. 13; Grove ; Schilling.
MARZIALS, THEOPHILUS, born in
Brussels, Dec. 21, 1850, still living, in Lon-
don, 1889. Vocal composer, pupil in Lon-
don of Malcolm Leonard Lawson ; studied
He is au-
also in Paris and Milan. He has been em-
ployed since 1870 in the British Museum,
where he superin-
tends the musical
department of the
library. Works —
Songs : Twickenham
Ferry ; The Gar-
land ; Three Sailor
Boys ; Wait till j-ou
come to forty year ;
The Miller and the
Maid ; Ask nothing
more ; May Music ;
When my Jim comes home, etc.
thor also of a volume of poems.
MASANIELLO, Auber. See 3ItieUe de
Portici.
MASANIELLO, ou le pecheur uapolitain,
drame-lyrique in four acts, text by Moreau
and Lafortelle, music by Carafa, first repre-
sented at the Opera Comique, Paris, Dec.
27, 1827. Subject the same as that of Au-
ber's Muetle de Portici. The part of Masa-
niello was sung by Pouchard, that of Ruf-
fino by Valere. Published by Breitkopf &
Hiirtel (Lei^Jsic). Other operas, same title,
in German, text by Feind, music by Rein-
hold Keiser, Hamburg, 1706 ; in English,
by Henry R. Bishop, London, 1825. — Revue
musicale, ii. 513 ; Clement et Larousse,
110.
MASCHEK (MaSek), CAMHiLO, born
at Laybach, Carniola, July 11, 1831, died
at Stainz, ib., June 29, 1859. Vocal com-
poser, pupil of his father, then in Vienna
of Staudigl in singing and of Titl in com-
position ; was musical instructor in the fam-
ily of Count Strachwitz at Schebetau, ]\Io-
ravia, in 1852-54, then succeeded his father
as instructor in the public music school at
Laybach. He endeavoured particularly to
cultivate national music, and set many of
the poems of the Slovenian poet Preshern.
Works : Several masses ; Requiem ; 3 Tan-
tum ergo ; Offertory ; German and Slovenian
sacred songs ; 60 secular songs. — Wurz-
bach.
631
MxVSCIlEK
MASCHEK (Masek), PAUL, born at
Zwikowecz, Bohemia, in 1701, died in Vien-
na, Nov. 22, 1826. Pianist, organist, and
virtuoso ou the harmonica ; was musical
instructor in the famQies of Counts Na-
dasdy and Niczkj in Hungary, and at Vi-
enna, where he settled shortly after 1702,
and was much in vogue as a teacher of the
pianoforte. Works : Waldraf der Wan-
derer, opera ; Der Ilieseukampf, do. ; Sol-
emn mass ; Cantata ; G symphonies for or-
chestra ; 6 pieces for 8 wind instruments ;
Sextets, quintets, and quartets for stiiags ;
3 sonatas for pianoforte, flute or violin, and
violoncello ; 3 trios for do. ; Sonata for
jDianoforte, and flute or violin ; 3 duos for
pianoforte and viohn ; Wiener Aufgebot,
sonata for pianoforte ; Marche de la bataiUe
de Leipsick for do. — Dlabacz ; Fetis ; Gass-
ner ; Wurzbaeh.
jNLASCHEK (:Masek), \'INCENZ, bom at
Zwikowecz, Bohemia, April 5, 175.5, died at
Prague, Nov. 15, 1831. Virtuoso on the pia-
noforte and the harmonica, brother of Paul,
jiupil of his father, then of Dussek and of
Segert ; travelled with Count Wrtby, and
played in the principal cities of Germany
and in Copenhagen. After his return he
was appointed music director by the Bohe-
mian Estates, and in 1791 at the Church of
St. Nicholas. In 1802 he established a music
trade. With his wife, who also was a dis-
tinguished pianist, he gave many grand con-
certs, and contributed much to the elevation
of musical life in Prague. Works : Der
Ostindienfahrcr, opera, given in Prague ;
Der Spiegelritter, do., ib., 1794 ; BOhmens
Daukgefiihl, cantata to Archduke Charles,
ib., 179G ; Cantata for the wedding of Em-
l^eror Francis I., ib., 1808 ; 8 solemn masses ;
31 motets ; Symphonies for orchestra ; Con-
certo for pianoforte, with orchestra ; Con-
certino, for pianoforte (1 hands), with two
flutes, 2 clarinets, 2 horns, and 2 bassoons ;
Quatuor concertant, for pianoforte, flute, vio-
lin, and violoncello ; Sonata for pianoforte,
and violin ; Many sonatas, and other music
for pianoforte ; Collections of songs. — Dali-
bor (Prague, 1861), iv. No. 5 ; Dlabacz ;
Fctis ; Wurzbaeh.
MASCOTTE, LA, opi'ra-comique in three
acts, text by Chivot and Duru, music by
Audran, first represented at the Bouftes
Parisiens, Paris, Dec. 29, 1880. La Mas-
cotte (Bettiua) was sung by Mile Montba-
zou ; Pippo, by M. Morlet ; and Kocco, by
M. Lamy. It was first performed in New
York, Sept. 2S, 1881.— Revue et Gixz. mus.
de Paris (1880), 421 ; Le Monestrel (1880-
81), 31 ; element et Larousse, 925.
MA SIGNORI, PERCHfi TANTA QUES-
TIONE ? See Crisjnno e la Comare.
MASK TRIO. See Don Giovanni.
JLASNADIERI, I (The Brigands), Italian
opera in four acts, text by Maffei, after
Schiller's " Die Riiuber," music by Verdi,
first represented at Her Majesty's, London,
July 22, 1817. Verdi himself conducted,
and the cast included Jenny Lind, Lablache,
Gardoni, Coletti, BoucIk', Corelli, and Dai-
fori. It was first represented in New York,
June 2, 1860. Translated into French by
Jules Ruelle, and performed at the Athence,
Paris, Feb. 3, 1870. Ojjeras ou the same
subject in Italian : I Briganti, by Mercad-
ante ; Riccardo Moor, text by Piave, music
by Gallo, Naples, December, 1813 ; in Ger-
man, Die Riiuber, in three acts, by Lr>sching-
er, Pesth, December, 1813. — Clement et
Larousse, 111, 777 ; Athenajum (1817), 795.
MASON, LOWELL, born, of American
parentage, at Medfield,
Massachusetts, Jan. 8,
1792, died at Orange,
New Jersey, Aug. 11,
1872. Self-taught in
music ; took charge
of the church choir
at Medfield when six-
teen years old. In
1812-27 he resided
in Savannah, Georgi.a,
as clerk in a bank, at the same time teach-
ing and conducting. In 1827 he removed
to Boston, and became president of the
Handel and Haydn Society. An advocate
MASON
of the Pestalozzian system, he established
classes in it, and was granted in 1828 the
privilege of teaching it in the public schools
of Boston. In 1832 he established, with
George James Webb, the Boston Academy
of Music, and in 1835 received the degree
of Mus. Doc. from the New York Univer-
sity. He visited Europe in 1837 to make
himself acquainted with didactic methods,
especially in Germany, and published his
impressions under the title "Musical Let-
ters from Abroad " (New York, 1853). He
edited and compiled many collections of
music, which had an enormous sale and
bi-ought him a fortune. His last days were
spent at Orange, New Jersey. Works :
Boston Handel and Haydn Collection of
Church Music (1822) ; Juvenile Tsalmist
(1829) ; Juvenile Lyre (1830) ; Sabbath
School Songs (1S3G) ; Boston Academy
Collection of Church Music (183G) ; Lyra
Sacra (1837) ; Boston Anthem Book (1839) ;
The Psaltery (18i5) ; Cautica Laudis(1850) ;
New Carmina Sacra (1852) ; The Song Gar-
den (180G), and many others.
MASON, WILL1A.M, born, of American
parentage, in Boston, Massachusetts, Jan.
24, 1829, still living, 1889. Pianist, son of
Lowell Mason, pupil in Boston on the pi-
anoforte of Henry Schmidt ; went to Ger-
many in 1849, and studied in Leipsic the
pianoforte under Moscheles, harmony under
Moritz Hauptmann, and instrumentation
under E. F. Riehter, in Prague the piano-
forte under Alexander Dreyschock, and at
Weimar in 1853-54 under Liszt. He played
in public with success in Prague, Frankfort,
and Weimar, and in 1853 in London at a
concert of the Harmonic Union Society, tlie
orchestra being conducted by Sir Julius
Benedict. In 1854 he returned to America,
and soon after played in Boston, New York,
Chicago, and other cities. In 1855-56 he
established in New York, in connection
with Carl Bergmaun, Theodore Thomas, J.
Mosenthal, and George Matzka, a series of
classical soirees at which the instrumental
works of Haydn, Mozart, Schumann, and
others were given. Bergmann's place was
afterwards taken by F. Bergner and the con-
certs were continued until 18G8, acquiring
a wide reputation as the Mason and Thomas
Soirees of Chamber Music. During the last
thirty years Mr. Mason has taught the pi-
anoforte, and many of his pupils have at-
tained eminence. In 1872 he received from
Yale College the honorary degree of Doctor
of Music. He resides at present in Orange,
N. J. His compositions are classical in
style and are characterized by clear form
and refined treatment. Works : Deux Ro-
mances sans paroles, op. 1, 1845 ; Im-
promptu, op. 3, 1851 ; Silver Spring, op. 6,
185G ; Ballade in B major, op. 12, 1863 ;
Deux Humoresques de Bal, op. 23, 1866 ;
Reverie Poetique, op. 24, 1808 ; Teacher
and Pupil : Eight Duos for four hands, op.
20, 1809; Prelude in A minor, op. 80,
1870; Romance Etude, op 32, 1871 ; Three
Characteristic sketches, op. 35, 1876 ; Toc-
cata, oil. 37, 1882 ; Serenata, for pianoforte
and violoncello, op. 39, 1882 ; Minuet, op.
43, 1882. Didactic Works : A Method for
the Pianoforte, by Wm. Mason and E. S.
Hoadley (Boston, 18G7) ; System for Begin-
ners iu the Art of playing upon the Piano-
forte, by the same authors (Boston, 1871) ;
Mason's Pianoforte Technics (Boston, 1878).
MASSAINI, TIBURCIO, born at Cremona
in the 16th century, died in Rome after
1605. Contrapuntist, was maestro di cap-
pella at S. M. del Popolo, Rome ; then iu
the service of the Emperor Rudolf H. in
Prague (1580), and afterwards lived again
in Rome. Works : Masses for 5-6 voices
(1578) ; do. for 8 voices (1000) ; Lamenta-
tions for 5 voices (1599) ; 2 books of madri-
gals for 4 voices (1569, 1573) ; 4 do. for 5
voices (1571-94) ; Sacri modulorum con-
centus, for 6-12 voices ; Vesper psalms and
Magnificats (1570) ; 4 books of motets for 5
voices (1570-94) ; Ibook of do. for 4 voices
(1580) ; Motets for 7 voices (1007) ; Psalms
for 0 voices (1578). — Fetis ; Riemann.
MASS.ART, LAMBERT JOSEPH, born
at UC'ge, July 19, 1811, still living, 1889.
MASSE
Violinist, pupil of Rodoljilie Kreutzer in
Paris, where he became professor of vio-
lin at the Conservatoire in 1843. Henri
Wienawski was one of his pupils. He ap-
peared a few times at the Concerts Spiritu-
els, but devoted himself chieflj to teaching.
He received L. of Honour. Works : Fanta-
sia on Malibran's " Le reveil du beau jour ; "
Transcription of Soirees musicales by Ros-
sini ; Other violin music. His wife, Louise
Aglae, born (Masson) in Paris, June 10,
1827, is an excellent pianist, and since 1875
instructor at the Conservatoire. — Fetis; do.,
Supph'ment, ii. 178 ; Mendel, Ergilnz., 204 ;
Ilieniann.
JI.VSSli: (FELIX MARIE), called VIC-
TOR, born at Lorient
(Jlorbihan), France,
March 7, 1822, died
in Paris, July 4-5,
1884. Dramatic com-
posor, pui)il from
1834 at the Paris
Conservat oire of
Hak'vy. After tak-
ing first prizes in pi-
anoforte, harmony,
be won the pris de Rome in
1844 for his cantata Le renogat, which was
given three times at the Opi'ra, February,
1845. In Rome, wliere he stayed two j-ears,
he brought out a Messe solennelle at S.
Luigi de' Francesi, May 1, 184G. After
travelling through Italy and Germany he re-
turned to Paris, and brought out his first
opera. La chanleuse voilee, at the Oficra
Comique, Nov. 26, 1850. After the ex-
traordinary success of Les noces de Jean-
nette (1853) he wrote several operas, which,
although well received at first, did not keep
the stage. In 1860 he was made chorus-
master at the Opi'ra, and in 18G6 succeeded
Leborne as professor of counterpoint at the
Conservatoire. On June 20, 1872, he was
elected to the Institut to fill Auber's seat.
Almost his last work was putting Offen-
bach's posthumous Les contes d'Hoffmaun
into shajse for performance. Works — I.
Operas : La f avorita e la schiava (envoi de
Rome, not performed) ; La rJtaiileiise voilee,
one act, Paris, Opera Comique, Nov. 2(>, 1850;
Oalatee, two acts, ib., April 14, 1852 ; Les
noces de Jeaunette, one act, ib., Feb. 4, 1853 ;
La fiancee du diable, three acts, ib., June 5,
1855 ; Miss Fauvette, one act, ib., Feb. 13,
1855 ; Les saisons, three act.s, ib., Dec. 22,
1855 (remodelled, June 15, 1856) ; La reiiie
Topaze, three acts, Theatre Lyricjue, Dec. 27,
1850 ; Le cousin de Marivaux, one act, Bad-
en-Baden, August, 1857 ; Les chaincs a por-
teurs, one act, Paris, Opei-a Comique, April
28, 1858 ; La fee Carabosse, three acts. The-
atre Lyrique, Feb. 28, 1859 ; La nuile de
Pedro, two acts, Ojaera, March G, 1863 ; Fior
d'Aliza, 4 acts. Opera Comique, Feb. 5, 1866 ;
Le fih du brigadier, three acts, ib., Feb. 25,
1867 ; Paul et Virginie, three acts. Theatre
Lyrique, Nov. 15, 1876; Une nuit de Cleo-
patre, Opera Comique, 1877 ; Le prix de
famille, not performed ; La trouvaille, one
act, do. ; Les enfants de Perrette, one act,
do. ; Une loi somptuaire, two acts, do. ; La
petite sceur dAchille, one act, do. ; Cho-
ruses and an air for two comedies, Baden-
Baden, September, 1861.
IL Cantatas, etc. : Le renegat de Tanger
(prix de Rome), Paris, Opera, 1845 ; Messe
solennelle, Rome, 1846 ; Cantata, Paris,
Opera, Oct. 28, 1852 ; Songs from Victor
Hugo's Orientates ; Chants bretons ; Chants
du soir ; Chants d'autrefois. — Fetis ; do.,
Supplement ; Riemann.
MASSENET, JULES (liMILE FREDE-
RIC), born at Mon-
taud, near Saint-
Etienne (Loire), May
12, 1842, still Hving,
1889. Dramatic
composer, pupil at
the Paris Conserva-
toire ; won first prize
for pianoforte in
1859, second prize
for fugue in 1862,
first prize for fugue and prix de Rome in
1863. He studied under Ambroise Thomas,
634
MA TANTE
through -wliosG iufluencG his La, gTaiuV-
taute was given at the Opi'ra Comique on
his return from Italy. He attracted general
attention by some clever orchestral suites,
but it was after the Franco-Prussian "War
tliat his reputation was cousoliiTateJ by his
Don Cesar ile Bazan (1872). This, and still
more his oratorio Marie Magdeleiue (1873),
placed him in the first rank of contempo-
rary French composers. Works — I. Dra-
matic : La 7;-a;((rtante, one act, Paris, Oi^t-'ra
Comique, April 3, 18G7 ; La coupe du roi
de Thule, written for the concours at the
Opera in 18C7, but not given, now de-
stroyed ; Paix et Liberte, scenic cantata,
Tliefitre Lyrique, Aug. 15, 18G7 ; Moduse,
three acts, written in 18G8, not given ; Don
Cesar de Bazan, three acts. Opera Comique,
Nov. 30, 1872 ; Les £r>junief, antique trag-
edy in two parts, Odeon, Jan. G, 1873, and
enlarged. Theatre Lyrique, May 15, 187G ;
L'adoral)le Bel-Boul, one act, Cercle de
rUnion Artistique, 1874 ; Berangere et
Anatole, one act, ib., February, 187G ; one
number for Deroulede's L'Hetman, Odeon,
Feb. 2, 1877 ; Le roi de Lahore, five acts.
Opera, April 27, 1877 ; Hcrodiade, five acts,
Brussels, Theatre de la Monnaie, 1881 ;
Manon Lescaut, three acts, Paris, Opera
Comique, Jan. 19, 1881 ; Music to Sardou's
Theodora, Theatre de la Porte Saint-Martin,
1881 ; Le Old, five acts. Opera, Dec. 1, 1885;
Robert de France, unfinished ; Les Giron-
dins, do. ; Eselarmonde, five acts. Opera
Comique, May 15, 1889.
H Cantatas, etc. : Mademoiselle de Mont-
pensier, 1862 ; David Piizzio, Conservatoire,
18G3 ; Marie Magdeleiue, sacred drama,
three acts, Odeon, April 11, 1873 ; Eue,
mystery in three parts, Societe de I'Har-
monie Sacree, March 18, 1875 ; La Vierge,
sacred legend in four scenes, not performed ;
Narcisse, antique idyl, Feb. 14, 1878.
m Orchestral : 1st suite for orchestra,
op. 13; Scenes hongroises, 2d do.; Over-
ture, entr'acte, and melodramatic music for
Les Erynuies, 3d do.; Sci^nes i^ittoresques,
4th do.; ScHnes dramatiques, after Shake-
speare, 5th do. ; Concert overture ; Over-
ture to Phcdre ; Lamento, to the memory of
Georges Bizet ; Sarabande espagnole, for
small orchestra ; Pompeia, symphonic fan-
tasy ; Introduction and variations, for 2
violins, viola, violoncello, douljle-bass, flute,
oboe, clarinet, horn, and bassoon.
IV. For pianoforte : Scenes de bal, suite ;
Improvisations, 20 pieces in 3 books, of
which only the first is published ; Le roniaii
d'Arlequin, children's pantomime.
V. Songs, etc.: Poeme du souveuii', cyclus
of songs; Poeme d'avril, do.; Poc me pasto-
ral, do.; Pvcme d'octobre, do.; Poeme d'hi-
ver, do.; Poeme d' amour, do.; Chanson de
David Rizzio ; and several other songs.
— Fetis, Supplement ; Riemauu.
:\IA TANTE AURORE, on le romau im-
promptu, opera-comique in three acts, text
Jean Blaise Martin.
by Longchamps, music by Boieldieu, first
represented at the Theatre Feydeau, Paris,
Jan. 13, 1803. Tante Aurore is a romantic
old maid who will not allow her niece to
marry any but a hero proved by a thousand
535
MATIIIAS
adventures. Martiu won a triauiph iu the
part of Froutiu. The other characters were
sung by Gavaudan, Mine Saiut-Aubin, and
Mme Gouthier, the last iu the title-role.
This opera, which followed the Calif e,
showed a marked advance iu style and
placed Boieldieu among the first composers
of France. Its renown occasioned several
imitations. It was first performed iu Ber-
lin, April 1, 1807.— Pougin, Boieldieu, 67 ;
Allrjem. mus. Zeitg., ix. 414.
MATHIAS, GEORGES (AM^DEE
SAINT-CLAIK), born in Paris, Oct. 14,
182G, still li^-ing, 1889. Pianist, pupil of
Chopin and Kalkbrenner, and iu comjjosi-
tion of Savard, Bazin, Halcvy, and Barbe-
reau at the Conservatoire ; became jsrofessor
of pianoforte there in 1862. L. of Honour,
1872. Works : Symphonj' for orchestra, o]).
22 ; Overtures to Hamlet, ojd. 23, and to
Mazeppa, oj). 55 ; 2 concertos for piauoforte,
op. 21 and 56 ; 6 trios for do. and strings ; 5
morceaux symphouiques for do.; Sonatas,
etudes, and other pianoforte music for 2 and
4 hands. — Fetis, Supplement, ii. 185 ; Men-
del, Ergiinz., 265 ; Riemann, 559.
]\IATHIEU, EMILE, born at Lille, Oct.
16, 1844, died in Paris, August, 188:1 Dra-
matic composer, pupil at the Conservatoire,
Brussels, of Dupont on the pianoforte and
of Fetis in couutei-poiut ; won the first prize
for harmony in 1861 and for pianoforte in
1863, and settled at LouTain, where he be-
came professor at the Academy and di-
rector of the Music Societj'. Still comjaet-
ing at that period for the prix de Rome,
he won the second prize in 1869 and
1871, and lacked only one vote for the
first in 1873, when he removed to Brus-
sels. "Works — Operas : L'cehange, given at
Liege, 1863 ; Georges Dandiu, Brussels,
1876 ; La Bernoise, ib., 1880. Les fumeurs
de Kifr, ballet, ib., 1876 ; Torquato Tasso's
dood, Flemish cantata; Songs. — Fctis, Suj)-
plument, ii. 186.
MATHO, JEAN B.iPTISTE, born in a
village of Brittany iu 1660, died at Ver-
sailles in 1746. Dramatic composer; en-
tered the royal chapel in 1684 as a tenor
singer, and was afterwards ajjpointed mai-
tre de musique to the chUdren of France.
Works : Phik'mon et Baucis, given at Ch;"i-
tenay, 1703 ; Le prince de Catay, divertis-
sement, ib., 1704 ; La tai-antole, comedie-
ballet, ib., 1705 ; Avion, lyric tragedy, Paris,
Academie Royale de Musique, 1714. — Fc-
tis ; do.. Supplement, ii. 23.
]\LaTLDA DI CIABRANO, ossia Cor-
rado cuor di ferro, Italian opera semi-
seria, in two acts, text by Ferretti, music
by Rossini, first represented at the Teatro
Apollo, Rome, Feb. 25, 1821, with great
success. The cast iucluded Mme Catteriua
Lipariui, Mme Aunetta Parlamagui, Sig.
Fusconi, Fioravante, Moncada, Ambrosi,
and Parlamagui. After the first represen-
tation Rossini's followers and the partisans
of the old school disputed and fought near
the theatre. Paganini conducted the or-
chestra for the first three performances. It
is the only one of Rossini's operas in which
the chief woman's part is written for a high
soj)rauo. Corradino, a military chieftain.
Las an aversion to women and forbids them
to enter his castle. Matilda, the orjjhan
daughter of a belovetl fellow-officer, gains
admission and softens his heart. It was
first represented in London at the King's
Theatre, July 3, 1823 ; in Pai-is, Oct. 15,
1829; revived in Loudon, April 18, 1854;
and sung in New York, Feb. 10, 1857. Mnio
Bosio achieved great success iu this opera.
— Clement et Larousse, 441 ; Edwards, Ros-
sini, 225 ; Escudier, Rossini, 156 ; Ebers,
Seven Years of the King's Theatre, 193 ;
Berliner mus. Zeitg., vii. 197 ; Athenseum
(1854), 499 ; Harmouicon (1823), 115.
MATIN, LE, symphony iu D, by Ha.ydu,
composed iu Eiseustadt about 1761. Pub-
lished by Breitkopf & Hilrtel (Leipsic,
1766).— Pohl, Haydn, i. 229, 284 ; ii. 261.
JIATKDIONIO PER RAGGIRO, IL (Le
mariage par ruse), Italian oj^era bufifa, by
Cimarosa, first rejiresented in Rome, in
1779. Published by Simrock (Bonn). Same
title, Italian opera by Picciuni, Genoa, 1793.
536
MATEIMONIO
MATRIMONIO SEGEETO, IL (The Se-
cret Blarriage), Italian opera l)uft'a iu two
acts, text by Bertatti, music by Ciiuarosa,
first represented in Vienna in 1792. The
hbretto is founded on the Freucli operetta,
"Sophie, ou le mariage cache" (adapted
from Garrick and Coleman's "Clandestine
Maniage "), test by Mme Riccoboni, music
by Kohault, first represented at the Italians,
Paris, June 4, 17(J8. Gerouinio, a rich
Maria Felicita Malibran.
merchant, has a clerk, Paolino, wlio has se-
cretly married Carolina, the merchant's
youngest daughter. Conte Robinson, who
has come to ask the hand of Elisetta, the
elder daughter, likes Carolina best and pro-
poses to relinquish half the dowry if he
may marry her. The situation is further
complicated by the love of Fidalma, aunt
of the girls, for Paolino. Paolino and Caro-
lina finally are forced to declare their mar-
riage, Robinson returns to Elisetta, and
Geronimo, through the intercession of Fi-
dalma, pardons all. The success of the
jNIatrimouio segreto was extraordinary, and
the Emperor Leopold, who was present at
its second performance, gave the singers a
banquet at its close, after which he had the
entire opera repeated. The opera was tir.st
given in Paris, May 10, 1801, and at the
King's Theatre, London, Jan. 25, 1803, and
again in 1829, when Mme Malibran sans:
the part of Fidalma, which became one of
her favourite roles. This work was given
simultaneously at Covent Garden and at
Her Majesty's, June 1-1, 1819, with the fol-
lowing casts : Covent Garden : Carolina,
Mme Persiani ; Elisetta, Mme Grisi ; Fi-
dalma, Mlled' Angri ; Paolino, Signor Mario ;
Robinson, Signor Tamburini ; Geronimo,
Signor Ronconi. Her INIajesty's : Carolina,
Mile Parodi ; Elisetta, Mme Giuliani ; Fi-
dalma, Mile Alboni ; Paolino, Signor Calzo-
lari ; Robinson, Signor F. Lablache ; Gero-
nimo, Signor Lablache. Adelaide Kemble
(Mrs. Sartoris) and Mme Vestris achieved
great success iu this opera. It was revived
at the Lyceum, London, in February, 1871 ;
and at Covent Garden, with a new transla-
tion by W. Grist, Dec. 13, 1877. It was
first given in New York, Jan. i, 1831, with
Ravaglia, De Rosa, Bordogni, Margozzi,
and Clementina Fanti. This opera was re-
vived in Vienna, as Die heimliche Ehe, with
recitatives by J. N. Fuchs, March 1.5, 1881.
Arrangement for the pianoforte, piublished
by Simrock (Bonn) ; by Peters (Leipsic, be-
tween 18G8-73). — Clement et Larousse,
413 ; Fetis, ii. 301 ; Edwards, Hist. Opera,
ii. 96 ; Hogarth, ii. 167 ; Berliner mus.
Zeitg., vii. 199 ; Athenteum (1829), 161 ;
(1849), 651 ; (1871), i. 215.
MATROSE, DER (The Sailor), overture
and song for the play of, by Spohr, first
performed in Cassel, Dec. 21, 1838. Pub-
lished without opus number, by Schott
(Mainz). The song, with accompaniment
for the pianoforte for four hands arranged
by Spohr, was published by Paul (Dresden).
— Spohr, Autobiographj', ii. 213 ; Allgem.
mus. Zeitg., xli. 140.
537
MATTEL
JLITTEI, Abbate STANISLAO, born
ill Bologna, Feb. 10, 1750, died there. May
17, 1825. Pupil of Pudre Martini, wliose
confessor be became, after taking holy or-
ders ; he cared for Lim teuderlv during bis
last years, and received bis books and
papers, but never ventured to continue his
uufiuished History of Music. From 1770
he was Martini's deputy, and succeeded him
as maestro di cappella of San Francesco.
When the monasteries wore suppressed, in
1798, he began to teach composition ; later
he was appointed maestro di cappella of
San Petronio ; and from the foundation of
the Liceo, in ISOi, he was its pi'ofessor of
counterpoint. Among his pupils were Ros-
sini, Donizetti, Morlacchi, Palmerini, Corti-
ceUi, and Pilotti. He was thoroughly famil-
iar with the traditions of the Italian school
of composition, but his method of instruc-
tion was wanting in clearness. Works :
Pratiea d' accompagnamento sopra bassi
numerati (Bologna, 1825-30, 3 parts) ; II
Librajo, intermezzo, and a Passion Oratorio,
both lost ; Masses, graduals, psalms, hymns,
motets, offertories, and other music in
manuscript, mostly in the libraries of San
Giorgio and the Minorite Convent of Bo-
logna.— Canuti, Vita di Stauislao Jlattei
(Bologna, 1829) ; Fctis ; do.. Supplement,
ii. 187 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 2GG ; Schilling ;
Osservazioni sulla vita di Stauislao ]\[attei
scritta dall' avvocato Filippo Canuti (Reg-
gie, 1830).
MATTEI, TITO, born in Campobasso,
May 24, 1841, still living, 1889. Pianist,
pupil of Thalberg, Raimoudi, Parisi, Conti,
and Ruta in Na23les ; appeared in Paris in
1853, then iu London ; made successful pro-
fessional tours in Germany, France, and
Italy ; settled in London, where he is now
conductor at Her Majesty's Theatre. Works :
Maria diGand, a lyric drama, London, 1877 ;
The Grand Duke, comic opera, ib., 1888 ;
Le tourbillon, a waltz, and about 50 other
compositions for pianoforte ; Some Italian
melodies, and English songs. — Fetis, Sup-
l)lement, ii. 187 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 267.
MATTEIS, NICOLA, Italian violinist of
the 17th century ; went to Euglaud about
1G72. He is spoken of in the highest terms
in Evelyn's Diary. He prosjjered exceed-
ingly and lived so luxuriously that ho
brought on diseases that ended his life.
Works : Arie, Pi-eludij, Alemande, Sara-
baude, etc., per il violino. Libro Primo ;
Altre Arie. Libro Secondo ; Ayrcs for the
Violin. The Third and Fourth IJooks ; Ode
on St. Cecilia's Day iu 1G9G ; a song in the
collection, 12 New Songs (1699). He was
author also of The False Consonances of
Musick, or, Instructions for playing a true
Base upon the Guitarre, etc. His son Ni-
cola (died, 1749) was also a good violinist,
lived for a long time in Vienna, afterwards
at Shrewsbury, where Buruey was his jju-
pil. — Grove ; Burney, Hist., iii. 513 ; North,
Memoirs of Musick, 122 ; Mendel, Ergiinz.,
267 ; Fotis, vi. 27 ; Gerber, iii.
358 ; Schilling, iv. 596.
MATTHxVY, TOBIAS A., born
at Clapham (Loudon), Feb. 19,
1858, still living, 1889. Pianist,
pupil of Dorrell and W. Macfar-
ren, and in composition of Sterndale Bennett,
Sullivan, and Prout, at the Royal Academy
of Music, where he afterwards served as sub-
professor of harmony and pianoforte, and
in 1880 was placed on the staff as assistant
professor, iu 1885 as full jjrofessor. Works :
4 concert overtures, and other works for or-
chesti'a ; Concert piece for pianoforte, with
orchestra ; Scena for contralto, do. ; A
Pamphlet, for violin and pianoforte ; Other
chamber music, and many pianoforte pieces ;
Part-songs, and songs.
JIATTHESON, JOHANN, born in Ham-
burg, Sept. 28, 1681, died there, April 17,
1764. Dramatic and church composer, and
distinguished ^^•riter on music ; plaj'ed the
638
MATTIIISON-IIANSEK
organ and the harpsiolionl, sang and com-
posed, wbeu only nine years old ; pupil of
Bruum tiller, Prii-
torius, and Kell-
ner. Sang in op-
era in bis native
town in 1G90-
1705, acting also
as composer, di-
rector, and ac-
companist ; was a
friend of Handel,
during the latter's sojourn in Hamburg ;
became tutor to tlie sou of the English en-
voy in 170J:, and secretary of legation in
170G ; was canon and cantor of the cathe-
dral from 1715 till 1728, when deafness
obliged him to resign ; was appointed court
Kapellmeister by the Duke of Holstein in
1719. Works — Operas : Die Plejaden, given
in Hamburg, 1G09 ; Porsenna, Victor (with
others), DerTod desgrosseu Pan, ib., 1702 ;
Cleopatra, ib., 1704 ; Le retour de I'age d'or,
Brunswick, 1705 ; Boris, Hamburg, 1710 ;
Henrico IV., re diCastiglia, ib., 1711 ; Pro-
logo per il re Lodovico XV., 1715 ; 24 ora-
torios ; Sonatas for flute and violin ; Epi-
cedium, funeral music for Charles XII. of
Sweden ; INIass, and other church music.
He was author also of many didactic and po-
lemic writings, biographical articles and no-
tices, and a Life of Handel (17G1). — Allgem.
d. Biogr., XX. G21 ; Mattheson, Ehrenpforte,
187 ; Piiehl, SIus. Charakterk.ipfe, i. 37 ;
Saminl. mus. Vortriige, i. 213 ; Fetis ; Schil-
ling.
MATTHISON-HANSEN. See ITansen.
MATTIOLI, Padre ANDREA, born at
Faenza about 1G17, died at Mantua after
1G71. Dramatic and church compo.ser ; was
choirmaster in the Cathedral of Imola, and
afterwards became canon and maestro di
cappella to the Duke of Mantua. Works —
Operas: L' esilio d' amore, Ferrara, 1G50 ;
II ratto di Cefalo, ib., 1651 ; Didone, Bo-
logna, 1G5G ; Perseo, Venice, 1GG5 ; Gli
sforzi del desiderio, Ferrara, IGGG ; La
palma d' amore, cantata, ib., IGGG ; Inni
sacri concertati (Venice, 164G) ; Salmi a otto
voci (ib., 1G41). — Fetis.
MAUPtER, LUDWIG WILHELM, born
at Potsdam, Aug. 8, 1789, died in St, Peters-
burg, Oct. 25, 1878. Virtuoso on the vio-
lin, pupil of Haak ; played publicly at the
age of thirteen in Berlin, and was attached
to the royal orchestra. On its dissolution
after the battle of Jena, in 180G, he set out
on a concert tour to Russia ; at Riga he
made the acquaintance of Rode and Baillot,
and was much influenced especially by the
former's advice. His concerts at St. Peters-
burg rapidly extended his reputation. In
Moscow he obtained through Baillot's in-
fluence the place of Kapellmeister to Chan-
cellor Wsowologsky, and followed him to
the confines of Siberia when the French in-
vaded Russia. After visiting Berlin and
Paris, in 1818, ho became Conzertmeister at
Hanover, returned to St. Petersburg in
1832, aud after another tour, in 1845,
settled in Dresden. Later he returned to
Russia. Works — Oj)eras : Alonzo, Der
entdeckte Diebstahl, Der neue Paris, of
which only the overtures have been pub-
lished. Symphonic concertante for four
violins with orchestra, op. 55 ; do. for two
violins, with do., op. 5G ; Variations, for
do., op. 30 ; 8 concertos, 2 concertinos, 2
fantaisies, 10 airs varies, for violin and or-
chestra ; Airs varies, with quartet ; Quar-
tets for string.?, op. 17, 28 ; Duos concer-
tants for violins, op. Gl ; German songs,
with pianoforte. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xx. 707 ;
Fetis ; Riemaun ; Schilling ; Wasielewski,
Die Violine, 317.
MAURERFREUDE, DIE, short cantata
for tenor with final chorus, by Mozart, com-
posed April 20, and first sung at the Free Ma-
sons' Lodge, Vienna, April 24, 1785. Allegro,
Andante, Presto, IMol to Allegro. Published
first in Vienna. Breitkojjf & Hiirtel, Mozart
Werke, Serie 4, No. 2 (Leipsic, 1882).— Jahn,
Mozart, iii. 411 ; Kijchel, Verzeichniss, No.
471 ; Upton, Standard Cantatas, 27G.
MAURERISCHE TRAUERilUSIK (Jla-
sonic Funeral Music), for orchestra, on the
530
MAXANT
death of tbo brothers Mecklenburg and
Eszterhazy, by Mozart, op. 114, composed in
Vienna in Jul}', 1785. It is a beautiful
composition, an Adagio movement, based on
a cantus firmus. The autograjih is owned
by Julius Andre, of Frankfort, its first pub-
lisher. Breitkopf & Hi'irtel, Mozart Werke,
Serie 10, No. 12 (Leii)sic, 1881). — KOcliel,
Verzeichniss, No. 477 ; Jahu, Mozart, iii.
416 ; Gehring, Mozart, 106 ; Hanslick, Cou-
certwesen in Wieu, ii. 204.
MAXANT, JOHANN NEPOMUK AL-
BERT, born at Divicz, Bohemia, :\Iarch 22,
1750, died at Friedberg, ib.. Dee. 19, 1838.
Organist and church composer, pupil of
Rokos ; served as organist in several monas-
teries of Upiser and Nether Austria, and in
177G became choirmaster at Friedberg,
near Hohenfurt. Among his pupils there
was Simon Sechter. Works: Mass for the
Academicians at Linz ; 18 other masses ;
(J motets ; C Requiems ; 42 arias ; Preludes
and other music for organ ; Sonatas and va-
riations for pianoforte. — Dlabacz ; Gassner ;
Mendel ; Wurzbach.
JIAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE, over-
ture for orchestra, to the tragedy of the
same title by R. Gricpenkerl, by Henry
Charles Litolff, op. 55. It was given by the
New York Philharmonic Society iu the sea^
sou of 1850-51. Published by Meyer
(Brunswick, 1851).
MAY DAY, cantata, music by George
Alexander MacfaiTen, first performed at the
Bradford (England) Festival, Sept. 4, 185G.
Sung in Loudon by the New Musical So-
cietj-, Jan. 26, 1859. — Athenseum (185G),
1122 ; (1850), i. 157.
IMAYER, CHARLES, born at KOnigs-
berg, March 21, 1799, died in Dresden, July
2, 1862. Pianist, pupil of Field in St. Pe-
tersburg ; accompanied his father to Paris
on a concert tour iu 1814 ; lived in St. Pe-
tersburg as teacher in 1819-50, forming as
many as eight hundred pupils ; travelled in
1845 in Austria, Sweden, and Germany ;
settled at Dresden in 1850. Works : Grand
concerto, with orchestra, op. 70 ; Concerto
symphonique, do., op. 89 ; Grand rondo
brillant, do., op. 28 ; 3 Allegro de concert,
do. ; Grandes varia-
tions, do. ; Fantasias ;
Variations ; Etudes ;
Nocturnes ; Caprices,
etc. — Allgem. d. Bi-
ogr., xxi. 88 ; Men-
del ; P 6 1 i s ; Rie-
mann ; Schilling;
"W o i t z m a n u , Ge-
schiehte des Clavier-
spiels, 93.
JLAY QUEEN, THE, pastoral cantata,
text by Chorley, music by William Stern-
dale Bennett, op. 39, first performed at the
Leeds (England) Festival, Sept. 8, 1858.
Characters represented : The May Queen
(S.), Mine Novello ; The Queen (A.), Miss
Lascelles ; The Lover (T.), Mr. Sims
Reeves ; Robin Hood (B.), Mr. Weiss. The
overture had been previously performed
under the title of Marie du Bois. The can-
tata was first sung in Loudon in 1859 ; in
New York, Nov. 29, 18G4. It was repre-
sented with scenery at the Crystal Palace,
London, Oct. 18, 1883.— Athenreum (1858),
11; (1859), 338; (1871), ii. 504; Upton,
Standard Cantatas, 64.
MAYR (Mayer), (JOHANN) SIMON,
born at Mendorf, Bavai'ia, June 14, 1763,
died at Bergamo, Dec. 2, 1845. Dramatic
composer, son and jjupil of a village organ-
ist, he took up music again after complet-
ing his education at the Jesuit Seminary
and the University of Ingolstadt. His pat-
ron. Baron Thomas de Bessus, took him
to Switzerland and thence to Bergamo,
where he i-eceived insufficient instruction
from Carlo Lenzi. Another patron. Count
Pesenti, sent him to Venice to study under
Bertoni, and on this patron's death he was
advised by Piccinni to write operas, in
which he was so successful that he pro-
duced more than seventy in 1794-1814.
He was appointed maestro di cappella of
S. M. Maggiore in Bergamo in 1802, and di-
rector of the musical institute of Bergamo,
640
MAYRBEllGER
at its fouuclation in 1805. He was so at-
tached to Bergamo that lie refused the
most flattering iovitations to leave it, but
made a visit to Bavaria in 1838. lu Ber-
gamo be founded two cbaritable institu-
tions, tbe Scuola Caritatevole di Musica and
tbe Pio Istituto Musicale. For some years
before bis death he was blind. A monu-
ment was erected to him in 1852 in Berga-
mo, and in 1875 his remains and those of
bis pupil Donizetti were removed to S.
M. Maggiore there. Though a German
by birth, he was tborouglily Italian as a
composer, and his works are the type of
the dramatic eomjaositions of his time. His
operas were performed in tbe jJi'iucijsal
cities of Italy. He is said to have intro-
duced the crescendo of the orchestra, often
attributed to Rossini. Works- — ^OiJeras :
Safib, ossia I riti d' Apollo Leucadio, 1794 ;
Lodoiska, 179G ; Un pazzo ne fa cento,
Telemacco, H segreto, L' intrigo delle let-
tere, 1797 ; Avviso ai maritati, Lauso e
Lidia, Adriano in Siria, Che origiuali, 1798 ;
L' amor ingegnoso, L' ubbidienza per astu-
zia, Adelaide di Guesclino, L' avaro, Sabino
c Carlotta, L' accademia di musica, 1799 ;
Lodoiska (with new music), Gli Sciti, La
locaudiera, II carretto del venditor d' aceto,
L' equivoco, L' imbroglione ed il castiga-
niatti, 1800 ; Ginevra di Scozia, Le due
giornate, I virtuosi, Argene, 1801 ; I misteri
Eleusini, 1802 ; Ercole in Lidia, I finti
rivali, Alfonso e Cora, 1803 ; Amor non ha
ritegno, Elisa, L' eroe delle Indie, 1804 ;
Eraldo ed Emma, Di locanda in locanda,
L' amor conjugale. La roccia di Frauenstein,
1805 ; Gli Americani, Ifigenia in Aulide, 11
picciol compositore di musica, 180G ; Adela-
sia ed Aleramo, Le due giornate (with new
music) ; Ne 1' un ne 1' altro. Belle ciarle e
tristi fatti, 1807 ; I Cherusci, II vero origi-
nal, 1808 ; n ritorno d' Ulisse, 1809 ; II
Kaoul di Crequi, Amore non softre opposi-
zione, 1810 ; Ifigenia in Aulide (with new mu-
sic), II disertore, ossia I'amore filiale, 1811 ;
Jifedea in Corinto, 1813 ; Tamerlano, 1813 ;
Le due ducbesse, Rosa bianca e rosa rossa,
Atar, 1814 ; Cori, 1815 ; Elena e Costan-
tino, 1816 ; Mennone e Zemira, 1817 ; La-
nassa, 1818 ; Le Danaidi, 1819 ; Inno a Pal-
lade, 1820 ; Alfredo il Grande, 1821 ; Fedra,
1822 ; Demetrio, 1824. Oratorios : Jacob
a Labano fugiens, Venice, 1791 ; Sisara, ib.,
1793 ; Tobiffi matrimonium, ib., 1794 ;
Davido, ib., 1795 ; La Passione, Forli, 1794 ;
n sacriflzio di Jefte, ib., 1795 ; Samuele,
Bergamo, 1821 ; San Luigi Gonzaga, ib.,
1822 ; Atalia, Naples, 1822. 17 solemn
masses, with orchestra ; 4 Requiems ; 25
psalms ; Vespers with orchestra ; All the
psabns, for 4-5 voices, with organ ; Stabat
Mater ; G Miserere ; 3 Benedictus ; Several
cantatas for special occasions ; About 12
cantatas for voices only ; Some instrumen-
tal music ; Musical treatises ; Biographical
notices of Haydn and Antonio Capuzzi.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., xxi. 146 ; Allgem. mus.
Zeitg., xlviii. 113 ; Fotis ; do.. Supplement,
ii. 189 ; Per il settantesimo ottavo natalizio
del celebre maestro Gio. Simone Mayr
(Bergamo, 1841) ; Donizetti Mayr, notizie e
documenti (ib., 1875) ; Finazzi, II maestro
Giovanni Simone Mayr, orazione (ib., 1875) ;
Mendel; Schilling ; Harmonicon (1826), 133.
MAYRBERGER, KARL, born in Vienna,
June 9, 1828, died at Presburg, Sept. 23,
1881. Dramatic composer, pupil of Preyer ;
became professor at a government institu-
tion, and in 1SG4 Kapellmeister of the ca-
thedral at Presburg. Works : Blelusina,
opera, given at Presburg, 1876 ; Die Ent-
fiibrung der Priuzessin Europa, burlesque
opera, 18G8 ; Music to Oeblschlager's drama
Yrsa ; Choruses for male voices, and songs.
— Fetis, Supplement, ii. 191 ; Riemann.
MAYSEDER, JOSEPH, born in Vienna,
Oct. 26, 1789, died there, Nov. 21, 1863.
Virtuoso on tbe violin, pupil of Sucbe and
Wrauitzky, and influenced by Schuppan-
zigb, in whose quartets he played second
violin. He gave bis first concerts in 1800,
and studied pianoforte and composition
under Emanuel Forster in 1802 ; became
solo violin in tbe court theatres in 1810,
and in tlie court orchestra in 1816, im-
541
MAZAS
perial chamber virtuoso in 1835, aud for
many years played in St. Stephen's Cathe-
dral. In 1811 he received the large gold
Salvator medal from the municipality of
Vienna, in 1817 the fi-eedom of the city, and
in 1862 the Order of Franz Joseph. He
was a virtuoso of the highest rank and had
man}- puijils. Works : 3 violin concertos,
2 concertinos, 6 polonaises, 4 rondos, 20
books of variations, 7 string quartets, 3
quintets, i pianoforte trios, 3 sonatas, 3 di-
vertissements, 1 fantasia for j)ianoforte and
violin, 1 trio for violin, harp, and horn, 2
pot-pourris, 1 book of violin studies, and 3
duets for two violins ; and, impublished, a
concert overtiu'e, a quartet, 2 quintets, and
a mass. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xxi. 149 ; Re-
censionen und Mittheilungen iiber Theater,
etc. (Vienna, 1861), vii. No 50 ; (1863), is.
801; Wurzbach, xvii. 195; Ft'tis ; Schil-
ling ; Wasielewski, Die Violiue, 314 ; Hart,
The Violin, 414; Dubourg, The Violin,
247.
MAZAS, JACQUES FKREOL, born iu
Bczicrs, Sept. 23, 1782, died in 1849. Vir-
tuoso ou the violin, pupil of Baillot at the
Paris Conservatoire in 1802-5 ; won the first
])rize in 1805, appeared iu concerts at the
Oduon, and was a member of the orchestra
at the Italian Opera. He travelled in Spain,
England, Belgium, Italy, Germany, and
Russia iu 1811-29 ; was in Paris iu 1829-
31, part of the time as first violin at the
Palais Royal ; was later teacher and music
director at Orleans, and in 1837 became di-
rector of the music school at Cambrai, but
resigned in 1841, and after that seems to
have lived in retirement. Works — Operas :
Corinne au Capitole ; Le kiosque ; Musta-
jsha. Concerto ; Fantaisies, etc., for violin,
with orchestra ; Quartets, trios, and duets
for strings ; Method for violin ; do. for viola.
— Ft'tis ; Riemann ; Mendel, vii. 103 ; do.,
Ergiinz., 269 ; Larousse, x. 1389 ; Wasielew-
ski, Die Violine, 377.
MAZEPPA, overture, by Georges Mathias,
first ijerformed at the Chatelet concerts,
Paris, Nov. 12, 1876.
MAZEPPA, symphonic poem for orches-
tra, in D minor, by Liszt, op. 4, No. 6, first
performed at the Hoftheater, Weimar, in
April, 1854. It was composed in Paris, be-
tween 1830 and 1835, and appeared first in
the twelve etudes for the pianoforte, No.
4, and orchestrated in 1850. The subject
is taken from Victor Hugo's poem of the
same title. Allegro agitato ; Andante ;
Allegro marziale, in which an original Cos-
sack rhythm is introduced. First performed
in Leijjsie, Feb. 26, 1857 ; in London, at
the Crystal Palace, Dec. 8, 1876 ; by the
Philharmonic Society of New York in the
season of 1865-66. Published by Breitkopf
& Hartel (Leipsic, 1856). Arranged for the
pianoforte for four hands by L. Stark,
Breitkopf & Hartel (Leipsic, 1884).— Pohl,
Liszt, 79, 397 ; Ramanu, Liszt, 463 ;
Grove, ii. 147 ; Neue Zeitschr., xlvi. 101 ;
(1881), 105 ; Athenteum (1876), ii. 808 ;
Upton, Standard Symphonies, 287.
UAZZ\, GIUSEPPE, born at Parma in
1806, died at Trieste, June 20, 1885. Dra-
matic composer. Works : Amor la vince,
Lucca, 1826 ; La vigilanza delusa, Turin,
1827 ; Monteuciel, Florence, 1827 ; L' al-
bergo incantato, opera btifta, Florence,
1828 ; Elena e Malvino, Rome, 1835 ; La
dama irlandese, Naples, 1836 ; Catterina di
Guisa, Treviso, 1838 ; L'orfanelladiLanissa,
Milan, 1838 ; Leocadia, Zara, 1844 ; Mon-
sieur Deschalumeaux, Naples ; La prova
d' un opera seria ; La sacerdotessa d' Iside,
Milan ; La sciocca per astuzia, Trieste ; II
voto di Jefto, ib. ; Chiaradi Chaleucy. — Fe-
tis.
]\L\ZZINGHI, JOSEPH, born in London
in 1765, died at Bath, Jan. 15, 1844. Pu-
pil of Johann Christian Bach, Bertolini, Sac-
chini, and Anfossi ; became organist of the
Portuguese Chapel in 1775 ; was composer
and director at the King's Theatre in 1784.
He was a popular teacher of the pianoforte
and was the music-master of the Princess
of Wales, afterwards Queen Caroline. He
became a Count about 1830. Works — Op-
eras : H tesoro ; La belle Ai'scnc ; A Day
542
MAZZOCCIII
ill Turkey, 1791 ; Tlio Magician no Con-
juror, 1792 ; llamah Drooy, 1793 ; The
Turnpike Gate, 1799 ; Paul and Virginia,
1800 ; The Blind Girl, 1801 ; Chains of
the Heart, 1802 (the last five with Reeve) ;
The Wife of Two Husbands, 1803 ; The Ex-
ile, 1808 ; The Free Knights, 1810. About
70 sonatas ; The Wreath, and other glees ;
Songs ; Mass ; G hymns ; Much pianoforte
music ; 3 quartets ; Symphonie coneertaute
for violins, flute, viola, and bass ; Music for
wind instruments ; Tyro-Musicus, being a
complete introduction to the pianoforte,
—Grove ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 2G9 ; Fetis ;
Biugley, Mus. Biog., ii. 256.
MAZZOCCHI, DOMENICO, bom at
Civita Castellaua, end of the IGtli century.
He was doctor of civil law, and passed most
of his life in Home. He was the first to use
the signs for crescendo and diminuendo.
Works — Oratorios : Le catena d' Adoue
(Venice, 162G) ; II martirio de' Santi Abun-
dio prete, Abbundanzio diacono, Marziano
e Giovanni suo figliuolo (Rome, 1G31). Mad-
rigals (ib., 1G25) ; Motets (ib., 1628) ; Mad-
rigals (ib., 1638) ; Madrigals (ib., 1640) ;
Tutti li versi latini del Sommo Poutefice
Urbano Vm. (ib., 1G38).— Buruey, Hist., iii.
529 ; Fetis ; Mendel ; Scliilling ; Gerber.
MAZZOLANI, ANTONIO, born at Ruina,
Ferrara, Dec. 26, 1819, still living, 1889.
Dramatic composer, pupil at Ferrara of
Padre Francesco Zagagnoni, afterwards of
Filippo Ferrari ; having returned to liis
native town, be settled five years later at
Ferrara to teach music, and founded a
choral society, for which he composed many
cantatas and choruses ; went soon after to
Iiucca, but returned to Ferrara in 1853.
Works : II tradimeuto, given at Lucca,
1852 ; Gismonda, Ferrara, 1853 ; Eurico di
Charlis, ovvero il ritorno dalla Russia, ib.,
187G.— Ft'tis, Supplement, ii. 192.
3\L1ZZ0NI, ANTONIO, born at Bologna
in 1718, died there (?) after 1773. Dra-
matic and church composer, pupil of Pre-
dieri, and while still quite young acted as
maestro di cajspella in several churches at
Fano, and other places in the Marches of An-
cona. In 1744 he went to Spain, composed
operas for the theatres at Madrid and Lis-
bon, and after his return to Italy in 1752
for those at Parma and Naples. lu 1757
he was elected president of the Accademia
Filarmonica, in 1758 called to St. Peters-
burg, whence he went to Sweden and Den-
mark, returning to Bologna in 17G1, when
he was appointed maestro di cappella at S.
Giovanni in Monte, and iu 17G7 at the
cathedral (S. Pietro). In 1773 he was
elected president of the Accademia for the
fourth time. Works — Operas : Le astuzie
amorose, opera buffa, Modena, 1754 ; I
viaggiatori ridicoli, do., Parma, 1756 ; Ifi-
genia iu Tauride, Treviso, 1756 ; Achille iu
Sciro, Naples, 1756. Mass for 8 voices ;
Magnificat for do. ; Laudati pueri, for a
voice, with orchestra. A number of his
compositions are in the Liceo at Bologna.
—Fetis.
MAZZUCATO, ALBERTO, born at
Udine, Friuli, July 28, 1813, died in Milan,
Dec. 31, 1877. Dramatic composer, pupil
of Bresciani ; became instructor of singing
at the Milan Conservatorio in 1839, of com-
position iu 1851 ; was appointed lecturer
on esthetics and history of music in 1852,
and succeeded Lauro Rossi as director in
1872. He was director of the Scala in
1854-55, and maestro concertatore in 1859-
69 ; edited for several years the Gazzetta mu-
sicale di Milano, and the Giornale delta So-
ciefa del Quartetto. Works— Operas : La
fidanzata diLammermoor, Padua, 1834 ; Don
Chisciotto, Milan, 1836 ; Esmeralda, Man-
tua, 1838 ; I corsari, Milan, 1840 ; I due
sergenti, ib., 1841 ; Luigi V., ib., 1843 ; Er-
naui, Genoa, 1843. Roma, a hymn ; Mass ;
Vespers ; Songs. He was author also of arti-
cles on music, and many translations of mu-
sical works. — Fetis ; do.. Supplement, ii.
193 ; Riemanu ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 269.
MEDEA, overture for orchestra by Wol-
demar Bargiel, op. 22, first performed iu
Leipsic in 1861. It is one of Bargiel's best
compositions and is frequently played. It
MEDEA
was first given by the New York Philhar-
monic Society in the season of 18G4:-65.
PubHshed by Leuckart (Breslau, 1862).
• — Hanslick, Concertwesen in Wien, ii. 423 ;
Deutsche mus. Zeitg. (1862), 147 ; Allgem.
mus. Zeitg. (1864), 463.
MEDEA, melodrama, text by Gotter,
music by Georg Beuda, represented in
1778. It was given in Stettin in Septem-
ber, 1806, with JIme Meyer as Medea, and
in Berlin, Dec. 13, 1807. Published by
Schwickert (Leipsic). — Allgem. mus. Zeitg.,
ix. 13.
IMEDEA, Italian opera in three acts, text
by Castiglia, music by Pacini, first repre-
sented in Palermo, Nov. 28, 1843.— Mus.
Wochenblatt (1881), 45 ; Eiemann, Operu-
Handbuch, 241.
IMEDEA, scena for soprano, 1)y Alberto
Randegger, sung by Mme Rudersdorff at
the Gewandhaus, Leipsic, 1869.
INIEDEA IN CORINTO, Italian opera in
two acts, text by Rosetti, music by Simon
^^^Wrr^f!
Pasta, ns Medea.
Mayr, first represented at the Teatro San
Cai-lo, Naples, Dec. 1, 1813, with great suc-
cess. It was given in Paris, Jan. 14, 1823,
and at the King's Theatre, London, June 1,
1826, with this cast :
Medea Mme Pasta.
Giasoue Signor Curioni.
Creusa Mme Caradori-Allan.
Egeo Signor Torri.
Creonte Signor Porto.
Giasone, returning victorious to Corinth,
and shocked by Medea's crimes, deserts her
for Creusa, daughter of Creonte, King of
Corinth. Egeo, King of Athens, the slight-
ed lover of Creusa, comes to Corinth and,
discovering that his rival is Giasone, cou-
spii'es with Medea for revenge. As Gaisone
and Creusa are about to perform the nup-
tial rites, Medea sets fire to the altar, and
Creusa is seized by Egeo's soldiers, but is
rescued, and Egeo is imprisoned. In the
second act Medea is seen at her incantation
in a cavern, and Creusa and Giasone renew
their vows in a bower. Creusa and Giasone
are married, but Creusa soon dies of a poi-
soned robe sent by !Medea. Medea, about
to be dragged to prison, stabs her two chil-
dren, and makes her exit in a car drawn
by dragons across a stage enveloped in
flames. Mme Pasta won her greatest artis-
tic success in this opera. Published by Ri-
cordi (Milan). — Allgem. mus. Zeitg., xvi.
233 ; XXV. 231 ; Chorley, Modern German
Music, ii. 334 ; Harmonicon (1826), 134,
154; Seven Years of the King's Theatre,
300 ; Queens of Song, ii. 11.
MEDECIN MALGRfi LUI, LE, opc'ra-
eomicjue in three acts, text by Carre and
Barbier, after Molicre's comedy of the same
title, music by Gounod, first represented at
the Theatre Lyrique, Paris, Jan. 15, 1858,
on the anniversary of Molicre'a birth.
Characters represented :
Sganarelle M. Meillet.
Leandre M. Fromeut.
Lucas M. Girardot.
Martine JIllo Faive.
Jacqueline Mile Girard.
It was represented at Covent Garden, Lon-
don, as The Mock Doctor, Feb. 27, 1865.
The English version, by Charles Lamb Keu-
ney, was published by Chappell & Co.
Hi
MfiDECm
(London, 1865). Same title, opiira-comique
iu three acts, by Desaugiers, text by his
son, after Moliore, repiresentecl at the Thea-
tre Feydeaii, Paris, Jan. 2G, 1792.— Clement
et Larousse, i-iB ; Eevue et Gaz. mus. de
Paris (1858), 17 ; AthenEcum (18G5), i. 25,
319.
MEDECIN TURC, LE, oix'ra-bouffon in
one act, text by Villiers and Armand
Gouffo, music by Nicolo Isouard, first rep-
resented at the Opera Coraique, Paris, Nov.
19, 1803. It is one of NicoLVs best works.
Forlis, captured by the Turks in Constanti-
nople, becomes a slave of the Grand Vizier,
while bis wife, Adele, is confined in the
harem of Kalil, the Turkish doctor. Forlis
imjjersonates a madman, goes to Kalil to
be cured, rescues his wife, and returns to
France. The part of Forlis was written for
Elleviou, who appeared in the original cast.
La suite du modecin turc was written by
Arquier, Marseilles, 1811 ; and an opera-
comique, text by Guillaume Bleynne, mu-
sic by Jouret, Brussels and Paris, 1845.
— Clement et Larousse, HG.
MP^DEE, tragedie-lyrique in three acts,
text by Hoffmann, music by Cherubini,
first represented at the Theatre Feydeau,
Paris, March 13, 1797. Original cast :
Medt'e Mme Scio.
Jason M. Gaveaux.
Creon M. Dessaides.
Subject, the story of the Golden Fleece.
The overture, in F minor, which is fre-
quently played at concerts, is treated with
breadth and style, and is full of effective
combinations. The main interest of the
opera centres in the character of Medee,
which is wrought with classic grandeur and
portrays a wide range of emotion. Chorley
calls the first act " one of the marvels of
music ; almost in opera what one of Lear's
great scenes is in tragedy." The part of
Medee is written without mercy for the
voice, and requires great physical energy
as well as dramatic scope. Partly owing to
this, the opera has passed from the stage.
Mme Stockl-Heinefetter, Mile Cruvelli,
Mme Milder, and Mme SchrOder-Devrient
achieved great success in the title-role. It
was revived in Frankfort-on-the-Main in
1814, with l\Ille Keuter as Medea ; was
given in London, at Her Majesty's, in Ital-
ian, with recitatives by Arditi, June G, 1SG5,
at Covent Garden, Ajnil 30, 1870, and re-
vived in Vienna iu November, 1880, with
Frau Ehnn as Medea and Herr Labatt as
Jason. The overture and aii-s arranged for
the pianoforte by the composer, published
by Imbault (Paris, 1802) ; by Simrock
(Bonn, 1819) ; and by Breitkopf & Hilrtel
(Leipsic). The overture was first per-
formed by the Philharmonic Society of New
York in the season of 185G-57. — Bellasis,
Cherubini, 81; Allgem. muS. Zeitg., ii.
508, C83, 700 ; Chorley, Modern German
Music, ii. 223 ; Le Menestrel (1880-81),
410 ; Mus. "Wochenblatt (1881), 43 ; Athe-
nffium (1870), i. C20.
MEDITATION RELIGIEUSE. See
Ih-L^fia.
MEERESSTILLE UND GLUCKLICHE
FAHRT (Calm at Sea, and Prosperous Voy-
age), for four voices and orchestra, on Goe-
the's poem, by Beethoven, op. 112, first
performed at the Great Redoutensaal, Vi-
enna, Dec. 25, 1815, the year of its compo-
sition. It was first given in Leipsic, Jan.
30, 1823. It is dedicated to Goethe : L
MeeresstiUe (Sostenuto) ; H. Gliickliche
Fahrt (iVllegro vivace). It was first jjub-
lished by Steiner & Co. (Vienna, 1823) ; by
Haslinger (Vienna) ; and by Breitkopf &
Hilrtel, Beethoven Werke, Serie 21, No.
209.— Thayer, Verzeichuiss, 127 ; Notte-
bohm, Verzeichuiss, 107 ; Marx, Beethoven,
ii. 155 ; Nohl, Beethoven, ii. 549 ; iii. G9 ;
Beethoven's Letters (Lady Wallace), ii. 152 ;
Allgem. mus. Zeitg., xviii. 78 ; xxiv. G74 ;
Berliner, mus. Zeitg., i. 391 ; Grove, ii. 245.
MEERESSTILLE UND GLUCIiLICHE
FAHRT, concert overture in D, for orches-
tra, by Mendelssohn, op. 27, first perform-
ed in Berlin, Dec. 1, 1832. It was com-
posed in 1828 and is dedicated to Friedrich
MEERTS
Wilhelm, Crown Prince of Prussia. It was i
afterwards remodelled and published in
1834 It was first performed by the Phil-
harmonic Societv, London, in Febniaiy,
183G ; and by that of New York in the sea-
sou of 1849-50. Published by Breitkopf &
Hiirtel, Mendelssohn Werke, Serie 2, No. 9.
— Grove, ii. 245 ; Reissmann, Mendelssohn,
G9 ; Atheuc-eum (183G), 1G3.
MEEETS, LAMBERT (JOSEPH), born
at Brussels, Jan. G, 1800, died there. May
12, 18G3. Violinist, at first an amateur, he
became a member of the theatre orchestra
at Antwerp when sixteen years old ; after-
wards studied in Paris under Lafout and
Habeneck, receiving also advice fi'oni Bail-
lot. On his return to Brussels he began
to teach, entered the city orchestra in 1828,
became solo violinist in 1832, and pi'ofessor
fit the Conservatoire in 1835. His instruc-
tive compositions are held in great esteem.
Among them arc : l-^tudes pour ^•iolon avec
accompagnement d'un second violon ; Me-
canisme du violon ; 12 etudes on double
stopping ; 3 books of I'tudes on the 2d, 4th,
and Gth position ; 12 rhythmic i'tudes on
motives by Beethoven ; 3 etudes in fugue
and staccato ; etc.- — Fi'tis ; Eiemann.
MEFI8T0FELE, Italian opera in four
acts, with prologue and epilogue, text and
music by Arrigo Boito, tii'st represented at
La Scala, Milan, in March, 1868. The work
was condemned by the Milanese critics, who
called Boito the "Italian Wagner," but it
was revived in Bologna, Oct. 4, 1875, with
Mme Borghi-Mamo and Signori Nannetti
and Campanini in the cast, with immense
success. Alwina Vallcria has been very suc-
cessful in the part of Helen. It is considered
one of the strongest modern Italian operas.
The libretto is a paraphrase of both p.arts of
Goethe's Faust. The subject is treated from
a dramatic and picturesque rather than
a philosophical or mystical point of view.
The music is a combination of Italian and
German styles, and the Leitmotiv is fre-
quently used in the orchestra, the treats
ment of which is effective and varied. The
chief numbers arc : The dance of the peas-
ants and burghers to the waltz, "Juhe
Juhe ; " Faust's aria, " Dai campi, dai
prati ;" Mefistofele's aria, " Son lo spirito;"
the quartet, " Addio, fuggo," closing Act
in. ; " Ecco il mondo," sung by Mefistofele
on the Brocken ; and the duet, "La luna
immobile," between Helen and Pantalis.
It was first represented iu London at Her
Majesty's, July 6, 1880 ; in New York, Nov.
Alwina Vaderia.
24, 1880 ; and in Boston, in English, in the
same year. Published by Eicordi (Milan).
■ — Clement et Larousse, 926 ; Athenreum
(1880), ii. 55 ; The Academy (1880), ii. 35 ;
Signale (1881), 305 ; New York Musical
Review (1880), ii. 175 ; Upton, Standard
Operas, 70.
MEGLIO, YINCENZO DE, born at
Naples, April 9, 1825, stiU Hving, 1889.
Pianist and dramatic composer, pupil of
Pasquale Mugnone, and of Francesco Lanza
on the pianoforte, of Casella in harmony,
and of Mario Aspa in counterpoint ; then
studied at the Conservatorio the oboe, and
theory under Parisi and Francesco Ruggi.
\Yorks : Ermelinda, opera, Najjles, Teatro
Nuovo, 1848 ; Giocrisse, farce, ib. ; Le tre
ore di agonia, oratorio ; 5 trios for piano-
forte and strings ; About 200 pianoforte
pieces ; Eco di Napoli, a collection of 50
Neapolitan canzoni. — Fetis, Suj)plement, ii.
197.
MEIIUL
'^i¥4m#
MEHUL, ETIENNE NICOLAS, born
at Givet (Ardeuues), Juue 22, 17G3, died
in Paris, Oct. 18,
1817. Dramatic
composer, son of a
cook, who was too
poor to educate
him ; but by hard
work, aided by
some teaching
from a poor blind
organist, he made
such progress
that in 1773 he
was appointed organist to the Convent des
ROcoUetfs at Givet. Soon after he studied
under Wilhelm Hanser at the neighbor-
ing convent of Lavaldieu, where in 1777
he became deputy organist. In 1778 he
went to Paris, where he began to give les-
sons for a living, and to study the pianoforte
and composition under Edelmaun. In 1779
a hearing of Gluck's Iphigt'uie en Tauride
produced such an imjjression upon him
that he went for advice to Gluck, who gave
him instruction in musical aesthetics, and
advised him to abandon church music, in
which he had already met with some suc-
cess, for the lyric drama. He wrote three
ojseras (never given, and since lost) merely
for practice. Another opera, Cora et Alonzo,
was accepted by the Acadcmie de Musique,
but never perfoi-med. Having become ac-
quainted with Hoffmann, he set his libret-
to, Euphrosine et Coradin, to music, and
the opera was brought out with immense
success at the Theatre Italieu in 1790 ;
from this time his productiveness, as well
as his almost unvarying success, was as-
tonishing. He was appointed inspector at
the Conservatoire from its foundation ; was
elected to the Institut in 1795, and made
chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1802.
When he reached the age of fifty his health
began to fail, and in 1816 it was generally
recognized that he was dying of consump-
tion. He spent two months in Provence,
hoping for benefit from change of climate,
but it was too late, and he returned to Paris
only to die. Mt'hul's lack of sound early
musical training prevented his ever be-
coming a thorough master of the technique
of composition ; he always acknowledged
Cherubiui and Catel as vastly his superiors
in musical knowledge. His symphonies,
given at the Conservatoire, are inferior to the
works of the true symphonic masters ; some
of his overtures, on the other hand, are de-
cidedly in advance of any that had pre-
viously been written in France. He was
well versed in church music, and handled
the Gregorian modes with ease and natural-
ness. The most couis^jicuous quality in his
dramatic music is its true passionateness ;
his melodies are noble in character, if at
times lacking in grace and charm. In his
orchestration he attempted many novel
combinations, often with success. Unlike
Gretry, he had not the good luck of con-
stantly finding libretti exactly suited to his
peculiar genius, and he found himself at-
tracted by almost any subject. This, to-
gether with his imperfect early training,
may account for his repeated attempts to
change his style. Yet he was certainly the
greatest figure in French opera between
Gluck, and Cherubini and Si^ontini. His
greatest work was Joseph. His jjortrait
was engraved by Queuedey in 1808.
Works — I. Ojieras : Psyche (never per-
formed, score lost) ; Anacreon (do.) ;
Lausus et Lydie, 3 acts (do.) ; Hyj^sipyle,
do. ; Euphrusine et Coradin, on le tyran
corrige, 3 acts. Theatre Italien, Sept. 4,
1790 ; Alonzo et Cora, 4 acts, Opera, Feb.
15, 1791 ; Stratonice, 1 act, Opera Comique,
May 3, 1792 ; Le congres des Eoi.s, 3 acts
(with Berton, Blasius, Cherubini, Dalayrac,
Deshayes, Devienne, Gretry, Jadin, Ki-eu-
tzer, Solie, and Trial fils), Oi^era Comique,
Feb. 2G, 1793 ; Le jeune sage et le vieux
fou, 1 act, ib., March 28, 1793 ; Horatius
Codes, 1 act. Opera, Feb. 18, 1794 ; Ai-mi-
nius, written for the Opera in 1794, but not
given ; Phrosine et Melidor, 3 acts, Opera
Comique, May 4, 1794 ; Scipiou, not jjer-
647
MEI
formed ; La caverne, 3 acts, Oiiera Comique,
Dec. 4, 1795 ; Tancrode et Clonnde, not
performed ; Susostris, do. ; Agar dans le
desert, do. ; Doria, 1797 ; La touj)ie et le
papillou, Theatre Montansier, 1797 ; Le
jeune Henri, 2 acts, of whicli the overture,
La chassc du jeune Henri, survives, TbOfitre
Favart, May 1, 1797 ; Le pont de Lodi, 1
act, Opera Comique, Dec. 15, 1797 ; Adrien,
3 acts. Theatre de la Eepublique et des i
Arts, June 4, 1798 ; Ariodant, 3 acts. The-
atre Favai-t, Oct. 11, 1798 ; Epicure, 3 acts
(with Cherubini), Opera Comique, Miu'ch
14, 1800; Bion, 1 act, ib., 1801; JJIrato,'.
ou I'empoi-te, 1 act, ib., Feb. 17, 1801 ; Une
folie, 2 acts, ib., April 4, 1802; Le tresor
suppose, ou le danger decouter aus portes,
ib., July 29, 1802 ; Joanna, 2 acts, Feydeau,
Nov. 22", 1802 ; L'heureux malgre lui, 1802 ; '
Helena, 3 acts, Opera Comi<pie, March 1,
1803 ; Le baiser et la quittance, ou une
aventure de garnison (with Boieldieu,
Isouard, and Kreutzer) 3 acts, ib., June 18,
1803 ; Les deux aveugles de Tolede, 1 act,
ib., Jan. 28, 180G ; Ulhal, 1 act, Feydeau,
May 17, 1806 ; Gabrielle d'Estrees, ou les
amours de Henri IV., 3 acts, Opera Co-
mique, June 25, 180G ; Joseph, 3 acts, Fey-
deau, Feb. 17, 1807 ; Les Amazones, ou la
fondation de Thebes, 3 acts. Opera, Dec.
17, 1811 ; Le prince troubadour, 1 act.
Opera Comique, May 4, 1813 ; L'oriflamme,
1 act (with Berton, Kreutzer, and Paer), |
Opera, Jan. 31, 1814 ; La joumee aux
aventures, 3 acts, Feydeau, Nov. 16, 1816 ;
Valentine de Milan (finished by Daussoigne-
Mehul), ib., Nov. 28, 1822.
n. Ballets, etc. : Le jugement de Paris, |
1793 ; La dansomanie, 1800 ; Le retour
d'Ulysse, 1809 ; Per-
see et Audromede,
1811 ; Overture, en-
tr'actes, and cho-
ruses to (Edipe roi,
not performed ; ]Mu-
sic to the drama Les
Hussites, Theatre de la Porte Saint-Martin,
1804 ; and Le cliaiU du dej^art, national
hymn written for the fourth anniversary of
the taking of the Bastile, July 14, 1794.
— Vieillard, Notice biographique (Paris,
1859) ; Quatremire de Quincj', do. (ib., Di-
dot, 1818) ; Fotis.
MEI, ORAZIO, born at Pisa in 1719,
died at Leghorn, October, 1787. Church
composer, jjupil of Giovanni Maria Clari ;
was organist at the Cathedral of Pisa un-
til 1763 ; after that time became maestro
di cappella at the Cathedral of Leghorn.
Works : La circoncisione, oratorio ; La mu-
sica, cantata ; Stabat JIater ; 2 Requiems ; 36
masses ; Vespers ; Motets ; Te Deum ; Con-
certos ; Sonatas ; Fugues. — Fetis ; Mendel.
MEIFRED, JOSEPH EmLE, born at
Colmars (Basses- Alpes), Nov. 22, 1791, died
in Paris, Aug. 29, 1867. Virtuoso on the
horn, pupil of Dauprat at the Paris Con-
servatoii'e, where he was professor in 1833-
65. He perfected the valve-horn on its
introduction into France, and composed
duos, and melodies for 2 horns. He pub-
lished two methods, and some pamphlets
on the use and the resources of that instru-
ment.— Fetis.
MEILAND, JAKOB, born at Senfteu-
berg, Upjier Lusatia, in 1542, died in Celle
in 1577. He was educated as a choir-boy
in the royal chapel in Dresden ; then trav-
elled and studied in Italy ; became Kapell-
UsMM^^^^'
meister at Anspach, and later at
Celle. Works : 3 books of Cantiones sacrre,
quinque et sex vocum (Nuremberg, 1564,
1572, 1573); XXXm. Motetten mit deutsch-
em, auch lateinischem Text, X\T!. Weltliche
teutsche Gesange, Sacra; Aliquot Cantiones
MEINARDUS
(Frankfort, 1575) ; Cantiones aliquot doveb
(ib., 1576, 2a ed., Erfurt, 1588) ; Cygueaj
cautiooes latinse et germauicse (Wittenberg,
1790).— Fetis ; Gerber ; ScbiUiug ; Rie-
mann ; Winterfekl, Kircliengesang, i. 339 ;
Ambros, Gesch., iii. 5C1.
MEINARDUS, LUDWIG (SIEGFRIED),
born at Hooksiel,
Oldenburg, S e fi t .
17, 1827, stillliving,
1889. Instrumental
and vocal composer
and writer on mu-
sic, pupil at tbo
Conservatorium and
of Riecius at Leip-
sic, tben of Liszt at
Weimar, finally of Marx in Berlin, liaving
in tbe meanwhile acted as Kapellmeister of
tlie theatres at Erfurt and Nordhausen. In
1853-G5 he conducted the Singakademie at
Glogau, then became professor at the Con-
servatorium in Dresden, and in 1874; set-
tled in Hamburg, to devote himself to com-
position and musical criticism ; removed to
Bielefeld in 1887. The Grand Duke of Ol-
denburg gave him the title of music direc-
tor in 1862. Works — Oratorios : Simon
Petrus ; Gideon, op. 2-4 ; KOnig Salomo,
op. 25 ; Luther in Worms, op. 3G ; Odrun.
Choral ballads : Roland's Schwanenlied, op.
22, No. 1 ; Frau Hitt, op. 22, No. 2 ; Die
Nonne, op. 35 ; Jung Baldur's Sieg ; Pas-
sionslied, for chorus, soli, and orchestra,
op. 19 ; Deutsche Messgesiinge, for chorus
and organ, op. 6. Wanderlied, for chorus
with wind instruments, op. 17 ; 2 sympho-
nies ; Quintet for pianoforte and strings ;
3 trios for do. ; String quartets ; Octet for
wind instruments ; Sonatas for violin and
pianoforte ; Sonata for violoncello and do. ;
Pianoforte music, and songs. Two operas,
Bahuesa and Doktor Sassafras, have not as
yet been performed. Among his writings
are Kulturgeschichtliche Briefe iiber deu-
tsche Tonkunst (1872), and Mozart, ein
Kflnstlerleben (1882). —Mendel, Ergllnz.,
272 ; liiemann.
MEIN GLAUBIGES HERZE, soprano
aria in F major, with accompaniment of
oboe, violin, violoncello j)iccolo, and con-
tinuo, in Joliann Sebastian Bach's cantata
for Feria 11. Pentecostes, " Also hat Gott
die Welt geliebt" (Bachgesellschaft, No.
68). Published separately, in full and pi-
anoforte score, with additional accompani-
ments by Robert Franz (Halle, Karmrodt).
It is to be noted that this edition of Franz's
is the only existing completed arrangement
of this favourite air, in which Bach's con-
tinuo has been preserved unchanged.
MEIN HEIM (My Home), overture for
orchestra, by Autonin Dvorak, op. G2, first
given at the Philharmonic Concert, Buda-
Pesth, in 1883. Published by Simrock
(Berlin, 1882).
MEIN HERR UND GOTT. See Lohen-
grin.
MEIN JESUS HAT NUNMEHR, so-
prano aria in E minor, with accompani-
ment of 2 oboes, strings complete, and con-
tinuo, in Johauu Sebastian Bach's cantata,
" Gott filhret auf mit Jauchzen," Part I.
MEIN SEELENSCHATZ 1ST GOTTES
WORT, soprano aria in E-flat major, with
accompianimeut of 2 flutes in unison, 4 vio-
las do., and continue, in Johann Sebastian
Bach's cantata for Dom. Sexagesimse,
" Gleich wio der Regen und Schnee vom
Himmel filllt " (Bachgesellschaft, No. 18).
Published separately, with additional ac-
companiments by Robert Franz (Leipsic,
Whistling).
MEISTER VON AVIS, DER, oratorio
by Loewe, written between 1848 and 18G0.
MEISTERSINGER VON NURNBERG,
DIE (The Mastersingers of Nuremberg),
musical comedy in three acts, text and mu-
sic by Richard Wagner, first represented at
Munich, June 21, 18G8, under the direction
of Hans von Billow. Original cast :
Hans Sachs, Schuster (B.) Herr Betz.
Veit Pogner, Goldschmied (B.) . . Bauseweiu.
Kuuz Vogelgesang, Kiirschner (T.).Heinrich.
Konrad Nachtigall, Spengler (B.) Sigl.
649
MEISTERSINCtER
Sixtus Beckmesser, Schreiber (B.) . . Holzel.
Fritz Kotbner, Backer (B.) Fischer.
Balthazar Zorn, Zinngiesser (T.),
"VVeixlstorfer.
Uh-ich Eisslinger, Wurzkramer (T.).Hoi3pe.
Augustin Moser, Schneider (T.) Poppl.
Hermauu Ortel, Seifensietler (B.). . . .Toms.
Hans Schwarz, Strumpf wivker (B.) . Grasser.
Hans Foltz, Kupferschmied (B.) Hayn.
Walther von Stolzing (T.) Nachbauer.
David (T.) Schlosser.
Nachtwilchter (Bar.) F. Lanz.
Eva (S.) Frl. Malliuger.
Magdalene (C.) Frau Diez.
Scene at Nuremberg in the 16th centurj-.
Veit Pogner, a rich goldsmith, desiiing to
honour his guild, the Mastersingers, offers
his daughter Eva in marriage to the success-
ful competitor at their annual singing con-
test on the Feast of St John. Walther von
Stolzing, a young knight, in love with Eva,
hears of this first in church on the day be-
fore the Feast, but determines to enter the
guild to qualify himself for the competition.
David, an apprentice of Hans Sachs and in
love with Magdalene, Eva's maid, endeav-
ours to give him some instruction, but
is interrupted by the gibes of the boys.
The trial of the candidates takes place in
the church in the afternoon, and Walther',
knowing nothing of the rules of the Master-
singers, makes a failure, but his cause is
espoused by Hans Sachs against Beckmes-
ser, the town clerk, who hopes to gain the
goldsmith's wealth by winning his daugh-
ter. The second act shows Pogner's house
and Sachs's shop by night. Walther and
Eva ai'e about to elope when Beckmesser
arrives to serenade Eva. Sachs interrupts
his singing by lustily shouting a folk-song,
but agi-ees to listen to Beckmesser if he
will permit him to mark the errors of his
composition with blows of his hammer on
the shoe he is making. The town clerk be-
comes enraged by Sachs's frequent pound-
ing, and is at last driven off by David, who
suspects that he is serenading his sweet-
heart Magdalene. The coming of the watch-
man, foretold by his horn, disperses tlie
crowd. The third act opens in the shop of
Sachs, to whom Walther and Eva have come
for advice. Walther sings a dream-song
and Sachs transcribes it and gives him ad-
vice. Beckmesser enters and, finding the
song, supposes it to be by Sachs and appro-
priates it Sachs discovers the theft, but
presents it to Beckmesser and promises not
to claim the authorship of it if he will sing it
at the competition. The second scene is an
-—K\- ^'^^
^^^5^^^^-|^/|/
Emil Fischer, as Hans Sachs.
open meadow, covered with tents and merry-
makers, on the banks of the river, which is
crowded with boats. The different guilds of
singers arrive, each entering to a character-
istic chorus. The competition begins and
Beckmesser makes a stupid failure with Wal-
ther's song, and is hooted. Becoming en-
raged he charges the authorship to Sachs,
who replies that it is a good song when cor-
rectly sung, and calls on Walther to sing it
The knight does so to the delight of all,
and is awarded the hand of Eva. Among
the chief uumbei's are the address by
Pogner, offering Eva as a prize to the suc-
cessful singei", " Das schone Fest, Johannis-
6S0
MELLE
Tag ; " Waltlier's song, wlieu a candidate
for election to the guild, " So rief der Lenz
iu den Wald ; " Sachs's rolHeking song, in
interruption of Beckmesser's serenade, " Je-
rum ! Jerum ! Halla, halla, he ! ; " his song
in his shop on the morning of the contest,
" Wahn ! Wahu ! Uberall Wahn ! ; " Wal-
ther"s i^rize song, " MorgenUch leuchteud
iu rosigem Schein ; " and the final chorus
of the people, " Heil Sachs ! Hans Sachs !
Heil Niirnberg's theurem Sachs ! " The
original sketch of the Meiwtersinger was
made at Dresden iu 18-45, the same year
the poem of Lohengrin was written. The
poem was begun in Paris in the winter of
1801-02, and printed iu the latter year
(Mainz, Schott) ; the music was begun in
1862, and the score was finished, Oct. 20,
1807. The pianoforte score, arranged by
Tausig, was jiublished in 1867, and the full
score in 1868 (Mainz, Schott) ; a facilitated
pianoforte score, by Kleinmichel, was pub-
lished later. There are various ai'rangements
for the pianoforte, including Versammlung
der Meistersingerzunft, for two and for four
hands by Hans von Billow, and also a Para-
phrase of the Quintet in Act III. by von Bil-
low (Schott) ; Reminiscenzen iu i jjarts by
Joachim Raff (Schott) ; Vorspicl for piano-
forte for four hands by Carl Tausig and A.
Horn (Schott), and Walther's Preislied for
violin with orchestra by August Wilhelinj,
also for violin with pianoforte. Other ar-
rangements for various instruments. The
work was given first in Vienna, Feb. 27,
1870 ; in Berlin, April 1, 1870 ; iu Leipsic,
Dec. 6, 1872 ; iu Loudon, Drury Lane,
May 30, 1882 ; and iu New York^ Metro-
piolitan Opera House, Jan. 4, 1885, with
Emil Fischer as Hans Sachs. — Wagner, Ge-
sammelte Schriften, vii. 197 ; Glaseuapp,
Richard Wagner's Leben uud Werken, i. 80 ;
ii. 178, 220 ; Hueffer, Wagner, 72 ; HansHck,
Moderne Oper, 292 ; Midler, Lohengrin und
die Mei.stersinger von Nurnberg (Munich,
1869) ; Nohl, Neues Skizzenbuch (ib., 1869) ;
Eeinsdorf, Die Meistersinger von Niirnberg
(Leipsic, 1873) ; Julius Stinde, Meistersing-
er-Motive (Hamburg, 1873) ; Lanz, Ueber
die erste Auffiihrung Richard Wagner's
Meistersinger von Niirnberg ; Dorn, Die
Meistersinger von Niirnberg ; Kastuer,
Wagner Catalog, 66 ; Gumprecht, Neue
musikalische Characterbilder, 176 ; Bay-
reuther Blatter (1885), 68 ; (1888), 306 ;
Mus. Wochenblatt (1870), 249, 202, 343 ;
(1871), 81, 433, 468, 481 ; (1872), 81 ;
(1875), 225, 230, 272, 299, 313, 323 ; (1883),
607 ; (1884), 109, 177, 189 ; Neue Zeitschr.
(1883), 437; Athenffium (1881), ii. 410;
(1882), i. 709 ; Krehbiel, Review (1885-86),
94 ; Schuru, Le drame musical (1886), ii.
191 ; Upton, Standard Operas, 271.
MELLE (Mel), RENAUT DE (in Italian,
Rinaldo del Mele), Flemish composer of the
16th century, born at Lic'ge. Having served
Sebastiao, King of Portugal, and his succes-
sor. Cardinal Dom Henrique, iu the capac-
ity of mestre de eapella, he went in 1580 to
Rome. Later he became musician to Ga-
briele Paleotto, Ai'clibishop of Bologna ; was
in Liege iu 1587, and appointed maestro di
cappella at Magliano in 1591. Works : Many
books of madrigals ; Several books of mo-
tets ; Litanie della B. V. a cinque voci (Ant-
werp, 1589).— Fctis ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 274 ;
Gerber ; Schilling.
MELLON, ALFRED, born at Birming-
ham, England, in 1820, died in London,
March 27, 1867. He was violinist in sev-
eral orchestras and, later, leader of the bal-
let at Covent Garden, London ; then di-
rector of the Hay market and Adelphi The-
atres, of the Pyne and Harrison English
Opera Company, of the Musical Society, of
the Covent Garden Promenade Concerts,
and in 1865 of the Liverpool Philharmonic
Society. Works : Victoriue, opera, 1859 ;
Pianoforte and other instrumental music ;
Songs and ballads. — Grove ; Fctis, Supjjle-
ment, ii. 201.
MELPOMENE, dramatic overture, by
George W. Chadwick, iirst performed by
the Symphony Orchestra, Boston, Mass.,
Dec. 24, 1887. It was given in New York,
April 15, 1888.
551
MELUSINA
MELUSINA, cantata, test by "Wilbelm
Osterwald, music by Heinricb Hofmaun, op.
30, first perfonned in Miililhausen, Oct. 28,
1875, with Fraa Ficbtner-Spohr, Friiulein
Scbulz, HeiT Schiissler, and Hen- Henscliel
for the solos. It was sung in Leipsic, Dec.
11, 1875, and by the Philharmonic Society
of Montreal, April 25, 1888. Published by
Erler (Berlin, 1875).— Mus. Wochenblatt
(1875), 653, 668 ; Uptou, Standard Canta-
tas, 206.
IMELUSIKE, Mendelssohn. See Die
schvne Mehisiue.
MELUSINE, German opera in three acts,
music by Carl Grammann, op. 24, text by
the composer, after von Schwiud's Bilder-
cyklus, " Die schOue Melusiue," first rei)re-
sented in Wiesbaden, Sept. 25, 1875. Frau
Loffler-Iiibeczeli sang the part of Melusiue.
Published by F. Eies (Dresden, 1875).
Operas, same title, in German, in two acts,
test by GrUliiarzer, music by Konradin
Kreutzer, Berlin, Feb. 27, 1833 ; iu four
acts, text by Pasque, after Halevy's Slagi-
cienne, music b}' Louis Schindelraeisser,
Darmstadt, Dec. 29, 1869 ; Die Brant von
Lusignan, in three acts with Vorspiel, text
by Elard HofschlUger, music by Theodor
Heutschel, Bremen, Nov. 17, 1875 ; Melu-
siue, in four acts, text by Ernst Marbach,
music by Karl IMayrberger, Presburg, Jan.
20, 1876 ; in four acts, text by Pasqui' and
C. Brandt, music by G. Lehuhardt, Berlin,
Dec. 31, 1876 ; text by G. Braun, music by
L. Storch, Glogau, March 20, 1877 ; text by
Schmid, music by Karl Perfall, Munich,
March 27, 1881 ; and ballet by Franz Dop-
pler, text by C. Telle, after M. von Schwiud's
Bildercyklus, Vienna, 1882. — Mus. Wocheu-
blatt (1875), 498 ; (1881), 218 ; Siguale
(1876), 785 ; (1878), 337; Kiemann, Operu-
Haudbuch, 327.
MEMBRfiE, EDMOND, born at Valen-
ciennes, France, Nov. 14, 1820, died at
Chateau-Dumont, near Paris, Sept. 10, 1882.
Dramatic composer, pupil at the Paris Con-
servatoire of Zimmerman, Alkan, Dourlen,
and Carafa ; devoted himseK to teaching
and composition. He was president of the
society of musical composers ; received the
cross of the Legion of Honour in 1876.
Works — Operas : Francois Villon, Paris,
1857 ; La fiUe de I'orfcvre, Baden-Baden,
1863 ; L'esclave, Les parias, Paris, 1874 ;
La courts echelle, ib., 1877 ; Le moinc
rouge ; La filleule des anges ; Colomba ;
Freyghor. Fiugal, cantata, 1801 ; Pohj-
phbne et Galatoe, cantata ; Choruses for
(Edipe roi ; Melodies and di-amatic scenes,
including Romeo et Juliette, Page, ecuyer,
eapitaine, Chanson d'amour, and others.
— Fetis, Supplement, ii. 201 ; Riemann.
MENACE DES FRANCS, LA. See Vox
Populi.
MENDELSSOHN -BAETHOLDY, (JA-
KOB LUDWIG)
FELIX, born in
Hamburg, Feb. 3,
1809 ; died in Leip-
sic, Nov. 4, 1847.
His grandfather was
Moses Mendelssohn,
noted for his philo-
sophical writings ;
his father, Abraham Mendelssohn, was a rich
banker of Hamburg ; his mother. Lea Salo-
mon-Bartholdy, of Berlin. Felix was the
second child, the others being : Fanny
Ciicihe (born, Nov. 14, 1805, married Wil-
helm Hensel, the painter, and died. May 14,
1847) ; Rebecka (born, April 11, 1811, mar-
i-ied Gustav Peter Dirichlet-Lejeune, and
died, Dec. 1, 1858) ; Paul (born, Oct. 30,
1813, married Albertine Heine, and died,
June 21, 1874). In 1812 the family escaped
from Hamburg, then occupied by the French,
and settled in Berlin. Felix's fii-st instruc-
tion on the pianoforte was from his mother ;
next, in 1810, from Marie Bigot in Paris.
Returning to Berhn, he and Fainiy were
placed under Heyse (father of Paul Heyse,
the novelist) for general education, Ludwig
Berger for i^ianoforte, Zelter for harmony
and comjjositiou, Henning for violin, and
EiJsel for landscape sketching. Felix and
Rebecka also studied Greek, as far as
652
MENDELSSOHN
J^scbylus. Felix's first public appearance
was Oct. 24, 1818, when be played the in-
anoforte jiart iu a trio with two horns by
Woelfl ; April 11, 1819, he euteved the
singing class at the
Singakademie as alto,
and 1820 he began
sj'stematically to com-
pose. Later he stud-
ied the violin under
Eduard Eietz, and
the pianoforte (1821)
under Moscheles ;
about 182G he entered
the University of Ber-
lin. March 11, 1829, he conducted at the
Singakademie the first performance of Bach's
Matthew-Passion given anywhere since the
composer's death (1750) ; the performance
was got up wholly at his instigation, much
against the will of Zelter, the regular con-
ductor of the Singakademie, and was the
practical beginning of the great Bach prop-
aganda in which Mendelssohn was con-
spicuous throughout his life. In 1830 a
Chair of Music was founded at the univer-
sity, with the intention that Mendelssohn
should occupy it, but, at his suggestion,
it was given to Marx instead. This j)eriod
of his life is also noteworthy for his first
visit to England (April 21 to Nov. 29, 1829)
where he was electee! honorary member of
the London Philharmonic Society on the day
of his departure, his journey through Ger-
many, Austria, Italy, Switzerland, to Paris
(May, 1830, to April, 1832), his second, third,
and fourth visits to London (April 23 to July,
1832 ; April 26 to about May 15, and about
June 5 to Aug. 4, 1833), and his conducting
the Lower Rhine Musical Festival at Diis-
seldorf, beginning May 26, 1833. His
friendship with Goethe, begun in Weimar
in 1821, also falls within this period. Be-
tween his second and third London visits
he was defeated by Eungenhagen as candi-
date for Zelter's place at the Berlin Singa-
kademie. The next period of his life begins
with his entering upon the functions of
director of the church music, the opera,
and two musical associations at Diisseldorf,
Sept. 27, 1833, at a salary of six hundred
Thalers ($450) per annum. In March, 1834,
he relinquished that part of his i>ay which
came from the theatre, active connection
with institutions of that sort being irksome
to him, giving over the duties of this jjost
to Julius Eietz, and contenting himself with
conducting a favourite oi^era now and then.
In 1834, also, he was elected member of the
Berlin Academy of Fine Arts. He conduct-
ed the Lower Ehine Festival at Cologne,
June 7-9, 1835. The next f)eriod begins
August, 1835, in Leipsic, where he had ac-
cepted the couductorship of the Gewand-
Mendelssohn's Biithplace.
haus concerts. On Nov. 9 his father died.
In 1836 he conducted the Lower Ehine
Festival at Diisseldorf (May 22-24) for the
third time, bringing out his recently fin-
ished Paulus. As the Leipsic concerts
were over for the season, he undertook the
temporary direction of the Ciicilien-Verein
in Frankfort, returning to Leipsic, Oct. 2.
MENDELSSOHN
On March 28, 1837, lie marned Cccile
Cbarlotte Sophie Jeanrenaud, of Fraukfort,
at the ^Yalloou French Eeformed Church
iu that citj-. From this union sprang Carl
Wolfgang Paul (born, Feb. 7, 1838) ; Ma-
rie Pauline Hulene (born, Oct. 2, 1839) ;
Paul Felix Abraham ; Felix August Edu-
ard (born, May 1, 1843, died (?) ; Elisabeth
Fanny Henriette. On his fifth visit to
England (Aug. 27 to Sept. 25, 1837) he
conducted St. Paul at the Birmingham
Festival. He conducted the Diisseldorf
Festival, May 19-21, 1839, and the festival
in Leipsic in commemoration of the fourth
centennial of the invention of printing, June
24 and 25, 1840, for which he wrote his
Lobgesang and Festgesang. His sixth visit
to England (Sept. 8 to October, 1840) was
followed by an uninterrupted winter in Leip-
sic. With 1841 begins the troublesome, or
Berlin period of his life. Friedrich Wil-
helm rV. had just come to the Prussian
throne, and had projected an Academy of
Arts at Berlin ; Mendelssohn was invited
to take charge of the dej^artment of music,
part of his duties being to get up series
of concerts at which large orchestral and
choral works were to be given by the royal
orchestra and Opera company. The salary
was three thousand Thalers ($2,250). He
at first declined, but afterwards accej)ted.
The arrangements cost him infinite trouble,
and iu addition he had to write the music
for the Greek plays given at Potsdam by
order of the king. The Academy project
came to nothing, and Mendelssohn found
that he was not popular with the court, the
musicians, or the public. Berlin was upon
the whole antipathetic to him, and he was
about to retire in October, 1842, when the
king prevailed ujjou him to take charge of
a small picked chorus and orchestra, for
the j)erformance of chui-ch music ou Sun-
days and Feast-days, and to serve as a nu-
cleus for performances of large choral
works. This body was constituted as the
since famous Domchoi-, Nov. 22, 1842.
Mendelssohn's salary was fifteen hundred
Thalers ($1,125), his title that of General-
Music-Director, and it was stipulated that
he need not live iu Berlin. But he was
forced to thi'ow up his position of Kapell-
meister to the King of Saxony, which had
been given him on his departure from Leip-
sic. He conducted the Diisseldorf Festival
for the fourth and last time (May 15-17),
and made his seventh visit to England
(June to July 10) in this year-. In November
or December he returned to Leipsic to or-
ganize the new Conservatory, which opened
Jan. 16, 1843. But he found soon that his
duties called him back to Berlin (August,
1843), and that he would have to remain
there. In May, 1843, he made his eighth
\'isit to England, to accept the conductor-
ship of the Loudon Philharmonic Society ;
he remained until Juh', 1844. From July
to September he passed the time in Frank-
fort with wife and children ; then went to
Berlin, but matters there went so little to
his liking that he gave up all such definite
duties as should require his residence in
the city, and his salary was reduced to $750.
In December he returned to Frankfort.
His health now began to trouble him. In
1845 he returned to Leipsic, and resumed the
conductorship at the Gewaudhaus ; Hiller
had conducted, 1843-44, and Gade, 1844-
45. In Maj' and June, 184G, he conducted
Festivals at Aix-la-Chapelle and Cologne,
and concerts at Diisseldorf and Liege (his
Lauda Sion), and in August made his ninth
visit to England, to conduct the first per-
formance of his Elijah at Birmingham. On
his return to Leipsic he gave up the super-
intendence of the pianoforte department at
the Conservatory to Moscheles and the con-
ductorship at the Gewandhaus to Gade.
Yet, although suffering much in his head
from overwork, he conducted some of the
concerts, and also the court concerts iu
Dresden, besides superintending a large
part of the managing of the Gewandhaus.
In 1847 he made his tenth and last visit to
England, conducting his Elijah at Man-
chester and Birmingham. A day or two
MENDELSSOHN
after liis return to Frankfort the news of
the sudden death of his sister Fanny gave
him a severe shock ; he was insensible for
some time. In June he and his family
went to Baden-Baden, thence to Switzerland.
Ill Brienz he played the organ for the last
time. He was much broken down, but
soon began composing again. In Septem-
ber he was back in Leipsic ; he left the
conducting of the Gewandhaus concerts to
Julius Rietz, and relinquished all official
work, but made several plans for composing,
and intended to conduct Elijah at Vienna in
November, with Jenny Lind among the per-
formers. But all these jilans were frus-
trated by his death. His j^uhlic funeral
was in the Pauliner-Kirche on Nov. 7 ; the
body was then taken to Berlin and was
buried in the Alte Dreifaltigkeits-Kirchof
between his boy Felix and his sister Fanny.
Commemorative services were held in Lon-
don, Manchester, Birmingham, and com-
memorative concerts given in Paris and
in Berlin, Vienna, Frankfort, Hamburg, and
many other German cities. Mendelssohn
was alike great as pianist, organist, and
conductor. His reputation as a composer
is world-wide, albeit it is now seen that he
by no means occupied the position that
Schumann did as a link in the great chain
of musical evolution. He was an indefati-
gable producer, and has been accounted the
greatest master of musical form since Mo-
zart. It is highly probable, however, that
he will hold a higher and more enduring
place in history in virtue of the musical in-
fluence he exerted than by his compositions
themselves. As a musical influence he
stood in the post-Beethoven period very
much as Philipp Emmanuel Bach did in the
pre-Haydn epoch. The great work of his
life was the raising of the popular musical
taste. His influence and popularity in Eng-
land was greater than that of any musician
since Handel. His best portrait is that
painted in 1844 by Edward Magnus at Ber-
lin, lately in the possession of Mme Jenny
Lind-Goldschmidt.
Works — I. Oratorios, cantatas, and
church music : 3 pieces for solo, chorus,
and organ, Aus tiefer Noth, Ave Maria, 8
voc. Mitten wir, 8 voc, oj). 23 ; Ftialm CXV.,
for solo, chorus, and orchestra, op. 31 ;
Paulus, oratorio, op. 36 ; 3 motets for fe-
male voices, for the nuns of Sta. Trinita de'
Monti in Rome, op. 39 ; Psaliii XLIL, for
chorus and organ, op. 42 ; Psalm XCV., for
solo, chorus, and orchestra, op. 46 ; Psalm
CXIV., for 8-part chorus and orchestra, op.
51 ; Lohgesang, symphony -cantata, op. 52 ;
Die Er.-ile Walpiurgisnacht, ballad for soli,
chorus, and orchestra, op. 60 ; Feslgesang, for
male chorus and brass instruments, for the
ojjening of the German-Flemish vocal festi-
val at Cologne, op. G8 ; 3 motets, for solo and
chorus, op. 69 ; Elia.% oratorio, op. 70 ; Lauda
Sion, for soli, chorus, and orchestra, op. 73
(Posthumous work, 1) ; Psalms H., XLHI,
and XXIL, for solo and chorus, written for
the Berlin Domchor, op. 78 (Posthumous,
6) ; 6 Spriiche, Anthems for 8-part chorus,
for the Domchor, op. 79 (Posthumous, 7) ;
Psalm XCVIII., for 8-part chorus and or-
chestra, op. 91 (Posthumous, 20) ; Infelicc,
concert aria iu B-flat, for soprano and or-
chestra, op. 94 (Posthumous, 23) ; Hymn for
alto solo, chorus, and orchestra, op. 96
(Posthumous, 25) ; Christus, unfinished or.a-
torio, op. 97 (Posthumous, 26) ; Tu es Pe-
trus, 5 -part chorus and orchestra, op. Ill
(Posthumous, 40) ; 2 sacred choruses for
male voices, op. 115 (Posthumous, 44) ; Ver-
leih uns Friedeu, prayer for chorus and
orchestra, no opus number ; Ersatz fiir Un-
bestand, poem by Riickert for 4 male voices,
do. ; Feslgesang, male chorus and orchestra,
for the festival at Leipsic in celebration of
the invention of jDrinting, do. ; Lord have
mercy upon us, chorus without accompani-
ment, in A minor, do. ; 3 hymns for alto
solo, chorus, and organ, do. ; Hear my
prayer, hymn for soprano solo, chorus, and
organ, afterwards orchestrated, do. ; Kyrie
eleison, double chorus, do ; Additional cho-
rus to Psalm XCV. (op. 46), London, No-
vello.
555
MEKDELSSOHN
n. Songs and part-songs : 74 songs for a
voice with pianoforte, op. 8, 9, 34, 47, 57,
71, 84 (Posthumous, 13), 86 (Posthumous,
15), 99 (Posthumous, 28), 112 (Posthumous,
41), Moore's The Garhind, Simrock's War-
nung vor dem Ehein, Hoflmaou von Fal-
lersleben's Seemauu's Scheidelied, Des
Miidchen's Klage, and G others without
opus number ; 13 duets with do., op. 8, G3,
77 (Posthumous, 5) ; 3 Volksheder without
opus number ; 29 part-songs for mixed
voices, op. 41, 48, 59, 88 (Posthumous, 17),
100 (Posthumous, 29), 116 (Posthumous, 45) ;
16 do. for male voices, op. 50, 75 (Posthu-
mous, 3), 76 (Posthumous, 4), Nachtgesaug
and Stiftungsfeier without opus number.
m. Dramatic: Die Beiden Piidagogen,
opera in one act, Berlin, 1821 ; Die Bi^iden
Neffen, opera in three acts, ib., Feb. 3,
1824 ; Die Hochzeit des Camacho, comic
opera, 2 acts, op. 10, Berlin, Schauspielhaus,
April 29, 1827 ; Music to the Antigone of
Sophocles, op. 55, Berlin, Hofoijer, Nov. 6,
1841 ; Music to A Midsummer Night's
Dream, Sommernachtdrauni, op. 61, Pots-
dam, Oct. 14, 1843 ; Music to Racine's
Athalie, op. 74 (Posthumous, 2), Berlin, Dec.
1, 1845 ; Hcimkehr aus der Fremde, Siug-
spiel in 1 act, op. 89 (Posthumous, 18), Dec.
26, 1829 ; Music to the (Edipiis in Colonos
of Sophocles, op. 93 (Posthumous, 22), Pots-
dam, Nov. 1, 1845 ; Lorelei, unfinished op-
era, op. 98 (Posthumous, 27).
IV. Orchestral : 4 sj-mphouies. No. 1, in
C minor, op. 11 ; No. 3, in A minor, Scotch,
op. 56 ; No. 4, in A major, Italian, op. 90
(Posthumous, 19) ; No. 5, in D, Reforma-
tion, op. 107 (Posthumous, 36) ; 7 concert
overtures. No. 1, to A Midsummer Night's
Dream, Sommernachtdruam iu E, op. 21 ;
For wind band Ouuerture fiii- Harmouie-
musik, in C, op. 24 ; No. 2, Die Hehriden,
iu B minor, oj). 26 ; No. 3, Mecresstille und
gliickliche Fahrt, in D, op. 27 ; No. 4, Die
schiJne Melusine, in F, op. 32 ; to Biiij Bias,
in C minor, op. 95 (Posthumous, 24) ; in C,
Trnmpet overture, op. 101 (Posthumous,
30) ; Andante, Scherzo, Capriccio, and
Fugue, for strings, op. 81 (Posthumous, 9) ;
Trauermarsch, iu A minor, for the funeral
of Norbert Burgmiiller, op. 103 (Posthu-
mous, 32) ; March, in D, for the fete given
to Peter von Cornelius in Dresden, op. 108
(Posthumous, 37).
V. For solo instruments with orchestra —
A. For pianoforte : Capriccio brillant, iu B
minor, op. 22 ; Concerto No. 1, in G minor,
op. 25 ; Eondo brillant, iu E-flat, op. 29 ;
Concerto No. 2, in D minor, op. 40 ; Sere-
nade und Allegro giojoso, iu B minor, op.
43. B. For violiu : Concerto in E minor,
op. 64.
Yl. Chamber music : Octet for strings,
in E-flat, op. 20 ; Quintets for do.. No. 1,
in A, op. 18 ; No. 2, in B-flat, op. 87 (Post-
humous, 10) ; Quartets for do.. No. 1, in
E-flat, op. 12 ; No. 2, in A, op. 13 ; No. 3,
in D, No. 4, in E minor, No. 5, in E-flat, op.
44 ; in P minor, op. 80 (Posthumous, 8) ;
in E-fiat, without opus number (Berlin,
Erler) ; Sextet for pianoforte and strings,
in D, op. 110 (Posthumous, 39) ; Quartets
for do.. No. 1, iu C minor, ojj. 1 ; No. 2, in
F minor, op. 2 ; No. 3, in B minor, op. 3 ;
Trios for do., No. 1, in D minor, op. 49 ;
No. 2, in C minor, op. 66 ; Concerted piece
in F, for clarinet and basset-horn with pi-
anoforte, op. 113 (Posthumous, 42) ; do., in
D minor, for do., op. 114 (Posthumous, 43) ;
For pianoforte and violin, sonata in F mi-
nor, oj). 4 ; For i^ianoforte and violoncello,
sonata No. 1, in B-flat, op. 45 ; do. No. 2,
iu D, op. 58 ; Variations concertantes, in D,
o]). 17 ; Lied ohno Worte, in D, op. 109
(Posthumous, 38).
Vn. Pianoforte music : Sonata No. 1, in
E, op. 6 ; do. No. 2, in G minor, oj). 105
(Posthumous, 34) ; do. No. 3, in B-flat, op.
106 (Posthumous, 35) ; 8 Books of Lieder
ohne Worte, op. 19, 30, 88, 53, 62, 67, 85
(Posthumous, 14), 102 (Posthumous, 31) ;
Capriccio in F-sharp minor, op. 5 ; 7 Cha-
rakterstucke, op. 7 ; Eondo capriccioso, in
E, op. 14 ; Fantasie on " The last rose of
summer," in E, op. 15 ; 3 Fantasies or ca-
prices, in A minor, E minor, and E major.
6S7
MENGAL
op. 16 ; Fantasie in F-sbarp minor, Sonate
c'cossaise, op. 28 ; 3 caprices, in A minor,
E, and B-flat minor, op. 33 ; 6 prelutles and
fugues, op. 35 ; 17 Variations serieuses, in
D minoi", op. 54 ; 6 Kinderstiicke, op. 72 ;
Variations in E-flat, op. 82 (Posthumous,
10) ; do. in B-llat, op. 83 (Postliumous, 11) ;
3 preludes and 3 studies, op. 104 (Posthu-
mous, 33) ; Albumblatt, in E minor, op. 117
(Posthumous, 4G) ; Capriccio in E, op. 118
(Posthumous, 47) ; J'crpetuum mobile, in
C, op. 119 (Posthumous, 48) ; Etude, in
F minor, -without oi)us number ; Scherzo,
in B minor, do. ; Scherzo and Capriccio, in
F-sharp minor, do. ; Andante cantabile and
Presto agitato in B, do. ; Gondellied in A,
do. ; Prelude and fugue in E minor, do. ; 2
Ivlavierstiicke, in B-flat and G minor, do. ;
Variations for 4 hands, in B-flat, op. 83a
(Posthumous, 12) ; Allegro brillaut for do.,
in A, op. 92 (Posthumous, 21) ; Duo con-
certant, vai-iations on the march in Preciosa,
for 2 pianofortes (with Moscheles), no opus
number.
Vni. Organ music : 3 ^jreludes and
fugues, op. 37 ; 6 sonatas, op. 65 ; Prelude
in C minor, without opus number.
IX. Arrangements : Additional accom-
paniments to Handel's Detlingen Te Deum
(Leipsic, Kistner) ; do. to Handel's Aci~^
and Galatea ; Organ accompaniment to
Handel's Israel in Egypt (London, Handel
£fQ^^ /^^^
<£^ -^-yk^d^
Society) ; Pianoforte accompaniment to
Bach's violin Charonne in D minor (ib., No-
vello k Ewer). — Lampadius, F. M. B., ein
Denkmal, etc. (Leipsic, 1848, 2d ed.) ; do.
in English, by W. L. Gage (Philadelphia,
1865, London, 1878) ; Devrient, Meine
Erinnerungen an F. M. B., etc. (Leipsic,
1869 ; do. in English, by Mrs. Macfarren,
London, 1869) ; Carl Mendelssohn-Bar-
tholdy, Goethe und F. M. B. (Leipsic, 1871 ;
do. in English, by M. E. von Glehn, Lon-
don, 1872, 2d ed., 1874) ; Ferdinand Hiller,
Mendelssohn, Letters and Recollections, in
English, by M. E. von Glehn (London, 1874 ;
in German, Cologne, 1874) ; Hensel, Die
Familie M. (2 vols., Berlin, 1879) ; Grove,
ii. 253.
MENG.VL, MARTIN JOSEPH, born in
Ghent, Jan. 27, 1784, died there, July 4, 1851.
Dramatic composer, first instructed by his
father, then by several other artists, espe-
cially on the horn, for which instrument he
began to compose at the age of twelve. In
1804 he entered the Conservatoire of Paris,
where he was a j)upil of Duvernoy on the
horn, of Catel in harmony, and of Reicha in
composition ; then joined the band of the
Imperial Guard and took part in the cam-
jjaigns against Austria in 1805, and Prussia
in 1806. On his return to Paris in 1807 he
entered the orchestra of the Odoon, and in
1812 that of the Theatre Feydeau. He
went to Ghent in 1824 to assume the direc-
tion of a theatre ; but, unsuccessful in his
enterprise, gave up his jiost for that of mu-
sical conductor, and after the revolution of
1830 was in the same capacity connected
with the theatre at Antwerp until 1832, with
that at the Hague until 1835, when he re-
turned to Ghent, and was appointed director
of the Conservatoire. Member of Royal
Academy of Belgium. Works — Operas :
U n 0 n u i t
au chateau,
given in Pa-
ris, Theatre
Feydeau,
1818 ; L'ile
de Babilarj-, ib., 1819 ; Les infidMes, Ghent,
1825 ; Le vampire, ib., 1826 ; Un jour a Vau-
cluse, ib., 1828 ; 2 concertos for horn and or-
chestra ; 3 quintets for flute, oboe, clarinet,
MENGEWEIN
Lorn, and bassoon ; Quartets for Tvincl instru
ments ; 3 do. for born, violin, viola, and bass ;
3 do. for strings ; Trios for do. ; do. for flute,
violin, and viola ; Duos for horn and Larjj ;
do., and fantaisies for horn and pianoforte ;
Many romances, with pianoforte, and in
manuscript an overture for grand orchestra,
many pieces for wind instruments, quintets
and trios for horns. His brother and pupil
Jean (born in May, 1796) was also a horn
plaj'er, pupil of Domnich at the Conserva-
toire of Ghent, and has published fantasias,
duos, etc., for horn and orchestra or piano-
forte.— Fetis ; do.. Supplement, ii. 20G.
MENGEWEIN, KARL, born at Zaunroda,
Thuringia, Sept. 9, 1852, still living, 1889.
Instrumental and vocal eomjjoser ; was in
1881-8G instructor at Freudeuberg's Con-
servatorium in Wiesbaden, and conductor
of the societj' for sacred music ; with Freu-
denberg founded the new Conservatorium
in Berlin, in 188G. Works : Schulmeister's
Brautfahrt, Singspiel, Wiesbaden, 188J: ;
Dornroschen, overture ; Martin Luther,
festival cantata ; Eequiem ; Choruses for fe-
male voices. — Kiemann.
MENGOZZI, BERNARDO, born in Flor-
ence in 1758, died in Paris in March, 1800.
Dramatic singer and composer, pupil of
Pasquale Potenza in Venice ; appeared first
on the Italian stage ; sang in London in
178G, and the following year in Paris at
the concerts given by Marie Antoinette.
He was one of the chief ornaments of the
Theatre de Monsieur, remained in the latter
city after the Revolution, and was made j^ro-
fessor of singing in the newly established
Conservatoire. Works — Operas : Gli schi-
avi per amore, L' isola disabitata, Paris,
1790; Les deux vizirs, ib. ; Aujourd'hui,
Isabelle de Salisbury, ib., 1791 ; Le tableau
parlant, ib., 1792 ; Une faute par amour,
Pourceaugnac, L'amant jaloux, Selico, La
journee de I'amour, ballet, ib., 1793 ;
Brunei et Caroline, La dame voilee, ib.,
1799 ; Les habitants de Vaucluse, ib., 1800.
The Methode de Chant du Conservatoire,
edited after his death by Langle, is in
the main his work. — Fetis ; Schilling ; Ger-
ber.
MENSCHEN, GLAUBT DOCH DIESER
GNADE, alto aria in E minor, with accom-
paniment of 2 oboi d' amore, strings com-
plete, and continuo, in Johann Sebastian
Bach's cantata Festo S. Joannis Bapt.,
"Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam "
(Bachgesellschaft, No. 7). Published sep-
arately', with additional accompaniments by
Robert Franz (Leipsic, Whistling).
MENTER, JOSEPH, born at Deuten-
kofen, near Landshut, Bavaria, Jan. 19,
1808, died in Munich, April 18, 1856. Vir-
tuoso on the violoncello, pupil of Moralt at
Munich, entered the orchestra of the Prince
of Hoheuzolleru at Hechingen in 1829, and
the court orchestra at Munich in 1833. On
concert tours in Germany, Austria, Belgium,
Holland, and England, he won a brilliant
reputation. He composed fantaisies, au-s
varies, etc., for his instrument, with orches-
tra or pianoforte. — Fetis.
MENTI ETERNE, soprano aria of Ade-
laide, in B-flat minor, with accompaniment
of violins in unison and continue, in Han-
del's Lotario, Act II., Scene 4. Published
separately, with additional accom2)auiments
by Robert Franz (Leipsic, Kistner).
MENUET A LA VIGANO, 12 variations
for the pianoforte in C, by Beethoven, com-
posed in 1795. The theme is from a min-
uet in a ballet by Salvatore Vigano, first per-
formed at the Hoftheater, Vienna, May 18,
1795. Published by Artaria & Co. (Vienna,
1795). Breitkopf & Hilrtel, Beethoven
Werke, Serie 12, No. 7. — Thayer, Verzeich-
niss, 15 ; Thayer, Beethoven, i. 297.
MEPHISTO WALZER. See Zicei Szenen
aus Lenau's Faust.
MERBECKE, JOHN, English composer
of the 16th century, died about 1585. Oi'-
ganist of St. George's Chajiel at Windsor ;
Calvinist, condemned to death for heresy in
1514, but pifirdoned. He is author of the
Boke of Common Praier Noted (1550 ; re-
printed, London, 1814, 1845, 1857). Part
of a mass for 5 voices, Per arma justitise,
5S9
MEKCADANTE
by liim, in manuscript is in Burnej's Mu-
sical Extracts (vol. 6), and a hymn for 3
voices is printed in Hawkinss History of
Music. — Grove.
MEECADANTE, (GIUSEPPE) SAVERIO
(RAEFAELE), born
at Altamura, near
Bari, Dec. 17, 1795,
died in Naples, Dec.
18, 1870. Dramatic
composer, illegiti-
mate son of one
Giuseppe M e r c a -
dante and a servant-
girl, Eosa Bia. He
entered in 1809 the
Collegio di San Se-
bastiano, Naples, of which Zingarelli was
then director, where he studied the violin,
flute, and comj)osition, and afterwards be-
came leader in the orchestra. He was dis-
missed for some unknown reason, and, try-
ing dramatic composition for a living,
brought out in 1818 a cantata at the Teatro
del Fondo. His reputation in Italy was
firmly established by his Elisa e Claudio
(Milan, 1822), and confirmed in Vienna in
1824. In 1827 he went to Madrid, and in
1829 to Cadiz, returning to Naples in 1831.
In 1833 he succeeded Gcuerali as maestro
di cappella at the Cathedral of Novara. In
1886 he went to Paris to sujjerintend the
performance of his I briganti. In his I
due illustri rivali (Barcelona, 1846) he be-
gan to employ the brass instruments in a
way which set the fashion for the abuse of
the cornet which infested Italian comisosi-
tion for many years afterwards. In 1840 he
was made director of the Najjles Conserva-
torio ; he was also member of the Institut
de France. He had lost an eye at Novara,
but kept on composing by dictation. He
became wholly blind in 1862. Mercadaute
was one of the most noteworthy opera com-
posers of the Eossiui school, and should be
ranked next to Bellini and Donizetti. In
Italy he was long regarded as the most
learned of contemijorary Italian composers.
an estimation which shows quite sufiSciently
the low condition of musical learning in
Italy at the time. His best known, and
jn-obably his best, opera is II giuramento.
Works — I. Operas : L' apoteosi d' Er-
cole, Naples, Teatro San Carlo, Jan. 12,
1819 (?) ; Violeuza e costanza, ib., Teatro Nu-
ovo, 1820 (?) ; Auacreonte in Samo, ib., San
Cai'lo, 1820 (?) ; Scipione in Cartagine, Eome,
Ai-gentina, 1821 (?) ; Maria Stuarda, Bolo-
gna, Teatro Communale, 1821 (?) ; Elisa e
Claudio, Milan, La Scala, Oct. 80, 1821 ;
H posto abbandonato, ib., 1821 (?) ; Gli
Sciti, Naples, San Carlo, 1822 (?) ; Alfonso
ed Elisa, Mantua, 1822 (?) ; Didone abban-
douata, 2 acts, Turin, 1822 (?) ; Adele ed
Emerico, Milan, La Scala, Sept. 21, 1822 ;
Androuico, Venice, Teatro della Fenice,
1822 (?) ; Costanza ed Almerika, Naples,
1822 or 1823 (?) ; Gli amici di Siracusa,
Eome, 1822 or 1823 (?) ; Nitocri, Turin, Tea-
tro Eegio, 1824 (?) ; Dorilice, Vienna, 1824
(?) ; Le nozze di Telemaco ed Autiope, ib.,
1824 (?) ; II jjodesta di Burgos, ossia il signor
del villaggio, ib., 1824 (?) ; Ipermedra, Na-
ples, 1824 (?) ; H geloso ravveduto, Eome,
1824 (?) ; Caritea, regina di Spagna (Donna
Caritea), Venice, 1826 (?) ; Amleto, Milan,
La Scala, Dec. 26, 1826 ; Erode, Venice, 1826
or 1827 (?) ; Ezio, Turin, Teatro Eegio,
1827 (?) ; II montauaro, Milan, La Scala,
April 16, 1827 ; I due Figaro, jMadrid,
1827 (?) ; Pietro il Grande, Lisbon, Dec.
17, 1827 (?) ; Adriano in Siria, ib., Feb. 28,
1828 (?) ; Fraucesca da Eimini, Madrid,
1828 (?) ; La testa di bronzo, Lisbon, 1829 ;
La rappresaglia, Cadiz, 1829 (?) ; Don Chi-
sciotte, farsa, ib., 1829 (?) ; Zaira, Naples,
San Carlo, August, 1831 ; Gabriella di Ver-
gy, Genoa, Teatro Cario Felice, 1832 (?) ;
Ismalia, ossia amor e morte, Milan, La
Scala, Oct. 27, 1882 ; I Normanni a Parigi,
4 acts, Turin, Teatro Eegio, 1882 (?) ; E
conte d' Essex, 3 acts, Milan, La Scala,
]\Iarch 10, 1883 ; Emma d' Antiochia, Venice,
Teatro Fenice, 1834 (?) ; Uggero il Danese,
Bergamo, 1834 ; La gioventh d' Eurico V.,
Milan, La Scala, Nov. 25, 1834 ; Francesca
560
MERCIIANT
Donato, ossia, Corinto distrutta, 3 acts, Tu-
riu, Teatro Kegio, 183.5 ; I hriganti, Paris,
Th('atre Italien, March 22, 183G ; II giura-
mento, 3 acts, Milan, La Seala, March 11,
1837 ; I due ilhistri rivali, Venice, Teatro
Fenice, 1838 (?) ; Elena da Feltre, Naples,
San Carlo, Januarj', 1839 ; II bravo, Milan,
La Scala, March 9, 1839 ; La solitaria delle
Asturie, ossia la Spagna ricuperata, Venice,
Teatro Feuice, 1840 (?) ; La vestale, Naples,
San Carlo, 1840 (?); 11 proscritto, ib., ib.,
1842 (?) ; II reggente, Genoa, Teatro Carlo
Felice, 1814 (?) ; Leonora, Naj^les, San Carlo,
Decembei', 1844 (?) ; H vascello di Gama,
ib., 1845 ; Orazii e Curiazii, ib., Nov. 10,
184G ; La schiava saraceua, Milan, La Scala,
Dec. 2G, 1848 ; Medea, Naples, San Carlo,
1851 (?) ; Violetta, Naples, Teatro Nuovo,
1852 ; Statira, Naples, San Carlo, 1853 (?) ;
Pelagio, ib., 1857 (?) ; Virginia, 4 acts, ib.,
April 7, 1866.
n. Church music : Le sette parole di Nos-
tro Siguore, 4 voices, chorus, and strings ;
About 20 masses, either with organ or or-
chestra ; Inno alia Vergine Immacolata, 5
voices and orchestra ; Inno funebre, in
memory of Mgr. Somma, 4 voices and or-
chestra ; Inno a Pio IX., 5 voices and
orchestra ; Un sospiro sulla tomba del Mgr.
Scotti, do. ; Christus and Miserere, 4 voices
alia Palestrina ; Domiuus a dextris, chorus
and orchestra ; De profundis, 4 voices and
orchestra ; Several Tantum ergo, j)salms,
motets, antijihons, Te Deum, Magnificat,
etc.
m. Secular cantatas, etc. : Cantata in
honour of Don Carlos IV., ex-King of Spain,
Naples, San Carlo, 1818 ; La danza augu-
rale, cantata for the accession of Francesco
n., ib., 1859 ; Inno all' onore di Vittorio
Eiiimanuele, ro d' Italia, 1860 ; Inno guer-
resco, dedicated to Garibaldi, 1861 ; Inno
popolare, dedicated to Dante, 1863 ; Inno
air Armonia, for the first Musical Congress
at Naples, 1864 ; Inno a Rossini, for the in-
auguration of the statue at Pesaro, 1864 ;
Many melodies, uotturni, canzoni napole-
taue, for one or more voices, solfeggi, etc.
IV. Orchestral : 3 Siufouie caratteristiche
(concert overtures) for grand orchestra, the
third being entitled Lo zamjwgnaro ; II
campo dei Crociati, o la schiava saracena,
do. ; L' insurrezione j)olacca, do. ; II lamen-
to deir Arabo, do. ; La religione, do., La
rimembranza, do. ; Sinfonia (overture) on
themes from Rossini's Stabat Mater ; Sin-
fonia funebre ; Omaggio a Donizetti, do. ;
Omaggio a Bellini, do., 1860; Omaggio a
Rossini, do., 1868 ; Omaggio a Pacini, do.,
1868 ; II lamento del bardo, do., 1862 ;
Sinfonia dedicated to Rossini, 1866 ; Sin-
fonia-marciata, on the birth of the Prince
of Naples ; 2 Sinfonia caratteristiche on
popular Si)anish melodies ; 3 divertimenti
for orchestra ; La malinconia, concert ma-
zurka for do. ; Several fantasias on operas
for various instruments and orchestra ;
Several smaller pieces of chamber mu-
sic for various instruments, Mercadante
also published a Breve cenno storico sulla
musica teatrale, da Pergolesi a Cimarosa
(no name nor date). — Fetis ; do.. Supple-
ment ; Gazzetta musicale, Milan, June 18,
July 16 and 30, Aug. 13, Sept. 17, 1876 ;
Florimo, Cenno storico sulla scuola musi-
cale di Napoli.
MERCHANT OF VENICE, THE, over-
ture to Shakespeare's drama, by George
Alexander Macfarren.
MERCHANT OF VENICE, THE, music
to Shakespeare's drama, by Arthur Sulli-
van, first given at the Prince's Theatre,
Manchester, Sept. 18, 1871. Published by
Cramer & Co. (London, 1873).
MERCURY, Symphony in E-flat, by
Haydn, composed at Eszterh;iz in 1772. Its
style resembles that of Mozart. I. Allegro ;
II. Adagio ; HI. Minuet ; IV. Finale.
— Pohl, Haydn, i. 306.
661
MEllEAUX
MEEEAUX, (JEAN) AMEDEE (LE
EKOID DE), born in Paris in 1803, died at
Kouen, April 25, 1874. Pianist and writer
on music, son and pupil of Joseph Nicolas
Mereaux, and puj^il of Eeicha in composi-
tion ; travelled tlirougb France on a concert
tour about 1830 ; lived in Loudon in 1832-
34, and settled at Eouen about 1835, to
teach his instrument. Legion of Honour
in 18G8. Madame Tardieu de Malleville
and Clara Loveday are among his pupils. He
was a contributor to the Journal de Ilouen
for thirty years. "Works : Mass ; Cantatas ;
Choruses ; 5 books of jiiauoforte etudes ;
Other compositions, over 90 in all. He pub-
lished also Les clavecinistes de 1G37 a 1700
(Paris, 1867) ; Varicti's litti'raires et musi-
cales (Paris, 1878) ; and articles in musical
journals. — Fi'tis; do., Sujiplement, ii. 211 ;
Mendel, Ergiinz., 275.
MftKEAUX, JEAN NICOLAS LE
FROm DE, born in Paris in 1745, died
there in 1797. Organist and dramatic com-
poser, studied mulcr French and Italian
masters, and became organist of the Church
of Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas. Works —
Operas : La ressource comique, ou la piece
a deux acteurs, given at the Couu'die Ita-
lienne, 1772 ; Le rctour de tendresse, ib.,
1774; Le duel comique (with Paisiello), ib.,
177G ; Laurette, ib., 1777 ; Alexandre aux
Indes, Opera, 1783 ; (Edipe et Jocaste, ib.,
1791 ; Fabius, ib., 1793 ; Les Thermopyles ;
Scipiou a Carthage. Samson, oratorio. Con-
cert Spirituel, 1774 ; Esther, do., ib., 1775 ;
Ode on the birth of the Dauphin, ib., 1781 ;
Aline, reiue de Golconde, cantata. — Futis ;
do., Supph'iuent, ii. 92.
MfiREAUX, JOSEPH NICOLAS LE
FROID DE, born in Paris in 17(57, died (?).
Organist and pianist, son and jjupil of the
preceding ; became professor in the royal
school of singing, then professor of piano-
forte, and organist of the Protestant Temple
de rOratoire. He played the organ, erected
on the Champ-de-Mars, at the feast of Feder-
ation, July 14, 1789. Works : Cantata for the
coronation of Napoleon I., with full orches-
tra, 1804 ; Sonatas for pianoforte and violin
or flute ; Nocturne for do. ; Sonatas and
fantaisies for pianoforte. — Fetis.
IMERIEL, PAUL, born at Mondoubleau
(Loir-et-Cher), France, Jan. 4, 1818, still
living, 1889. Dramatic composer, pupil of
Alessandi-o Napoleone at Lisbon, and of
Somma at Perpignan ; was chef d'orehestre
at the theatre of Amiens and other provin-
cial cities, and in 1847 settled at Toulouse,
to teach, and in time became director of
the Conservatoire. Legion of Honour.
Works : Cornelius I'argenticr, ojicra-co-
mique, Amiens ; Les precieuses ridicules,
do., Toulouse, 1877 ; L'xirmorique, grand op-
era, ib. ; Cain, dramatic oratorio ; Le Tasse,
symphony. — Fetis, Supplement, ii. 211.
" MERK, JOSEPH, born in Vienna, March
15, 1795, died at Ober-Dubling, June 16,
1852. Virtuo.so on the violoncello, pupil of
Schindlockcr ; was first violoncellist at the
imperial ojjera in 1818 ; became pi'ofessor of
his instrument at the Conservatorium in
1823, and chamber virtuoso to the Emperor
in 1834. He made concert tours in Italy and
Germany. Works : Concerto, concertino,
concert-pieces, fantasias, polonaises, varia-
tions, 20 exercises, 6 stutlies, for the vio-
loncello. — Wiirzbach ; Fetis ; Eiemann ;
Schilling.
CJUSTAV (ADOLPH), born
at Oberoderwitz, Sax-
ony, Nov. 12, 1827,
died in Dresden, Oct.
30, 188 5. Organist,
pupil of Jo h anil
Schneider, and in coun-
terpoint of Julius Otto ;
also received instruc-
tion from Robert Schu-
mann and from Reis-
siger. He became or-
ganist of the Waisenhauskirche, Dresden,
in 1858, of the Kreuzkirche in 18G0, and of
the Catholic Hofkirche in 18G4. He con-
ducted the Dreyssig Singakademie in 18G7-
73, and became instructor at the Conser-
vatorium in 1861. Works : 6 sonatas, 3
562
MERLIN
fantasias, prelacies, and fugues for organ ;
Pianoforte music ; Songs. — Mendel ; Rie-
mann ; Fetis, Supplement, ii. 211.
MERLIN, romantic ojiera in three acts,
text by Siegfried Lipiner, music by Carl
Goldmark, first represented in Vienna, Nov.
19, 188G, with the following east :
Merlin Herr "Wiukelmann.
Viviane Frau Materua.
KiJnig Artus Herr Somer.
Die Fee Morgana Frau Kaulich.
Given at the Metropolitan Opera House,
New York, Jan. 3, 188G, with Herr Alvary as
Merlin, and Frl. Lilli Lehmann as Viviane.
Merlin, German opera, text by Ludwig Hoft-
mann, music by Pliilipp Rtifer, given in Ber-
lin, Feb. 28, 1887.— Neue Zeitschr. (1880),
533; Signale (1886), 1089, 1121 ; Krehbicl,
Review (188G-87), 79.
IMERMET, AUGUSTE, born about 1815,
still living, 1889.
Dramatic composer ;
son of a French gen-
eral, he renounced the
military profession to
devote himself to mu-
sic, studied the flute,
and later composition
u n d e r Lesueur and
Halevy. He waited
more than fifteen years befoi'e he succeeded
in getting his opera of Roland performed,
but in spite of its musical mediocrity it
was very favourably received on account of
its martial and patriotic character. A sec-
ond attempt in the same vein was not so
successful, and probably his career ended
with Jeanne d'Arc. Legion of Honour in
1865. Works— Operas : La banniere du
roi, Versailles ; David, Paris, 1840 ; Roland
a Roncevaux, ib., 1864 ; Jeanne d'Ai-c, ib.,
1876 ; Pierrot pendu, opera-bouffe, never
performed. — Fetis, Supplement, ii. 212 ;
Bitard, 900 ; Larousse.
MEROPE, Italian opera, text by Zeno,
music bj' Niccolo .Jommelli, first represented
in Venice in 1742. The subject is that of |
Merope, Queen of Messina, whose husband
Cresphontes and two of her sons were mur-
dered by Polyphontes, who wished to marry
her. She is delivered from his persecu-
tions by her son J^gyptos, who kills him.
The opera was received with such enthusi-
asm that the Council of Ten appointed Jom-
melli director of the Scuola degi' Incurabili,
which gave him an opportunity to begin to
write the sacred music which became tlie
chief source of his fame. Other operas,
same libretto, by Francesco Gasparini, Ven-
ice, 1712 ; Giovanni Maria Orlandini, Bo-
logna, 1717 ; Luca Antonio Predieri, Flor-
ence, 1718, Mantua, 1719 ; Pietro Torri (?),
Munich, 1719 ; Bioni, Venice, 1728 ; Gia-
comelli, ib., 1734 ; Terradeglias, Florence,
1743 ; Paolo Scalabrini, Dresden, Jlay 25,
1747 ; Gregorio Sciroli, three acts, Naples,
1751 ; David Perez, Genoa, 1751 ; Scarlatti,
Naples, 1755 ; Karl Heinrich Graun, Berlin,
1756 ; Gassmann, Italy, 1759 ; Gaetano La-
tilla, Venice, 1763 ; Borghi, Rome, 1768 ;
Sala, Naples, 1769 ; Mysliweczek, 1775 ; Na-
solini, Venice, 1795 ; Bianchi, London, 1799 ;
Poissl, with portions of Nasolini's music
retained, Munich, 1810 ; Marcos Portugal,
Rio de .laneiro, Nov. 8, 1817, Lisbon, May
13, 1819 ; Pacini, text by Canimarano, Na-
ples, 1846 ; and a ballet by Luigi Slaria
Viviani and Giacorao Panizza, Milan, 1832 ;
and by Zandomeneghi, Pesaro, 1871. Op-
eras in German, same title, by Mangold,
three acts, Darmstadt, 1823 ; -Julius Miller,
Amsterdam, 1824 ; H. Miihlenbruch, 1846.
Other Italian operas, of which the dates are
not known, by Alberti ; Caldara ; Treu ; Fi-
nazzi ; Lotti ; Menaghetti ; Porta ; Vinci ;
and Vivaldi.
MERRY WAR, THE. See Ln><tigr Krieg.
MERRY WIVES OF WINDSOR, THE,
music to Shakespeare's play by Arthur Sul-
livan, first performed at the Gaiety Theatre,
London, Dec. 19, 1874. It was given at
the Crystal Palace, Loudon, April 12, 1884.
I. Prelude and dance of the Fairies (in E) ;
n. Song, " Love laid his sleepless head,"
words by Swinburne ; IH. Melodrama, song
663
MERRY
and chorus, " Fairies black, gray, green,
and white " (in C minor) ; IV. Dance, Alle-
gro vivace (in G) ; V. Dance and chorus.
Allegro vivace (in E). Published bj' Metz-
ler & Co. (London, 1879). — Athenteum
(1874), ii. 725.
IMERIIY WIVES OF WINDSOR, THE,
opera. See LuMigen Weiber von Windsor.
MERTENS, JOSEPH, born at Antwerp,
Feb. 17, 1834, still living, 188S). Dramatic
composer ; was first violin at the royal the-
atre in Antwerp, and became professor at
the Conservatoire. His Flemish operas,
mostly in one act, found great favour with
his countrymen. Works : De Yrijer in de
strop, Antwerp, 1S6G ; De Yergissing, ib.,
1869 ; L'c'goTste, ib., 1873 ; Thecla, ib.,
1874 ; Liederik I'intendant, ib., 1875 ; De
zwarte Kapiteiu, The Hague, 1877 ; Les
trois ctudiants ; Le vin, le jeu at le tabac ;
Le capitaine Robert ; Les evincces ; L'An-
gelus, oratorio, Boom, 18G7 ; lustiiimental
music ; Saci'ed choruses, romances, etc. — Fc-
tis. Supplement, ii. 213 ; Riemann.
MERTKE, EDU.mD, born in Riga in
1S33, still living, 1889. Pianist ; made ex-
tensive concert tours in 1850, then lived as
teacher of his instrument at Wessorling,
Alsace, at Lucerne, Switzerland, and from
18G5 at Mannheim, whence he was called
to Cologne in 18G9 as professor at the
Conservatorium. Works : Lisa, oder die
Sprache des Herzens, opera, given at Mann-
heim, 1872 ; Des Liedes Verklilrung, can-
tata ; Collection of Russian folk-songs ; Pi-
anoforte music. — Riemann.
MERULO, CLAUDIO (Claudio da Cor-
reggio ; the original form of the surname
was !Merlotti), born at Correggio, Ajn-il 7,
1533, died in Parm.a, May 4, 1G04. He
received his musical education jsrobably
at Venice or at Brescia. He was aj)point-
ed organist at Brescia, Sejjt. 17, 155G ;
chosen organist at the second organ at S.
Marco, Venice, July 2, 1557, defeating nine
other candidates for the post ; and was
promoted to the first organ, succeeding An-
nibalo Padovano, Sejit. 30, 15GG. In this
year he also set up as a music publisher,
an enterprise which he abandoned in 15(i9 ;
Betanio was his partner for a short time.
In 1584 he went to Mantua, and in May,
1586, was called to Parma by the Duke
Ranuccio Farnese as organist of the ducal
chajiel, La Steccata. He was knighted by
the duke, and held his post at La Steccata
until liis death. His grave is next to that
of Cipriano de Rore, near the altar of Sta.
Agata in the Parma Cathedral. As a com-
poser of masses, motets, canzoni alia fran-
cese, and madrigals, Merulo was very pro-
lific ; and his compostions in this field show
marks of well-developed Venetian art. But
his chief fame rests upon his organ works,
which show decided genius when compared
with similar compositions by the earlier
German organists. Both as organist and
organ writer he was the greatest forerunner
of the Gabrielis and of Frescobaldi. Pub-
lished works : II primo libro de' madrigali a
cinque voci, etc. (Venice, Merulo & Betanio,
15GG ; other eds., 1579, 158G) ; Liber pri-
mus sacrarum cantionum quinque vocuni,
etc. (ib., Gardano, 1578) ; Liber secundus,
do. (ib., 1578) ; II primo libro de' Madrigali
a quattro voci, etc. (ib., 1579) ; Di Claudio
^Merulo . . . il primo libro de' Madri-
gali a tre voci, etc. (ib., 1580 ; another ed.,
Milan, 158G) ; Di Claudio Merulo . . .
il primo libro de' Motetti a sei voci, etc.
(Venice, Gardano, 1583 ; 2d ed., ib., 1595) ;
do., il secondo Ubro (ib., 1593) ; Toccate
d' intavolatura d' organo . . . libro
primo (Rome, Simone Yerovio, n. d.) ; Di
Claudio Merulo . . . il secondo libro
de' Madrigali a cinque voci, etc. (Venice,
Gardano, 1G04) ; Toccate d' intavolatura d'
organo . . . libro secondo (Rome, Ve-
rovio, 1G04) ; Ivicercari d' intavolatura d'
organo . . . libro primo (Venice, Gar-
dano, 1G05) ; 11 terzo libro de' Motetti a
sei voci (ib., IGOG) ; Ricercari da cantare a
quattro voci . . . libro secondo (ib.,
1G07) ; do., libro terzo (ib., 1608) ; Claudii
Meruli Corrigieusis Missas duo cum octo
et duodecim vocibus conciunendoe, additseq.
MESSA
Litaniffi Bcatre Mariiie Virginia octo Yociim
. . . cum parte organica (ib., 1G09) ;
Canzoni alia francese. Merulo wrote part
of the music for tlie wedding of Francesco
de' Medici and Bianca Capello in 1570,
but it was never published. — Ambros, iii.
518 ; Grove, ii. 314 ; Fetis, vi. 193.
MESSA DI PAPA JIARCELLO. See
Jliaxa Pap;i3 Marcelli.
MESSA PER I DEFONTI. See Re-
quiem.
MESSAGER, ANDRE, French organist,
contemporary. Pupil of Saiut-Sai'^ns at
the Ecole de Musique Religieuse in Paris ;
is now organist at the Church of Saint-
Paul. Works : La fauvette du temple,
comic opera, Paris, Folies Dramatiquos,
1885 ; Le bourgeois de Calais, do., ib.,
1887 ; Isline, fairy opera, ib., The:iti-e de la
Renaissance, 1888 ; Symphony (1st prize,
Societe des Compositeurs, 187(3), Concerts
du Chatelet, 1878 ; Don Juan et Haydee,
cantata. — Fetis, Supplement, ii. 214.
MESSE DES MORTS. See Requiem.
MESSE DES MORTS (Requiem), by
Gossec, jjublished in 1700, and given in
that year in the Church of Saint- Roch in
Paris. This monumental work was the
foundation of the composer's fame. Com-
ing out from SaintRoch after the j)erform-
ance, Philidor said that he would give all
his own works to have written it. The
Tuba mirum, accompanied by one orchestra,
inside the church, and by another of wind
instruments, hidden outside, was especially
admired for its mysterious grandeur and
the novelty of its effect. The engraved
plates of the score were stolen and melted
down, probably during the Revolution.
— Grove, i. Cll.
]\tESSE DES MORTS, GRANDE (Requi-
em), by Hector Berlioz, opus 5, often known
in France as Le Requiem du general Danre-
mont ; written in 1837 (the MS. in the li-
brary of the Paris Conservatoire is dated
June 20), by order of M. de Gasparin, Min-
ister of the Interior, for a ceremony in mem-
ory of the victims of the Revolution of July,
but first performed at the Invalides, Dec.
5, 1837, at the solemn service for General
Danremont and the French soldiers who fell
at the siege of Constantina in Algiers. This
Requiem is the largest orchestra] score in ex-
istence, being written for chorus, one prin-
cipal orchestra, four small supplementary
orchestras of brass instruments, and an inde-
pendent baud of instruments of percussion.
It is almost exclusively choral, there being-
only one solo (for tenor), in the Sanctus.
The etiect of the brass instruments in the
Tuba mirum may have been suggested by
the corresponding passage in Gossec's Re-
quiem, and has certainly been imitated by
Verdi in his Manzoni Requiem. Published
in full score by Schlesiuger, Paris ; 2d ed.
by Ricordi, Milan. Important changes, by
the composer, are introduced in the second
edition, especially in the Dies irro and Rex
tremendte. The pianoforte score, arrangetl
by Dr. Leopold Damroscli (New York,
Schirmer), was evidently prej^ared from the
first edition, up to the Hostias, and only
from this point on, from the second. Fii-st
given in America by Dr. Damrosch in New
York at the May Festival in the 7th Regi-
ment Armory, May, 1881 ; in Boston, by
the Cecilia (B. J. Lang, conductor) in the
Music Hall, Feb. 12, 1882.— Jullien, Beriioz,
100 ; Beriioz, Memoires, 19G ; Boston Tran-
script, Feb. 9, 1882.
MESSIAH, THE, oratorio in three parts,
text arranged by Charles Jennens, from the
Bible, music by Handel, first performed in
the Music Hall, Fishamble Street, Dublin,
April 13, 1742. It was given for charity.
The solo singers were Signora Avolio (S.),
Mrs. Gibber (A.), Church (T.), and Rosein-
grave (B.). Handel's friend, Matthew Du-
bourg, was leading first violin, and Maclaine
the organist. This oratorio was received
with immense enthusiasm in Dublin, where
it was repeated, " with concertos on the
organ," June 3, 1742. The Messiah was
first performed in England at Covent Gar-
den, London, March 13, 1743. It was given
thirty-four times during Handel's life, eleven
66S
MESSIAH
times for charity. Handel iierformecl it an- !
nually, aud sometimes twice a year, from
1750 till 1758 in the chapel of the
Foundling Hospital for the benefit of that
charity, aud conducted it at Coveut Gar-
first violins, 47 second violins, 2G vio-
las, 21 violoncellos, 15 double-basses, 2G
bassoons, 1 double-bassoon, 26 oboes, G
flutes, 12 trumpets, G trombones, 12 horns,
aud 4 drums. The chorus contained two
hundred and sixty-seven voices. Joah
Bates conducted at the organ, and the
solo singers were Mme llara. Miss Har-
wood, ]\Iiss Cantelo, Miss Abrahms, j\Iiss
Theodosia Abrahms, Sig. Bartoliui, so-
pranos ; Eev. Mr. Clerk, Dyne, and Kuy-
vett, altos ; Harrison, Norris, and Corfe,
tenors ; aud Bellamy Campness, Reinhold,
Matthews, and Tasca, bassos. From 1791 to
18G1 The Messiah was given every Christ-
mas hj the Ciocilian Society, and first by
the Sacred Harmouic Society at Exeter
Hall, Dee. 20, 183G. It was performed at
the Handel Centenary Festival, Crystal
Palace, June 20, 1859, with a chorus of
twenty-seven hundred under the direction
of Sir Michael Costa, by whom the scoring
was stjenjithened. The solos were Mme
Clara Novello.
den, April G, 1759, eight days before his
death. This, the most popular of oratorios,
was written in twenty-four days. The au-
tograph MS., in Buckingham Palace, is
dated at the end of the first part, Aug. 28,
1741, at the end of the second, Sept. G,
1741, and on the last page, Sept. 12, 1741.
It contains an overture, the Pifa or Pasloral
Symphony, twenty-one choruses, including
the JTaUt'lujah and the great Amen fugue,
sixteen arias, one duet, and thirteen recita-
tives. Four of the choruses, " His yoke is
easy," "For unto us a child is born," " And
He shall purify," and, "All we like sheep,"
were taken from two of Handel's Italian j
CJiamber duets, composed a month earlier.
The first great performance of the Messiah Clara Novello (S.), ]\riss Dolby (A.), Sims
Sims Reeves
took place at the Handel Commemora-
tion, Westminster Abbey, May 29 and June
3, 1784. The orchestra cousisted of 48
Reeves (T.), and Sig. Belletti (B.), and it has
since been repeated trieunially at the Crys-
tal Palace. This oratorio is jjerformed sev-
566
MESTEINO
oral times annually in London, and liokls
the place of honour at the provincial musi-
cal festivals of England. Its first perform-
ance in Germany, in the Universitiltkirche,
Leipsic, in 1788, was due to Johann Adam
Hiller. It was first given in Berlin, April
25, 1804, and in Vienna, March 30, 180C.
It was first sung in America by the Handel
and Haydn Society of Boston in 1818, and
first in New York bj' the Sacred Music So-
ciety, iu St. Paul's Chapel, Nov. 18, 1831. It
is performed in New York every Christmas,
by the Oratorio Society. In 1789 Mozart
IJartially filled out the score with additional
accompaniments, but there is strong evi-
dence that the so-called "Mozart score," as
it is published, is a compilation, and con-
tains not a few additions that were not
made by Mozart. But even in this score
the additional accompaniments are incom-
plete, although it is the one from which
the oratorio is usually performed. It was
first sung with Eobert Franz's complete
additional accompaniments at the Birming-
ham (England) Festival, Aug. 27, 1885.
The authorities for the different publi-
cations of The Messiah are : (1) The
autograph score, (2) sketches iu Handel's
handwriting, and (3) a folio conducting
score, all in Buckingham Palace ; (4) con-
ducting score known as the Dublin MS.
iu Smith's autograph with annotations by
Handel, in the Rev. Sir Frederick Gore
Ouseley's collection ; and three conducting
scores transcribed by Smith, (1) bequeathed
by Handel to the Foundling Hospital, (2)
in the Schcelcher collection iu Handjurg, and
(3) in Henry Barrett Leonard's collection
in Hampstead, England. The Slessiah was
not published during Handel's life. The
airs and one duet were included iu Walsh's
collection of " Handel's Songs selected
from his Oratorios " (Loudon, 1749-59).
The first collection of " Songs in the Mes-
siah " was printed by Walsh in 17G3 ; the
first complete edition by his successors,
Wright, Randall, and Abell (London, 1768).
An early edition was published by Arnold,
and the first edition with harpsichord ac-
companiment was printed by Harrison. The
Messiah was published by Trautwein (Ber-
lin, 1835) and by Cranz (Hamburg, 1842).
The score was edited by Dr. Rimbault for
the Handel Society of England (Cramer &
Co., London, 1850). A photo-lithograph of
the autograph in Buckingham Palace was
published by the Sacred Harmonic Society
(Novello, Ewer & Co., London, 18C8).
The so-called Mozart score is published by
Peters (Leipsic). Franz's score, based upon
Mozart's, was published by Kistner (Leip-
sic, 1884).— Rockstro, Handel, 227 ; Schojl-
cher, Handel, 240 ; Marshall, Handel, 111 ;
Townsend, An Account of Handel's Visit to
Dublin ; Hawkins, v. 358 ; Burney, iv. G61 ;
Burney, Commemoration ; Bitter, Geschichte
des Oratoriums, 298 ; Grove, i. 31, 653 ; ii.
315, 546 ; iii. 527 ; Allgem. mus. Zeitg., v.
14, 43, 58, 89 ; ix. 476 ; xix. 363 ; xxis.
558 ; Neue Zeitschr., vii. 167 ; Athenajum
(1859), i. 849 ; (1885), ii. 311 ; Notes and
Queries (1859), i. 289, 370 ; Mus. Wochen-
blatt (1881), 321, 333, 345, 369, 377, 389,
401, 505, 517 ; (1884), 560 ; Siguale (1885),
33 ; Upton, Standard Oratorios, 140.
MESTRINO, NICCOLo, born in Milan
in 1748, died iu Paris, September, 1790.
Violinist, first musician to Prince Eszter-
hazy, then to Count Erdody, in Hungary.
In 1786 he settled iu Paris, after having
performed with great success one of his
concertos at the Concerts Spirituels ; was
much sought as an instructor, and in 1789
appointed chef d'orchestre at the then
recently established Italian Opera. Works :
12 concertos for violin and orchestra ; Duos
for violins ; Sonatas for violin and bass ;
Etutles et caprices for violin. — Fetis ; Men-
del ; Riemauu ; Schilling.
METHFESSEL, ALBERT GOTTLIEB,
born at Stadtilm, Thuringia, Oct. 6, 1785,
died at Heckenbeck, near Gandersheim,
March 23, 1869. Vocal comiooser.chamber
musician at the court of Eudolstadt in 1810 ;
became music director at Hamburg in 1822,
and was court Kapellmeister at Brunswick
667
MfiTllA
in 1832-42. His songs were very popular
aud are still sung among German students.
Works : Der Priuz
von Basra, oj)era ;
Das befreite Jeru-
salem, oratorio ;
Liederbucli ; Lic-
derkranz ; Other
collections of songs ;
Pianoforte sonatas ;
Waltzes aud other
dance music. His
brother Friedrich
(1771-1807) also published 14 collections
of songs, aud left an unfiuished opera, Doc-
tor Faust. — Riemaini ; Ft'tis ; Schilling.
METRA, (JULES LOUIS) 0LIVH511,
born in Reims,
Juno 2, 1830, still
living, 1889. Com-
poser of dance mu-
sic ; the son of an
actor, he played
juvenile parts for
some time, then re-
ceived music lea-
sons from Eduiond
Roche, and was at-
tached to the orchestra of several small
theatres of Paris. He studied harmony at
the Conservatoire under Ehvart, and com-
position under Ambroise Thomas ; became
orchestra conductor successively of the
Theatre Beaumarchais, The Bal Robert, Ma-
bille. Chateau des Fleurs, AtlK'nee Musical,
Elysee Montmartre, Casino Cadet, and The
Bal Frascati ; conducted at the masked balls
of the Opera Coniique, and for several years
the orchestra of the Folies Bergere, after-
wards the balls of the Opera. His dance
music is very popular. W^orks : Waltzes, in-
cluding Li vague, and Les roses; Polkas,
mazurkas, quadrilles, aud other dance mu-
sic ; 34 operettas and ballet-divertissemeuts,
performed at the Folies Bergere, including
Le valet de chambre de Madame, 1872 ;
Champagne-ballet, 1873 ; Un jour d'orage,
1874 ; Les fauues, 187G ; Uue nuit voni-
tienne, 1877 ; Other ballets, tlie most im-
portant being Yedda, Paris, 1879. — Fetis,
Supplement, ii. 214 ; Riemann.
METTENLEITER, JOHANN GEORG,
born at St. Ulrich, near Ulm, April G, 1812,
died in Ratisbon, Oct. G, 1858. Church com-
poser ; studied music at Uhn and Augsburg,
then settled at Ratisbon as chou-master and
organist of the cathedral. He was one of
the most learned scholars in church music.
Works : Enchiridion chorale (1855) ; Manu-
ale breve cantiouum (1852) ; Psalm XCV
for 6 male voices (1854) ; Several masses ;
Stabat ]\Iater ; 2 Miserere ; De profundis,
l^salms, Pange lingua, and other church mu-
sic ; Ave Maria, for double chorus ; Lied,
by Saiihir, for do. ; Die Riickkehr des
Slingers, chorus for men's voices with or-
chestra ; Concerto for pianoforte and strings ;
Choruses ; Songs. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xxi.
525 ; Fetis ; Mendel ; Riemann ; Dr. Do-
menicus Mettenleiter, Ein Kiinstlcrbild.
METZDORFF, RICHARD, born in Dant-
zic, June 28, 1844, still living, 1889. In-
strumental and vocal composer, pujjil in
Berlin of Fl. Geyer, Dehu, aud Kiel, later
Kapellmeister successively of several thea-
tre orchestras. Works : Rosamunda, comic
opera, given in Weimar, 187G ; 2 sj'mpho-
nies ; Overture to King Lear ; Frau Alice,
ballad for contralto, chorus, and orchestra ;
Phantasiestiick for orchestra ; Trios for pi-
anoforte and strings ; Quintet for do. ;
Sonatas and other 2)ieces for jjianoforte ;
Several collections of songs. — Fetis, Sup-
plement, ii. 215 ; Riemann.
MEYER, LEOPOLD DE, born at
Baden, near Vienna, Dec. 20, 181G, died in
Dresden, March 5, 1883. Pianist, pupil of
Czerny and Fischhof ; made his first con-
cert tour in 1835, and after that travelled
through Europe. He lived some time in
Constantinople, was in America in 1845-47,
and in 18G7-68 settled in Vienna. His
execution was brilliant, but lacking in
taste. Ignorant of classical music, he
played almost entirely his own composi-
tions. Works : Fantasias ; Caprices ; Va-
D63
MEYERBEER
riiitioiis ; Nocturnes ; Waltzes ; ami a Marche
marocaine. — The Biography of Leopokl ile
Meyer, etc. (Loiuloii, IS-lo) ; AVurzbach ;
Fotis ; Hauslick, Concertweseu iu Wien, ii.
1G3.
MEYERBEER, (Jakob Meyer Boer,
Iniowu as) GIACO-
MO, born in Ber-
lin, Sei^t. 5, 1791 or
1794, died in Paris.
May 2, 18G1. The'
family was Jewisli ;
Iiis father, Herz
Beer, born in Frank-
f o r t-o u-t h e-M a i u,
was a rich Berlin
banker ; his mother,
born Anialie Wiilf,
^vas a woman of rare cultivation and intellect.
He was the eldest son and the only musical
member of the immediate famih', although
two of his brothers rose to distinction,
Wilhelm as astronomer and Michael as poet.
As a young boy he studied the pianoforte
under Lauska and Clementi, played in
public at the age of seven, and was soon
considered one of the best pianists iu Ber-
lin. He began to study harmony and
counterpoint under Zelter, but, finding the
drill unbearably severe, he soon left him
for Anselm Weber. In 1810 ho went to
Darmstadt to study under the Abbe Vogler,
in whose house be lived two years. During
this period he wrote several choral works and
two unsuccessful operas. About 1812 he
went to Vienna to appear as a pianist, but,
hearing Hummel play on the evening of
his arrival, he felt dissatisfied with his own
powers, and immediately devoted several
mouths to hard technical jn-actice. When
he did appear in public, his success was
immense. But his ambition was to make
a mark as a composer, and on the failure of
his operetta, Die zwei Cadis, in 1814, he
went to Italy by Salieri's advice to study
vocal writing. In 1815 he was in Venice,
where Rossini's Tancredi made such an
impression upon him that he began rather
servilely to imitate that master. His suc-
cess with the Italian public was immediate.
In 1823 he returned to Berlin to try to bring
about a performance of a German opera. Das
Brandenburger Thor, but did not succeed
in having it given. His friends, among
them Carl Maria von Weber, were anxious
that he should abandon his Italian style,
with which he him.self had become dissatis-
fied. In 1824 his Crociato in Egitto, the
last and best of his operas in the Rossini
vein, made a furore in Venice. In 182G be
went to Paris to see its first performance
there ; he stopped composing for a time,
and devoted himself to a thorough study of
French charactei', history, aud art. A visit
to Berlin, where his father died, his mar-
riage, and the loss of two children kept
him out of public life. But he was prepar-
ing for great things ; the new path into
which French grand-opera had been led by
Auber's Muette de Portici and Rossini's
Guillaume Tell, the new development of
orchestral writing at the hands of Berlioz,
gave him hints of the possibility of a new
operatic style. Robert le Diable (1831), tlie
first work iu Meyerbeer's later, or great
manner, began a new era in French opera.
In 183G it was followed by Les Huguenots.
In 1838 ho set to work upon L'Africaiue.
A quarrel with Scribe, author of the text,
brought about by Mej-erbeer's continual
demands for changes, ended in Scribe's
withdrawing the libretto altogether. Mej--
erbeer, however, immediately went to work
on Le Prophete, which was finished in a
year (1842-43). He was now appointed
Kapellmeister to the King of Prussia, aud
spent much of his time in Berlin, where he
brought out his Feldlager iu Schlesieu
(1844) and Weber's Euryanthe. He also
introduced Jenny Lind to the Berlin pub-
lic. In 1847 he made visits to Vienna and
London, and on his return to Berlin he
mounted Wagner's Rieuzi. In 1849 he re-
turned to Paris to bring out his Prophete,
which had been waiting six years. His
health was now beginning to fail, and he
009
MEYEIIBEER
was accustomed to pass every autuimi at
Spa. He continued living alternately in
Berlin and Paris, always bringing out bis
operas in the latter city (LY'toile du Nord,
1854, Le pardon de PloOrmel, 1859). He
had long since, even before the production
of the Prophi'te, resumed work upon L'Afri-
caiue, and the opera was fiuished (all but
the last touches) and in rehearsal when lie
died. Although a German by birth and
education, Meyerbeer, as a composer, be-
longs properly to the French school ; ever
since Robert he has been the representative
man in the field of French grand-opera.
He was, in a manner, unique ; his orig-
inality showed itself rather in a daring
eclecticism than in the creation of new
musical forms. But he certainly originated
a new manner. He was a master of dra-
matic ellect ; indeed, he was wiUiug to sacri-
fice everything to efi"ectiveness. His genius
showed itself by a succession of brilliant
strokes rather than by the well-sustained
development of really noble musical forms.
Side by side with his grandest i)ages one
constantly finds passages of ignoble triv-
iality and vulgarity. His influence in
France was immense, and for a long time
he was looked up to there as Mendelssohn
was in England. He was a laboriously
careful composer, and none of his greater
operas was reall}' fiuished until it was per-
formed. His musical learning has been
much overrated in France ; his best orches-
tral composition, the overture to Struensee,
can bear no sort of comparison with works
by the really great orchestral writers. The
Huguenots, especially the fourth act, is
generally considered his greatest work,
although the ultra-Meyerbeerites claim pre-
cedence for the Prophete; again, Itobert is
the favourite with the anti-Meyerbeerites.
I. Operas and dramatic works : Jeph-
tha's Geliibde, Berlin, 1811 ; Theveliudens
Liebe (monodrama for soprano and cho-
rus with clarinet obligate), Vienna, 1813 ;
Wirth und Gast (Alimelek, or the Two Ca-
liphs), Munich, 1813 ; Iloniilda e Costanza,
Padua, .July 10, 1815 ; Scmiramide riconosci-
uta, Turin, 1819 ; i^nnnadillesburgo, Venice,
1819 ; Margherila d' Anjou, Milan, Nov. 1-4,
1820 ; L' esule di Grauata, Milan, March
12, 1822 ; Das Brandenburger Thor, Beriin,
1823 ; II Crocialo in Egitto, Venice, 1824 ;
lloberl le Diable, Paris, Nov. 21, 1831 ; Les
Huguenots, Paris, Feb. 29, 183G ; Eiu Fdd-
lagcr in Schlesien, Berlin, Dec. 7, 1844 ;
Struensee (overture and entr'actes), Berlin,
Sept. 21, 1846 ; Le prophcte, Paris, April
IG, 1840 ; L'ctoile du Nord, Paris, Feb. IG,
1854 ; Le jmrdon de Ploormel (Dinorah),
Paris, June 2, 1850 ; U Afrkaine, Paris,
April 28, 18G4.
n. Oratorios, cantatas, and vocal music :
Gott und die Natur, oratorio, Berlin, 1811 ;
7 sacred cantatas of Klopstock, for 4 voices
without accompaniment ; An Gott, hymn
by Gubitz, 4 voices ; Le Genie de la INIu-
sique a la tombe de Beethoven, soli and
chorus ; Cantata for 4 voices, for the inau-
guration of the Gutenberg statue at Mainz ;
Maria und ihr Genius, do. for soli and cho-
rus, for the silver wedding of Prince and
Princess Karl of Prussia ; Brautgeleite aus
der Heimath, serenade for 8 voices without
accompaniment, for the wedding of Princess
Luise of Prussia ; La festa uella corte di
Ferrara ; Marsch der baierischen Bogen-
schiitzen, 4 voices, male chonis, and brass
instruments ; Ode to Eauch, the sculptor,
soh, chorus, and orchestra ; Festal Hymn,
for the silver wedding of the King of Prus-
sia, 4 voices and chorus ; Freundschaft,
male quartet ; Psalm XCL, 8 voices a cap-
pella, written for the Berlin Domchor
(Paris, Brandus) ; Pater uoster, 4 voices
and organ ; 12 psalms for double chorus
(JIS.) ; Stabat Mater ; Miserere ; Te Deum
(all in MS.) ; Many sougs with pianoforte in
Quarante melodies a une et plusieurs voix
(Paris, Brandus) ; Nebeu dir, for tenor with
violoncello obhgato ; Des Jilger's Lied, for
bass with horns obligati ; Dichter's Wahl-
spruch, canon for 3 voices ; A Venezia, bar-
carolle ; Des Schiifer's Lied, for tenor and
clarinet obligato ; Several other songs.
MfiZERAY
ni. Instrumental music : 3 Fiickeltdnze
for brass band, afterwards scored for or-
chestra ; Grand March for the Schiller
Centenary, 1859 ; Overture iu the foi-m of
a march, for the opening of the London lu-
^^^ules.^^
founded the Socii'ti' Sainte-Cvcile in 1843.
Works : Le Sicilien, ou I'amour peintre,
opera-comique, Strasburg, 1825 ; Guillaume
de Nassau, opera, The Hague, 1832 ; and
other music. — Fi'tis, Supplement, ii. 217 ;
Riemann ; Mendel, Ergimz., 279.
MICHAEL ANGELO, overture, by Niels
W. Gade, op. 39, dedicated to Professor A.
B. ]\Iarx. It was first performed in New
York by the Philharmonic Society, in the
season of 1873-71. Published by Kistner
(Leipsic, between 1860-67).
MICHEL-ANGE, opera-comique in one
act, text by Delrieu, music by Nicolo Isou-
ard, first represented at the Theatre Fey-
deau, Dec. 11, 1802. EUeviou, Chenard,
Douzainville, Mme Scio-Messie, and Mme
Saint-Aubin sang the chief parts. This was
the first opera that attracted the attention of
Paris to Nicolo. — Clement et Larousse, 453.
IVnCHELI, EOltfANO, born in Rome in
1575, died there about 1655. Church com-
poser, pupil of Nanini and Soriano. He
became a priest at Acpiileja, and while very
young travelled through Italy, to become
acquainted with the masters of his art ;
taught music for some time in Concordia,
Modena, and in 1625 was appointed maestro
di cappella of S. Lnigi de' Francesi, Rome.
Works : Musica vaga ed artificiosa, 50 can-
ons (1615) ; Madrigali a sei voci in canoui
(1G21) ; Cauoni musicali composti sojjra le
vocali di pih parole, etc. (1645) ; La potesta
Iclla Sanetissima Triiiita,
(1616) ; Masses for 4
voices (1650) ; Psalms for do. (1638) ; Res-
ponsoria for 5 voices (1658). — Futis ; Rie-
mann ; Schilling.
IHDI, LE, symphony iu C, by Haydn.
The autograph score, preserved iu Eisen-
stadt, is dated Eisenstadt, 1761, with tlic
superscription, " In Nomine Domini," and
after the signature the words, " Laus Deo,"
Haydn's usual close. I. Adagio Allegro ;
n. Adagio ; IH. Menuetto ; IV. Fiuale, Al-
legro. Published by Werner (Hamburg,
ternational Exhibition, 1862 ; Coronation
IMarch, 1863 ; Pieces for pianoforte, in MS.
— Henri Blaze de Bury, Jleyerbeer, sa vie,
ses ceuvres et son temps (Paris, Hengel,
1865) ; Albert de Lasalle, M., sa vie et le
catalogue de ses ceuvres (ib., Dentu, 1864) ;
Hermann Mendel, Giacomo M., eine Biogra-
phie (Berlin, Heimann, 1868) ; do., M., sein
Leben imd seine Werke (ib., Leisser, 1869) ;
Atlantic Monthly, xliv. 444 ; Fetis ; do.,
Supplement ; Grove ; Mendel.
MKZERAY, LOUIS CHARLES LAZARE
COSTARD DE, born at Brunswick, Nov.
25, 1810, died at Asnieres, near Paris, April
1887. Dramatic composer, son of an em-
])loye of the French administration, named
Costard, who entered France under the
Restoration and took the stage name of
Mezeray. At the age of fifteen he was sec-
ond leader of orchestra at the theatre of pontificia diritta
Strasburg, where he studied under Talliez compieta a sei voci
and Wachenthal ; then became conductor
at Verviers ; next at Liege of the theatre,
the Conservatoire concerts, and the Con-
certs Gretry ; and in 1830 was appointed con-
ductor of the Royal Theatre at The Hague.
He went to Paris in 1833 ; studied counter-
point and fugue under Reicha ; became
conductor in Ghent, Rouen, and Marseilles ;
was engaged as baritone singer at Bordeaux,
Montpellier, Antwerp, and Nantes ; and
finally was made conductor of the Grand
Thc-atre at Bordeaux in 1843, a position he j 1782) ; by Traeg (Vienna, 1799). —Pohl,
occupied more than thirty years. He 1 Haydn, i. 229, 285 ; Towusend, Haydn, 52.
MIDSUMMER
mDSIBBIER NIGHTS DEEA:M, A.
See Sommernachtstraum.
jVIIGNON, opora-comique iu three acts,
text by Jules Barbier aud Michel C-mtO,
after Goethe's " "Wilhelm Meister," music
bj' Ambroise Thomas, first represented at
the Opera Comique, Paris, Nov. 17, ISGfi.
The scenes were suggested by Ary Schef-
fer's pictures. Among the favourite numbers
are : Mignon's song, " Connais tu le pays oil
fleurit I'oranger?" ; " Li'geres hiroiulelles,"
duet between Mignon and Lothario ; Wil-
Sigtid Arnoldson, as Mignon,
helm Meister's aria, "Adieu, Mignon, cou-
rage ;" his duet with Mignon, " As-tu souf-
fert, as-tu pleuro ? " ; the berceuse, " De son
ccEur j'ai calmc la ficvi-e," sung by Lothario ;
and the romance, " Elle ne croyait pas, dans
sa candour naive." Original cast :
Mignon Mme Galli-Marie.
Wilhelm Meister M. Achard.
Laerte M. Couderc.
Lothario M. Bataille.
Philine Mme Cabel.
Christine Nilssou's impersonation of Mignon
is ideal ; Mme Lucca and Sigrid Arnoldson
also liave made successes in this character,
and Clara Louise Kellogg is excellent as
Philine. The opera was represented in
London in Italian at Drury Lane, July 5,
1870. Published by Fiii-stner (Berlin,
1868). — Edwards, Lyrical Drama, ii. -ii ;
Clement et Larousse, 738 ; Hauslick, Mo-
derne Oper, 179 ; Jullieu, Goethe et la mu-
sique, 256 ; Athenicum (1870), ii. 57 ; Wo-
chenblatt (1870), 131 ; Atlantic Monthly,
xxix. 635 ; Upton, Standard Operas, 208.
MIHALOVICH, ED.MUND VON, born
at Fericsaucze, Slavonia, Sept. 13, 1842,
still living, 1889. Pianist, studied the ele-
ments of music at Pesth ; then iu 1865, at
Leipsic, theory under Hauptmann, and in
Munich the pianoforte under Biilow. He
belongs to the new German school of com-
posers. Works : Hagbartb und Signe, ro-
mantic opera, Dresden, 1882 ; Das Geis-
terschiff (Strachwitz), Ballad for grand or-
chestra ; Hero und Leander (Schiller), do. ;
La ronde du Sabbat (Victor Hugo), do. ;
Die Nixe (Gyulai), do.; Funei-al IMarch, in
honour of Franz Deak, for do. ; Pianoforte
music and songs. — Eiemann.
Mffi.ADO, THE, or the Town of Titipu,
comic operetta iu two acts, text by Gilbert,
music by Sullivan, first rei^resented at the
Savoy Theatre, London, March 14, 1885.
Characters represented : The Mikado ; Ko-
Ko, the Lord High Executioner ; Pooh-Bah,
a Tremendous Swell ; Nanki-Poo, Second
Trombone in the Titipu Town-band ; Ka-
tisha, an elderly lady of the court ; Yum
Yum, Peep Bo, and Pitti-Sing, three young
ladies. The Mikado was first performed in
New York at the Fifth Avenue Theatre,
Aug. 19, 1885.— Athentcum (1885), i. 384 ;
London Times, March 16, 1885 ; New York
Tribune, Aug. 9, 1885 ; Krehbiel, Review
(1885-86), i.
MI LAGNERr) TACENDO, soprano aria
of Laodice, in D minor, with accompaniment
of violins in unison, and continue, in Han-
del's Siroe, Act. H., Scene 1. Published
separately, in filled out pianoforte score by
Otto Dresel (Leipsic, Breitkopf & Hiirtel).
MILAN OLLO
IVOLANOLLO, (MARIA) TERESA, born
at Savigliauo, near Turin, Aug. 28, 1827,
still living, 1889. Violinist, pupil of Gio-
vanni Ferrero and Giovanni Morra ; ap-
peared in public before the age of seven, in
Paris attracted the notice of Lafout, with
whom she studied and travelled. She gave
lessons on the violin to her younger sister
Maria (1832-1848), who appeared with her
in France, German^', Italy, and Englaiul.
After Maria's death she travelled alone for |
some years, but since her marriage with M.
Parmentier in 1857 has led a more settled
life. Works: Ave Maria, chorus for male
quartet ; Fantaisie ck'giaque for violin ; 2
romances ; Transcrijitions and variations for
violin and pianoforte. — Fetis ; do., Sujsplo-
ment, ii. 221 ; Wasielewski, Die Violine,
313; Les sceurs Milauollo (Lyons, 18-47).
MILANUZIO (Milanuzzi), 'carlo, Ital-
ian composer of the 17th century. He was
an Augustine monk of Santa Nataglia, be-
came organist of Sau Stefano in Venice
about 1G15, and later of Santa Eufemia in
Verona. His compositions show him to have
been among the distinguished Italian musi-
cians of his time. Works : Messe couccr-
tate (Venice, 1618) ; Litanie della Madonna
(ib., 1G20) ; Armouia sacra di concerti, etc.
(ib., 1G22) ; Sacra cetra, concerti con affetti
ecclesiastiei (ib., 1G25) ; Ariose vaghezze
(ib. 1G2.5) ; Salmi e Vesperi intieri (ib.,
1G28) ; Messe a tre concertate, etc. (ib.,
1C29) ; Compietaconcertatacou le antifonie
e litanie (ib.) ; Balletti, saltarelli, e corren-
tine alia francese ; Concerti sacri di salmi
(ib., 1G3G) ; Hortus sacer deliciarum, sen
motetti, litanim et missa(ib., 1G3G). — Fetis ;
Gerber ; Schilling.
MILD UND LEISE WIE ER LA-
CHELT. See Tristan und Isolde.
MILITARY SYMPHONY, in G, liy
Haydn, first performed at Haj'dn's benefit
concert, London, ]\Iay 2, 1794. I. Largo,
Allegro ; IL Allegretto ; HI Minuet ; IV.
Finale, Presto. No. 12 of the Salomon set,
Breitkopf & Hilrtel, No. 11 ; London Phil-
harmonic, No. 12 ; Peters, No. 7. — Pohl,
Mozart and Haydn in London, ii. 2G0 ; Up-
ton, Standard Symphonies, IGl.
MILLER, EDWARD, boru in Norwich,
England, in 1731,
died at Doncaster,
Sept. 12, 1807. Vir-
tuoso on the i^iano-
forte and the flute,
and writer on music ;
pupil at Lynn of
Burney. In 17.5G he
became organist at
Doncaster, a posi-
tion which he filled fifty years. Mus. Doc,
Cambridge, 178G. Works : G solos for
German flute ; 6 sonatas for the harpsi-
chord ; Elegies for voice and pianoforte ;
12 songs ; The Psalms of David ; Several
treatises. — Fetis ; Schilling ; Riemann.
MILLER, JULIUS, born in Dresden in
1782, died at Charlottenburg, April 7, 18.51.
Dramatic singer and composer, mostly self-
taught. In 1794 he was taken to Prague,
to join iu the singing at the coronation fes-
tivals, and iu 1799 he appeared as violinist
in a concert at Halle. Having successfully
made his d('but as a tenor singer at the
German theatre in Amsterdam, he devoted
himself to the stage, went first to Flensburg,
in 1802 to Schleswig, in 1803 to Hamburg,
and was then considered the best tenor of
his time. After having been a member of
the oj^era iu Breslau, where he formed a
friendship with Weber, he travelled with an
opera troupe in 1810-13, and was about to
go to Russia when he was called to Kijnigs-
berg. In 181G he sang in Berlin, Frank-
fort, and Darmstadt, in 1818 in Hanover, in
1820 in Amsterdam. He went to Paris in
1827, then to Russia and the jirincipal Ger-
man cities, taught in Berlin some time, and
finally undertook the management of the
theatre at Dessau. Reduced in circum-
stances by his disorderly life, he died iu ut-
ter povertj'. Works — Operas : Der Frei-
brief, given at Schleswig, Court Theatre,
1802 ; Die Verwaudlung, Breslau, about
1805 ; Julie, oder der Blumeutojjf, Ger-
MILLER'S
luany, 1810 ; Dor Kosakenofficier, Leipsic,
1813; Die Alj^enliiitte, Kouigsberg, 181-4;
Hermauu iind Thusuekle, ib., 1815 ; Me-
rope, Germany, 1823 ; Michel und Hauu-
chen, ib., 1835 ; Das zuriickgegebene Bou-
quet, ib., 1836 ; PeiTiicke und Musik,
Dresden, 1846. Masses with grand orches-
tra ; Motets ; Pater noster ; Cauous ; Con-
cert overtures ; Several collections of songs,
for 3-4 voices ; 6 songs, for 4 male voices ;
Demande et rc'ponse, for 4 tenor and 4 bass
voices ; Songs. — FOtis ; Mendel, Ergiinz.,
282 ; Schilling.
anLLER'S DAUGHTER, THE, concert
overture by George W. Cliadwick, first per-
formed in San Francisco in 1888.
MILLE\TLLE, FEANCESCO, bom in
Ferrai'a, Italy, in 1565, died, probably at
Chioggia, Veuetia, after 1639. Organist to
the King of Poland, then to the Emperor
Rudolph II., after whose death, in 1612, he
returned to Italy ; in 1614 went to Rome,
accompanied by his former pupil Fresco-
bald i. At a later date he was maestro di
cappella at the Cathedral of Volterra, and
finally organist and maestro di capiDella at
the Cathedral of Chioggia. "Works : 3
masses for 8 voices (1617, 1626) ; ]\ra.ss for
4 voices (1617) ; Masses for 3 voices and
Psalms (1620) ; 7 books of motets for 2-G
voices (1626) ; Domiue, Dixit, Magnificat,
and a motet for 9 voices (1626) ; Litanies
(1619, 1639) ; Concerti sjiirituali and
Gemme spirituali (1622) ; 6 books of mad-
rigals for 3-4 voices (1614-24). — FOtis;
Riemann.
JHLLICO, GIUSEPPE, born at Terlizzi,
Modena, in 1739, died (?). Soprano singer
and dramatic composer ; Gluck, who heard
him in Italy, thought him one of the best
sopranos of the time, and chose him for his
niece's teacher, when Millico became at-
tached to the court theatre of Vienna in
1772. In 1774 he went to London, then to
Berlin, and in 1780 was in the service of
the King of Naples, where his jealousy
sometimes led him to use his great influ-
ence to oppress other artists. Works — Op-
eras : La piet;l d' amore, Naples, 1785 ; La
Zeliuda, ib., 1787 ; La nonna per far dormir
i bambini, ib., 1792. Three cantatas ; Ital-
ian ariettas and canzonets ; Nocturnes tor
two tenors. — Fetis ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 283 ;
Schilling ; Gerber.
MILLOCKER, KARL, born in Vienna,
May 29, 1842, still liv-
ing, 1889. Dramatic
composer, pupil at the
Vienna Conservato-
rium ; became Kajjell-
meister of the theatre at
Gratz in 1864, and of
the Harmonictheater in
Vienna in 1866 ; on the
failure of that theatre,
soon after, he went to
Pesth, but returned to Vienna in 1869,
where he has since been Kapellmeister of
the Theater an der Wien. His music is
light and popular. For several years he also
edited Miisikalische Presse, a collection of
pianoforte pieces, appearing in monthly in-
stalments. Works — Operettas : Der todte
Gast, Gratz, 1865 ; Die lustigen Binder, ib. ;
Diana, Vienna, 1866 ; Die Fraueninsel,
Pesth, 1867 ; Der Regimentstambour ; Ein
Abenteuer in Wien ; Drei Paar Schuhe ;
Die Musik des Teufels ; Das verwunschene
Schloss, Vienna, 1878 ; Griifin Dubarry,
comic opera, 1879 ; Die Jungfrau von Belle-
ville, 1881 ; Der Bettelstudeut, 1882 ; Gas-
parone, Der Feldprediger, 1884 ; Der Vice-
Admiral, 1886. Also music for many farces.
— Fi'tis, Supplement, ii. 222 ; Rieniaun.
MILLS, SEBASTIAN BACH, born in
Cirencester, England, March 13, 1838, still
living, 1889. Pianist, pupil on the piano-
forte of Cipriani Potter, Sterndale Bennett,
Moscheles, Plaidy, Carl Mayer, and Liszt,
and in harmony and composition of Haupt-
mann, Rietz, and Richter. In 1855 he was
organist of the Roman Catholic Cathedral,
Sheffield ; about 1857, went to America and
settled in New York. In 1859, 1867, and
1878 he made concert tours through Ger-
many, playing with success in the principal
MILTON
?^^
and oj). 20 ;
Recollections
cities ; since 1859 he Las appeared as a
concert pianist throughout North America.
He is an honorary
member of the Phil-
harmonic Society,
New York ; A r i o u
Society, New York,
and Toukiiustler-
Verein, Cologne.
Works : Alpine Horn,
transcription ; Bar-
carole venitienne, op.
12 ; 2 tarentelles, op. 13
Murmuring Fountain, op. 22
of Home, op. 23 ; Fairy Fingers, op. 24 ;
Toujours gai, polka, op. 25 ; and other pi-
anoforte music.
MILTON, French opera-comique in one
act, by Jouy and Dieulafoi, music by Spon-
tiui, lirst represented at the Ojji'ra Co-
mique, Paris, Nov. 27, 180-1. The score is
dedicated to the Empress Josephine, to
whom Spontini was chamber composer.
Subject, Milton, blind and persecuted, takes
refuge at the house of his friend Godwin, a
Quaker. Sir William Daveuaut, drawn bj'
love to Emma, appears on the scene, and
endeavours to reinstate her father in the
favour of Charles II. The music is melodi-
ous and rich in harmony and shows the di-
rect influence of Mozart. The best num-
bers are Milton's hymn to the sun, and the
quintet. No. 7. This opera long remained
in the repertory of the Opera Comique.
It was well received in France, and was
represented in Berlin, March 21, ISOG, Ger-
man translation by Treitschkc ; and also in
Weimar, Dresden, and Vienna. — Clement
et Larousse, 455 ; Grove, iii. G6G.
MILTON, JOHN, English composer of
the 17th century, died in London in 1616-
47. Vocal composer, father of the great
poet, by whom his musical abilities are
celebrated in a Latin poem, Ad Patrera.
He receivetl his musical education at Christ
Church, Oxford. Works : In nomine, in
40 parts ; Fayre Oriana in the Morne, six-
part madrigal (1601) ; 4 motets (1614) ;
York, Norwich, and other tunes, in Ravens-
croffs Whole Booke of Psalmes (1621).
— Grove.
MINE, JACQUES CLAUDE ADOLPHE,
born in Paris, Nov. 4, 1796, died at Char-
tres in 1854. Organist, pupil of the Con-
servatoire, where he studied the violoncello
and harmony. He was organist of Saint-
Roch, and taught in Paris more than twenty
years ; afterwards organist of the Cathedral
of Chartres. Works : Fantaisie for jjiano-
forte and violin ; Nocturne for do. ; Fan-
taisie for pianoforte and violoncello ; Con-
certo de societe, for pianoforte ; Trios for
pianoforte and strings ; Sonatas for piano-
forte ; Many piieces of various kind, for pi-
anoforte and other instruments ; Method
for violoncello ; Do. for double ba.ss ; Livre
d'orgue. — Fetis.
MINOJA, AMBROGIO, born at Ospita-
letto, near Brescia, Italy, Oct. 21, 1752, died
in Milan, Aug. 3, 1825. Dramatic and
church composer, jjupil at Naples of Sala
in counterpoint. He succeeded Lampu-
gnani as accompanist at the Teatro della
Scala, Milan, about 1772, and went to Rome
in 1788, to write an opera for the Teatro
Argentina. On his return to i\Iilan he was
apjjointed maestro di cappella at the Church
of the Padri della Scala, and later inspec-
tor of studies at the Conservatorio in Milan.
Works — Operas : Tito nelle Gallic, given in
Milan, La Scala, 1787 ; Zenobia, Rome,
Teatro Ai'gentina, 1788. Veui Creator, and
Te Deum, performed by two hundred and
fifty singers in the Cathedral of Milan, at
the coronation of Napoleon I. as King of
Italy ; Cantata ; De profundis, for 3 voices,
with orchestra ; do. for 4 voices ; Sanctus
for 3, Messe solennelle for 4, voices, and
other church music ; Funeral symphony
and march ; I divertimenti della camjjagna,
4 quartets for strings ; Sonatas for piano-
forte. He published, Lettere sopra il Canto
(1812).— Fetis ; Mendel ; Riemann.
mO BEL TESORO, soprano aria of
Ruggiero, in G minor, with accompaniment
of 2 flutes, 2 oboes, strings complete, and
MIO
continuo, iu Haudel's Alciiin, Act II., Scene
G. Published separately, with additional
accompaniments by Robert Franz (Leipsic,
Kistuer).
mo CARO BENE, soprano aria of Ro-
delinda, in G major, -with accompaniment
of oboes and violins in unison, viola, and
continuo, in Handel's Bodelinda, Act II.,
Scene 9. Published sej)arately, with addi-
tional accompaniments by Robert Franz,
Leipsic, Kistnor.
IMIO DOLCE AMATO SPOSO, soprano
aria of Ariauna, iu D minor, with accompa-
niment of strings complete, and continuo,
in Handel's Giustino, Act I., Scene 12.
Published separatelj', iu fillet! out piano-
forte score by Otto Dresel (Leijisic, Breit-
kopf & Hiirtel).
]\nRA DI ACERBE. See Troualore.
MIRA, O NORMA. See Norma.
lURECKI, FRANZ (in Polish, Franci-
szek), born at Cracow in 1794 (1791V), died
there, May 29, 18G2. Pianist and dramatic
composer ; played the pianoforte when four,
and two years later appeared in concerts.
In 1814 be went to Vienna, where he studied
pianoforte and composition under Hummel,
and harmony under Preindl. After livinn;
in close intercourse with Beethoven, Salieri,
Sloscheles, and Pixis, he went to Venice,
in 181G, to study the Italian method of
singing, and then passed several year.s in
Paris, and in Milan and other Italian cities,
to introduce his comi^ositions. About 1825
he accepted the direction of the Teatro San
Carlo in Lisbon, and in 1826, after a visit
to England, returned to Genoa, where for
twelve j'ears he taught vocal music. In
1838 be was called to Cracow, to dii-ect a
school of dramatic singing. Works — Op-
eras : Cyganie, given in Warsaw, 1820 ;
Evandro in Pergamo, Genoa, 1824 ; I due
forzati, Lisbon, 1826 ; Adriano in Siria ;
Cornelio Bentivoglio, Milan, 1844 ; Una
notte negli Ajiennini, Cracow, 1845. Bal-
lets : Octavia ; II castello di Kenilworth ;
I baccanali abboliti, Milan. Oratorios ;
Symphony for grand orchestra ; 2 masses ;
2 trios for strings ; Adagio et Allegi-o, for
pianoforte and strings ; Sonatas for piano-
forte and violin ; Sonatas, rondos, varia-
tions, and other pieces for pianoforte ; Sev-
eral collections of polonaises and mazurkas.
He wrote a treatise on instrumentation,
Trattato intorno agli stromenti, ed all' is-
trumentazioue (Milan, 1825). — Eneyklope-
dya powszechna (Warsaw, 18G4), xvii. G51 ;
Fotis ; Sowifiski ; Wurzbach.
MIREILLE, French opera in five acts,
text by Michel Carre, music by Gounod,
first represented at the Theatre Lyrique,
Paris, March 19, 18G4. The subject is
taken from Mistral's jioem, " Mire'io." Mi-
reille, the daughter of a rich proprietor,
Ramon, is in love with Vincent, the son of a
poor basket-maker. Her father commands
her to marry a wealthy but brutal cattle-
driver, Ourrias, who kills his rival. Mireille
dies in the arms of her betrothed. The
music is pastoral and lyric, written with
local colour, and includes many folk-songs.
The opera was reduced to three acts, with
the addition of a waltz, and was reproduced
at the same theatre, Dec. 15, 1864. Per-
formed in Italian at Her Majesty's, London,
July 5, 18G4, with Mile Tietjens as Mireille ;
Mme Trebelli, Taven ; Sig. Giuglini, Vin-
cent ; and Mr. Santley, Ourrias. Published
by Choudens (Paris, 18G5) and by Boosey
(London, 1865). — Clement et Larousse,
456; Athemeum (1864), i. 478, 514; ii. 57 ;
(1870), 442 ; Hanslick, Moderne Oper, 205 ;
AUgem. mus. Zeitg. (1864), 340; Upton,
Standard Operas, 123.
MIR HAT DIE WELT, choral in B-fiat
major, for Coro I. and II., with accompani-
ment of two flutes, 2 oboes, strings com-
plete, organ and continuo, in Johann Sebas-
tian Bach's I'atiiiion nach Matthilus (No. 38).
The melody is " In dich hab' ich gehofifet,
Herr," by Sethus Calvisius (1594).
MIRIAMS 8IEGESGESANG (Miriam's
Song of Victory), for soprano solo with
chorus and pianoforte accompaniment, text
by Grillparzer, music by Schubert, op. 136,
first performed in Vienna, at a concert for
6T6
MIR
erecting a heatl-stoue at Schubert's grave,
Jan. 30, 1829. It was composed iu 1828,
and published by DiabelU (Vienna, 1838).
It was orchestrated by Franz Lachner, and
first performed in Vienna, March 28, 1830.
PubHshed by Seuff (Leipsic). Same title,
concert aria for soprano with orchestra by
Karl Reinecke, op. 74, published by Breit-
l;oj)f & Hiirtel (Leipsic, 18G3). — Kreissle
von Hellborn, Schubert (Coleridge), ii.
201 ; Allgem. mus. Zeitg. (1803), 58^) ; Up-
ton, Standard Cantatas, 314.
MIR 1ST SO WUNDERBAR. See Fi-
delio.
MIRY, CHARLES, born in Ghent, Aug.
14, 1823, still living, 1889. Dramatic com-
poser, pupil at the Ghent Conservatoire of
Meugal iu harmony and counterpoint, and
later of Gevaert. He comisleted his musical
studies in Pari.s, and returned to his native
town to conduct a theatre orchestra. In
1857 he was appointed professor of compo-
sition at the Conservatoire, Ghent. Works
— Ojjeras and operettas : Brigitta, given in
Ghent, Theatre Minard, 1847 ; La lanterne
magique, ib., Grand Theatre, 1854 ; Charles-
Quint, ib., before 1857 ; Anne Mie, Antwerp,
1853 ; Bouchard d'Avesnes, Ghent, 18G4 ;
Maria van Burgondie, ib., 18GG ; De Keizer
bij de Boeren, ib., 1866 ; De occasie maakt
den dief, ib., 18G6 ; Frans Ackernian, Brus-
sels, 18G7 ; Brutus en Cesar, Ghent, 18G7 ;
Le mariage de Marguerite, ib., 1867 ; Een
Engel 013 wacht, Antwerp, 1869 ; Drie Ko-
ningen Avond, ib., 1870 ; La Saint-Lucas,
Ghent, 1870 ; Het Driekoniugenfeest, Brus-
sels, 1876 ; La rose d'or ; Le poiJte et sou
ideal ; Twee zusters. Ballets : La bouque-
tiere ; La fee des eaux ; Klida, Brussels.
Cantatas : Au roi ; La Belgique, ou le rogne
de 25 ans ; Le 16 decembre ; Les orphe-
lins ; Het Eerevaandel der werklieden ; Het
Eerevaandel der Weezenjongeus van Gent.
Choruses for men's voices ; Several collec-
tions of school-songs ; Music for wind in-
struments ; Pianoforte music. — Fetis ; do..
Supplement, ii. 226 ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 284.
mSERERE, by Gregorio Allegri, for
nine voices in two choruses, in the second
Gregorian mode (transposed), sung annually
at Tenebrfo iu the Sixtine Chapel, in Holy
Week. It belongs to a collection of twelve
settings of the Miserere preserved in two
MS. volumes in the archives of the Pontifi-
cal Choir, and is the only one of the twelve
still iu use. The other eleven are by Cos-
tanzo Festa, Luigi Dentice, Francesco Guer-
rero, Palestrina, Teofilo Gargano, Francesco
Anerio, Felice Anerio, an anonymous com-
poser, Giovanni Maria Nanini, Sante Nal-
dini, and Ruggiero Giovanelli. The MS. of
this Miserere was so carefully guarded iu the
archives of the Pontifical Chapel that until
1770 only three transcriptions had been
lawfully made ; one for the Emperor Leo-
pold I., one for the King of Portugal, and
one for Padre Martini. The latter lent
his copy to Dr. Burney, who compared it
with a transcription of his own, probably
obtained through Santarelli, the singer, and
published it in a work, now rare, entitled
'■ La Musica della Settimana Santa," re-
printed in Novello's "Music of Holy Week."
Mozart accomplished the remarkable feat
of writing down this entire com]30sition in
1770, at the age of fourteen, after having
heard it once iu the Sixtine Chapel, where
he corrected his MS. two days later. Men-
delssohn was enthusiastic in his admiration
of this work. — Grove, i. 54 ; ii. 336 ; Fetis,
i. 72 ; Mendel, i. 165 ; Hensel, Mendelssohn,
ii. 98 ; Moritz Hauptmann, Briefe an Franz
Hauser, i. 52 ; Allgem. mus. Zeitg., xxvii.
420 ; Ciecilia, ii. 66 ; The Harmonicon
(1825), 195 ; Baini, Memorie della vita e
delle opere di Palestrina, ii. 200.
MISERERE, by Tommaso Bai, written
in 1714, at the request of the choir in the
Vatican, of which he was maestro di cap-
pella. This is its composer's only work of
importance. It is written in the Second
Mode transposed, with verses for four and
for five voices, alternatelj-, the last one end-
ing with eight parts. It was sung in the
Sixtine Chapel alternately with AUegri's
during the three days of the Tenebrse, from
517
MISSA
1714 till 1767, one by Tartiiii being per-
formed in 1768 ; and again from 1769 till
1820, with tlie exception of 1777, when Pas-
quale Pisari's Miserere was given. It was
published by Choron in his collection of
sacred music, and by Buruey and by No-
vello. It is now performed every other
year, the second day of the Tenebrre, alter-
nately with that of Giuseppe Baiui, which
was first sung in 1821. The latter is a work
of great merit and was composed for the
Sixtine Chapel by order of Pope Pius VIL
In MS.— Fetis, i. 74 ; Mendel, i. 415 ; All-
gem, mus., Zeitg., xxvii. 418 ; Baini, Memo-
rie della vita e delle opere di Palestriua, ii.
195 ; Grove, i. 125, 288 ; iii. 519.
MISSA PAFM MARCELLI, one of
three masses written by Palestrina by the
order of a board of eight Cardinals, pre-
sided over bj' S. Carlo Borromeo, commis-
sioned by Pius IV. to see that the decrees
of the Council of Trent in reference to a
reform in church music were carried out.
This mass, dedicated to the memory of
Pope Marcellus II., was first publicly per-
formed in the Sixtine Chajiel, June 19,
1565, at the solemn service consecrating the
alliance between the Papal Chair and the
Swiss Confederates, S. Carlo Borromeo offi-
ciating. It is for six voices (S., A, 2 T., 2
B.) unaccompanied, and is in the Gregorian
Hypoiouian mode, except the Crucifixus
and Benedictus, which are in the ]\Iixolyd-
ian. The work has been made the nucleus
of many unwarranted legends, the most
absurd of which, and the generally accepted
one, is that it embodied all the reforms in
church music decreed or suggested by the
Council of Trent, and was thus the point of
departure of a new and perfected style of
ecclesiastical composition. The truth is
that, as far as its musical style is concerned,
it embodies not one of these reforms, and
contains no single novel musical feature.
The Cardinals of the board were individu-
ally strongly opposed to the musical reforms
suggested by the Council, and so far from
Palestrina's being instructed to conform to
these in the test mass that was ordered
of him, the Cardinals gave him something
more than a hint to do his best to write a
mass which should so set forth the beauties
of the old, accustomed style, that the Pope
might be induced not to withdraw the pro-
tection of the Church from it. And this
was, in fact, the result of the matter. The
mass was first published in Palestrina's
Liber missarum secundus, 15G7. It is in
Alfieri's edition of Palestrina's works, vol.
i.. No. 1 (Rome, Pietro Pittarelli, 1841) ; a
popular edition, in the modern clefs, is
published by Ricordi in jMilan. — Ambros,
iv. 13 ; Grove, ii. 229.
MISSA PRO D E F U N C T I S . See &-
qiiiew.
mSSA SOLENNIS, in D, by Beethoven,
opus 123, dedicated to the Cardinal Arch-
duke Rudolph Johann, Bishop of Olmiitz.
Beethoven began sketches for this mighty
work in 1818, and it was completed in 1823.
MS. cojiies of the score were sold, at fifty
ducats, to several crowned heads, and to
the Ciieilien-Verein at Frankfort-on-the-
Main, and in 1825 the right of publication
was sold to Schott, in Mainz, for one thou-
sand florins. The first complete perform-
ance was given in Russia, March 26, 1824.
Beethoven called it his " greatest and most
successful work." It was given in New
York, under Theodore Thomas, at the Mu-
sic Festival in the 7th Regiment Armoury,
May 3, 1882. Breitkopf & Hartel, Beetho-
ven Werke, Serie 19, No. 203.— Marx, Beeth-
oven, n. 273 ; Nohl, III. 99, 148, 185, 254,
262, 360, 399, 485, 490, 522 ; Lenz, H.
Part n. 141 ; Grove, ii. 234.
MIT GE\VITTER UND STURJI. See
Fliegende Hollander.
MI TRADi QUELL' ALMA INGRATA.
See Don Giovanni.
MITRIDATE, Rf: DI PONTO (Mithri-
dates. King of Pontus), Italian opera in
three acts, text by the Abbate Parini, after
Racine, revised by Vittorio Amadeo Cigna-
Santi, music by Mozart, first represented in
Milan, Dec. 26, 1770. Mozart, then but
618
MIT
fourteen years old, conducted, and tlie op-
era was received with enthusiasm. The
original score is lost, but several fragments
are in the library of the Paris Conser-
vatoire. Italian operas of the same title
on Zcno's text, music by Bioni, Venice,
1722, Ferrara, 1729 ; Antonio Caldara, Vi-
enna, Nov. 14, 1728 ; Gini, Turin, 1730 ;
Porpora, Venice, 1733 ; Aliprandi, Munich,
1738 ; Terradeglias, London, 17G.5 ; Sarti,
Parma, 17G.5 ; Sacchini, London, 1777 ;
Tarchi, Rome, 1780 ; Niccolini, Milan,
1816 ; Tadolini, Venice, 1S2G ; Paolo Ser-
rao, Madrid, 1882. Same title, Italian
opera, text by Villati, music by Grauu,
Berlin, Dec. 10, 1750. Mitridate, re di
Ponto, vincitor di se stesso, text by Me-
rindo Fesanio (Benedetto Pasqualigo), mu-
sic by Giovanni Maria Capelli, Venice,
1723 ; La morte di Mitridate, by Zingarelli,
Venice, 1797 ; and by IMarcos Portugal,
text by Caravito, Lisbon, 180G, Milan, 181.'5 ;
Vonina e Mitridate, by Sebastian Nasolini,
Florence, 1799, Parish Dec. 13, 1817 ; and
by Francesco Gnecco, text by Rossi, Ven-
ice, 1803 ; music to Racine's tragedy, by
Johann Adam Schcibe, Leipsic, 1738 ; and
by Scheinpflug, Rudolstadt, May 5, 1754.
— Kochel, Verzeichniss, No. 87 ; Andre,
Verzeichniss, No. 32 ; Jahn, Mozart, i. 277 ;
Gehring, Mozart, 44 ; Caecilia, xxiii. 241.
MIT STAUNEN SIEHT DAS WUNDER-
WERK, soprano solo (Gabriel) and chorus,
in C major, in Haydn's Die Hchi'ipfnnrj, Part
I (No. 4).
MITTERNACHT, quartet. See Martha.
IVHT WURD' UND HOHEIT, tenor aria
in C major, of Uriel, in Haydn's Die Schop-
funq. Part II. (No. 24).
MOISE AU SINAI, oratorio, text by Col-
lin and Saint-Etienne, music by Felicien
David, first performed at the Acadeniie
Royale de Musique, Paris, March 21, 184G.
It was written in Germany.
MOiSE EN EGYPTE. See Musi, in
Egitto.
MOLINARA, LA (The Maid of the Mill),
Italian opera by Paisiello, first represented
in Naples, 1788. It was given in Paris,
Sept. 2, 1801, as La meuniere, with Mme
Festa in the title-rule ; and at the King's
Theatre, London, March 22, 1803. A duet,
" Nel cor pii\ nou mi sento," and an aria,
" Quanl' e pii\ bello," were popular themes
for variations, among which are several by
Beethoven. Another air. La Rachelina, is
included in the Musical Library, i. 98. In
1789 Cherubini inserted into this opera
nine airs which were admired by Louis
XVI. Published by Steinmetz (Hamburg).
MOLIQUE, WILHELM BERNHARD,
born in Nuremberg, Oct. 7, 1802, died at
Cannstadt, near Stuttgart, May 10, 18G9.
Violinist, son and puj^il of a town musi-
cian, he learned several instruments, but
made a special study of the violin. He
had a few lessons of Spohr, then studied
two years under Rovelli in Munich, and
afterwards played in the orchestra of the
Theater an der Wien in Vienna. In 1820
ho succeeded Rovelli as court violinist
in Munich ; made his first concert tour in
1822 ; was royal Couzertmeister at Stutt-
gart in 182G-49, often giving concerts in
other German cities and abroad ; settled
in London in 1849, and acquired a promi-
nent position as a solo and quartet plaj'er
and as teacher of his instrument. In 18GG
he retired to Cannstadt. His compositions
show technical mastery, though often want-
ing in insijiration. Works : Abraham, ora-
torio. Music Festival, Norwich, 18G0 ; 2
masses ; Symphonj' ; 5 violin concertos ;
Concertino ; G string quartets ; Pianoforte
trio ; Duets for violin and other instru-
ments ; Fantasias for violin and orchesti-a ;
Pieces for violin and pianoforte ; Songs
and other music. — Fetis ; Mendel ; Rie-
mauu ; SchiUing ; Hart, The VioHn, 423 ;
Wasielewski, Die Violine, 3G0.
MOLLENHAUER, EDWARD, born in
Erfurt, Prussian Saxony, April 12, 1827,
still living, 1889. Violinist ; at the age of
579
MOLLOY
nine made a successful concert tour witli
his two elder brothers Frederic and Hein-
rich, both after-
v/ards well-known
musicians. When
fourteen he became
the pupil of Ernst,
and two years later
of Spohr. During
these years he
played with much
success in Germany
and in St. Peters-
burg as a protege of the Archduchess of Des-
sau. Being ordered back to Germany to
serve as a soldier, he fled to England, where
he joined JuUieu's orchestra as solo violin,
and in 1853 went with him to America,
and settled in New York, where he still
resides. He is one of the founders of the
"Musical Conservatory " system in Amer-
ica, and conducts a violin college for the
perfection of advanced students. Works :
Tlie Corsican Bride, opera, produced at
Winter Palace, New York, 1861 ; Breakers,
comic ojjera. New York, 1881 ; The Masked
Ball, comic opera ; The Passions, sym-
phony ; 2 other s^ymj^honies ; String quar-
tets ; Pieces for the violin ; Duets ; Songs.
MOLLOY, JAMES LYMAN, born in
Ireland in 1837, still liring, 1889. Ama-
teur dramatic and vocal composer ; M.A.
of the Catholic University of Ireland.
Works— Operettas : Student's Frolic ; My
Aunt's Secret ; Very catching. Irish melo-
dies, edited with new accompaniments ;
Songs.
MOmONY, J15EUME JOSEPH (DE),
born in Philippeville (Namur), Belgium,
Jan. 20, 1762, died after 1855. At the age
of twelve he became organist at Saiut-Omer,
later of the Abbey of Sainte-Colombe, and in
1785 at Lyons. He took refuge in Switzer-
land during the Revolution, but in 1800
founded a music business in Paris, published
his own writings, and taught. He lived after-
wards at Tours. His supposed discoveries
in the theory of music do not seem to have
been well received, though he was firmly
convinced of their importance. Works :
String quartets ; Trios ; Sonatas for piano-
forte and violin ; Sonatas and other pieces
for pianoforte ; Cantatas and songs ; Pre-
miere annee de le9ons de piano-forte ; Cours
complet d'harmonie et de composition
d'ajjres une theorie neuve (Paris, 1806, 3
vols.) ; and several other theoretical writ-
ings. He was the last editor of the Ency-
clopedie methodique (Paris, 1791-1818), be-
gun by Ginguene and Framerj'. His son
George Joseph, born at Viro (Calvados),
Dec. 12, 1812, was a pupil of Zimmerman
and Reicha at the Paris Conservatoire, be-
came organist of Chapel of Saint-Denis,
and about 1844 professor at the Young
Ladies' Institute at Nogent-sur-Marne, and
afterwards retired to his native town. He
has composed many nocturnes, romances,
and sacred melodies. — Fetis ; do.. Supple-
ment, ii. 229 ; Schilling ; Gerber ; Itie-
m.ann.
MONDONVILLE, .TE.iN JOSEPH CAS-
SANEA DE, born at
Narbonne, Dec. 25,
1711, died at Belleville,
near Paris, Oct. 8, 1772.
Violinist and dramatic
composer, born of poor
but noble parents ; he
early studied the violin
and became first violin
' '< ■ at Lille. Three of his
motets were given in the Concerts Spirituels,
Paris, in 1737 with such success as to pro-
cure him a i)lace in the king's chamber mu-
sic. He succeeded Gervais as superintend-
ent of the Versailles chapel in 1744. His
first opera was not a success, but his ob-
sequiousness secured powerful influence.
When a company of Italian singers came to
France, in 1752, there was a great conten-
tion, known as the guerre des bonffons, be-
tween the partisans of Italian and French
music. Mme de Pompadour favoured the
national school, and everything was arranged
to obtain success for Moudonville's opera,
580
MONETA
Titon et I'Aurore. He was director of the
Concerts Spirituels in 1755-G'2, and had a
peusiou from the Ojjera in 1768. He was
very vain and avaricious, and published
most of the texts of his operas under his
own name, though they were really written
by the Abbe de Voisenon. Works — Op-
eras : Isbc, 1742 ; Le carnaval du Parnasse,
1749 ; Titon et I'Aurore, 1753 ; Daphnis et
Alcimadure, in the languo d'oe, 1754 ; Les
fetes de Paplios, Venus et Adonis, Bacchus
et Erigoue (written for Mme de Pompa-
dour's theatre at Versailles) ; Psyche, 17G2 ;
Thesue, 1765. Les projets de I'Amour, bal-
let, 1771 ; Les Israelites au mont Oreb, ora-
torio ; Les fureurs de Saiil, do. ; Les
Titans, do. ; Motets ; Violin sonatas and con-
certos ; Organ concertos ; Trios ; Pieces for
harpsichord and violin. — Fetis ; do., Sup-
plement, ii. 230 ; Mendel ; Schilling ; Cle-
ment, Mus. celebres, 86 ; Wasielewski, Die
Violine, 246.
MONETA, GHJSEPPE, born in Florence
in 1761, died, probably there, after 1811.
Dramatic composer, in the service of the
Grand Duke of Tuscany, a position which
he still jield in 1811. Works— Operas : II
capitano Tenaglia, given in Leghorn, 1784 ;
La muta per amore, Alessandria, 1785 ;
Amor vuol gioventh, Florence, 1786 ;
L' equivoco del nastro, ib., 1786 ; La poe-
tessa capricciosa, ib., 1790 ; I due tutori,
Kome, 1791 ; II conte Policronio, Poggio,
1791 ; II trionfo di Gedeone, ib., 1804.
Cantata to words of Tasso ; La morte del
generale Hoche, symphony ; Notturni a voce
sola ; Collection of Ariette. — Fetis ; do.,
Supi)lement, ii. 230 ; Schilling.
MONFERRATO, Padre NADAL (Natale),
born in the early part of the 17th century,
died in Venice (?), April 23, 1685. Church
composer, pupil of Rovetta ; was cantor of
S. Marco, Venice, in 1639, second maestro
in 1647, and maestro di cappella in 1676.
He was also director at the Conservatorio
de' Mendicanti, leader of music in the par-
ish in which he lived, as well as instructor
in the families of the aristocracy, and mem-
ber of an establishment for printing music.
Works : 4 collections of Salmi concertati
(Venice, 1647 and 1650, 1669, and two in
1676) ; Salmi brevi (ib., 1675) ; Salmi a voce
sola (ib., 1677) ; Motetti (ib., 1655, 1659,
1671) ; 3 collections of Motetti concertati
(ib., 1660, 1660, and 1669) ; Motetti a voce
sola (ib., 1666) ; Sacri concenti, ossia Mo-
tetti a voce sola (ib., 1675) ; Missse (ib.,
1677) ; Antifone (ib., 1678) ; Motetti (ib.,
1681).— Fetis ; Mendel ; Schilling ; Gerber.
MONIUSZKO, STANISLAW, born at
Ubiel in the government of Minsk, Lithu-
ania, May 5, 1819, died in Warsaw, June 4,
1872. Dramatic composer, pupil of August
Freyer in Warsaw, and of Rungenhageu in
Berlin in 1837-39 ; was for some time
teacher and organist in Wilna ; became di-
rector of opera in Warsaw in 1858, and was
later appointed professor at the Conserva-
torium there. Works — Operas : The Lot-
tery ; Ideal ; The New Don Quixote ; The
Bohemians ; Betty ; Halka, Warsaw, 1846 ;
Jawnutz ; The Raft-Man ; Verbum nobile ;
Rokitschana ; The Countess ; The Haunted
Castle ; The Paria ; Beata. ]\Iusic for Ham-
let ; Mikla, Goddess of Beauty, cantata ;
Niola, do. ; A Night in the Ajsennines, de-
scriptive composition ; The Madonna, hymn
for solo, chorus, and orchestra ; Mass ; 4
litanies ; ]\Iusic for Dziady ; Faust, lyric
poem ; Pianoforte pieces ; Songs. — A. Wa-
licki. Life of M. (in Poli.sh, Warsaw, 1873) ;
Fetis, Supplement, ii. 231 ; Riemann ; Men-
del.
MONK, EDWIN GEORGE, born at
Frome, Somerset,
Dec. 13, 1819, still
hving, 1889. Or-
ganist, pupil in Bath
of Henry and George
Field, in London of
Hullali and Henry
Phillips, and later of
G. A. Macfarren. ^ ^ ^
He was organist and
music-master at the College of St. Colomba,
Ireland, in 1844 ; assisted in the formation
581
MONK
of The University Motet and Madrigal So-
sciety, Oxford, in 1847 ; was organist at the
College of St. Peter, Radley, in 1848 ; and
succeeded Dr. Camidge as clioirmaster and
organist of York Cathedral in 1859. Mus.
Bac, Oxford, 1848; Mus. Doc, 185G.
Works : Veui Creator Spiritus ; Anthems ;
Service. He edited The Anglican Chant
Book ; The Anglican Choral Service Book ;
The Anglican Hymn Book, with Rev. R.
C. Singleton ; The Psalter and Canticles,
jjointed for chanting, and Anglican Psalter
Chants (with Sir F. A. G. Ouseley). He
also wrote some libretti. — Grove ; Riemann.
MONK, JAMES JONATHAN, born at
Bolton-le-Moors, England, Feb. 20, 184G,
still living, 1889. Organist, vocal com-
poser, and writer on music. After having
held various organ ai^iJointments, he settled
iu Liverpool as teacher and local secretary
of Trinity College. He is honorary life
member of Trinity College, London, and
musical critic for several papers in Liver-
pool. Works : Te Deum for jiarochial use ;
Anthem ; Pianoforte music ; Part-songs ;
Songs.
MONK, WILLLiM HENRY, born in
London iu 1823, died there, March 3, 1889.
Oi'ganist, pupil of Thomas Adams, G. A.
Griesbach, and J. A. Hamilton. He was
organist at Eaton Chapel, Pimlico, St.
George's Chajiel, Albemarle Street, and
Portman Chapel, St. Marylebone. In 1847
he became director of music in King's Col-
lege, London, and iu 1849 organist there ;
was professor of music at the School for the
Indigent Blind in 18-51 ; appointed organist
of St. Matthias, Stoke Newiugton, in 1852 ;
delivered lectures on music iu London,
Edinburgh, and Manchester iu 1850-54.
In 1874 he succeeded Hullah as professor
of vocal music in King's College, in 187G
became professor in the National Training
School for Music, and iu 1878 in Bedford
College, London. Works : Te Deums, Ky-
ries, anthems, and other church music ;
Contributions to Modern Hymnals. He
edited the Parish Choir (after the tenth
number) ; Hymns Ancient and IModern,
and (with others) Hymns for Church of
Scotland. — Grove ; Riemann.
MON PETIT MARI. See PosliUon de
Loujumeau.
MONPOU, (FRANgOIS LOUIS) HIPPO-
LYTE, born in Paris, Jan. 12, 1804, died in
Orleans, Aug. 10, 1841. Dramatic com-
poser, began as choir-boy iu the Church of
Saint-Germain I'Auxerrois, Paris, and at
the age of nine sang in Notre Dame. He
entered Choron's school in 1817, and be-
came organist of the Cathedral of Tours in
1819, but was found incapable, and returned
to Choron as accompagnateur or assistant
in the Institution Royale de Musique Reli-
gieuse. He received instruction in harmony
from Fctis, Porta, and Chelard, and played
the organ successively at the churches of
Saint-Nicolas des Champs, Saint-Thomas
d'Aquin, and the Sorbonne. He wrote
some very popular ballads and songs to
words by Alfred de Musset and Victor
Hugo, and became the composer of the ro-
mantic school of poets. In 1835 he took to
opera writing, and his premature death was
caused by overwork. His songs have many
striking melodies, but are very crude in
form, and while his operas are full of mel-
ody and dramatic feeling, the orchestral
part shows him to have been a very in-
competent musician. Works — Operas : Les
deux reines, 1835 ; Le luthier de Vieune,
183G ; Piquillo, 1837 ; Un conte d'autrefois,
Perugina, 1838 ; Le planteur. La chaste Su-
zanne, 1839; La reine Jeanne, 1840; Lam-
bert Simnel (finished by Adolphe Adam),
1843 ; L'orfc'vre, never performed. Ballads,
romances, and songs. — Fetis ; Clement, Mus.
cclcbrcs, 501.
MONSIGNY, PIERRE ALEXANDRE,
bom at Fauquembergues (Pas-de-Calais),
France, Oct. 17, 1729, died in Paris, Jan.
14, 1817. Dramatic composer, of noble
birth ; received a good classical education,
and took ^^oliu lessons while a boy. At his
father's death, in 1749, he went to Paris, and
obtained a clerkship iu the Bureaux de la
mo:nsigny
Comptabilite da Clerp;!.'. Influential pro-
tectors were not wanting, and lie soon was
m a d e ni a i t r e
d'hOtel to the Due
d'Orleans, with a
large salary.
Hearing Pergo-
lesi's Serva j)a-
drona, he was in-
spired with a desire
to write comic op-
eras himself. For
five months he
took lessons in har-
mony of Gianotti (a double-bass player at
the Opera), and this was all the theoretical
instruction he ever had. His first opera,
Les aveux indiscrets, was brought out at
the Theatre de la Foire Saint-Germain, in
1759, with a good deal of success. His Le
cadi dupe (17G1) so delighted the poet Se-
daine that he offered Monsigny to supply
him with libretti in future, and the two
worked together on several operas. Mon-
signy's success was such that the Comudie
Italienne succeeded in having the Opera
Comique de la Foire Saint-Laurent closed
definitively, for fear that its growing reputa-
tion might injure that of their own theatre,
and after 1701 Monsigny wrote only for the
Conu'die Italienne. His style underwent a
change for the better about this time, and
his success went on steadily increasing
until, after the triumph of his Felix, ou
I'enfant trouve, in 1777, he, for some in-
explicable reason, gave up writing music
altogether. It has been hinted that he
feared a rivalry with Gretry, but he himself
said that after 1777 he never had a musi-
cal idea come into his head. His earlier
operas were brought out anonymously, as
he deemed writing for the stage incom-
patible with the dignity of his position at
the house of the Due d'Orleans. He was
also for some time inspector-general of
canals, but the Revolution deprived him
of both offices, and he would have been re-
duced to absolute want had not the socictaires
of the Opera Comique in 1798 made up a
]3urse for him, which yielded him an annu-
ity of 2,400 francs. In 1800 he succeeded
Picciuni (deceased) as inspector of instruc-
tion at the Conservatoire ; but he resigned
in 1802, admitting that his musical knowl-
edge was iusufiicient to enable him to 1111
the post well. In 1813 he succeeded Gre-
try at the lustitut, and in 18 IG received
the decoration of the Legion of Honour.
Monsigny's great merit was his melodic
power and the truth and warmth of his
sentiment ; he had also a keen sense of
dramatic fitness. He was not wanting in a
certain natural sense of harmony, but his
musical knowledge was small, and he coidd
do uothing except in the simplest forms.
But his genius was undeniable, and he was,
after all, not much worse a musician than
the other writers of ojse'ra-comique in his
day. His finest work is Le deserteur.
Works — Operas : Les aveux indiscrets, 1
act, Theatre de la Foire Saint-Germain,
Feb. 7, 1759 ; Le maitre en droit, 2 acts, ib.,
Feb. 13, 17G0 ; Le cadi dupe, 1 act. Opera
Comique de la Foire Saint-Laurent, Feb. 4,
1701 ; On ne s'avise jamais de tout, 1 act, ib.,
Sept. 17, 17G1 ; Le roi et le fermier, 3 acts,
Comodie Italienne, Nov. 22, 1702 ; Rose et
Colas, 1 act, ib., March 8, 17G4 ; Aline, reine
de Golcoude, 3 acts, ib., April 15, 17G0 ; L'Ue
somiante, 3 acts, ib., Jan. 4, 1708 ; Le dii-
seiieiii; 3 acts, ib., March G, 1709 ; Le fau-
con, 1 act, ib., March 19, 1772 ; La belle
Arseue, i acts, Fontainebleau, Nov. 0, 1773,
Paris, Comedie Italienne, Aug. 11, 1775 ;
Le rendez-vous bien employe, 1 act, Come-
die Italienne, Feb. 10, 177-4 ; Felix, ou I'en-
fant trouve, 3 acts, Fontainebleau, Nov. 10,
and Paris, Comedie Italienne, Nov. 24,
1777 ; Pagamiu de Monegue, 1 act (never
Q.X^fe=^*^2^
performed) ; Philemon et Baucis, 1 act
(never j^erformed). The scores of all but
5S3
IIONTAGNY
the last two liave been puLlislied at Paris.
— QuatreiUL-re ile Qiimey, Notice historique
sur la vie et les ouvrages de Mousigny
(Paris, Firmin Didot, 1818) ; HOdouin,
Eloge de Mousiguy (Paris, 1820).
MONTAGNY, ALEXANDRE JOSEPH.
See Arlol.
MONTAUBRY, JEAN BAPTISTE
fiDOUARD, bom at Niort (Deus-Suvres),
France, March 27, 1824, still living, 1889.
Dramatic composer, jjujjil of his father, then
at the Paris Conservatoire of Habeueck.
He obtained an accessit for 1843, and when
verv young succeeded Doche as chef d'or-
chestre at the Theatre du Vaudeville. About
1862 he left this position, and went on the
stage as a tenor singer, but without suc-
cess. Works — Operas : Freluchette, given
in Pai-is, Folies Nouvelles, 1856 ; La per-
ruque de Cassandre, ib., 1857 ; L'agneau de
Chloe, Theatre Lyrique, 1858 ; Veudredi,
Folies Nouvelles, 1859. Operettas : Le nid
d'amours, Le rat de ville et le rat des
champs, Les Nereides et les Cyclopes, The-
atre du Vaudeville, before 1856. — Fetis,
Supplement, ii. 2;{;i
MONTE, PHILIPPE (Filippo) DE,
called sometimes
Philippe de Mons,
born at Mons or
at Mechlin in
1521, died in Vi-
enna, July 4,
16 03. Famous
contrapunt ist,
was Kapellmeis-
ter of Maximilian
n. in Vienna in
1568, and later of
Rudolph n. in Prague ; became canon and
treasurer of the Cathedral of Cambrai.
Works : Masses for 5-8 voices (Antwerp,
1557) ; Mass, Beuedicta es (ib., 1580) ;
Masses for 4-5 voices (ib., 1558) ; 5 books
of motets for 5-6 voices (Ingolstadt, 1569-
74) ; Motets for 5-6 voices (Venice, 1584) ;
2 books of motets for 6 and 12 voices (ib.,
1585 and 1587) ; 19 books of madrigals for
5 voices (ib., 1561-88) ; 8 books of madri-
gals for 6 voices (ib., 1565-92) ; La tiani-
metta (ib., 1598) ; Madrigali spirituali (ib.,
1581) ; French songs (Antwerp, 1575) ; Son-
netz de Pierre de llonsard (Louvaiu, 1576) ;
Pieces in various collections. — Fetis ; Rie-
manu ; Mendel ; Hawkins, Hist., ii. 491 ;
Schilling ; Gerber ; Ambros, Gesch., iii. 323.
MONTfiCLAIR, IMICHEL PIGNOLET
DE, born at Chauraont-en-Bassigny (Haute-
Slarne), France, in 1666, died in Paris in
1737. Dramatic and instrumental com-
poser, pu])il, while chorister at the Cathe-
dral of Langres, of Jean Baptiste Moreau.
x\iter having been connected with various
churches in the pi-ovinces of France, he be-
came maitre de musique to the Prince de
Vaudemout, whom he accomi)anied to
Rome. Returning to Paris about 1700, he
joined the Opera orchestra as double-bass
plaj-er in 1707, and was pensioned in 1737.
Works — Operas : Les fetes de I'ete, given
in Paris, Opera, 1716 ; Jephte, ib., 1732.
Requiem ; Motets ; Cantatas for voice, with
basso continuo ; 6 concertos for 2 flutes ; 6
concertos for flute and bass ; 4 collections
of minuets ; 6 trios for strings ; Collection
of brunettes for flute and violin. He pub-
lished Nouvelle methode pour apprendre
la musique, etc. (Paris, 1709), and a method
for violin (Paris, 1720). — Fetis ; Mendel ;
Schilling.
MONTEVERDE, CLAUDIO, born in
Cremona, Italy, in 1508, died in Venice,
1643. When young he entered the service
of Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, as viola
player ; studied counterpoint under Marco
Antonio Ingegueri, but never showed any
fondness for scholastic work of that sort,
and the writings of the Florentine music-
reformers had more influence upon him
than his teacher's instruction. His first
book of Canzonette was published in 1584.
By about 1600 he was an ardent follower of
the new school, and, maddened by some se-
vere criticisms from the conservative party,
even went to Rome to submit some eccle-
siastical compositions to Clement VTTT. In
684
MONTEZUMA
1G03 he succeeded Ingegneri as maestro di
cappella at the court of Mantua. In 1G07
his first opera, Aiianna, written in emula-
tion of Caccini and Peri's Euridice, was
brought out at the wedding of Francesco
di Gonzaga, the duke's son, and Marghe-
rita, Infanta of Savoy, with unprecedented
success. After j^roducing two more dra-
matic works in Mantua, he was invited to
Venice by the Procuratori of S. Marco, and
elected to succeed Giulio Cesare Marti-
uengoas maestro di cappella, Aug. Ifl, 1G13,
at a salary of three hundred ducats, with
fifty ducats extra for travelling expenses.
In IGIG his salary was raised to five hun-
dred ducats. His time was chiefly employ-
ed in writing church music and in drilling
the choir ; but in 1G24: he wrote a dramatic
interlude, II combattimento di Taneredi e
Clorinda, for some festivities at the palace
of Girolamo Moceuigo. This led him back
to dramatic comj)Osition, which was the
real bent of his genius ; his jiopularity as a
composer had become immense. In 1G33,
however, he was admitted to the priesthood,
and he appears to have written nothing-
more of importance until 1G39, when his
L' Adoue was brought out with unbounded
success at the Teatro di San Cassiano.
From this year until 1GI:2 he continued to
write operas with unvarying success. In
lG-t3 he died. He is buried in the Chicsa
dei Frari in a chapel on the
north of the choir. Monte-
verde was not only the first
I'cally great composer of op-
era, but has been rightly es-
teemed the father of all mod-
ern music. He was the first to use the
chord of the dominant 7th as a free dis-
cord, thus preparing the way for the discov-
ery of the modern tonal system. In his
first opera, Arianna, he adopted the stile
rappresentativo of Caccini and Peri, and af-
terwards developed it further both in the
directions of periodic melody and of dra-
matic recitative. He increased the orches-
tra, and was the first to employ the tre-
molo of stringed instruments. His greatest
2)ui3il was Francesco Cavalli. Published
works : Canzonette a 3 voci (Venice, Araa-
dino, 1.584) ; do., lib. i. (ib., 1587) ; do., lib.
ii. (ib., 1593) ; do., hb. iii. (ib., 1594) ; do.,
lib. iv. (ib., 1597) ; do., lib. v. (ib., 1599 and
1G04) ; Madrig.ili, lib. i.-v. (.\ntwerp, Plia-
lesius, 1G15) ; Orfeo, opera, Mantua, 1G07
(ib., 1609 and 1615) ; Scherzia 3 voci (Ven-
ice, G. C. Monteverde, 1G09) ; Madrigali a 5
voci, lib. vi. (Venice, 1614) ; do,, lib. vii. (ib.,
1619) ; do., lib. viii. (ib., 1638) ; 3 volumes
of Church Music. Unpublished: Arianna,
opera written for wedding of Francesco di
Gonzaga and Mai-gherita, Infanta of Savoy,
Mantua, 1G07 ; II hallo delle ingrate, myth-
ological spectacle, Mantua, 1G08 ; Eequiem
for Cosimo II. de' Medici, Venice, May 25,
1G21 ; II comba/limoilo di Taneredi e Clo-
rinda, written for Domenico Mocenigo, Ven-
ice, 1624 ; 5 dramatic intermezzi on episodes
from the stories of Bradamante and of Dido,
written for the court of Parma, Parma,
1627 ; II Rosajo fiorito, cantata for the birth-
day of Vito Morosini, son of the governor of
Rovigo, Rovigo, 1629 ; Proaci-pine rapita,
opera, for wedding of Lorenzo Giustiniani
and Giustiniana Mocenigo, Venice, 1630 ;
Mass for Thanksgiving service after the
Plague, Venice, Nov. 28, 1631 ; L' Adone,
opera, Venice, 1639 ; Le nozzr. di Enea con
Lavinia, Venice, 1641 ; II rilurno d' Ulisse
; Xe^rrv^^W^'*
in patria, Venice, 1641 (MS. copy in Vienna
Library) ; Selva morale e spirituale, writ-
ten 1641 (MS. copy in collection of Leo-
pold I., Vienna Library) ; L' incoronazione
di Poppea, Venice, 1642. — Ambros, iv. 353.
MONTEZUMA, romantic opera in three
acts, text music by Frederic Grant Gleason,
in MS. Selections have been given.
JIONTFORT, ALEXANDRE, born in
Paris in 1803, died there, Feb. 13, 1856.
685
MONTI
Pupil at tbe Paris Conservatoire of Fi'tis
aud Bertou ; obtaiuecl tbe tirst prize for
composition in 1830, and witb a govern-
ment pension resided iu Rome and Naples
and travelled in Germauj-. ^Yorks : La
ebatte metamorpbosue eu femme, ballet,
1837 ; Policbiuelle, opera, 1839 ; La jeu-
nesse de Charles-Qiiiut, do., 1841 ; Sainte-
COcile, do., 1844 ; La cbarbouniorc, do.,
1845 ; L'ombre d'Argeutiue, do., 1853 ; Deu-
calion et Pyrrba, do., 1855 ; Pianoforte
pieces. — Fetis.
MONTI, GAETANO, born at Fusiguano,
near Ferrara, about 1750, died iu Naples
after 181G. He studied music in Naples,
tben lived successively in Milan and Paris,
and iu 1790 returned to Naples as maestro
di cappella. In 1800 be resided iu Home,
in 1809 in Milan, and in 1816 settled in
Naples. "Works — Operas : La coutadiua
accorta, given in Dresden, 1782 ; Lo stu-
dente, Naples, 1784 ; Lo doune vendicate,
ib., 1784.— Fotis ; Scbilling.
MONZA, CARLO, born in Milan in 1744,
died tbere, August, 1801. Dramatic and
cburcb composer, pupil of Fioroui, under
wbose guidance be became cue of tbe most
learned musicians of Italy. In tbe latter
part of tbe 18tb century be was maestro di
cappella at tbe Catbedral of Milan, and tbe
Teatro della Scala. "Works — Operas : Tc-
mistocle, given in Milan, 17C6 ; Nitteti, Ven-
ice, 177G ; Cajo Mario, ib., 1777 ; Ifigenia in
Tauride, Milan, 1784 ; Erofile, Turin, 178G ;
Masses ; Slotets, and otber cburcb music ;
G quartets and G trios for strings ; 6 sona-
tas for pianoforte and violin. — Futis ; Men-
del.
MORALES, CRISTOFANO (Cristofero),
born in Seville, early j)art of IGtb century,
died (?). Notbing is known of bis life
except tbat be entered tbe Papal Cboir at
Rome under Paul in. He was tbe greatest
of tbe Si^anisb musicians in Rome at tbe pe-
riod immediately pi'eceding Palestrina. He
was evidently well drilled in tbe Netberland-
ish scbool of counterpoint, but sbowed in
his music a Spanisb fii-e and sjjirituality
wbicb entitle him to be ranked witb tbe
great composers of tbe Roman scbool. He-
wrote no secular
music, composing
mainly for tbe Papal
Cboir, wbicb sang
several of bis com-
positions annually
for more tban three
centuries. His por-
trait in A d a m i ' s
Osscrvazioui per ben
regolare il coro dclla
Capp. Pontif. (Rome, Rossi, 1711) is copied
in Hawkins. Works : Liber I. Missarum
quatuor vocum (Paris, Nicolas Duchemin,
n. d. ; 2d ed., Leyden, Jacques Moderne,
154G) ; Magnificat octo tonorum cum qua-
tuor vocibus, liber primus (Rome, 1541 ;
otber eds., Venice, Gardane, 1542, 1547) ;
Motettrc 4 vocum. Lib. I. and H. (Venice,
1543, 154G) ; Motetti a 5 voci (ib., 1543) ;
Lib. n. Missarum cum quatuor et quinque
vocibus (Rome, 1544 ; Venice, 1544, 1563 ;
Lyons, 1552) ; Lamentazioni a quattro, cin-
que e sei voci (Venice, Antonio Gardano,
1564) ; MissEB quatuor, cum quatuor voci-
bus (ib., Alessaudro Gardano, 1580) ; Mo-
tets and masses in many collections pub-
lished in Italy ; Lamentabatur Jacob (^IS.),
sung in the Sistine Chapel on the fourth
Sunday in Lent. — Ambros, iiL
MORALT, JOHANN BAPTIST, born iu
Mannheim iu 1777, died in Munich, Oct. 7,
1825. He was the second of four brothers
who attained great celebrity in Munich for
their playing of Haydn's quartets. He
entered the court baud in 1792. Works : 2
symphonies ; Mass ; Symphonic concertante
for two violins ; 2 string quartets ; Lefons
methodiques for violin, aud other violin
music. — Fi'tis ; Riemann ; Schilling ; do..
Supplement, 312 ; Mendel.
MOREL, AUGUSTE FRANyOIS, bom
in Marseilles, Nov. 26, 1809, still living,
1889 (?). Dramatic composer, self-taught,
went to Paris in 1836, aud lived there as a
composer and a writer of musical articlea
686
MORETTI
111 1850 he returned to Marseilles, wlieie lie
was director of the Conservatoire in 1852-
73, and in 1877 settled again in Paris. Le-
gion of Honour in 18G0. He Las excelled
cLiellj in chamber music. Works : Music
to Autran's La fillo d'Eschjle, Paris, 1848 ;
Lctoile du marin, ballet, ib., 1850 ; Le
jugement de Dieu, opera, Marseilles, 1800 ;
2 symphonies ; Trio for pianoforte and
strings ; 5 string quartets ; Quintets ; Over-
tures, cantatas, and other music ; GO songs.
— Futis, Supplement, ii. 238 ; liiemann ;
Mendel, Ergiinz., 288.
MORETTI, GIOVANNI, born in Naples
in 1807, died at Ceglie, near Naples, Octo-
ber, 1884. Dramatic and church composer,
pupil at the Naples Couservatorio of P.
Casella and G. Elia. He was maestro di
cappclla at the Teatro di San Carlo in Na-
ples, and in 1829-57 wrote 22 operas.
Works — Operas : II teueute e il colonello,
given at Pavia, 1830 ; La famiglia Indiana,
II prigioniero calabrieno, Naples, Teatro
Nuovo, 1831 ; L' ossesso immaginario, ib.,
1836 ; I due forzati, ib., 1842 ; L' Adelina,
ib., 184G ; L' arrivo del nepote, ib., 1850 ;
Requiem ; 12 masses ; Litanies, and other
church music. — Mendel ; Riemann.
MORGAN, GEORGE WASHBOURN,
born in Gloucester,
England, April 9,
1822, still living, in
New York, 1889.
Organ ist, articled
pupil of John
Arnott, organist of
Gloucester Cathe-
dral, under whom
he studied organ,
pianoforte, instru-
mentation, counterpoint, and composition ;
assistant organist of Gloucester Cathedral in
1834-44, then organist of Christ Church,
Gloucester, and St. James's Church, Chel-
tenham, and in 1848-53 of South Hackney
Parish Church, St. Olave's, Southwark, and
of Harmonia Union, Exeter Hall. In 1853
he removed to New York, where he was
organist of St. Thomas's, 1854-55, Grace
Church, 1855-G8, St. Ann's (Roman Catho-
lic), 18GS-G9, St. Stephen's (do.), 18G9-70,
Tabernacle (Brooklyn), 1870-82, and the
Dutch Reformed Church (Madison Avenue
and Twenty-ninth Street), 1886-88. Works :
Morning service, St. Paul's Cathedra], Lon-
don, 1842 ; Anthem for quartet, chorus, and
orchestra, London Sacred Harmonic So-
ciety, Dec. 22, 1851 ; Music for organ and
pianoforte ; Songs, ballads, etc., in all 97
compositions.
MORGEN, DER (The Morning), cantata
for male voices and orchestra, by Anton
Rubinstein, op. 74. Published by Senft"
(Leipsic, 1868).
MORGENLICH LEUCHTEND IN RO-
SIGEM SCHEIN. See Meislersinger von
Niirnberg.
MORGENLIED, song for mixed chorus,
with orchestra, by Raft', op. lS6a, on the
words " Sieh wie der Hahu erwacht." Pub-
lished by Siegel (Leipsic, 1874-79).
MORI, FRANK, born in England in
1820, died at Chamant (Oise), France,
Aug. 2, 1873. Vocal composer, teacher
of singing, and member of the Vocal Asso-
ciation of the Music Society of London.
Works : The River Sprite, operetta, given
in London, Covent Garden, 1865 ; Fridolin,
cantata ; Songs ; Vocal exercises. — Fctis,
Supplement, ii. 241.
MORLACCHI, FRANCESCO, born in
Perugia, June 14, 1784, died at Innspruck,
Oct. 28, 1841. Dramatic and church com-
poser, pui^il of Caruso and Mazzetti in his
native town, of Zingarelli at Loreto, and of
Padre Mattel in Bologna. He became Ka-
pellmeister of the Italian opera in Dresden
for a year in 1810, and was engaged for life
in 1811. From time to time he visited
Italy, and in 1816 he was elected a member
of the Academy at Florence. The hundredth
anniversai-y of his birth was celebrated at
Perugia on Nov. 10, 1884, postponed from
June 14 on account of the cholera. Works
— Operas : II poeta spiantato, o il poeta in
campagna, Florence, 1807 ; II ritratto, os-
5S7
MORLEY
sia la forza de 1' astrazioue, Yeroua, 1807 ;
Corratliuo, Parma, 1808 ; Paride ed Euone,
Legboru, 1808 ; Oreste, Parma, 1808 ; Ei-
naldo d' Asti, ib., 1809 ; La priucipessa per
ripiego, H Simonciuo, Eome, 1809 ; Le av-
veuture di una giornata, Milan, 1809 ; Le
Danaidi, Kome, 1810 ; Raoul de Croqui,
Dresden, 1811 ; La capricciosa pentita, II
barbiere di Siviglia, ib., 181G ; Boadicea,
Naples, 1818 ; Gianni di Parigi, llilan,
1818 ; Donna Aurora, ib., 1821 ; Tebaldo e
Isolina, Venice, 1822 ; La gioventil di En-
rico v., Dresden, 1823 ; Ilda d' Avenello,
Venice, 1824 ; II disperato per eccesso di
buon cuore, written in Di-esdcn in 1826 ; I
Saraceni in Sicilia, Venice, 1828 ; II Colom-
bo, Genoa, 1828 ; H rinnegato, Dresden,
1832 ; Francesca da Eimiui (untiuished) ;
Introduction to Laurina alia corte. Many
cantatas on sjjeeial oc-
y^J^-^'^.X^^ casions. Oratorios : La
Passioue; Isacco ; La
morte d' Abele. Ten masses ; Psalms ; Ves-
pers ; Miserere ; Motets ; 36 Italian songs ;
Organ sonatas ; Instrumental pieces. — Fetis ;
do., SuppK'ment, ii. 242 ; Eiemann ; Men-
del ; Schilling ; do.. Supplement, 313 ; Athe-
iireum (1884), ii. 608.
]\IOELEV, THOMAS, born in England
about middle of lOtli century, died in 1(504.
Pupil of Byrd, took bis degree at Oxford in
1588 ; was organist of St. Paul's, London,
in 1.591 ; became Gentleman of the Chapel
Eoj-al in 1592, and later ej)istler and gos-
peller. Works : Canzonets, or Little Short
Songs to three Voyees (1593, other eds.,
1G06 and 1651) ; Madrigalls to foure Voyces
(1594, 2d ed., 1600) ; The First Booke of
Ballets to five Voyces (1595, another ed.,
1600) ; The First Book of Canzonets to Two
Voyces (1595), containing also 7 Fantasies ;
Canzonets, or Little Short Aers to five and
sixe voices (1597) ; The First Booke of
Aires or Little Short Songes to sing and
play to the Lute with the Base- Viol (1600) ;
Service in D minor ; Evening Service in G
minor ; Burial Service ; Preces ; 4 anthems ;
Psalms and responses ; De profundis ; Mo-
tet ; A Plainc and Easie Introduction to
Practicall Musicke (1597) ; 5 sets of lessons
for Queen Elizabeth's Virginal Book ; Mad-
rigals in collections. He edited Canzonets
or Little Short Songs to Foure Voyces, se-
lected out of the best approved Italian
authors (1598) ; Madrigals to five voyces
selected out of the best approved Italian
authors (1598) ; The Triumphes of Oriana
(1601) ; The First Booke of Consort Les-
sons (1599). — Barrett, English Church Com-
posers, 49 ; Hawkins, Hist., iii. 334 ; Bur-
ney, Hist., iii. 99 ; Grove ; Eiemann ; Fetis ;
Gerber ; Ritter, Music in England, 38 ; Har-
monicon (1826), 209.
MOKLEY, WILLIAM, English composer
of the 18th century, died Oct. 29, 1731.
He was graduated at Oxford in 1713 ; be-
came Gentleman of Chapel Eoyal in 1715.
Works : Songs ; Chant in D minor. — Grove.
MOENINGTON, GAEEETT COLLEY
WELLESLEY, Earl of, born at Dangau,
Ireland, July 19, 1735, died at Kensington,
May 22, 1781. He learned the violin, or-
gan, and composition, with little assistance ;
received the degree of Mus. Doc. and an
election to the faculty from the University
of Dublin. In 1758 he succeeded his father
as Baron Moruington, and in 1760 he was
created Viscount Wellesley and Earl of
Mornington. Of his sons, Richard was
Marquis Wellesley ; Ai'thur, Duke of Wel-
lington ; and Henry, Lord Cowley. Works :
Chant in E ; Glees and madrigals, composed
by the Earl of Mornington, edited by Sir
H. E. Bishop (London, 1846). Of his glees
many are well known, as : Here in cool grot ;
As it fell upon a day ; Beneath this rural
shade ; By greenwood tree ; Hail, hallowed
fane ; Gently hear me, charming maid, etc.
— Grove ; Eiemann ; Mendel, Ergiinz., 289 ;
Harmonicon (1830), 1.
MOEEo, MA PRIMA IN GRAZIA. See
Ballo in Maschera.
MORS ET VITA (Death and Life), sacred
trilogy in three parts with prologue, text in
Latin, from the Bible and Roman Catliolic
liturgy, music by Gounod, first performed
]V[ORT
at theBirmiiigliain (Englaiul) Festival, Aug.
2G, 1885, under the direction of Haus Ilich-
ter. The solo singers were Mme Albani
(S.), Mme Patey (A.), Mr. Lloyd (T.), and
Mr. Sautley (B.). The words were ar-
ranged by the composer, who dedicated the
work to Pope Leo XIII. It is a sequel to
the RedemiAion, from which it difters in be-
ing less fragmentary. The style is modern,
there is little contrapuntal writing, and the
Leitmotiv is frequently used. The har-
monies are jieculiar and often overstrained.
Part I., Jlors, begins with a Prologus, and
contains a setting of the Requiem Mass ;
Part n.. Judicium, opens with two orches-
tral movements entitled Somnus Mortu-
crum, and Tubte ad Ultimum ; Part lU.,
Vita, has for a motto, " Ctelum novum nova
terra." The work was first sung in Amer-
ica in St. Louis by the Choral Society, Oct.
30, 1885; and by the Brooklyn Philhar-
monic Society, Feb. 5, 1886. Published
by Novello, Ewer & Co. (London, 1885).
— AthensBum (1885), ii. 121, 281 ; Academy
(1885), ii. 12G ; Neuo Zeitschr. (188(3), 509 ;
Krehbiel, Review (1885-86), 13G ; Upton,
Standard Oratorios, 106.
MORT D'ADAM ET SON APOTHE-
OSE, LA, opera-bibliqne in three acts, text
by Guillard, music by Lesueur, first repre-
sented at the Acadt'mie Royale de Musique,
Paris, March 17, 1800, with elaborate mise
en scene. — Clement et Larousse, 464 ; La-
jarte, ii. 68.
MORTELLARI, mCHELE, born in Pa-
lermo in 1750, died ('?). Early entered the
Conservatorio de' Figliuoli Dispersi as pupil
of Muratori ; later went to Naples, and took
lessons of Piccinni. At the age of twenty
he produced his first opera, and about the
end of 1785 went to London, where he ap-
pears to have settled permanentlj', since he
is not found again in Italy, and his son was
a London music teacher in 1800. Works
— Operas : Troja distrutta, Rome, 1770 ;
Didone abbandonata, Naples, 1771 ; Le
astuzie amorose, Venice, 1775 ; Don Gual-
terio in civetta, 1776 ; Ezio, Milan, 1777 ;
Armida, 1778 ; Troja distrutta, with new
music, Milan, 1778 ; Alessandro nell' Indie,
1779 ; II barone di Lago Nero, Florence,
1780 ; Antigone, Rome, 1782 ; La fata
benefica, Varese, 1784 ; Semiramide, Milan,
1785 ; L' infanta supposta, Modena, 1785.
The cantata, U giuramonto ; 14 canzonets ;
18 Italian catches and glees for three voices ;
6 sextets.-7-Fetis ; Mendel ; Gerber ; Schil-
ling.
MOSCA, GIUSEPPE, born in Naples in
1772, died in Messina, Sept. 14, 1839.
Dramatic composer, pupil of Fenaroli at the
Conservatorio de Loreto ; in 1803-9 became
accompanist at the Theatre Italien in Paris ;
was maestro di cajspella at the theatre in
Palermo in 1817-21 ; resided in Milan a
short time, but returned to Sicily in 1823
as musical director of the theatre in Mes-
sina. Works — Operas : Silvia e Nardone,
Rome, about 1791 ; Chi si contenta gode,
Naples ; La vedova scaltra, Rome ; II fol-
letto, Naple.s ; I matrimonii liberi, Milan,
1798; Ifigenia in Aulide, Venice, 1799;
L'apparenza inganna, ib., id. ; Armida, Flor-
ence, id. ; Le gare fra Limella e Velaficco ;
La Gastalda, Venice ; II sedicente filosofo,
Milan, 1801 ; La Ginevra di Scozzia, I ciar-
latani, Tomiri regina d' Egitto, Turin ; La
fortunata combinazione, Milan, 1802 ; Chi
vuol troppo veder, diventa cieco, ib., 1803 ;
II ritorno inaspettato, L' irapostura, Paris ;
Con amore non si scherza, I pretendenti
delusi, Milan, 1811 ; Romilda, Parma ; I tre
mariti, Rome ; R finto Stanislao, Venice ;
Amore ed armi, Naples ; Le bestie in uomini,
Milan, 1812 ; La diligenza, Naples ; La gaz-
zetta ; Carlotta ed Enrico ; Don Gregorio
in imbarazzo ; Avviso al publico, Milan,
1814 ; II fanatico per I'Olanda, Bologna,
1814 ; II disperato per eccesso di buon
cuore, Naj)les, 1816 ; U Federico Secondo,
Palermo ; La gioventii d' Enrico V., ib. ;
Attila in Aquilea, ib.; II Marcotondo, ossia
r impostore, ib.; L' amore e 1' armi, Flor-
ence, 1819 ; II filosofo, Vicenza, 1819 ; La
sciocca per astuzia, Milan, 1821 ; Emira, re-
gina d' Egitto, ib., id. ; La dama locandiera,
589
j\[OSCIIELES
ib., 1822 ; La vedova misteiiosa, Turin, 1823 ;
La poetessa errante, Naples, 1823 ; L' abbate
deir Ejx'e, ib., 182G. — Futis ; do., Supijlo-
ment, ii. 244 ; Schilling ; Larousse.
MOSCHELES, IGNAZ, born in Prague,
May 30, 1704, died
in Leipsie, Marcli 10,
1870. The sou of a
Jewish merchant, his
musical instruction
began under obscure
musicians, named
Zahradka and Zozal-
skv, but in 1804 his
talent attracted the
notice of Diouys "We-
ber, director of the Prague Conservatory,
who brought him up on the pianoforte works
of Bach, Handel, and, more especially, of
Mozart and Clementi. His progi-ess both on
the pianoforte and in comiDosition was so as-
tonishing that in 1808 he jolayed a concerto
of his own in public. lu ISOG, on his fa-
ther's death, he was sent to Vienna to seek
his own livelihood as j)ianist and teacher,
and also to study counterpoint under Al-
brechtsberger, and composition under Sa-
lieri. Here he soon became a favourite in
the best musical circles, and in 1814 he
was commissioned by Artaria to prepare
the pianoforte score of Beethoven's Fidclio,
under the composer's supei-vision. His
warm intimacy with Beethoven, which
lasted until the latter's death, dates from
about this period. At this time also sprang
up an eager, l)ut wholly friendly rivalry be-
tween him and Meyerbeer, who was mak-
ing a considerable stir in Vienna as a jiian-
ist. Moscheles soon struck out into new
paths, and became virtually the founder of
a new school of pianoforte playing, less by
the brilliancy of his execution and the new
technical difBculties he conquered than by
the variety of c[ualities of tone he drew
from the instrument by previously un-
known modifications of touch. It was he
more than anyone else who brought the art
of pianoforte playing to the condition in
which Thalberg and Liszt found it. In
181G Moscheles began his professional trips
through Germany, exciting everywhere the
greatest admiration. In 1821 he went to
Paris, and next year to London. In 1824
he gave Mendelssohn pianoforte lessons at
Berlin, and in 1826, after marrying Char-
lotte Embden at Hamburg, he returned
again to London to settle there permanent-
ly. In 1832 he was elected one of the di-
rectors of the Philharmonic Society, and in
1845 succeeded Sir Henry Bishop (de-
ceased) as its regular conductor. In 1846
he went to Leipsie, having accepted Men-
delssohn's offer of the post of first professor
j . ' Wi««X\.\ie,«s
Tomb of Moscheles, Leipsie.
of the pianoforte at the Conservatorium,
the world-wide renown of which was in no
small degree owing to him. He remained
in Leipsie the rest of his days. As a com-
poser Moscheles ranks among the first
after the great geniuses. His concerto in
G minor, op. 60 ; the concerto pathetique,
B90
MOSCIIELES
op. 93 ; the Hommage a Hrendel, for two
jjiauofortes, op. 92, the Charakteiistische
Studien, op. 1)5, ami, above all, the world-
famous 2J: Etudes, op. 70, are ranked
among the undoubted classics of the piano-
forte. As a pianist he was especially noted
for his improvisations, and for the exactness
with which he adapted his style of perform-
ance to the music he was playing. To hear
him 2)lay in turn Bach, Mozart, and Beet-
hoven was like hearing three distinct pi-
anists. This adaptive side of his talent
showed itself also in composition ; few men
have had such a faculty of imitating the
styles of other writers. There seems, how-
ever, to have been a curious defect iu his
rhythmic sense ; he never could play two
simultaneous incommensurable rhythms
with any degree of independence.
Works — I. Orchestral : Symphony No. 1,
iu C, op. 81 (Leipsic, Kistuer) ; Overture to
Jeanne d'Arc, op. 91 (ib.).
n. Concertos, etc., with orchestra : Con-
cert de societe, for pianoforte and small
orchestra, op. 45 ; Concerto No. 2, in E-
flat, for jjianoforte and orchestra, op. 56 ;
Concerto No. 3, in G minor, for do., op. GO ;
Concerto No. 4, for do., op. 64 ; Concerto
No. 5, in C, for do., op. 87 ; Concerto fan-
tastique. No. 6, for do., ©ix 90 ; Concerto
pathetique, No. 7, for do., op. 93 ; Concerto
pastoral. No. 8, for do. , op. 96 ; La marche
d'Alesaudre, varic, for do., oj). 32 ; Souve-
nirs d'Irlaude, grande fantaisie for do., ojj.
69 ; Anklilnge aus Schottland, Fantasie for
do., op. 75 ; Fantaisie sur des airs des
bardes ecossais, for do., op. 80 ; Souvenirs
de Dauemark, fantaisie for do., op. 83 ;
FranzOsisches Rondo for pianoforte and
violin coucertanti, with small orchestra, op.
48.
m. For pianoforte with other instru-
ments : Grand septuor, for pianoforte, vio-
lin, viola, clarinet, horn, 'cello, and double-
bass, op. 88 ; Grand sextuor, for pianoforte,
violin, flute, 2 horns, and 'cello, op. 35 ;
Grandes variations sur une melodic uatio-
nalc autrichieuue, for pianoforte, 2 violins,
viola, 'cello, and double-bass, op. 42 ; Grand
rondeau brillant, for do., op. 43 ; Fantasie,
Variationen und Finale iiber das bijhmische
Volkslied "To gsau Koue," for pianoforte,
violin, clarinet and 'cello, op. 46 ; Intro-
duction et variations concertantes, for piano-
forte, violin, and 'cello, op. 17 ; Grand trio,
for do., op. 84 ; Grande sonate coucertante,
for pianoforte and flute, op. 44 ; Sonate
concertante, for do. (or violin), op. 79 ;
Other works for pianoforte and violin (or
flute), op. 21, 36, 37, 59, 78, 82 C. ; For pi-
anoforte and horn, op. 63, 138 ; For piano-
forte and guitar, op. 20 ; Sonata for piano-
forte and 'cello, op. 121 ; Duo concertant
for do. (or bassoon), op. 34 ; Melodisch-
contrapuuktische Studien, 10 jsreludes from
J. S. Bach's Wohltemperirtes Clavier, with
'cello obligate, op. 137.
IV. For pianoforte : Sonatina, op. 4 ; So-
natas, op. 22, 27 (caractcristique), 41, 49
(melancholique) ; Studies, op. 70, 95, 107,
111, 126 ; Variations (mostly on operatic
themes), op. 1, 2, 5-7, 15, 23, 29, 39, 50,
128, 139 ; Miscellaneous, in various forms,
op. 3, 8, 9, 11-14, 18, 19, 24-26, 28, 38, 40,
51-55, 57, 58, 61, 62, 65-68, 71-74, 82a,
85-87a, 89, 94, 98-101, 103-106, 108-110,
113, lis, 120, 122-124, 127, 129, 133-135,
141, 142, and 27 without opus number.
For do., 4 hands : Grande sonate, in E-flat,
op. 47 ; Grande sonate symphonique. No.
2, op. 112 ; Other works, op. 10, 30, 31, 33,
76, 102, 130, 140 ; Duo concertant on the
march from Preciosa (with Mendelssohn),
for 2 j)ianofortes, op. 87b ; Hommage a
Htendel, for do., op. 92 ; Les contrastes,
for do., 8 hands, op. 115.
V. Songs: Op. 16, 97, 116, 117, 119, 125,
131, 132, 136. —Aus Moscheles' Leben
(Leipsic, Duncker & Humblot, 1873) ;
Grove ; Mendel.
5'Jl
MOSCUZZA
MOSCUZZA, VINCENZO, born at Syra-
cuse, April, 1827, still liviug, 1889. Dra-
matic composer, studied counterpoint aud
composition in his native town, later iu
Naples. Works — Operas : Stradella, given
iu Naples, San Carlo, 1850 ; Eufemia, ib. ;
Don Carlos, ib., 18G2 ; Piccarda Donati,
Florence, Teatro della Pergola, 18G3 ; Gon-
zales Davila, Syracuse, 18G9 ; Quattro rus-
tici, Florence, Politeama, 1875 ; Francesca
da Rimini, Malta, 1877. He is said to liave
written fourteen other operas, not yet given.
— Fetis, Sujjpli'ment, ii. 215.
MOSE IN EGITTO, opera seria in three
acts, text by Tottola, music by liossini,
first represented at the San Carlo, Najsles,
March 5, 1818. Original cast :
Mosi' (B.) Signor Benedetti.
Faraone (B.) Siguor Porto.
Osiride (T.) Signor Nozzari.
Elcia (S.) Mile Colbran.
The work pictures the sorrows of the Israel-
ites, their appeal to Moses, the plague of
darkness, the exodus of the Hebrews, tlio
pursuit by Pharaoh, and the passage of the
Red Sea. Owing to imperfect stage ma-
chinery this last scene was received with
derision, until Rossini added the fine prayer,
"Dal tuo stcllato soglio," sung by Moses
and the Israelites on the banks. This num-
ber, which is often heard in concerts, was
sung by the pupils of the Paris Conserva-
toire at Rossini's funeral, Nov. 21, 1808,
and was played on the violin by Sivori with
great effect at the services held in mem-
ory of Rossini in Florence. Another note-
worthy number is the scene between the
lovers Elcia and Osiride, " Parlar spiegar."
The work was sung as an oratorio at the Ita-
hens, Paris, Oct. 22, 1822, aud in the same
year at Covent Garden, London, under the
direction of Bochsa. It was given at the
King's Theatre, London, April 23, 1822,
as Pietro 1' Eremita, with the characters
changed to Noureddin, Sultan of Egypt ;
Fatima, his wife ; Orosmane, his son ; Pie-
tro r Eremita, leader of the Crusaders ;
Lucignano, a general ; Agia, Orosmane's
love ; Costanza, wife of Lucignano ; and
Ismeno, minister. It was given in French
as Moise en Egypte, the libretto revised by
Etienne Jouy aud Balocchi, aud the music
i-earranged by Rossini, at the Academie
Royale de Musique, Paris, March 2G, 1827.
The work was performed as an oratorio,
" The Israelites in Egypt ; or, The Passage
of the Red Sea," with additions from Han-
del's Israel iu Egypt, and with scenery, at
Covent Garden, Loudon, Feb. 15, 1833.
It was first sung in New York iu March,
1835, and by the Handel and Haydn So-
ciety, Boston, in 1845. Rossini's later version
was first represented in New York, May 7,
1860, with Patti, Brignoli, Susini, and Ferri
in the cast. The work was given at the
Royal Italian Opera, Covent Garden, Lon-
don, April 20, 1850, as Zora, with Tamber-
lik, Taniburini, Soldi, Zelger, Mine Castel-
lan, and Mile Vera. The Sacred Harmonic
Society sang it at Exeter Hall, London,
May 24, 1878, with great success, in an
English version l\y Arthur ]\Iatthison. Pub-
lished by Troupenas (Paris) ; by Breitkopf
& Hilrtel (Leijwic, 1823) ; aud by Schott
(Mainz, 1829). Oratorios ou the same sub-
ject : Mo.se liberato da Nilo, by Gasjjariui,
Vienna, 1703 ; and by Porsile, ib., ]\Iarch
1, 1725 ; Mosu preservato, by Francesco
Conti, ib., 1720 ; Mosi; riconosciuto, by
Schuster, Dresden, 17SG ; Moso iu Egitto,
bj' Leopold Kozeluch, Vienna, 1700 ;
Moses, by Stegmann, about 1800 ; by Ig-
naz von Seyfried, about 1800 ; Mosc nell'
Egitto, text by Leopold Villati, music by
Iguazio Conti, Vienna, March 22, 1829 ;
Moses Errettuug, by Lindpaintner, about
1830 ; Moses, by Franz Lachner, text by
Bauernfeld, about 1835 ; Moses, by A.
]i. Marx, Breslau, December, 1841 ; by Aloys
Schmitt, text by Kilzer, Frankfort-on-the
Main, April, 1844 ; and by Berlijn, Magde-
burg, 1844. Operas : Moses, by Franz
Xaver Siissmayer, Vienna, 1792; by Tuczek,
ib., 1804 ; by Uber on Klingemaun's drama,
Cassel, 1812 ; Mozes op deu Nijl, by Emil
691
MOSEL
Wambacli, Antweqi, 1881 ; and sacred
opera in eight scenes, text b_y JMoseuthal,
music by Rubinstein, op. 112 (1887). — Ed-
wards, Eossini, 190, 301 ; do., Hist. Opera,
ii. 1G3 ; Escudier, Rossini, 48, 95, 195 ; Vie
de Eossini par uu dilettante, 155 ; Clement
et Larousse, 459 ; Lajarte, ii. 125 ; Hans-
lick, Moderne Oper, 114 ; Ebers, Seven
Years of tlie King's Theatre, 157 ; Jullien,
Goethe et la musique, 33 ; Harmonicon
(1825), 82, 90, 112 ; Allgem. mus. Zeitg.,
XXV. 777 ; Neue Zeitg., xxxix. 4 ; Revue
musicale, i. 181, 300; Athena3um (1850),
458 ; (1878), i. 70S ; Signals (1887), 929.
MOSEL, IGNAZ FEANZ, Edler VON,
born in Vienna, April
1, 1772, died there,
April 8, 1844. Dra-
matic comj)oser and
writer on music, pu-
pil of Joseph Fischer ;
studied also fine arts,
and entered the gov-
ernment service. He
conducted the first \
festivals of the Ge-
sellschaft der Musikfreunde in 1812-16, and
was ennobled and appointed Hofrath. He
acted as vice-director of both court theatres
in 1820-29, and was first custodian of the
Imperial Library from 1829 until his death.
Works : Cyrus nnd Astj'ages, oi^era, 1818 ;
DieFeuerprobe, Singspiel, 1811; Der Mann
von vierzig Jahren (Kotzebue), do. ; Salem,
lyric tragedy, 1813 ; Hermes uud Flora,
cantata, 1812 ; Hj'gaea, do., 1814 ; Missa
solennis ; Overtures and entr'actes ; Dances
and songs ; and many writings, the most
important being, Versuch ciuer Aesthetik
des dramatischen Tonsatzes (Vienna, 1813) ;
Ueber das Lebeu xmd die "Werke des An-
tonio Salieri (ib., 1827) ; Ueber die Origi-
nal-Partitur des Eequiems von W. A. Mo-
zart (ib., 1829) ; Geschichte der Hofbiblio-
thek (ib., 1835) ; Die Tonkunst in Wieu
wiihrend der letzten fiinf Dezeunien (ib.,
1808, revised, 1840).— Wurzbach ; Fetis ; N.
Necrol. der D. (1844), i. 350 ; Schilling.
MOSES AND THE CHILDEEN OF IS-
E.A.EL, double chorus in C major, the " In-
troitus " of Part H. of Handel's Israel in
Egypt, leading up to the double chorus,
" I will sing unto the Lord," which recurs
again, with some variation, at the close of
the oratorio.
MOSONYI (MICHAEL BEAND), called,
born at Boldog-Aszony, Hungary, Sept. 4,
1814, died in Pcsth, Oct. 31, 1870. Dra-
matic and national composer ; at the age
of twenty he went to Presburg, was influ-
enced by Turanyi, and remained seven years
in the service of Count Pejachevits as pi-
anoforte teacher. About 1842 he settled in
Pesth, and soon became known in musical
circles. Liszt wished to perform his Ger-
man opera Maximilian in Weimar, but sug-
gested some changes, which so discouraged
the composer that he threw his score
into the fire. His first compositions were
classical iu st3'le and appeared under his
real name of Brand ; later he became a cham-
pion of the Hungarian national music and
took the pseudonym of ]\Iosonyi, which is
simplj' the translation of his name into
Magyar. With Abranyi he published a
journal of Hungarian music. Liszt consid-
ered him the noblest rej)resentative of Hun-
garian music, and Wagner praised some of
his compositions. Works : Szep Ilonka,
Hungarian opera, Pesth, 18G1 ; Almos, do.
(not performed) ; Hungarian music ; Can-
tata ; Symphony ; Symphonic work iu mem-
ory of Count Szechenyi ; Triumph and
Mourning of the Honved, symphonic poem ;
Overture with the national air Szozat ;
Church music ; Studies for the improve-
ment of national Hungai'ian music, for pi-
anoforte ; Songs. — Wurzbach ; Fctis, Sup-
plement, ii. 247 ; Mendel, Erganz., 290 ;
Eiemann.
MOST BEAUTIFUL APPEAE. See In
holder Anmuth.
MOSZKOWSKI, MOEITZ, born at Bres-
lau, Aug. 23, 1854, still living, 1889. Pi-
anist, first instructed iu his native city,
then at the Conservatorium iu Dresden,
593
MOTO
finally in Berlin pupil at Stern's Conserva-
toriiim and Kullak's Akademie, at which he
taught for several
years. In 1873 he gave
his first concert in
Berlin, and has since
repeatedly appeared
there, and in Paris,
Warsaw, and other
g; cities, winning con-
siderable reputation.
Works : Jeanne d'Ai-c,
symphonic poem ; Suite
for orchestra ; Concerto for pianoforte ; do.
for violin ; 2 Conzertstiicke for violin and
pianoforte ; Spanish dances, for pianoforte ;
^ .
^-^^^^in^
Conzert-Walzer, for do. ; Other pianoforte
music, and songs. — Eiemann ; Fetis, Sup-
plement, ii. 240.
MOTO PERPETUO. See Ferpetuum
mobile.
born iu Vienna, in
MOTTL, FELIX,
1856, still living,
1889. Dramatic com-
poser, pupil of Josef
Hellmesberger, the
elder, at the Conser-
vatorium, where he
won several prizes.
Called to conduct the
academic Wagner-
Verein in Vienna, he
at once manifested
his eminent fitness as
an orchestra conductor, and in 187G was one
of the most active members of the so-called
Nibelungen-Kanzlei, entrusted with the re-
hearsals for the Festspiele at Bayreuth. In
1881 he succeeded Dessoff as Hof-Kapell-
meister at Carlsruhe. His opera Agnes
Beruauer was given successfully at Weimar,
1880.— Mus. Woehenblatt (1886), 372.
MOULINGHEM, JEAN BAPTISTE,
born at Haarlem, in 1751, died, probably in
Paris, after 1809. Violinist, and dramatic
and instrumental composer. He studied
music iu Amsterdam, then went to Paris,
joined the orchestra of the Comedie Ita-
lienne as violinist in 1774, and was j)en-
sioued iu 1809. Works — Operas : Les
uymphes de Diane, given in Paris, Theatre
de la Foire, 1753 ; La servante justifice,
Fontainebleau, Coui't Theatre, 1773. Sym-
phony for grand orchestra ; G quartets for
strings. — Fetis ; do.. Supplement, ii. 249.
MOULINGHEM, LOUIS CHARLES,
born at Haarlem iu 1753, died probably in
Paris. Violinist and dramatic comijoser,
brother of Jean Bajjtiste. He was in-
structed in Amsterdam, then went to Brus-
sels, to enter the orchestra of Prince Charles
of Lorraine, left this position to become
chef d'orchestre successively of several pro-
vincial opera companies, and in 1785 set-
tled in Paris, to teach music. Works —
Operas : Les talents a la mode, given on
the provincial stages of France, about 1785 ;
Les ruses de I'amour, ib., 1790 ; Le mari
sylphe, ib., 1790 ; Les amants rivaux, Les
deux contrats, ib., 1790 ; Le mariage mal-
heureux, ib., 1795 ; Le vieillard amoureux,
ib., 1810 ; Horipheme ; Sylvaiu (with Le-
grand and Davesne).— Fetis ; do., Supple-
ment, ii. 249.
MOUNTAIN SYLPH, THE, romantic
ballet opera in two acts, text by J. T.
Thackeray, music by John Barnett, repre-
sented at the English Opera House (Ly-
ceum), London, Aug. 25, 1834. From this
work, says Professor MacfaiTen, dates the
establishment of an English di-amatic school.
— Grove, i. 141.
MOUNT OF OLIVES, THE. See Chris-
tits am Oelberge.
MOUEET, JEAN JOSEPH, born at
Avignon in 1682, died in Paris, Dec. 22,
1738. Dramatic and instrumental com-
poser ; studied music in Paris, and soon
after 1707 was made maitre de chapelle to
the Duchesse de Maine, later musician to
the king, du'ector of the Concerts Spirituels,
and composer at the Comedie Italienne. In
1836 he suddenly lost these api^ointments,
5'J-l
MOURIR
became insane, and was taken to tlie asj-lum
of Chareuton. Works — Operas : Les fetes de
Thalie, given in Paris, Opera, 171-t ; Ariaue,
ib., 1717 ; Pirithoiis, ib., 1723 ; Les amours
des Dieus, ib., 1727 ; Le triomphe des sens,
ib., 1732 ; Les graces, ib., 1735 ; Ragonde,
oil la soiree de village, ib., 1742. Music to
about fifty comedies, farces, vaudevilles,
etc., given at the Comudie Italienue ; Mu-
sic to several plays, given at the Comedie
Franjaise ; Divertissement and 2 intermedes
for the private theatre of the Duchesse de
Maine ; Cantatas and divertissements for
the Concerts Spirituels ; Motets ; Sonatas for
2 violins or flutes. — Fotis ; do., Supplement,
ii. 219 ; Mendel.
MOURIll POUR LA PATRIE, refrain of
the song "Roland :i Ronoevaux," by Roiiget
de Lisle, written in 1792. It was inserted
into the drama, " Le chevalier de maison
rouge," by Alexandre Dumas and Auguste
Maquet, first represented at the Theatre
Historique, Paris, Aug. 3, 1847. The mu-
sic was adapted by 31. A. Varney, chef d'or-
chestre of the theatre. It received the
name of " Chant des Girondins," and was
accepted at once as a national air. Two
anonymous verses were added in 1S48, iu
which year this song was sung as a sort of
Slarseillaise. — Larousse, iv. 54.
MOURN THOU, POOR HEART. See
Oheron.
MOURN, YE AFFLICTED CHILDREN,
opening chorus iu C minor, iu Handel's
Judas Maccabfeus.
IMOUSQUETAIRES DE LA REINE,
LES (The Queen's Musketeers), oprra-co-
inique in three acts, text by Saint-Georges,
music by Halevy, first represented at the
Opera Comique, Paris, Feb. 3, 184G. It
was received with great applause, and
is one of Halcvy's best opuras-comiques.
Plot original ; scene in Poitiers in the
reign of Louis NTH. It was revived at the
Opera Comique, Paris, July 10, 1857.
PubUshed in French and German, transla-
tion by J. C. Griinbaum, by Schlesinger
(Berlin, 1847).— Clement et Larousse, 4G7 ;
Neue Zeitschr., sxvi. 207 ; Allgem. mus.
Zeitg., xlviii. 48, 206, G19 ; Revue et Gazette
musicale de Paris (1857), 225.
MOUTON, JEAN (Joannes Mottonus),
born in the Deisartement de la Somme,
France, about 1475, died at Saint-Quentin,
Oct. 30, 1522. He studied counterpoint
under Josquiu Despres ; was successively
in the service of Louis XII. and Fran9ois
I. ; afterwards canon of Therouanne and,
probably from 1513, canon of the collegiate
church at Saint-Quentin, where he lies bur-
ied. He was one of the most noted com-
posers of his day ; a worthy follower of the
great Josquin.
Published works — Motets : Motetti, col-
lect. (Venice, Andreas de Autiquis, 1521)
(In illo tempore Maria Magdalena ; Per
lignum salvi facti sumus ; Felix namque
est virgo ; Factum est silentium ; Quseramus
cum pastoribus ; Tua est potentia ; Salus
unica lapsis ; Joeundare Jerusalem ; Sancte
Sebastiane, ora pro nobis) ; Petrucci, Mot.
della corona. Lib. I. (Gaudo Barbara be-
ata ; Nos qui vivimus ; Laudate Deum in
Sanctis ; Ecce Maria geuuit nobis ; Beata
Dei genitrix ; Christum regem regum ;
Benedicta est ccelorum regina ; Cceleste
beneficium) ; lb.. Lib. II. (Illumiuare Jeru-
salem ; Factum est silentium ; Homo quidam
fecit coenam ; Maria Virgo semper Iretare ;
Non nobis, Domine ; Noe, Noe, psallite) ;
lb., Lib. HI. (Quis dabit ociilis nostris ;
Quam pulchra es, attributed to Josquin, but
almost surely by Mouton) ; Petrucci, Mot.,
Lib. IV. (0 Maria virgo ]}ia ; O quam fulges
in pctheris) ; Novum et insig. op. musicum
(In illo tempore accesserunt) ; Lib. cant,
select, q. v. Mutetus vocant (Missus est An-
gelus Gabriel) ; Cant, select, ultra Cent.,
Nesciens mater, also Glarean, pp. 4G6-4G7 ;
Ulhardt, Concent. 8 etc. voc, Surgens Jesu
amortuis. Petrejus, Psalmi — Pt. I. Psalms:
Domine Deus noster ; Alleluia, confitemini.
Miserere mei ; Pt. II. Iu exitu Israel.
Montanus & Neuber — Evangelia dominie, et
festar. dierum, 4 motets. Magnum opus,
coutineus, etc. : Quis dabit oculis ; Elisa-
MOZAllT
beth Zacbarioc ; Dnlees exuvim ; Qureramus '
cum pastoribus ; Alleluia ; Noli Here Maria ;
In illo tempore accesserunt ad Jesum Phari-
ssei (4 voc.) — Per lignum ; Tua est potentia ;
Missus est Gabi-iel (5 voc.) — Salva nos,
Domine, vigilantes (G voc). Pierre Attai-
gnaut, Coll. Mot. : Gaude, virgo Catbarina ;
Glorios. princiiJes ; Jeri. Jacob. Modernus,
Mottet., Lib. I. (Lyons, 1532). — Pater pec-
cavi. Glareau, Cbristus resurgeus (wrongly
att. to Richafort). Pierre Attaiguant, 7 bks.
masses, Missa d'Allemagne ; Tua est poten-
tia. Andreas de Antiquis, Lib. 1.5 missarum
(Rome, 1516), Alma redemptoris ; Dites moi
toutes vos pensees. Jacob. Modernus, Lib.
10 Missarum, Quern dicunt homines. Pe-
trueci, 5 masses by Mouton (Venice, 1508,
and Fossombrone, comjjlete copy in British
Museum, 1515) : Sine nomine ; Alleluja ;
Alma redemptoris ; Alia sine nomine ; Re-
giua mearum.
Unpublished works : Motets, Noli flcre
Maria ; Ave fuit prima salus ; Accesserunt
ad Jesum ; Laudate ; Puer natus ; Rlumi-
narc Jerusalem ; Egregie Christi martyr.,
in MSS., defect., Vienna Lil)rary. 22 mo-
tets in MS. score in British Museum ; same
collection printed by Le Roy, 1555.
Masses, De Simcta Triuitate (.■Vmbraser
Sammluug). Sine cadentia, in Cambrai
Library. — Ambros, iii. 278 ; Fi'tis ; Grove.
MOZART, (JOHANN GEORG) LEO-
^f^^^^*^
POLD, born at
Augsburg. Nov. 14,
1719, died at Salz-
burg, May 28, 1787.
Violinist, and church
composer ; studied
music as chorister
in the convents of
his native town, and
later at Salzburg,
while taking a course of law at the univei-sity ;
joined the orchestra of the Prince Bishop
as viohnist and court musician in 1743, and
was appointed Vizekapellmeister in 1763.
After completing the musical education of
his children, he made concert tours with
.:>i#>l>''
'■o^^
them through almost all European coun-
tries, lived a few years in Italy, and returned
to Salzburg, to leave it no more. VS^orks :
12 oratorios ; Many symphonies, 18 of which
have been published ; Oflertorium de Sa-
cramento, for 4 voices, with organ, horn, and
strings ; Missa brevis, do. ; Litania; breves,
do. ; Litauia de veuerabili ; Concertos for
wind instruments ; La cantatrice ed il pioeta,
intermezzo ; jNIusikalischo Schlittenfahrt,
divertissement ; Music for pantomimes ; 30
grandes sere- ^-»^
uades, for several yyLc
instruments;
Military music ;
Trios for strings ; Music for organ ; G sonatas
and many other pieces for pianoforte ; Me-
thod for viohn. The operas attributed to
him, were composed by his son. — Fetis ;
Gerber ; Mendel ; Riemann ; Schilling ;
Wurzbach.
MOZ.ART, "WOLFGANG AMADEUS,
born at Salzburg,
Jan. 27, 1756, died
there. Dee. 5, 1791.
He was christened
Joannes Chrysosto-
nius Wolfgangus
Theophilus ; his fa-
ther used to trans-
late Theojjhilus by
Gottlieb. Mozart,
in signing earlier
letters, added his confirmation name, Sigis-
mundus. His first works, and those pub-
lished in Paris in 1764, were signed J.
G. Wolfgang, and afterwards Wolfgang
Amade ; in private life he was always Wolf-
gang. He was one of the most astounding
instances of musical precocity, his musical
education, which he owed almost entirely
to his father, beginning with pianoforte
lessons at the age of three. He soon be-
gan to compose, and to receive instruction
on the violin. From 1762 to 1769 he and
his sister Marianne led the life of child
prodigies, only it is to be noted that Wolf-
gang was known almost from the begin-
5%
MOZAET
597
MOZART
iiing quite as much as a composer as a i^i-
auist. Their first professional tour with
their father (Janu-
ary, 17G2, to Janu-
ary, 17G3) was to
^Munich, Linz, Vien-
na, and Presburg.
The second (June
9, 1763, to Novem-
ber, 17GG) included
Munich, Augsburg,
Sc h we tz ingeu,
Mainz, Frankfort-on-the-Maiu, Coblentz,
Aix-la-Chaj)elle, Brussels, Paris, London,
Canterbury, Bourne, back through The
Hague, Amsterdam, Ghent, Haarlem,
Mechlin, Paris, Lyons, Geneva, Lausanne,
Berne, Ziirich, SchafThausen, Donaueschiug-
en, and Biberach. The success of the
children was universal ; in every capital
they visited they played repeatedly at
court, and at many of the concerts the pro-
grammes were almost entirely of compo-
sitions by Wolfgang. In Frankfort he was
heard by Goethe ; in Paris (Nov. 18, 1763, to
April 10, 1764) four of his sonatas for piano-
forte and violin were published. In Lon-
don (AiH-il, 1764, to July 24, 1765) he took
singing lessons of Manzuoli, and probably
benefited much by the advice of Johaun
Christian Bach, with whom he became inti-
mate. While staying at Chelsea he wrote
his first symphony. While in Geneva the
party visited Ferney, with a letter of intro-
duction, but both Voltaire and Mme Denis
were too sick to see them. Everywhere
they were received and feted by the most
distinguished peojjle. Back in Salzburg
(November, 1766), Wolfgang was put
through Fux's Gradus. In January, 1768,
father and children went to Vienna, where
Wolfgang was commissioned to write his
first opera. La finta semplice, which, how-
ever, was not performed. But a smaller
German Singsisiel by him, Bastien und
Bastienne, was given there. On his return
to Salzburg the Finta semplice was given at
the palace of the Archbishop, who appointed
him his Conzertmeister, but without salary.
He was now thirteen, and his period of
child-wonderhood may be considered as
over ; he was already recognized as a com-
poser. In December, 1769, he set out with
his father on his famous trip, or, rather, his
triumphal progress, through Italy. This
was through Innsbruck, Eovei'edo, Verona,
Mantua ; Milan, where he met Piccinui and
Giambattista Sammartini (with the latter
of whom he did some work in counter-
point) ; Parma, Bologna (where he met
Farinelli and Padre Martini, with whom
he worked at fugue), Florence (March 30,
1770, where he met the Marquis de Ligni-
ville and Thomas Linley) ; Kome to Naples
(May 8, where he met Jommelli) ; back again
through Home (June 25, where the Pope
conferred upon him the order of the Gol-
den Spur, " the same as Gluck's "), Bologna
(July 20, where he was made comj^ositore
to the Accademia Filarmoiiiea, and received
a voluntary testimonial from Padre Mar-
tini), Milan (Oct. 10, where he wrote and
produced his Mitridate, which had been or-
dered of him there on his first visit), Tur-
in ; back once more to Milan, and through
Venice, Padua (where an oratorio was or-
dered of him), Vicenza, Verona, arriving
in Salzburg, March 28, 1771. On June 5
he was elected (hon-
orary?) maestro di
cappella to the Acca-
demia Filarmonica
of Bologna. In Au-
gust he returned to
Milan to write his
serenata Ascanio in
Alba, which com-
pletely eclipsed
H a s s e ' s Ruggiero,
given the evening before. Hasse's admu'a-
tion and friendshiji for him were, however,
not lessened by this defeat. In December,
1771, he was home again, and was laid up
by a severe illness. His friend and pro-
tector the Archbishop died, and in October,
1772, he went a fourth time to Milan, where
B98
MOZAllT
his Lucio Silla made a furore. In 1773 lie
went to Vieuua, but failed to get a court
appointment ; later to Munich, where he
brought out his Finta giardiniera (1775)
with great success, aud won high praise
also as a violinist. After this he gave up
violin playing in public, although he long
kept up a liking for playing the viola in
quartets. His abandoning the violin was
a great disappointment to his father, who
saw in him the making of the first violinist
in Europe. From March, 1775, to Septem-
ber, 1777, he stayed in Salzburg, working
hard at composition. His relations with
the new Archbishop, Hierouymus, Graf von
Colloredo, were unsatisfactory, and at last
he applied for a discharge from service,
w^hich was gi-anted. He was now twenty-
one, aud here his great period as a com-
ML
Mozart's Biithplace.
poser begins. On Sept. 23, 1777, he set
out again, this time with his mother, going
through Munich and Augsburg to Mann-
heim (Oct. 30), where he became intimate
with Wieland the poet, and with many
noted musicians, but failed to get a posi-
tion in the Elector Karl Theodor's Ka-
jielle. He fell in love with Aloysia Weber,
daughter of the prompter and cojiyist at
the theatre ; and to break off the match,
his father wrote him from Salzburg to go
immediately to Paris, where he ai'rived,
March 23, 1778, His troubles now began
in earnest ; he was no longer an infant
phenomenon, the whole nmsical life in
Paris was absorbed by the Gluck-Piccinui
controversy, and there was no opening for
an outsidei". He gave some music lessons,
and brought out a symphony and a few
other smaller things, but could not get an
order for an opera. Added to his ill-luck
came the death (July 3) of his mother. On
Sept. 2G, after a cordial meeting with his
old friend Johann Christian Bach, he set
out to return to Salzburg, going by Nancy
and Strasburg, and arriving in October.
In November he went to Mannheim, but
failed to get any profitable work, aud his
father ordered him to come home forth-
with. He arrived, Dec. 25, at Munich,
where he found the Webers, but Aloysia
jilted him, and he returned home in July,
1779. He heartily disliked Salzbvirg, even
to his duties as Conzertmeister and organ-
ist at court and at the cathedral, where he
had succeeded Adlgasser at a salary of 400
fiorins (about $200). On Jan. 29, 1781,
Idomeneo, the first of his great opei-as, the
one which decided his rank as dramatic
composer, was given nnder Sehikaneder's
baton in IMuuich, during the Carnival ; and
on March IG he joined the Archbishop in
Vienna. His position soon became intoler-
able ; ho w'as obliged to dine at the ser-
vants' table, aud his protector treated him
with every indignity. When the Arch-
bishop returned to Salzburg in the summer,
in a huff at his unpopularity at court, Mo-
zart was the first to be turned out of the
house. He went to live with the Webers ;
the father was dead, and Aloysia married to
Joseph Laufe, a court actor. He made two
a^jplications to the Archbishop for a formal
discharge, but the only release from service
he ever got was a kicking by that dignitary
and a shower of bad language. He was
now fixed in Vienna, where he married
Constanze Weber, a younger sister of the
faithless Aloysia, Aug. IG, 1782. He was
very poor, aud found but few pupils ; his
main source of income was composition
MOZART
and concert-giving, of wliicli lie did a great
deal ; but lie could get no aijpoiutmeut at
court, and the Italian Opera was monopo-
lized by Sarti and PaisieUo. He contem-
plated a trip to Paris and London, but was
dissuaded by bis father. A son, Karl, was
born, June 17, 1783. In July he went to
Salzburg to conduct a mass at the cathe-
dral, and to present his wife to his family ;
but neither his father, who had warmly op-
posed the match, nor his sister ever got to
like her, and he returned to Vienna in Oc-
tober. In 178.5 his father visited him,
meeting Joseph Haj'dn, who was loud in
his praises of Wolfgang. The father's
health failecl shortly after his return to
Salzburg, and he never saw his son again.
In October, 1785, the stage of the Ger-
man Opera was again open to him,
and he brought out his Schauspieldirek-
tor ; but a iierforiuauce of Idomeueo at
the palace of Prinz Auersperg was of
more importance to him, as it attracted
the notice of the dramatist Lorenzo da
Poutc (born at Ceneda, Venetian States,
March 10, 174'J, died in New York, Aug. 17,
1838), who engaged to write the text of
Figaro for him. The opera was given. May
1, 178G, with almost unprecedented success,
but still got him no appointment. He ai,'ain
determined to go to England, but was once
more dissuaded by his father. He, how-
ever, went bj' invitation to Prague to wit-
ness the success of Figaro. He staid at the
house of Count Johann Josef Thun, and had
one of the most splendid ovations of his life,
besides receiving an order for another opera.
On returning to Vienna ho began a third
time to make arrangements to go to Eng-
land, his friends Kelly, Nancy Storace, and
Attwood (his own pupil) offering to get him
some position there. But the overwhelm-
ing success of Don Giovanni at Prague (Oct.
29, 1787) induced the Emperor to appoint
him Kammercompositor, at a salary of 800
Gulden (about $-100) to keep him in Vienna.
His finances, however, still continued des-
perate. In April, 1789, he accompanied hia
patron and pupil Prinz Karl Lichnowski to
Berlin, stopping on the way to give concerts
in Dresden and Leipsic. In Berlin Fried-
rich "Wilhehn II. offered him the post of
KaptUmeister, with a salary of 3,000 Thalers
($2,500), but he refused, preferring to stay
in Emperor Josejjh's service. All he gained
by this trip was glory, in spite of several
concerts and two presents of a hundred
Friedrichs d'or from the King of Prussia, and
a hundred ducats from the King of Saxony.
After his return to Vienna his jjoverty was
rendered doubly unbearable by his wife's
constant ill-health. The Emperor, stimu-
lated by hearing of the King of Prussia's
offer, ordered another opera of him, Cos!
fan tutte (given, Jan. 2G, 1790). The run
was interrupted by the Emperor's death
(Feb. 20). No musician had anything to
hope from his successor, Leopold II. Mo-
zart applied for the post of second Kapell-
meister, but all he could get was the ap-
pointment as assistant Kapellmeister (with-
out pay) to Hoffmann at the cathedral,
with the right to succeed him at his death.
In October, 1791, he went to Fraukfort-on-
the-Main to attend Leopold's coronation,
stopjjing on the way to play at Eeichstadt,
and, on the way back, at Mannheim and
Munich. On his return to Vienna he had
to take leave of Haydn, whom Salomon was
taking to London. His affairs were now
worse than ever. He had not played the
pianoforte in public iu Vienna since 1788,
but made one last appearance, March 4, 1791,
at a concert by the clarinet player Biihr.
Schikaneder, who had opened a little thea-
tre in one of the suburbs, ordered of liim a
magic opera, the ZauberfliJte. In July ho
received the order for the Requiem, just as
he was setting out for Prague, where he had
been invited to write an opera for the coro-
nation of Leopold n. He worked hard at
this opera even during his journey thither,
and La clemenza di Tito was given on the
evening of the coronation, Sept. G, 1791.
He was already ill, and suffered severely
from the journey. Ou his return to Vienna
0(K)
MOZART
he set to work again on the ZnuberflOte,
which was brought out, Sept. 30. He now
begiin the Requiem, but was continually in-
terrupted by fainting fits ; he fell into a
Mozart's Monument, Vienna.
profound melancholy, and fancied he had
been poisoned. News came that some Hun-
garian nobles had clubbed together to
guarantee him an annual sum of money,
and that a subscription was raised in Am-
sterdam to buy anything he might compose.
But it was too late ; he died of malignant
typhus before completing his Requiem.
His last finished composition was a can-
tata for the Free Masons' Lodge, Nov. 15.
The funeral, Dec. 6, 1791, was in the open
air at St. Stephen's (the site now occupied
by the Galvani'sches Gebiiude in the Rau-
hensteingasse) ; he was buried in the
churchyard of St. Marx, in the common
paupers' grave. All clue to the actual grave
has been lost, but a monument with a
statue has been erected there to his mem-
ory. Among the di majores of the musical
Olympus Mozart stands conspicuous for
combining the finest and most versatile
genius with the most comjjlete and thorough
technical musical culture. His eai-ly death
entailed upon the art of music probably tlie
greatest loss it ever sustained. He had
fully exhausted the musical field of his day,
and his later works, notably Don Giovanni
and Die Zauberflute, show that he already
had one foot over the threshold of that do-
main of larger and freer musical forms iu
which Beethoven and, after him, Schumanu
were destined to do their greatest work.
He had a finish and perfection of style which
has since been approached only by Cheru-
bini and Mendelssohn, both of them men of
tar less force of original genius. He com-
bined the highest characteristics of the
Italian and German schools as no man ever
did, before or since. Apart from his music,
however, he seems to have been decidedly
an ordinary man. He was sincerely relig-
ious, and his life was above reproach ; but
his ta.stes were in no way intellectual. He
liked dancing, billiards, ninepins, eating
and drinking (especially punch), fine clothes,
and jolly company ; his animal spirits were
unbounded, and he was extravagantly fond
of fun ; but music was the only intellectual
activity for which he had either inclination
or capacity. He was a tremendous worker,
and the stories told of his dissoluteness are
' wholly without foundation. Of his pupils
(of whom he had comparatively few) Thomas
Mozart's Ear.
Ordinary Ear.
Attwood was his favourite. For a list of por-
traits of him, see Grove, ii. 404. A complete
edition of his works is published by Breit-
kopf & Hilrtel in Leipsic.
Works. I. Dramatic : Die Svhuldigkeit des
601
MOZAliT
ersten Gebotes, sacred Siugspiel, 3 parts (first
part by Mozart, the two others bj- Michael
Haj'tluauJ Adlgasser), Salzburg, 17G7 ; Apol-
lo et Hj'aciuthus, Latin come Jj', ib., May 13,
1767 ; Bastien und Bastienne, operetta, Vien-
na, 1768 ; La^rttasemjjlice, opera buffix, not
performed ; Milridata, re di Pouto, opera
seria, Milan, Dec. 26, 1770 ; Ascanio in Alba,
festa teatrale, ib., Oct. 17, 1771 ; Wsogno di
Scipione, dramatic serenade, Salzburg, May,
1772 ; Liicio Silla, dramnia per musica,
Milan, Dec. 26, 1772 ; li-xjinta giardiniera,
opera buffii, Munich, Jan. 13, 1775 ; II rb
pastore, festa teatrale, Salzburg, April 23,
1775 ; Zdide, operetta (uufiuished, com-
jjleted by Johann Andre), not given ; Cho-
ruses and entr'actes to Thamos, KOnig in
Aegypten, Berlin, 1786 ; Idomeneo, re di
Creta, ossia Ilia ed Idamante, opera seria,
Munich, Jan. 29, 1781; Die Enffilhrung aua
dem Serail, comic Singspiel, Vienna, Na-
tionaltheater, July 12, 1782 ; Der Schau-
spieldireklor, comedy with music, SchOn-
brunn, Feb. 7, 1786 ; Le nozze di Figaro,
opera buffii, Vienna, Nationalthcater, May 1,
1786 ; H dissoluto puuito, ossia il Don Gio-
vanni, do., Prague, Oct. 29, 1787 ; Coxl fan
tutte, do., Vienna, Jan. 26, 1790 ; Die Zn»-
berjldte, German opera, ib., Sept. 30, 1791 ;
La demenza di Tito, opera seria, Prague,
Sept. 6, 1791.
II. Oratorios and cantatas : Passions-
Cantate ; Die Maurerfreude ; Eine Kleine
Freimam-er-Cantate ; Betulia liberata, ora-
torio, Padua, 1772 ; II re pastore, Salz-
burg, April 23, 1775. Daviddc penitente,
cantate, Vienna, Burgtheater, March 13,
1785.
IIL Arias, etc., witli orchestra — A. For so-
prano : Conservati fedele, aria ; A Berenice,
recitative, and Sol nascente, aria ; Per pieta,
bel idol mio, aria ; 0 temerario Ai-bace,
recit. and aria ; Se tutti i mali miei, aria ;
Fra cento aifanni, do.; Kommt her, ihr
frechen Siinder, do. ; Voi ch' avete un cor
fedele, do.; Ah, lo previdi, scena, and Ah,
t' invola agli occhi miei, aria ; Alcandro lo
confesso, recit, and Non so donde viene,
aria ; Popoli di Tessaglia, recit., and lo non
chiedo, aria ; j\Ia che vi fece, recit., and
Sperai vicino il lido, aria ; Misera, dove
sou ? scena, and Ah, non son io, aria ; A
questo seno, recit., and Or che il cielo a me
ti rende, aria ; Nehmt meinen Dank, aria ;
Mia speranza, recit., and Ah, non sai qual
pena, rondo ; Vorrei spiegarvi, aria ; No, no,
che non sei capace, do. ; Ch' io mi scordi,
recit., and Non temer, amato bene, rondo
with i)ianoforte obligato ; Bella mia fiamma,
recit., and Resta, o cara, aria ; Ah, se in ciel,
aria ; Alma grande, e nobil core, do. ; Chi sa,
chi si qual sia, do. ; Vado, ma dove? do.
B. For contralto : Ombra felice, recit., and
Io ti lascio, rondo. C. For tenor : Va, dal
furor portata, aria ; Or che il dover, do. ;
Si mostra la sorte, do.; Con ossequio, con
risjjetto, do ; Clarice, cara mia sposa,
do. ; Se al labbro mio non credi, do.; I'er
pieta, non ricercate, rondo ; Misero, ognn-
no, recit., and Aura che intorno, aria. D.
For bass : Cosi dunque tradisci, recit.,
and Aspri rimorsi atroci, aria ; Alcandro,
lo confesso, recit., and Non so donde viene,
aria ; Mentre ti lascio, o figlia, aria ; Un
bacio di mano, arietta ; Rivohjele a lui lo
sguardo, aria ; Ich mOchte wohl der Kaiser
sein, German war-song ; Per questa bella
mano, aria. E. Duets : Nun, liebes "Weib-
chen, zlehst mit mir (S. and B). F. Ter-
zets : Mi lagnero tacendo (2 S. and B.) ;
Ecco, quel fiero (do.) ; Mandina amabile
(S., T., and B.) ; Piil non si trovano, canzo-
net (2 S. and B). G. Quartet : Dite almeuo,
in me mancai (S., T., and 2 B.).
rV. Church music : 8 Missre breves, in
G, D minor, F, D, C, C, C, B-flat ; Missa
longa (Credo-Messe) in C ; 6 other masses,
all in C, among tliem the mass In honorem
SSmoc Trinitatis and the Kronungs-Messe ;
Two sets of Litanise Laurentauic, in B-Hat
and D ; 2 do. of Litaniaj de venerabili, in
B-flat and E-flat ; Dixit and Magnificat, in
C ; Vesperae de dominica, in C ; Vesperse
solennes de confessore, in C ; 5 Kyrie ; God
is our Refuge, 4 voc. ; Veni Sancte Sjjiritus,
4 voc. and ace; Miserere, 3 voc. and org. ;
Wi
MOZAET
Qiiferite pi-imum, 4 voc. ; 3 Regina Coeli,
4 voc. and ace. ; Te Deum, do. ; 2 Tantum
ergo, do. ; 8 offertories for various voices ;
2 Cxermaii Kirchenlieder, for voice and org. ;
De profuudis, 4 voc. and ace. ; Ergo inte-
rest, recit. and aria ; 2 Motets, Exsultate,
Jubilate, and A ve, verum ; Graduale ad fes-
tum B. M. v., 4 voc. and aec. ; 2 Hymns, do.
V. Vocal, witli pianoforte : 37 songs ; 2
terzets (S., T., and B.) ; 1 3-part chorus ; 21
canons for 2-12 voices.
VI. Orchestral : 41 symphonies — No. 1,
in E-flat ; No. 2, in B-flat ; No. 3, in E-flat ;
No. 4, in D ; No. 5, in B flat ; No. G, in F ;
No. 7, in D ; No. 8, in D ; No. 9, in C ; No.
10, in G ; No. 11, in D ; No. 12, in G ; No.
13, in F ; No. 14, in A ; No. 15, in G ; No.
IG, in C ; No. 17, in G ; No. 18, in F ; No.
19, in E-flat ; No. 20, in D ; No. 21, in A ;
No. 22, in C ; No. 23, in D ; No. 24, in B-
flat ; No. 25, in G minor ; No. 2G, in E-flat ;
No. 27, in G ; No. 28, in C ; No. 29, in A ;
No. 30, in D ; No. 31, in D (/'anscr-Sinfo-
nie) ; No. 32, in G ; No. 33, in B-flat ; No.
34, in C ; No. 35, in D ; No. 3G, in 0 ; No.
37, in G ; No. 38, in D (without minuet) ;
No. 39, in E-flat ; No. 40, in G minor ; No. 41
in C (.Tiqnler). Two Cassationen, in G and
B-flat ; 8 serenades, 1 in F, and 7 (among
■which the Z7a^'»er-Serenade) in D ; 1 Noc-
turne for 4 orchestras, in D ; 3 serenades
for wind instruments, in B-flat, E-flat, and
C minor ; 7 divertimenti for strings and
wind, in E-flat, D, D, F, D, B-flat, and D ;
10 do., for wind instruments, in E-flat, B-
flat, C, C, F, B-flat, E-flat, F, B-flat, and E-
flat ; 1 2 marches, 8 in D, 3 in C, and 1 in
F ; Allegro (finale for a symphony) in D ;
Minuet (for a symphony) in C ; Maurerische
Trauerniusik in C minor ; Ein musikalischer
Spass, in F ; 41 minuets, in G sets of from
2 to 12 each ; 2 do. with contradances ; 49
deutsche Tiinze, in 8 sets of 3-12 each ; 30
contradances, either separate or in sets of
2-9 each, among them La bataille, Der Sieg
vom Helden Coburg, and Les filles mali-
cieuses.
VII. Concertos with orchestra : 28, for
I one or more pianofortes — No. 7, for 3 p)i-
anofortes, in F ; No. 10, for 2 do., in E-flat ;
' No. 1, for 1 do., in F ; No. 2, in B-flat ; No.
3, in D ; No. 4, in G ; No. 5, in D ; No. 6,
in B-flat ; No. 8, in C ; No. 9, in E-flat ; No.
11, in F ; No. 12, in A ; No. 13, in C ; No.
14, in C minor ; No. 15, in B-flat ; No. IG,
in D ; No. 17, in G ; No. 18, in B-flat ; No.
19, in F ; No. 20, iu D minor ; No. 21, in
C ; No. 22, in E-flat ; No. 23, in A ; No. 24,
iu C minor ; No. 25, in C ; No. 2G, in D ;
No. 27, in B-flat ; No. 28 (concert-rondo), iu
D. Five for violin : No. 1, in B-flat ; No.
2, iu D ; No. 3, in G ; No. 4, iu D ; No. 5,
in A. Adagio for violin, in E-flat ; Rondo
concertant for do., in B-flat ; Rondo for do.,
in C ; Concertone for 2 violins, in C ; Con-
certante Symphonie for violin and viola, in
E-flat ; Concerto for bassoon, in B-flat ; do.,
for flute and harp, in C ; 2 for flute, in G
and D ; Andante for do., in C ; 4 concertos
for horn, 1 in D, 3 in E-flat ; 1 do. for clar-
inet, in A.
VIII. Chamber music — A. Quintets : 1
for pianoforte, oboe, clarinet, horn, and bas-
soon, in E-flat ; G for 2 violins, 2 violas, and
violoncello, in B-flat, C minor, C, G minor,
D, and E-flat ; 1 for violin, 2 violas, horn,
and violoncello, in E-flat ; 1 for clarinet, 2
violins, viola, and violoncello, iu A ; Eine
Kleine Nachtmusik, for 2 violins, viola, vio-
loncello, and double bass, in G ; Adagio for
2 clarinets and 3 basset-horns, iu B-flat ;
do. and rondo, for harmonica, flute, oboe,
viola, and violoncello, in C minor. B. Quar-
tets : 2 for pianoforte, violin, viola, and vio-
loncello, in G minor and E-flat ; 23 for 2
violins, viola, and violoncello — Nos. 1, 3, and
14, in G ; Nos. 2, 20, and 21, in D ; Nos. 4,
10, and 19, in C ; Nos. 5, 8, and 23, in F ;
Nos. G, 12, 17, and 22, in B-flat ; Nos. 7,
11, and IG, in E-flat ; Nos. 9 and 18, in A ;
Nos. 13 and 15, in D minor ; 3 divertimenti
for do., in D, B-flat, and F ; Adagio and
fugue for do., in C minor ; 2 quartets for
flute, violin, viola, and violoncello, in D and
A ; 1 do., for oboe, violin, viola, and violon-
cello, in F. C. Trios : 7 for pianoforte, vio-
MUDIE
lin, ami violoncello, in B-flnt, D minor, G,
B-flat, E, C, and G ; 1 (Kegelstatt-Trio), for
pianoforte, clarinet, and viola, in E-Hat ;
Divertimento for violin, viola, and violon-
cello, in E-flrtt ; Klcines Adagio, for 2 basset-
horns and bassoon, in F. D. Duos : 43 so-
natas for pianoforte and violin — Nos. 1, 9, 13,
18, 2i, 27, 38, and 39, in C ; No. 21, in C mi-
nor; Nos. 2 and 14, in D ; Nos. 11, 20, 26,
36, and 41, in E-flat ; Nos. 22 and 28, in E
minor ; Nos. 8, 15, 17, 19, 32, 33, and 43,
in F ; Nos. 4, 6, 12, 2.5, and 35, in G ; Nos.
7, 23, 29, 37, and 42, in A ; Nos. 3, 5, 10,
IG, 31 (one movement), 84, and 40, in IB-
flat ; 12 variations for do., on La bergcre
Silimcue, in G ; 6 do., on Hclas, j'ai perdu
mon amant, in G minor ; 2 duos for violin
and viola, in G and B-flat : 1 do. for 2 vio-
lins, in C ; 1 sonata for bassoon and violon-
cello, in B-flat.
IX. For pianoforte : 5 sonatas for 4
hands, in G, B-flat, D, F, and C ; Andante
and 5 variations for do., in G ; Fugue for 2
pianofortes, in C minor ; Sonata for do., in
D ; 17 sonatas for pianoforte solo ; Nos. 1,
7, 10, and 15, in C ; No. 14, in C minor ;
Nos. 6, 9, and 17, in D ;
Nos. 2 and 12, in F ; No,
in A ; No. 8, in A minor.
No. 1 (with fugue), in C ;
C minor ; No. 3, in D minor ; 2 rondos, in
D and A minor ; 15 sets of variations ; 1
suite, in C ; 15 smaller pieces ; Adagio for
harmonica ; 3 pieces for mechanical organ.
X. For organ with other instruments :
11 sonatas for 2 violins, bass, and organ, 2
in C, 1 in E-flat, 2 in B-flat, 3 in D, 2 in F,
and 1 in G ; 2 do. for
2 violins and bass, or
organ, in B flat and
D ; 2 do. for organ
and orchestra.
XI. For works left
unfinished at Mo-
zart's death, among which are the Requiem,
and the operas L' oca del Cairo and Lo sposo
deluso, see Breitkopf & Hiirtel's Catalogue
for 1885, 512.— Otto Jahn, W. A. Mozart (2
No. 4, in E-flat ;
5, in G ; No. 11,
Four fantasias :
Nos. 2 and 4, in
vols., Leipsic, 1867) ; do., in English, trans-
lated by Pauline D. Townsend (3 vols.,
London, 1882) ; G. N. von Nissen, Bio-
graphic W. A. Mozart (Leipsic, n. d.) ;
Wurzbach, Mozart-Buch (Vienna, 1869) ;
Oulibicheff, NouveUe biographic de M. (3
vols., Moscow, 1844) ; Grove ; Wurzbach.
MUDIE, THOMAS MOLLESON, born
at Chelsea, England, Nov. 30, 1809, died in
London, July 24, 1876. Pupil at the Royal
Academy of Music of Dr. Crotch in com-
position, of Cipriani Potter for pianoforte,
and of "Wilhnan for clarinet, and was
professor of pianoforte at the Academy in
1832-44. In 1834-40 he spent much time
in the service of Lord Monson at Gatton,
Surrey, where he was organist until 1844.
Many of his works were performed by the
Society of British Musicians, founded in
1834. Ho settled in Edinburgh as a teacher
in 1844, but returned to Loudon in 1863
and remained in comparative obscurity.
Works : 48 solos and 6 duets for pianoforte ;
19 fantasias ; 3 sacred duets ; a collection
of 24 sacred songs ; 3 chamber anthems ;
42 songs and 2 duets ; Several symphonies ;
Trio, quintet, overture, and other pieces.
The scores of his sj-mphonics and all his
printed works are in the library of the Eoyal
Academy of Music. — Grove ; Eiemann, 611.
]\IUETTE DE PORTICI, LA (The Dumb
Girl of Portici), French opera in five acts,
text by Scribe and Germain Delavigne, nui-
sic by Aubor, first represented at the Aca-
demic Royale de Musique, Paris, Feb. 29,
1828. Original Cast :
Masaniello (T.) M. Adolphe Nourrit.
Pietro (B.) M. Dabadie.
Elvire (S.) Mile Cinti-Damoreau.
Fenella (danseuse) Mile Noblet.
The scene is near Naples. Fenella, the
dumb girl, whose part is expressed in pan-
tomime, escapes from prison and gains the
protection of the Princesse Elvire from the
persecutions of an unknown cavalier. Dur-
ing the marriage of the Princesse with Al-
f.04
MUETTE
phonse, son of the Due d'Arcos, she dis-
covers that he is her persecutor, and de-
nounces him to Elvire. In the second act
Masaniello, brother of Fenella, excites the
revolutionary spirit of the fishermen, assem-
bled on the sea-shore mending their nets and
sails. Fenella attempts to throw herself
into the sea, but is prevented by Masaniello,
who vows to avenge her wrongs. The third
act is in the market-place, which is crowded
with market-girls and fishermen. Fenella,
seized by an officer, is rescued by the fisher-
men, and Masaniello gives the signal for a
general uprising, before which they chant
a cappella the celebrated prayer, taken from
Auber's mass. The fourth act shows Masa-
niello in his cottage. Fenella enters, de-
scribes the tumult in the city, and falls
asleep, while Masaniello sings to her the
song, " Du pauvre seul ami fidele," known
as "L'air du sommeil." Pietro, a fisher-
man, enters with the news of Alphonse's
escape, and the two depart. Shortly after-
wards Alphonse and Elvire seek refuge from
the mob within the cottage. Fenella prom-
ises her protection, and Masaniello, on his
return, yields to her petition. The i^eojjle
rush in with the keys of the town, and pro-
claim Masaniello king. The fifth act opens
in the Viceroy's gardens, where a number
of fishermen are singing. It is soon an-
nounced that the troops are ordered against
the people, that Vesuvius is in eruption,
and that Masaniello has lost his reason.
Ai-oused by Fenella, he plunges into the
fray and is killed. At the news of her
brother's death, Fenella joins the hands of
Alphonse and Elvire, and throws herself
into the stream of lava that is flowing
through the town. Among the best num-
bers of the opera are the chorus : " O Dieu
puissant, Dieu tutL'laire ; " the barcarolle,
" Amis, la matinee est belle," previously
used in the earlier opera Emma (1821), sung
by Masaniello ; the duet, " Amour sacre de
la patrie," by Masaniello and Pietro ; Pie-
tro's barcarolle, " Voyez, du haut de ces
rivages ; " and Elvire 's aria, " Arbitre d'une
vie." The overture was previously used as
a prelude to Le Mlaron. This opera is Au-
ber's masterpiece, though its success was
partly due to its intense revolutionary
spirit. Its representations in Pai-is in 1830
occasioned great excitement, and Nourrit,
who achieved brilliant success as the hero,
rendered it still more popular by singing La
Parisienne at each jserformance. The opera
was given -171 times at the Opera, Paris, up
to Oct. 28, 1873. In London La muette de
Portici was received with demonstrations
from the radicals during the reign of Will-
iam IV. Its performance in Brussels on
Aug. 25, 1830, caused the riots which
drove the Dutch from Belgium. The work
was forbidden in Italy, but it has been fre-
quently represented in Russia, as Fenella.
It was first given in Berlin as Die Stumme
von Portici, Jan. 12, 1820 ; in Vienna, April
11, 1829 ; and in London, at Drury Lane,
May 4, 1829, as Masaniello, in three acts,
and with Mr. Braham, who achieved great
success, in the title-role. It was performed
at Covent Garden, London, in Italian,
March 15, 1849, with Signor Mario as Ma-
saniello, and on Ajiril 4, 1850, Tamberlik
made his debut in England in the same
character with great success. It was given
at Her Majesty's as La muta di Portici,
April 10, 1851. It was first represented in
New York in English, Nov. 28, 1831 ; and
at the Metropolitan Opera House, in Ger-
man, as Masaniello, Feb. IG, 1887. Pub-
lished by Brandus & Dufour (Paris, 1829) ;
by Breitkopf & Hiirtel (Leipsic, 1829) ; by
Schott (Mainz, 1829) ; and by Trautwein
(Berlin, 1829). — Clement et Larousse, 4G8 ;
Lajarte, ii. 129 ; Liszt, Gesammelte Schrif-
ten, in.. Part I., 79 ; Hanslick, Moderue
Oper, 127 ; Berliner mus. Zeitg., vi. 27 ;
Allgem. mus. Zeitg., xxxi. 16G, 338, GGG ;
Eevue musicale, iii. 129, 179 ; Revue et Ga-
zette musicale de Paris (1879), 297 ; Ed-
wards, History of the Opera, ii. 195 ; Athe-
niBum (1829), 285 ; (1849), 282 ; (1851), 412 ;
Grove, i. 103 ; Upton, Standard Ojieras,
14.
605
MUFFAT
MUFFAT, AUGUST GOTTLIEB, boru I Ballets ; Overtures ; Choruses and songs.
—Mendel, Ergilnz., 291.
MULETIER, LE (The Muleteer), French
opera-comique in one act, test by Paul de
Kock, after Boccaccio, music by Hcrold,
first represented at the Opera Comique,
Paris, Jlay 12, 1823 ; revived May 7, 1858.
—Revue et Gaz. mus. de Paris (1858), 153.
MULLER, ADOLF, the elder, born at
Tolua, Hungary, Oct. 7, 1802, died in Vi-
enna, July 29, 1886. Dramatic singer and
composer ; began to study music under
Rieger, organist at the Cathedral of Briinn ;
later, iu Vienna, pupil in composition of
Joseph Blumenthal. At the age of eight
he appeared in a concert as jsianist, after-
wards devoted himself to the stage, and
was a member of the opera successively at
Prague, Lemberg, Brunn, and finally (1823-
28) in Vienna, where he was then appoint-
ed Kapellmeister at the Theater an der
Wien. Up to 18G8 he had composed for
that stage 579 operas, operettas, melodra-
mas, and other works of various descrip-
tion. Works — Operas : Seraphine, Vienna,
Oct. 22, 1828 ; Astriia, ib., about 1830.
about 1()90, died iu Vienna, Dec. 10, 1770.
Son and pupil of Georg Mutfat and pupil
of J. J. Fux ; was court organist to Em-
peror Charles VI. and instructor of the im-
perial children from 1717 to 17G4, when he
was j)ensioned. Works : 72 Versetten oder
Fugen, sammt 12 Toccaten, besonders zum
Kirchendienst bei Choral-Aemtern und Ves-
l^eru dieulich (Vienna, 172G), for organ ;
Componimenti musicali (ib., 1727), for
harpsichord. — Wurzbach ; Riemann ; Fetis.
IMUFFAT, GEORG, German composer
of the 17th century, died at Passau, Feb.
23, 170i. He studied Lully's style in Paris
for six years ; was oi-ganist of the Strasbui-g
Cathedral until 1675, when he was driven
away by the war. After some time spent
in Vienna and Rome, he became organist
in 1G90 at Salzburg, and was appointed
in 1695 Kapellmeister and IMaster of the
Pages to the Bishop of Passau. Works :
Suavioris harmonifo instrumentalis hypor- Operettas : Wer Anderu eine Grube griibt
chematicfe florilegium (Augsburg, 1685), 50
pieces for 4 or 8 violins ; Florilegium se-
cundum (Passau, 1G98), 62 pieces ; Appara-
tus musico-organisticus (Augsburg, 1690),
12 toccatas, etc. ; Aa-monico tribute (Salz-
burg, 1G82), sonatas ; Auserlesener mit
Ernst und Lust gemengter lusti-umental-
werke erste Versammlung (Passau, 1701).
— Riemann ; Schilling ; Gerber ; Mendel ;
do., Erganz., 292 ; Fi'tis ; Wurzbach.
MUHLDORFER, WILHELM KARL,
born at Gratz, Styria, March 6, 1837, still
living, 1889. Dramatic composer ; studied
music at Linz, Upper Austria, and at Mann-
heim, went on the stage as an actor, and iu
1855 accepted a position as Kapellmeister
at the Stadttheater iu Ulm ; iu 1867-81 he
acted in the same capacity at Leipsic, and
since then at Cologne. Works : Im Kyif-
hiiuser, romantic opera, 1855 ; Prinzessiu
Kebeublute, do. ; Music for many dramas ;
fiillt selbst hinein, given in Vienna, 1825 ;
Die schwarze Frau, ib., 182G ; Die erste Zu-
sammeukunft, ib., 1827. Sixty Siugspiele,
burlesques, and parodies ; Cantata for the
Emperor's birthday, performed Feb. 25,
1825 ; Grand mass in D ; 8 offertories ;
Quartets for strings ; 435 compositions for
pianoforte, physharmonica, and for voice ;
Method for voice.— Fetis ; do., Supplement,
ii. 253 ; Mendel ; Riemann ; Wurzbach.
JMULLER, ADOLF, the younger, born
iu Vienna, Oct. 15, 1839, still living, 1889.
Dramatic composer, son and pupil of Adolf
Mailer the elder. In 1864-65 he was Ka-
pellmeister of the opera at Posen, in 1865-
67 at Magdeburg, in 1868-75 at Diissel-
dorf, and since 1875 of the German Opera
at Rotterdam. Works— Operas : Heinrich
der Goldschmidt, given at Magdeburg,
1866 ; Waldmeister's Brautfahrt, Hamburg,
1873 ; Van Dyck, Rotterdam, 1877. Oper-
606
MitLLER
ettas : Das Gespeust iu cTer Splunstube ;
Der kleine Prinz ; Der Hof iiarr, Vienna,
1886; Der Liebeshof, ib., 1888. Quartet
for strings ; Trio for pianoforte and strings ;
Songs. — Fc'tis, Supplement, ii. 253 ; Kie-
manu ; Wurzbacb.
MULLER, AUGUST EBERHARD, born
at Nordbeim, Hanover, Dec. 13, 17G7, died
in Weimar, Dec. 3, 1817. Pianist and or-
ganist, sou and pupil of tbe organist of
Riutelu ; also influenced by Jobann Cbris-
topb Friedricb Bacb. He began tbe study
of law at Leipsic iu 1785, but soon gave it
up ; resided some time at Brunswick, and
in 1789 became organist of St. Ulricb's at
Magdeburg. He made many small concert
tours, and in 1791 weut to Leijjsic as organ-
ist of St. Nicholas. In 1800 be was ap-
pointed adjunct to Jobann Adam Hiller,
and succeeded bim iu 1801 as cantor of tlie
Tbomasscbule and musical director of tbe
two chief churches of Leipsic. He was
made court Kapellmeister at Weimar in
1810. Works : 3 concertos, 18 sonatas, 6
caprices, variations, sonatinas, and other
pieces for pianoforte ; Cadenzas to Mozart's
concertos ; Sonata, suites, aud choral varia-
tions for organ ; Fantasia, concertos, aud
duets for flute ; Trio for jiianoforte and
strings ; Cantata, 11 sacred cantatas, motets,
and sougs ; Der Polterabeud, operetta ; Pi-
anoforte school (Jena, 1805), really the Gth
edition of LOhleiu's Pianoforteschule, the
8tli edition being published by Czerny iu
1825, and Kalkbrenner's method being based
on Miiller's ; Flute method ; Elementary pi-
anoforte and flute pieces. — Mendel ; Fc'tis ;
Kiemann ; Schilling ; Gerber.
MULLER, DONAT, born at Biburg, Ba-
varia, Jan. 3, 1801, still living, 1889.
Church composer, pupil, while chorister at
the Cathedral of Augsburg, of Dom-Kapell-
meister Franz Biihler. In 1820 be became
organist at the Church of the Holy Cross,
in 182G at the Maximiliauskirche ; was ap-
pointed in 1837 music director at St. Georg
and in 1839 at St. Ulrich. Works : Dixit
et Magnificat, for 1 voices, organ, and or-
chestra ; Tautum ergo, for do. ; 2 masses
for 3-4 voices, orchestra, and organ ; 2 lit-
anies for 3^ voices, organ, and wind instru-
ments ; 3 Lieder beim Grabe Jesu, for 3
voices, organ, strings, and wind instru-
ments ; Requiem, for 3 voices, 2 violins,
organ obligato, and 2 horns ad libitum ;
Vesperfe breves, for voice, organ, strings,
aud wind instruments ; German vespers,
for 2 or 3 voices and organ ; O Deus amor
mens, graduale for 4 voices, organ ob-
ligato, strings, aud wind instruments ; Pauge
lingua, for 4 voices and organ ; do., for
bass voice and organ ; Collections of varia-
tions for pianoforte. — Futis ; Mendel.
MULLER, FRIEDRICH, born at Orla-
miinde, Alteuburg, Dec. 10, 178G, died at
Rudolstadt, Dec. 12, 1871. Virtuoso on tbe
clarinet, and instrumental composer ; in-
structed ou several instruments by his
father, town musician of Orlauuiude, later
pupil of Heinrich Christoph Koch in compo-
sition. When sixteen he joined the orches-
tra of the Prince von Schwartzburg-Rudol-
stadt as violoncellist, then as clarinet player.
After having reorganized the military band,
iu 181G, be was made its director, also
chamber musician, and in 1831 Hof-Ka-
pellmeister. In his younger days he had
made extensive concert tours. Works : 2
symphonies for grand orchestra ; Romance
varice for clarinet and orchestra ; Theme
variu for bassoon aud do.; 4 collections of
dances for do. ; Musique militaire ; Quartet
for clarinet and strings ; 6 quartets and 6
trios for horns ; Coucertos and concertinos
for clarinet ; Divertissement for pianoforte
aud clarinet. — Fotis ; Mendel ; Riemann.
MULLER, IWAN, born at Reval, Russia,
Dec. 3, 178G, died at Biickeburg, Schaum-
burg-Lippe, Feb. 4, 1854. Virtuoso ou the
clarinet, for which instrument he invented
improvements now universally accepted.
After having appeared in concerts in
Germany with great success, be went to
Paris iu 1809, and established a clarinet
factory, which failed, his innovations being
discarded by the Academy. He left Paris
607
MLTLLEK
ill 1820, lived in Russia, Berlin, Switzerlcaiul,
auil London, and linallj', as court musician,
at Biickeburg. Works : Divertissement for
clarinet aiid orchestra ; Grand solo for do. ;
Symiihouie concertante for 2 clarinets ; Con-
certos for clarinet ; G concertos for flute ;
3 quartets for clarinet and strings ; Duos
for clarinet and pianoforte ; Method for the
new thirteen-keyed clarinet, and for the alto
clarinet. — Fc'tis ; Mendel ; Eiemann ; Schil-
ling.
MDLLEE, WENZEL, born at Tyrnau,
Moravia, Sept. 2G, 17G7, died at IJaden,
near Vienna, Aug. 3, 1835. Dramatic com-
poser, at first i^upil of a schoolmaster at Alt-
stadt, Moravia, later of Dittersdorf. At the
age of twelve he composed a mass, and, still
very young, became one of the most pro-
lific and popular composers of light music.
lu 1783 he was aisjJoiuted Kajjellmeister at
the theatre in Brunn, in 178(5 at Mariuelli"s
theatre in Vienna, went to Prague as di-
rector of the opera in 1808, and returned
to Vienna in 1813, as Kapellmeister at the
Leopoldstiidter Theater. His compositions,
which numl)er several hundred works, in-
clude more than two hundred operas and
operettas. Works : Cora, opera, given in
Vienna, 1795. Operettas : Das Souaenfest
der Braminen, ib., 1790 ; Der Fagottist, ib.,
1791 ; Tizzichi, ib., 1792 ; Das Neusonn-
tagskind, ib., 1793 ; Die Schwestern von
Prag, ib., 1791 ; Der Alte (iberall und nir-
gends, ib., 1795 ; Die Entfiihrung der Prin-
zessin Europa, ib., 181G ; Faust's Mantel,
ib., 1817 ; Die moderne Wirthschaft, Die
Fee aus Fraukreich, ib., 1821 ; Der Alpen-
kOnig und der Mcnschenfeind, Die gefes-
selte Phantasie, ib., 1828; Der Sieg des
guten Humors, ib., 1831 ; Bruder Liiftig,
Oder Faschingsstreiche, ib., 1832 ; and many
others. Asmodi, oder das bose Weib und
die Schlaugeu, ib., 1834, was his last com-
position. He left also symphonies, over-
tures, and masses.— Fetis; Gerber ; Men-
del ; Schilling ; Wurzbach.
IMULLERLIEDEU, a cycle of songs
known as Die schOna Miillerinn, by Schu-
bert, op. 25, from Wenzel Jliiller's poems.
—Frost, Schubert, 61.
MUNDY, JOHN, English composer of
the 17th century, died in 1G30. He became
organist of Eton College, and about 1585 of
St. George's Chapel, Windsor. Mus. Bac,
O.'cford, 158G ; Mus. Doc , 1G24. Works :
Songs and Psalmes, composed into 3, 4, and
5 parts, for the use and delight of such as
either love or leai-ne Musicke (Loudon,
1594) ; Madrigal in the Triumphes of Ori-
ana (IGOl) ; Compositions for organ and vir-
ginals in Queen Elizabeth's Virginal Book ;
etc. — Grove ; Fetis ; Hawkins, Hist., iii.
360 ; iv. 27 ; Barney, Hist., iii. 54, 132.
MUNDY, WILLIAM, English composer
of the IGth century, died probably in 1591.
He was a vicar choral of St. Paul's, London,
and Feb. 21, 1563-64, he was sworn in as
Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. Works:
Anthems in Clifford's Divine Services and
Anthems (1664) ; Services and anthems in
Barnard's printed and manuscript collec-
tions ; 11 Latin motets in the hbrary of the
London Sacred Harmonic Society. — Grove ;
Hawkins, Hist., iii. 360; iv. 27 ;'Bingley, i.
57.
MUSARD, PHILIPPE, born in Paris in
1793, died at Auteuil, near Paris, March 31,
1859. Pupil of Reicha ; was for some time
an obscure violinist and conductor ; gradu-
ally gained greater prominence by his con-
certs and masked balls in Paris ; and finally
directed the balls of the Opera Comiijue
and the Opera. He visited England in
1840-41. He was long considered the best
composer of dances and conductor of prom-
enade concerts in France, and admirers
called him the Pagauini of the dance and
the Quadrille King. He sought after effects
by eccentricities such as breaking several
chairs all at once, and firing off a pistol on
beginning the finale of a quadrille. Works :
More than 150 quadrilles, original and on
operatic melodies, among them being Les
eclios, Les cloches argentines, Les gondo-
liers venitieus, Les etudiants de Paris, Le
lac, Vive la danse, etc. Many waltzes ; 3
MUSIKALISCIIER
quartets ; Nouvelle motliode de composition
miisicale (published only in jiart). — Futis,
Siipplcnieut, ii. 255 ; Grove ; liiemanu.
MUSIICALISOHER SPASS, EIN (A Mu-
sical Joke), for two violins, viola, double-
bass and two horns, by Mozart, composed in
Vienna, June 14, 1787. Tradition says that
this was written at the request of several
musicians, who played some wretched mu-
sic to which Mozart danced in an inn near
Vienna. I. Allegro ; H Minuetto maes-
toso ; III. Adagio Cantabilc ; IV. Presto.
Tlie autograph is owned by C. A. Andro,
Frankfort. Published by Schlesinger (Ber-
lin) ; by Andre (Offenbach) ; and by Breit-
kopf & Hiirtel, Mozart's Werke, Serie 10,
No. 13. — Kiichel, Verzeichuiss, No. 522 ;
Andre, Verzeichuiss, No. 15G ; Jalm, Mo-
zart, iii. 339.
MUSIIvALLSCHES OPFER (Musical
Offering), a work by Johaim Sebastian
Bach, containing various treatments of a
theme given to him by Frederick the Great
to improvise on during his visit to Potsdam
in May, 1747. This was published l)y
Bach, dedicated to the king, and sent to
him with an autograph letter, dated Leip-
sie, July 7, 1747. This copy, iu the Ama-
lieu Library of the Joachimsthal Gymna-
sium, Berlin, contains a three-part fugue,
called Kicercar ; six canons ; and a " Fuga
Canonica " with its answer on the fifth.
Bach composed other music of more im-
portance which is now included under the
title of the Musikalisches Opfer, and which
he sent to the king without dedication.
The presentation copy of this, also in the
Amalien Library, contains a sis-part fugue,
also called Kicercar, with two canons at-
tached ; a sonata and a canon, for flute, vio-
lin, and continuo. The first two fugues and
some of the canons are for the clavier ; the
other numbers are for strings. Bach had
live of the canons, and the fugue in canon
form, printed on a sheet by themselves with
the title, " Canones diversi sujier Thema
Regium." To this he added a second title,
" Regis Jussu Cantio Et Reliqua Canonica
Ai-te Resoluta," the initials of which spell
Ricercar. The fourth canon was inscribed,
" Notulis crescentibus crescat Fortuua Re-
gis,'' and the fifth canon, which ascends one
tone at each repetition, " Ascendeuteque
Modulatione ascendat Gloria Regis." The
solution to the two last canons, not given
by Bach, has been much discussed. The
Musikalisches Opfer, as it now stands, is a
collection of separate pieces, of which there
is no systematic arrangement, intended to
express the same idea under various aspects.
It may be regarded as a preparation for the
Kunst der Fuge, written iu 1749. Pub-
lished by Breitkopf & Hiirtel (Leipsic,
1S31). The continuo of the sonata, or
" trio " (four movements : Largo, iu 0 mi-
nor ; Allegro, in C minor ; Andante, in E-
flat ; Allegro, in C minor) has been filled
out for pianoforte by Robert Franz. — Spitta,
Bach, ii. 071, 712, 843 ; Poole, Bach, 109 ;
Kirnberger, Die Kunst in des reinen Satzes
in der Musik, ii. 47 ; Allgem. mus. Zeitg.,
xxxiv. 3, 108 ; Grove, iii. 12G.
MU8SINI, NICCOLO, born in Italy in
the second half of the 18th century, died
in Berlin about 1814. Virtuoso on the
violin and the guitar, and dramatic singer
and coniposer. He obtained an engage-
ment as tenor singer at the theatre iu Lon-
don in 1792, appeared in concerts at Han-
over and Cassel as singer, violinist, and
guitar player in 1793, returned to the stage,
first at Hamburg, then iu Berlin, in 1794,
and retii-ed in 1798, to become mvisic di-
rector and chamber composer to the dow-
ager queen. Works — Operas : La canie-
riera astuta, given iu Hamburg, 1793 ; La
guerra aperta, Potsdam and Charlottou-
burg, 1796 ; Dichterlauneu, Singspiel, Ber-
lin, 1803. Das befreite Bethulieu, oratorio,
ib., 1800 ; Quartets for 2 violins, viola, and
bass ; 15 duos for violins ; Sonatas for do. ;
3 solos for do. ; 5 books of romances, for
voice, pianoforte, and violin obligato ; Songs.
— Fetis ; Gerber ; Mendel ; Schilling.
MUSSORGSKY, MODEST (PETRO-
VITCH), born at Toropetz, Russia, March
609
MITZIO
16, 1839, (lied in St. Petersburg-, March 10,
1881. Druinatio composer, pupil of Bala-
kirev. He entered a regiment at the age
of seventeen, and was tben introduced to
Dargomyzskj-'s circle, wbere he formed a
friendship with Balakircv and Cui, and was
won over to the national Russian style of
composition. Works— Operas : Boris Gu-
dunow, given in St. Petersburg, Imperial
Opera, 1871 ; The Fair of Sarotschin ; The
Chovanski in Moscow ; Danse macabre
russe, Scenes d'enfauts, and other pieces
for pianoforte ; Songs. — Riemaun.
MUZIO, ElUNUELE, bom at Zibello,
Parma, Aug. 25, 1825, still living, 1889.
Dramatic composer, pupil as a choir-boy of
the cathedral at Busseto, of the organist
Provesi in singing, and of Margherita Ba-
rezzi, Verdi's first wife, on the pianoforte,
and was instructed in composition by Verdi.
He arranged the pianoforte scores of his
master's operas, and also edited a com-
plete edition of Rossini's works. In 1852
he acted as conductor of Italian opera in
Brussels ; then brought out his operas in
Italy ; and in 1858 was engaged for Her
Majesty's Opera in London, afterwards vis-
iting the United States and conducting in
the Academy of Music of New York. On
returning to Europe ho was conductor in
Venice, Barcelona, Cairo, and at the The-
atre Italiun of Paris in 1876. An excellent
teacher of singing, he settled in Paris in
1875, and devoted himself to instruction.
Among his pupils have been Adelina and
Carlotta Patti and Clara Louise Kellogg.
Works — Ojieras : Giovanna la pazza, Brus-
sels, 1852 ; Claudia, Le due regine, Milan,
1856 ; La Sorrentina, Bologna, 1857. Vo-
cal pieces for the Patti sisters in a collec-
tion called Les feuilles d'or. — Fc'tis, Sup-
l^lcment, ii. 257.
MUZIO SCEVOL.V, Italian pasticcio in
three acts, text by Paolo RoUi, music by At-
tilio Ai-iosti (Filippo Mattel'?), Bononcini,
and Handel, first rejjreseuted at the King's
Theatre, London, April 15, 1721. The three
composers were engaged by the directors of
the Royal Academy to compose music to
this work, Ariosti being commissioned to
write the first act, Bononcini the second,
and Handel the third. Each act was pre-
ceded by an overture, and ended with a
chorus. Ariosti's authorship of Act I. has
been doubted, for a MS. score in the Drago-
netti Collection, British Museum, ascribes
it to " II Signor Pipo," the sobriquet of Fi-
lippo Mattel, who thus has a claim to the first
part. Bononcini's act is of merit, and his
overture was remodelled from one revived
in 1707 in connection with a pasticcio,
Thomras. The autograph score of Act IH.,
in Buckingham Palace, is dated. Fine March
23, 1721. This was generally preferred,
and occasioned great excitement between
the followers of Handel and Bononcini.
Transcriptions of the entire work are in the
British Jluseum ; in the Royal Collection ;
and in the Konigliche Bibliothek, Berlin.
A selection of songs from Muzio Scevola,
with Bononcini's overture, was published
by Walsh (London, 1721). Acts L and II.
have never been printed, but Act IH. was
published by the Hilndel-Gesellschaft, Breit-
kopi & Hilrtel (Leipsic, 1874).— Rockstro,
Handel, 135 ; Chrysander, Handel, ii. 57 ;
Scha-lchcr, Handel, 67 ; Marshall, Handel,
6!) ; Hogarth, ii. 16 ; Grove, ii. 669 ; Burney,
iv. 273 ; Hawkins, v. 297.
MY FATHER DEAR. Sec I'unlans
Daughter.
i\lY HEART EVER FAITHFUL. See
.Ml ill gliiubiges Herze.
MYRTHEN (Myrtle- Wreath), twenty-sis
songs for one voice with pianoforte accom-
paniment, by Schumann, op. 25, composed
in 1840, and dedicated to " Seiner geliebten
Braut, "Clara Wieck. Book I 1. Widmung,
by F. Rackcrt(in A-flat) ; 2. Freisinii, from
Goethe's Westcistlichen Divan (in E-llat);
3. Der Nussbaum, by J. Mosen (in G) ; 4.
Jemaud, by Robert Burns, translation by
W. Gerhard, (in E minor, later E) ; 5.
Sitz' ich alleiu, wo kann ich besser sein,
from Goethe's Schenkenbuch im Divan (in
E) ; 6. Seize mir nicht, du Grobian, from the
610
MYSLIWECZEK
same (in A minor, later in A). Book 11. 7.
Die Lotosblunie, by Heine (lu F) ; S. Talis-
mans, from Goetbe's WestOstlichen Divan
(in C) ; 9. Lied der Suleika, from the same
(in A) ; 10. Die Hochluuder-Wittwo, by
Robert Burns (in E minor) ; 11. Lied der
Braut, from tbe Liebesfriihling, by F. Riick-
ert (in G) ; 12. Lass mieb ibm am Busen
hangen, from the same (in G). Book III. |
13. Hochlilnders Abschied, by Burns (in B
minor) ; 14. Hochliindisches Wiegeulied, by ;
Burns (in D) ; 15. Aus den liebraischen
Gosilngon, bj' Bj'ron (in E minor) ; IG.
Rathsel, by Byron (in B) ; 17 and 18. Zwei I
venetianisclie Lieder, by Thomas Moore !
(both in G). Book IV. 19. Hauijtmauns [
Weib, by Burns (in E minor) ; 20. Weit,
weit, by Burns (in A minor) ; 21. Was will
die einsame Thriine, by Heine (in A) ; 22.
Niemand, by Burns (in P) ; 23. Im Westen,
by Burns (in F) ; 24. Du bist wie eine
Blume, by Heine (in A-flat) ; 25. Ans den
ostlicheu Rosen, by F. Riickert (in E-
flat) ; 26. Zum Schluss, by the same
(A-flat). Published by F. Kistner (Leipsic,
1840).
MYSLIWECZEK (Misliweczek), JO-
SEPH, born near Prague, March 9, 1737,
died in Rome, Feb. 4, 1781. Dramatic
composer, sou of a miller, pupil of Haber-
mann and Segert in Prague ; studied under
Pescetti of Venice in 17G3, and wrote bis
first opera in Parma, its success being so
great that be was engaged to compose an
opera for the birthday of the King of Naples.
He was soon famous in Italy, his operas were |
in great demand, and the celebrated singer
Gabrielli said no other composer suited her
voice so well. Owing to the difficult pro-
nunciation of his name, the Italians called
him II Buumo or Venturini. He was at-
tached to the court of Munich in 1777-78,
but then returned to Ital}'. Mozart met
him at Bologna in 1772 in great poverty, and
again in Munich in 1777. The remunera-
tion bestowed on operatic composers in his
day was very small, and he had extravagant
habits, but an English patron named Barry
is said to have assisted and buried hini.
Works — Operas : II Bellerofonte, Naples ;
Ipermnestra, Rome, 1769 ; Romolo e Er-
silia, Naples — Demetrio, Pavia — Antigona,
Turin, 1773 ; Artaserse, Naples — Attide,
Padua, 1774 ; Ezio, and Demofoonto, Naj^les,
1775 ; Olimpiade, Rome, 1779 ; Armida,
Milan ; Faruace ; Merope ; Tamerlano ; Nit-
teti ; L' Adriano in Siria ; Others, number-
ing altogether about thirty. Oratorios, in-
cluding Passio Jesu Christi, and La famigiia
di Tobia ; Masses ; 6 symphonies, named
after the first six months of the year ; Trios,
quartets, and other music. — Dlabacz ; Da-
libor (1860), iii. Nos. 13-16 ; (1861), No. 5 ;
Wurzbach ; Fetis ; Mendel ; lliemann ; Ger-
ber ; Schilling.
MYSTiJ:RES D'ISIS, LES, opera in four
acts, text by Morel, music arranged by Lach-
nith, from Mozart's Zauberflote, first repre-
sented at the Academic Royale de Musiquo,
Paris, Aug. 20, 1801. The comic part of
Mozart's ojjera was cut out, and Papageno
was changed to a shepherd, Bocchoris.
Many of the best numbers were omitted,
and portions of Mozart's other operas were
inserted, including an air from Don Gio-
vanni, and one from La clemenza di Tito.
Lachnith was greatly ridiculed. He was
called " Le duraugeur," and his compila-
tion, " Les miseres d'ici." It kept the stage
until 1827.— Grove, ii. 440 ; Jahn, Mozart,
iv. 677 ; Lajarte, ii. 23 ; Allgem. mus. Zeitg.,
iv. 69 ; xxiii. 82.
1
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